Please notice how the author defines key terms using the pre-existing literature. It is hard to come up with a precise definition (in and of itself a separate research, by the way), and, thus, we tend to borrow definitions from the literature.

Precise definitions = Precise research = Better grades

Thus, be sure to define key terms in your literature review section.

Please share a definition of key terms from your research and literature sources. Something like this works, 'Baek (2018) defines xxx as ....

Behavior

Severe

Uncertainty over what to do in a difficult situation.

"Epistemically sensitive" meaning that it depends on the inferential inputs which lead them to that conclusion (or to that experience).

"Epistemic charge" = the epistemic status that perceptual experiences can have

The gradability of ill-/well-founded here is interesting. The less rational the path to the belief, the more ill-founded it is.

"Rational" just means "rationally (epistemically) appraisable," as in, it can be shown to be better or worse in terms of rationality. So it can be "rational" even if it is evaluated as being rationally worse.

Rationality is tied to a phenomena's epistemic appraisability. The Rationality of Perception holds that perceptual experiences themselves are epistemically appraisable.

But what does it mean to be epistemically appraisable? Does it just mean that it is concerned with what is rational/what rationality looks like? Is that not circular?

"Rational" here is inherently normative.

More specific: the move to ONLY when the hijacked perception is at the level of perceptual experience, not perceptual judgment. This is more interesting ethically and epistemically.

This definition of hijacking a perceptual state (giving too much weight to "prior outlooks" and not enough to perceptual inputs when creating perceptual judgments or perceptual experiences) sidesteps the initial distinction between what exactly gets hijacked--the judgments or the experiences themselves. It is indiscriminate between the two possibilities.

If the mental states affect perceptual judgment, then the perceiver observes the world as it is but jumps to a particular conclusion that's in line with their mental states. If the mental states affect the perceptual experience, then they do not observe the states as they actually are but see the world itself in a way that aligns with their mental states and make the subsequent (reasonable) judgments about these incorrect perceptions.

The former seems to be the fault of the lacking reasoning faculties of the perceiver, while the latter is almost beyond their control, in that it's a defect of human cognition that is unavoidable and insidious.

Irrational perception seems to be a psychological phenomenon of misinterpretation on the part of the person doing the perceiving. Most of these causes seem to be related to or are themselves mental states, except for perhaps knowledge. What is it about these states that "get in the way" of an objective perception of the world?

Der Verlust - loss

Die Jagd - chase

Die Bevölkerung - population

Noun, meaning qualms or concerns.

Erkenntnissen: Sachen ein person hat gelernt von etwas sie haben gesehen order gelesen (findings)

Erniedrigung: ein weg leute zu degradieren (humiliation)

Zeugnisse: ein Erklärung von was ein person hat gesehen order gesagt (a testimony)

There are 2 major tissues found in plants: 1) meristematic tissues and 2) permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue is the location of a plant where cells are actively dividing and growing while Permanent tissue is the location of a plant where the cells are no longer dividing. Meristematic tissue contains 3 regions of plant growth: 1) apical meristems-plant extension- 2) lateral meristems-plant thickness- and 3) intercalary meristems-plant length.

The plant organ system is composed of 2 categories: 1) • Shoot organ system (non-reproductive and reproductive part of the plant) - used to obtain light for photosynthesis above ground 2)• Root organ system- used to obtain nutrients (water and minerals) underground

Plants that contain seeds are divided into 2 categories: 1) gymnosperms and 2) angiosperms -Gymnosperm: seeds are not protected -Angiosperm: seeds are protected

A leaflet is a component of a compound leaf resembling an individual leaf. Each of the leaflets and the central midrib pictured actually comprise one leaf of the locust tree.

Hegemony

1. The predominance of one state or social group over others.
2. Predominance; preponderance; leadership; specifically, headship or control exercised by one state over another or others, as through confederation or conquest: originally applied to such a relation often existing among the states of ancient Greece.
3. Leadership; preponderant influence or authority; -- usually applied to the relation of a government or state to its neighbors or confederates.

Organicism is the philosophical perspective which views the universe and its parts as organic wholes and - either by analogy or literally - as living organisms. It can be synonymous with holism

The 'Cartesian Paradigm' is where both body and mind are perceived as distinct and separate and not part of a unified whole . The name Cartesian is derived from the French philosopher Rene Descartes .

entry definition for manosphere

describes a market where buyers and sellers have the right to sell and buy by their own preference or refuse to if they so choose.

takes on more than one value

takes on a unique value

Student Contribution System = new name for students and the state sharing the cost of tertiary education, with an income-contingent repayment approach (those benefitting the most making the greatest contribution...[what does this mean?])

One who believes war and violence are unjustifiable

(of a task or responsibility) involving a great deal of effort, trouble, or difficulty; in Law: involving heavy obligations

Frivolous, unpredictable

Hard or menial work

An unfilled space or gap

An association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.

Auch hier kommt mir Kants Argumentation unschlüssig vor. Es ist ein einfaches, ein Beispiel zu konstruieren, in dem es zwei gute und gültige Gründe für EINE Verpflichtung gibt.

Irgendwie störe ich mich daran. Mir fällt zwar kein konkretes, dies wiederlegendes Beispiel ein, aber das mag ja einer anderen vielleicht anders gehen. Zumindest nehme ich aber schon an, dass sich eine Gewissensverirrung passieren kann, und bin unschlüssig beziehunsgweese unverständig, was Kants Begründung gegen diese angeht. Vielleicht verstehe ich aber auch seinen Begriff vollkommen falsch.

"A room to withdraw to, a private chamber attached to a more public room (see withdrawing-room n.); now, a room reserved for the reception of company, and to which the ladies withdraw from the dining-room after dinner" (OED).

"Also, 'hither,' to go to and fro; to move about in various directions" (OED).

Vad är jämställdhet?

From MCCONNELL 286: "growing rotten or decayed"

From DANAHAY 179: rotting

From DANAHAY 180: recklessness

From MCCONNELL 288: fortification

From DANAHAY 181: "a fort put up before a battle to protect troops and artillery"

From MCCONNELL 288: "causing decay or rottenness"

GANGNES: "Special constables" in the Victorian period were private citizens who were appointed or volunteered to help the official police keep the peace in times of crisis. The "white badge" (below) likely refers to the white armbands issued to special constables in the nineteenth century. "Staff" may indicate their truncheons, or the narrator was given another kind of wooden weapon.

More information:

• "History of the Metropolitan Police Service - 19th Century" on Wikipedia
• "The History of the Special Constabulary" on the Old Police Cells Museum website

From DANAHAY 187: "light cavalry, named after the fifteenth-century Hungarian units on which they were modeled"

GANGNES: A "score" is 20 miles, so roughly 20-40 miles.

From MCCONNELL 298: "At conjunction, the Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the Sun."

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 225: "Mars and Earth are in (superior) conjunction, and farthest from each other, when they are lined up with the sun between them; they are in opposition, and closest to each other, when they are lined up with Earth between Mars and the sun."

From DANAHAY 189: "It is far away from earth, but will be 'in opposition' again."

From DANAHAY 190: "having to do with the stars"

From DANAHAY 191: "to speak rapidly, inarticulately, and often foolishly"

From MCCONNELL 244: "Like the tympanum, the vibrating membrane of the middle ear."

From DANAHAY 143: "A tympan is a drum, so the Martian skin here is like a drum."

From DANAHAY 144: "a small glass tube used by chemists to move liquid from one area to another"

From MCCONNELL 245: "growing in silica-rich soil, crystalline"

From DANAHAY 145: "crystalline, made of silica or sand"

GANGNES: In this case, strange and unbelievable (not inherently a good thing).

From DANAHAY 145: "the bulbs of a lily that reproduce by budding off from each other through the process of fission, a form of asexual reproduction"

From MCCONNELL 246: "a sedentary marine animal with a fixed base like a plant, and sensitive tendrils (palp) around its mouth with which it snares its prey"

From DANAHAY 145: "a sedentary type of animal form characterized by a more or less fixed base, columnar body, and free end with mouth and tentacles"

From MCCONNELL 246: "marine animals with saclike bodies and two protruding openings for the ingestion and expulsion of water (their means of locomotion)"

From STOVER 190: "The Tunicates ... are Sea Squirts, belonging to the Urchordata, a subphylum of chordata or 'vertebrated animals [to which they are] first cousins.'"

From DANAHAY 146: "a subspecies of sea animals that have saclike bodies and minimal digestive systems"

From DANAHAY 147: bright red

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 219: "'Sticks' was a common abbreviation for 'shooting-sticks'; pistols."

From MCCONNELL 258: "a very large kettle, usually made of iron; a common feature of kitchens at the turn of the century"

From DANAHAY 155: a large kettle

GANGNES: In this case, a tool or object the narrator can use to knock the curate unconscious or make him quiet some other way.

GANGNES: the end of the handle of the meat cleaver

From MCCONNELL 259: "a large key-ring, for keeping all the keys of a household"

GANGNES: red or red-brown

GANGNES: In this case, vulnerability or lack of safety.

GANGNES: Gladiolus are flowering plants, not vegetables. The flowers and greens are edible to humans, but eating the bulbs is not advised.

More information:

• Edible Flowers: Part Two on Eat the Weeds

From DANAHAY 161: fertility

From DANAHAY 161: "quench, to drink until no longer thirsty"

From MCCONNELL 225: "crewmembers of a lighter, or unpowered barge used to unload cargo ships in harbor"

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 215: "sailors on or owners of lighters or barges (boats used in the 'lightening,' or unloading, of large ships)"

From MCCONNELL 232: smacks are "single-masted, light sailing vessels used as tenders for warships"

From MCCONNELL 227: "ships carrying coal"

From MCCONNELL 228: "a warship with a heavy iron beak or prow for penetrating the hull of an enemy"

From MCCONNELL 228: the point at which the river meets the sea's tide

From MCCONNELL 229: "walls above the main deck to protect the passengers from wind and driving rain"

From MCCONNELL 230: a spray of water

From MCCONNELL 231: port/left

GANGNES: area of London on the south bank of the Thames, east of Twickenham, north of Richmond, and south of Chiswick; essentially the same area as Sheen

GANGNES: explosion

GANGNES: unconscious

From MCCONNELL 240: "Popular newspapers frequently issued these supplements, cheap and crude reproductions, 'suitable for framing,' of famous works of art or stirring historical scenes; they decorated the homes of many lower middle class families."

From MCCONNELL 241: "room in which food is cleaned or cut before being taken to the kitchen for cooking; hence the most malodorous and usually the dirtiest room of the house"

From MCCONNELL 207: "A tall, dense, puffy cloud. Many readers during the First World War viewed this as a forecast of the use of poison gas."

From MCCONNELL 207: carbon dioxide

From STOVER 149: carbon dioxide is heavier than air; it is emitted from erupting volcanoes into the low-lying areas around them

From DANAHAY 113: a heavy artillery fire

From DANAHAY 114: rapid-fire artillery (like minute-guns)

From DANAHAY 116: "sack"=looting

GANGNES: The narrator's brother is one of the first to arrive during the process of looting a bicycle shop, which allows him to steal a bicycle before they are all taken.

From MCCONNELL 212: a one-horse, two-wheeled cab for two passengers with the driver seated above and behind the cab

From DANAHAY 116: "these were frequently for hire on the streets of London like taxis"

DANAHAY 117: small carriage light enough for one pony to pull

From DANAHAY 117: related to boxing

From DANAHAY 118: unconscious

From MCCONNELL 215: one pound = five dollars

From DANAHAY 120: a grating/grinding sound

From DANAHAY 122: a bit is a piece of metal that fits in a horse's mouth and forms part of the reins

From DANAHAY 122: large cart breweries used to deliver beer

From MCCONNELL 220: European evergreen with white flowers

From DANAHAY 124: spilled out

From MCCONNELL 220: gold coins worth two pounds, eighteen shillings (each)

From DANAHAY 124: gold coins worth two pounds each ("the man has a lot of heavy money in his bag")

GANGNES: Note that MCCONNELL's and DANAHAY's respective accounts of a sovereign's worth are not the same as one another or as HUGHES AND GEDULD's (and STOVER's) below.

From HUGHES AND GEDULD: "refers to sovereigns: gold coins worth one English pound each."

GANGNES: Note that HUGHES AND GEDULD's account of a sovereign's worth is not the same as MCCONNELL's or DANAHAY's above. STOVER (157) agrees with HUGHES AND GEDULD.

From MCCONNELL 224: extensions

From DANAHAY 127: new branches of "black smoke"

From DANAHAY 127: blob

GANGNES: gunpowder for cannons and other artillery

to make a problem worse

From DANAHAY 99: "a vaudeville type of entertainment in a theater comprised of singing, comedy and dancing"

From MCCONNELL 192: Sunday Leagues were "religious groups which gathered to protest the opening of pubs on the Sabbath"

From DANAHAY 99: a Sunday League was a group "opposed to opening the pubs on Sundays [who] organized wholesome alternatives such as excursions"

From MCCONNELL 193: "light cavalry specializing in swift attack"

From DANAHAY 100: "a collection of wild or foreign animals kept for exhibition"

From DANAHAY 101: small carriages with two wheels

From DANAHAY 102: evening prayer

From DANAHAY 102: young women

From MCCONNELL 195: "The reorganization of the British Army included an emphasis upon the reserve forces; but there was considerable doubt throughout the years before World War I whether a 'reserve' soldier would really be able to function in a battlefield situation."

From DANAHAY 102: "somebody in the army reserve force"

From DANAHAY 102: working-class young men

From MCCONNELL 196: "heavy cannon mounted on carriages"

From MCCONNELL 196: "Field pieces with finely-wound wire, coiled under tension, inside their barrels. An early form of rifling (introduced in 1855), the wire coil made it possible to construct a much thinner and lighter barrel than previously, and also increased greatly the effective range of the projectile. Wire guns were used extensively during the period, and in the First World War."

From DANAHAY 103: "artillery with wire wound in the barrels that increased their power and range"

From DANAHAY 104: "people who sold in the streets by shouting out the name of their product"

From MCCONNELL 198: "the 'Coventry' tricycle, two wheels with a much larger supporting wheel to one side, current around 1876"

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 213: sometimes nicknamed "Tuppence-farthing bikes" (because of their appearance)

From DANAHAY 105: "people dressed in their best clothes out for a stroll"

From MCCONNELL 199: courting

GANGNES: early hours after midnight ("wee hours")

From DANAHAY 106: alarm bell or warning

GANGNES: In this case, not unintelligent, but rather, unaware or unknowing.

From MCCONNELL 202: "in a body, in a crowd"

From DANAHAY 107: "in one huge mass"

From MCCONNELL 203: "prepared to fire"

From MCCONNELL 203: "crying or moaning"

From DANAHAY 109: "a high-pitched cry that goes up and down the scale"

From MCCONNELL 206: "guns designed to fire at intervals of one minute"

From STOVER 148: "Small hills of South African locution made familiar to English readers in accounts of the Boer War, from behind which Boer guerrillas sniped on English troops. Although the war did not officially break out until 1899, the landscape of the coming conflict was reported by [Rudyard] Kipling."

From MCCONNELL 173: "four to eight guns in the Horse Artillery of the time"

From MCCONNELL 175: "a surveying instrument with a telescopic sight, for establishing horizontal and vertical angles"

From DANAHAY 85: "A mirror mounted on a pole, used in this situation to communicate the whereabouts of the Martians and warn the artillery of their approach."

From MCCONNELL 175: "a moveable mirror, usually mounted on a tripod, used to transmit signals by sun flashes"

From DANAHAY 85: "An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun's rays flashed from a mirror."

Note: There is a photograph of heliograph operators in DANAHAY Appendix I.

From DANAHAY 86: busily

From MCCONNELL 177: "Guns capable of firing a twelve-pound ball. Heavy artillery, like every other aspect of warfare, underwent a gigantic growth in the late nineteenth century--especially after the German munitions maker, Alfred Krupp, developed the first all-steel gun in 1851."

From DANAHAY 86: "artillery, heavier than field guns described previously"

From DANAHAY 87: "a broad embankment raised as a fortification"

From DANAHAY 87: a horse-drawn bus

From DANAHAY 87: "literally means day of worship; people are dressed as if for going to church on Sunday"

From MCCONNELL 178: "the priest of a parish"

From MCCONNELL 178: "Originally, grenadiers were especially tall soldiers in a regiment employed to throw grenades. This practice was discontinued by the end of the eighteenth century, though the tallest and finest soldiers of their regiments continued to be called 'grenadiers.' After 1858, the only regiment officially referred to by the name was the Grenadier Guards, the First Regiment of the Household Cavalry."

From DANAHAY 88: "originally 'grenade throwers,' but by this time an elite army regiment"

From MCCONNELL 180: "willows cut back to the trunk, so as to produce dense masses of branches"

From DANAHAY 90: a large travelling bag or suitcase

From MCCONNELL 182: "The first portable camera, the Kodak, had been patented by George Eastman in 1888. Wells himself was an ardent amateur photographer."

From DANAHAY 91: "These were very large, box-like cameras."

From MCCONNELL 182: "an abrupt rise of tidal water flowing inland from the mouth of an estuary"

From MCCONNELL 183: "The word [used in this way] was still new at the time, and referred primarily to factory whistles."

From MCCONNELL 183: "a path along the bank of a river for the horses or men who tow boats on the river"

From DANAHAY 92: a loud, metallic ringing sound

From MCCONNELL 184: "welt or ridge"

From DANAHAY 93: "a member of the clergy who is either in charge of a parish or who is serving as an assistant in a parish."

From DANAHAY 94: "small clumps of trees, not large enough to be a wood"

From DANAHAY 95: "A mackerel is a seawater fish that has rows of dark markings on its back. The rows of clouds resemble these markings."

From MCCONNELL 190: European scarab beetle

From DANAHAY 97: large European flying beetle

From DANAHAY 68: weariness, lack of energy

From DANAHAY 68: a word for cart

From MCCONNELL156: "military engineers, builders of trenches, fortifications, etc."

From DANAHAY 69: "engineers who built bridges, forts and other structures the army might need"

From MCCONNELL156: "The famous 'Blues,' or Royal Horse Guards, consolidated in 1819."

From DANAHAY 69: the Royal Horse Guards: elite British army cavalry unit

From DANAHAY 71: "a piece of mobile artillery, usually pulled by horses"

From DANAHAY 71: large group

From MCCONNELL 159: "a light, two-wheeled vehicle with two seats, back to back: horse-drawn"

From MCCONNELL 159: fence pickets

From DANAHAY 72: a large metal cover used to keep food hot

From DANAHAY 73: speeding

From MCCONNELL 161: "European variety of rose, with very pale red flowers"

From DANAHAY 74: "a round of coordinated fire by a body of soldiers"

From DANAHAY 74: good luck

From DANAHAY 75: struck or hit

From MCCONNELL 163: "Any three-legged support, although the most common instance of the 'tripod' for Wells's readers would probably have been the tripod on which older cameras were mounted."

From DANAHAY 76: in its path

GANGNES: In the 1898 edition, "wallowing" is removed.

From DANAHAY 76: jointed, able to bend and/or move

From DANAHAY 76: without consciousness

From DANAHAY 77: a squatter is "a person living in a building without paying rent"

From DANAHAY 78: force

From MCCONNELL 169: "giant figures"

GANGNES: an exclamation to quietly get someone's attention; similar to "Psst!"

From MCCONNELL: "To 'unlimber' a gun is to detach it from its limber, a two-wheeled carriage drawn by four to six horses, and prepare it for firing."

From DANAHAY 81: "the part of the carriage on which the gun is pulled, and from which it has to be 'unlimbered' or detached"

From MCCONNELL 171: "formation for a conventional attack"

From DANAHAY 82: disjointed, told in short bursts

From DANAHAY 83: the hood of a monk's garment

From DANAHAY 56: "spoke to or grabbed hold of"

From DANAHAY 57: thin

GANGNES: In this case, as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary: "a body of persons appointed to go on a mission on behalf of another or others"

From MCCONNELL 143: "a spiny shrub with yellow flowers, very common throughout England and Europe"

From DANAHAY 59: "Literally collecting together, but here figuratively meaning becoming more numerous."

From DANAHAY 60: bowl shaped

From DANAHAY 60: immediately

From DANAHAY 60: twilight

GANGNES: riding a horse

GANGNES: In this case, an attack or conflict. Stent and Ogilvy sent their telegraph before there was any sign of overt hostility from the Martians; they contacted the barracks so that the soldiers might come to the pit and protect the Martians from being attacked by humans, not the other way around.

From MCCONNELL 146: "a small knoll or hill"

From MCCONNELL 148: "Collars at the time were detached from the shirt, generally made of celluloid, and fastened around the neck with a stud."

GANGNES: In this instance, unbelievable; the narrator is relieved that his wife believes his story about what happened to him because his neighbors did not.

From DANAHAY 64: a cloak or cape

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 205: "a chemically inactive, odorless, colorless, gaseous element, no. 18 on the Periodic Table of the Elements. It had just been discovered and was in the news. Wells had written it up in 'The Newly Discovered Element' and 'The Protean Gas,' Saturday Review 79 (February 9 and May 4, 1895): 183-184, 576-577."

GANGNES: The above articles from the Saturday Review are available in scanned facsimile here ("The Newly Discovered Element") and here ("The Protean Gas").