accumulation of all of that movement of charge is contributing to that electrical phenomenon and therefore in the end what you're doing is talking about a higher level of causation U than the components of the cell
for - evolutionary biology - Denis Noble - journey from reductionist to non-reductionist - ion channel and cell membrane work - connects to bioelectricity in the entire body
“It’s harder to protect your reputation for reliability than to damage it. It turns out that, as usual, offence is cheaper than defence,” he says. “Everybody who cares about the preservation of any institution has to stop everything, ring the alarm bell, and start thinking about how to preserve that ‘membrane’ in a way that is morally permissible.”
there are no genes for any of those membranes all the lipids that form the membranes and the complicated 00:07:27 structures that you can see in a typical cell none of that is coded for in the genome all of that is inherited
for - key insight - decision-making structures are in the cell membrane, not the genes
key insight - The codes that enable us to make choices are located in - the membranes of our cells and - their protein channels - There are no genes for - any of those membranes - all the lipids that form the membranes and the complicated structures that you can see in a typical cell - None of that is coded for in the genome - All of that is inherited
While it is capable of providing constant power, hydrogen fuel cells are also being considered for providing backup power to data centers. This is greatly appealing to data center operators as a more environment-friendly replacement for traditional diesel generators. This change would see the use of fast-start fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells which could take the place of diesel generators.
Proton exchange membranes are presumably the newer types of fuel cells, that are more flexible and need less heat, but are more pricey
a stop-transfer sequence (a hydrophobic domain within the polypeptide chain) traps the protein in the fatty acid interior
Li, Z., Tomlinson, A. C., Wong, A. H., Zhou, D., Desforges, M., Talbot, P. J., Benlekbir, S., Rubinstein, J. L., & Rini, J. M. (2019). The human coronavirus HCoV-229E S-protein structure and receptor binding. ELife, 8, e51230. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51230
Haseltine, W. A. (n.d.). Birth Of The Omicron Family: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3. Each As Different As Alpha Is From Delta. Forbes. Retrieved 30 March 2022, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/01/26/birth-of-the-omicron-family-ba1-ba2-ba3-each-as-different-as-alpha-is-from-delta/
Interestingly, all four vaccine breakthrough infection subjects who had previous COVID-19 were seropositive for anti-membrane IgG during acute infection, while no breakthrough subjects without prior COVID-19 had detectable anti-membrane antibodies in the acute infection period (Figure 1I).
Vaccinated individuals that experience a breakthrough infection do not develop antibodies to the parts of the virus that is not encoded by the vaccine.
filtered onto a track-etched membrane (pore size: 0.2 µm, Whatman CycloporeTM, UK). Filters were placed on agar-solidified (15 g/l) SW or MC medium
resulting suspension was transferred onto sterile 0,2 μm nitrocellulose filters (Advantec) that were placed over 10% TSB agar media
2 ml of mating suspension was transferred to a sterile 0.22-μm Cyclopore membrane (Whatman) by vacuum filtration (<0.4 mbar)
Wang, C., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Han, S., Zhao, G., Kang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Wang, X., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Huang, Y., Wang, J., & Zhao, J. (2020). Membrane Nanoparticles Derived from ACE2-rich Cells Block SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BioRxiv, 2020.08.12.247338. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247338
Membrane biofouling remains to be one of the most serious operational problems for MBR applications, which results in permeate flux and water quality decline, trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and operating costs increase, frequent membrane cleaning and replacement necessary
bacterial QQ does not completely prevent biofouling; it simply postpones its occurrence
different fouling patterns were observed for replicate MBRs seeded with the same inoculum and maintained under identical operating conditions, with similar levels of biomass, soluble microbial products, and extracellular polymeric substances
The reactors were not maintained under the same conditions - 1 had backpulsing and the other was subjected to relaxation
achieved only a 10% increase of permeate flux when backpulsing was used in the filtration of a biological wastewater containing a high mixed liquor suspended solids
Figure 2. TMP profiles during the operation of two one-stage MBRs in two phases.
Fouling seems to happen exponentially once it starts => following a first order reaction. What is the mechanism behind this?
a critical issue in MBR that awaits a technological advancement to solve is membrane biofouling, which leads to high energy consumption and thus high operating costs
Klotho-deficient mice have accelerated aging phenotypes, whereas overexpression of Klotho in mice extends lifespan. Klotho is an anti-aging single-pass membrane protein predominantly produced in the kidney, with shedding of the amino-terminal extracellular domain into the systemic circulation. Circulating levels of soluble Klotho decrease with age, and the klotho gene is associated with increased risk of age-related diseases. The three forms of Klotho protein have distinct functions. Membrane Klotho forms a complex with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, functions as an obligatory co-receptor for FGF23, which is involved in aging and the development of chronic diseases via regulation of Pi and vitamin D metabolism. Secreted Klotho functions as a humoral factor with pleiotropic activities including regulation of oxidative stress, growth factor signaling, and ion homeostasis. Secreted Klotho is also involved in organ protection. The intracellular form of Klotho suppresses inflammation-mediated cellular senescence and mineral metabolism. Herein we provide a brief overview of the structure and function and recent research about Klotho.
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