Long-distance communication latency is dominated by the length of the network and the propagation speed of fiber. Modern fiber optic can propagate signal at two-thirds the speed of light, for a latency of 5us/km.17 This would make our 4,800km network have a latency of 24ms.18

Comrie wrote a 1944 Mathematical Gazette article entitled “Careers for Girls,” in which he declared that female computers were useful “in the years before they (or many of them) graduate to married life and become experts with the housekeeping accounts!”

OpenClaw, like many other open-source tools, allows users to connect to different AI models via an application programming interface, or API. Within days of OpenClaw’s release, the team revealed that Kimi’s K2.5 had surpassed Claude Opus and became the most used AI model—by token count, meaning it was handling more total text processed across user prompts and model responses.

Meanwhile, under China's 'Eastern Data, Western Computing' initiative in the early 2020s, numerous startups constructed large AI and cloud data centers across western regions of China, where electricity costs are lower, with the goal of serving demand from economically stronger eastern provinces. While the strategy reduced power expenses, it turned out that longer distances increased latency and made these facilities less attractive for many latency-sensitive applications, which limited actual usage

Frontier AI labs are running out of CPUs for their RL Training needs and are scrambling for CPU allocation by competing directly with the cloud providers for commodity x86 CPU servers. Intel, facing the unexpected depletion of their CPU inventory, is looking to raise prices across their Xeon line while they ramp additional tools to shore up CPU production

In addition, our Li-ion BBUs benefit from our distributed UPS architecture that offers significant availability and TCO benefits compared to traditional monolithic UPS systems. The distributed UPS architecture improves machine availability by: 1) reducing the failure-domain blast radius to a single rack, and 2) locating the batteries in the rack to eliminate intermediate points of failure between the UPS and machines. This architecture also provides TCO benefits by scaling the UPS with the deployment, i.e., reducing day-1 UPS cost. Additionally, locating the batteries in the rack on the same DC bus as the machines eliminates intermediate AC/DC power conversion steps that cause efficiency losses. In 2016 we shared the 48V rack power system spec with the Open Compute Project, including specs for the Li-ion BBUs.

At Google, we rely on a 48Vdc rack power system with integrated battery backup units (BBUs), and in 2015, we became one of the first hyperscale data center providers to deploy Lithium-ion BBUs. These Li-ion batteries had twice the life, twice the power and half the volume of previous-generation lead-acid batteries. Switching from lead-acid batteries to Li-ion means we deploy only one-quarter the number of batteries, greatly reducing the battery waste generated by our data centers. 

The lithium-ion batteries that China dominates are becoming increasingly prevalent. In February Google said that it had installed more than 100 million cells across its data centers and had started to replace diesel generators with batteries. Microsoft said it aimed for its data centers to eliminate diesel fuel for backup by 2030 to meet environmental goals.

Airbnb picks Alibaba’s Qwen over ChatGPT in a win for Chinese open-source AIAirbnb ‘relies heavily’ on Alibaba’s Qwen models to power its AI customer service agent, CEO Brian Chesky says

Low-cost Chinese AI models forge ahead, even in the US, raising the risks of a US AI bubble Nvidia’s latest earnings report reassured some. But Chinese AI models are fast gaining a following around the world, underlining concerns over an ‘AI bubble’ centered on high-investment, high-cost US models.

In Belgium, we’ll soon install the first ever battery-based system for replacing generators at a hyperscale data center. In the event of a power disruption, the system will help keep our users’ searches, e-mails, and videos on the move—without the pollution associated with burning diesel. But even more important is what will happen when Google doesn’t need emergency power. Whereas diesel generators sit idle most of the year, batteries are multi-talented team players: when we’re not using them, they’ll be available as an asset that strengthens the broader electric grid.

A key challenge when deploying off-grid generation is managing redundancy. For example, the 1.4GW Vantage DC campus in Shackelford County, TX will deploy 2.3GW of VoltaGrid systems. These systems being small facilitates redundancy – but if you were to deploy onsite power with large heavy duty turbines, redundancy might be to simply have two power plants, if not more.

Maintenance has historically also been notably higher than other solutions. Individual fuel cell stacks last roughly 5-6 years, then must be replaced and refurbished. This per-cell replacement makes up ~65% of service costs, although specific numbers are kept close to vest. Bloom discloses little about its materials beyond the use of ceramics in the cell core, but claim that their fuel cells have no critical mineral dependence on China or other contested regions

High-speed engines can be much faster to deploy. For example, at the initial Colossus 1 deployment, xAI leveraged 34 VoltaGrid truck-mounted systems, incorporating high-speed engines from Jembacher. High-speed engines, in particular, are popular with energy procurement vendors (described later). Their wide availability and small unit size offer faster time-to-power. We show below a VoltaGrid 50MW deployment in San Antonio, with twenty Jembacher J620 (rated 3.36kW per unit

AI infrastructure developers cannot wait five years. In many cases, they cannot wait six months, because waiting six months costs billions of dollars of lost opportunities.

However, AI infrastructure cannot wait for the grid’s multiyear transmission upgrades. An AI cloud can generate revenue of $10-12 billion dollars per gigawatt, annually

The system cost is higher than the solar levelised cost because it also includes the costs of the batteries and backup power, as well as accounting for curtailment. Utility-scale solar PV and batteries are sized to minimise the costs for meeting a constant demand based on hourly weather data from 2011. The 1° by 1° pixels are chosen based on where the population is densest, representing where 99.9% of the population lives. The model is based on model.energy but without the hydrogen storage. The most important economic data is based on the Danish Energy Agency Technology Database for 2030 in 2020 euros: solar PV installed cost 384 €/kWp, lithium-ion battery installed cost 157 €/kWh. By 2050 these reduce to 293 €/kWp and 83 €/kWh respectively. The solar costs include 50 €/kW for transformer and grid connection, but no further grid costs are included. Additional assumptions: cost of capital 5%, cost of backup generator with 50% efficiency 1000 €/kWel, cost of backup fuel (based roughly on fossil gas) 30 €/MWhth. There is more information below including instructions on how to adjust the results if you don't like the inputs

The graph shows the results for 90%, 95% and 99% solar-battery supply

So what McKinsey fails to mention is that LNG is competing with coal and renewables and while $7-$10 is in the range of pricing where U.S. LNG exporters lose money, it is still too high to compete with coal and renewables in the major Asian markets

Demand will outpace growth. And yet the LNG export terminals will need a lot more gas to fulfill the existing contracts in place over the next five years. Where will this come from? Most of it is expected to be from the Permian as associated gas from oil production or from the Haynesville from gas wells

Elsewhere, Israel’s Nostromo Energy became the latest vendor to bring a data center “ice battery” to the market. Ice batteries work by cooling ice stored in cells at times where demand for power is low. The batteries use the cold temperature of the ice to chill the cooling liquid needed in HVAC systems, eliminating the need for mechanical chillers, which are big consumers of electricity. Nostromo believes it can make up to 40 percent of data center power consumption flexible, which could be a big boon for operators looking to trim costs.

Open standards are emerging in liquid cooling, and many vendors are following the blueprint laid out by Google with its Project Deschutes, the in-house CDU design developed by the cloud and search giant. Revealed earlier this year, Google has made the specs of Project Deschutes available to the Open Compute Project (OCP) community.At the OCP Europe Summit, held in Dublin in May, Google revealed the extent of its own liquid cooling deployments, demonstrating how the technology has taken hold among the hyperscalers. Around half of Google’s global data center footprint has liquid cooling enabled and/or deployed, meaning the firm has around 1GW of liquid cooling capacity deployed across 2,000 pods equipped with its Tensor Processing Unit AI chips. It achieved uptime of 99.999 percent.

Second, a volume mechanism: even the cost-optimal procurement strategy for 24/7 hourly matching might include some amount of excess clean energy. If total CFE generation of assets procured by 24/7 participants exceeds demand in a given hour, the “excess CFE”is not counted towards a CFE target; however, it is clean electricity that can potentially be stored (using batteries or LDES), or sold to the regional grid. As for the latter, excess CFE might displace emitting grid generators or reduce the need to import electricity from neighbouring areas.

First, a profile mechanism: participants doing 24/7 hourly matching procure clean energy resources that better match their demand patterns. As certain consumers align their demand with CFE supply on hourly basis, the need for dispatchable generation that can firm intermittent renewable supply is lower in the rest of the system. This mechanism can reduce the utilisation of fossil-based generators, such as OCGT power plants, which typically ramp up when wind and solar resources are scarce.

Bores helped write, pass and just secured Hochul’s signature on the RAISE Act, a sweeping piece of legislation aimed at regulating the industry. But it passed only after the pro-business governor struck the entirety of the original text and replaced it with a new draft that reportedly copied almost verbatim a California bill that is much more friendly to AI companies. After an intense back and forth, she ultimately signed a bill that was somewhere in between the original draft and her edit

The Texas Permian is the story of U.S. shale and it has peaked. In October of 2019 Texas oil production topped 165 million barrels. In October 2024 it topped 180 million barrels. In August 2025 it was back to levels first hit in 2019 and the initial numbers for September 2025 were 144 million barrels.

I’ve yet to see one acknowledgement in the major financial press about how badly the Bakken performed compared to how it was sold. Why should this happen?  Because the average American still thinks there is endless oil and gas in the U.S. shale. They are going to pay the price for the industry fraud in multiple ways. First, with higher electricity and heating prices as natural gas supplies become scarce. Secondly, they don’t realize how the current administration’s attempts to block renewable energy and electric vehicles in America is based on the lie that there is plenty of cheap oil and gas to use instead.

In 2020 I wrote a piece on how the Bakken oil production was peaking and what this would mean for the asset retirement obligations for the Bakken. In that piece I pointed out another aspect of the Bakken that was getting little attention. More than a decade after the Bakken boom started, North Dakota was flaring 23 percent of the methane gas produced via fracking — making a mockery of the state’s flaring regulations. Harold Hamm, Bloomberg and many others talked a lot about technological innovation while the reality in the Bakken of North Dakota was that the industry was wasting almost a quarter of the natural gas being produced. For comparison, the target the European Union is currently using for its methane is 0.2%.  Also for comparison, Iraq is flaring around 25% now.

No direct access to user prompts or model outputs was available for this study. Instead, OpenRouter performs internal categorization on a random sample comprising approximately 0.25% of all prompts and responses through a non-proprietary module GoogleTagClassifier.

Use locational pricing to manage power grid congestion (in countries where this is currently politically difficult: use tools for locational investment signals, which can provide much of the benefit of locational prices [JRC, 2025]; vary network charges spatially and temporally to get operations right).

Build new dispatchable backup power plants (turbines, engines, fuel cells) to run on carbonaceous fuels (easily switchable from methane to methanol, fossil gas being displaced over time by e-biofuels); don't add cost by insisting they be hydrogen-ready. (Germany needs 70-90 GW of dispatchable capacity, depending on which study you look at.)

Changing plastics end-of-life policy to managed landfilling would avoid the need to provide green primary high value chemicals (HVC).

The extra cost of going down the e-biofuel route instead of compensating fossil fuels with bio-CDR would be manageable. To replace 400 TWh/a gas demand and 1200 TWh/a oil demand in Europe with e-biomethanol rather than bio-CDR: (400-200) EUR/tCO2 * 80 MtCO2/a + (240-200) EUR/tCO2 * 300 MtCO2/a = 28 bnEUR/a. This is around 0.1% of future European GDP; it is in a similar range to current European subsidies for first generation biofuels.

If advanced e-biofuels are the more scaleable option, then they have to be produced everywhere, including in Europe, because supply is scarce. It would have several other advantages: replacing farmer's income streams as traditional 1st generation biofuels are phased out; and anchoring value creation in rural areas for decades to come.

In many countries straw is burned without any energetic use at all, causing widespread health harms from particulate matter, so alternate uses may bring advantages.

An example: for a hydrogen peaking power plant in Germany running 200 hours a year, the capped network capacity charge for withdrawing from the planned Kernnetz pipeline network of 25 EUR/(kWh/h-peak)/a [BNetzA, 2025] works out at 25 EUR/kW/a / 200 h/a = 125 EUR/MWh ~ 4 EUR/kg. Add this to a production cost near Germany of 120 EUR/MWh and a storage charge of 120 EUR/MWh [EWI, 2024], and you are quickly at 360 EUR/MWh for the fuel alone.

As we are on the precipice of a very large wave of lending, I also have to ask myself, is capitalism itself ready for it? More thoughts behind a paywall

To unlock this flexibility, Germany must expand storage options and ensure users can respond to power availability. A key step came with the obligation for electricity suppliers to offer at least one dynamic tariff from 2025, but additional incentives must follow. As Germany paves the way towards covering 80 percent of its electricity demand with renewables by 2030, measures and proposals for 2026 to unlock flexibility include

During most of the year, our grid has a lot of excess capacity. The peak demand in the United States is generally less than 800 gigawatts. The average demand on our grid most of the year is about 400 to 450 gigawatts. So most of the time you’ve got 200 to 300 gigawatts of spare capacity in the grid. That’s more than enough to meet all the data center growth and EV growth and new manufacturing and all the things we’re doing in our country.

The agent discovers tools by exploring the filesystem: listing the ./servers/ directory to find available servers (like google-drive and salesforce), then reading the specific tool files it needs (like getDocument.ts and updateRecord.ts) to understand each tool's interface. This lets the agent load only the definitions it needs for the current task. This reduces the token usage from 150,000 tokens to 2,000 tokens—a time and cost saving of 98.7%.Cloudflare published similar findings, referring to code execution with MCP as “Code Mode." The core insight is the same: LLMs are adept at writing code and developers should take advantage of this strength to build agents that interact with MCP servers more efficiently.

Just as Big Oil has repeatedly failed to deliver on pledges to begin decarbonising, so too the promises of plastics companies have been hollow. In the early 1990s, for example, Coca-Cola announced its intention to make its bottles from 25 per cent recycled plastic, only to quietly ditch the target four years later, after political and consumer pressure had eased.

PJM’s initial proposal to deal with the data center swell would have created a category for new large sources of demand on the system to interconnect without the backing of capacity; in return, they’d agree to have their power supply curtailed when demand got too high. The proposal provoked outrage from just about everyone involved in PJM, including data center developers and analysts who were open to flexibility in general, who said that the grid operator was overstepping its responsibilities.

With revenue equivalent to 17.3 percent of GDP in 2022, the lowest in the OECD, the state lacks the capacity to finance social programs and strategic investments. Public investment in science, technology and innovation (STI) has particularly suffered, reaching just 0.27 percent of GDP in 2022, compared to an OECD average of 2.73 percent. Mexico stands far below economies in South Korea (5.21 percent), Germany (3.13 percent), or Brazil (1.15 percent in 2020

Far from representing an obstacle to Sheinbaum’s climate objectives, it is precisely through SOEs that the President is pursuing her vision for the green transition. Her administration has reinforced AMLO’s program to revive Mexico’s SOEs—Pemex and CFE—with new decarbonization and industrial policy ambitions. On some policy issues, the difference is one of means rather than ends. For example, in order to increase the share of low-carbon electricity by 10 to 20 percent—a commonly agreed policy aim—Sheinbaum’s government has tasked SOEs with orchestrating investment, and turned to state regulatory capabilities to ensure private sector investment. In other cases, the ends themselves have become more ambitious: in the absence of private investment in the EV market, the government has initiated a new business venture, Olinia, to manufacture small urban EVs and launched a lithium battery industry

Critics of the active state in Mexico allege that market intervention generates underinvestment. Furthermore, they claim that Mexican state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are not adequate to competently navigate new waves of technology. And, in the wider North American context, SOEs are thought to put Mexico’s industry in jeopardy by triggering mechanisms of investment protection.  The suspicion of SOEs—whether in general, or specific to the green transition—is unfounded. Most private investment in renewable energy across the globe has been facilitated by long-term supply contracts from SOEs or central government agencies. Out of all solar and wind energy projects, two-thirds are held by Chinese SOEs (incidentally, China has recently confirmed an impressive target of 3,500 Gigawatts of solar and wind by 2035). And new forms of intervention in the energy sector are welcome by investors searching for low-risk investments with long-term return profiles

Unlike traditional approaches that require training separate specialized models for each task – one for crop mapping, another for deforestation, and another for land use classification, among others – OlmoEarth excels across a wide and diverse range of Earth observation applications

DR Tulu has access to three search tools: google_search, which returns top web snippetsweb_browse, which extracts full-page text from URLspaper_search, which retrieves relevant paragraphs from open-access research papers

Top left shows electric 2 wheeler sales in China. And then the rest of the world is below that. I would expect we are going to see a lot more demand destruction from 2-wheelers in the rest of the world in the next 5 years. However, it is pretty clear that one of the technologies that drove early oil demand destruction (that first 1 million bpd by 2018), is many times the size it was in 2018 and increasing everywhere but China.

For instance, a recent analysis by Epoch AI of the total training cost of AI models estimated that energy was a marginal part of total cost of AI training and experimentation (less than 6% in the case of all 4 frontier AI models analyzed), and a recent analysis by Dwarkesh Patel and Romeo Dean estimated that power generation represents roughly 7% of a datacenter’s cost.

Chinese officials predict widespread V2G adoption by 2030 would unlock 1 billion kilowatts of capacity from an expected fleet of 100 million EVs. The move could help diversify energy sources beyond coal in a country that’s home to 40 million electric cars.

Tesla’s China-made deliveries rose by 2.8% from a year ago in September after two months of decline, boosted by the China-exclusive six-seater Model Y L launched in August.

While closed-circuit cooling systems (i.e. where all of the water is recycled and none of it evaporates)[33] are technically feasible, they are more costly and therefore less common.

While new reactors are continuing to be built globally, this takes, on average, 6 to 8 years [23];

At the level of a hyperscale data center cluster, this can translate into requirements of up to 5 and even 10 GW of power, up from 5 MW - a 2,000 fold increase in the span of a decade [4, 11].

They are very geographically concentrated - only 32 countries have data centers, and nearly half of them are in the United States. The state of Virginia has the highest density of data centers globally - it is home to almost 35% of all hyperscale data centers worldwide.

Design is the process of trying to address a problem with a new feature. Standardisation is the process of documenting consensus.

With DSQL you don’t need to pick hardware, manage clusters, design for failover, think about patching engines or systems, monitor CPU and memory, or any of the many other tasks that come with good cluster management. When you get started with any database, you can basically ignore these things: buying excess CPU and memory at small scale is cheap, and monitoring is easy when you aren’t also trying to drive efficiency

What should be discarded is the idea, prevalent in the mainstream media worldwide and even at the UN, that charging for the social cost of carbon and its “offsetting” can replace public planning for socio-technological transition.

the scale required for carbon market offset projects—through environmental conservation, forest regeneration, or reforestation—to ensure net-zero emissions is absolutely unfeasible. Offsetting cannot function as an alternative to decarbonizing energy, production, and infrastructure systems simply because there is not enough land to replant forests.

The strategy for transitioning to renewable energy should not, therefore, begin with raising carbon prices and waiting for the market to offer an alternative solution in the short term. Instead, it must involve government planning for the supply of new green technologies and substitute infrastructure based on sustainable energy. Only after these technologies and infrastructure are accessible can raising carbon prices induce rapid substitution. Until then, consumers and user companies will be hostage to dirty options

In practice, energy’s inelastic demand means that even if prices rise, users of dirty technologies and fossil fuels will continue to pay, even if they become poorer, because they cannot find feasible substitutes

The global carbon market approved in Baku will not overcome this problem. International competition to reduce costs to attract private investment is a systemic feature of the world economy. It creates a coordination problem, making it impossible to establish a single international price for carbon. International divergence in carbon prices undermines an effective system for reducing global emissions

Uruguay’s carbon tax came closest to the IPCC figure, pricing the emission of one metric ton of greenhouse gases at $167.17. At the other end of the spectrum, however, Indonesia’s carbon market charged only $0.61 for the same ton.

In a recent paper, researchers from Harvard and the University of Pisa reported that “U.S. data centers produced 105 million tons CO2 equivalent gasses in the past year with a carbon intensity 48 percent higher than the national average.”

Ironically, the policies meant to unlock innovation have ended up reinforcing Li-ion’s dominance. Italy offered 15-year fixed contracts, exactly the kind of revenue certainty newer techs need. But only lithium-ion could hit the bankability and pricing targets. In the UK, Ofgem’s eligibility screen knocked out most alternatives before they could even bid.

For Linux distributions to be able to do all of these things with the T2, Apple would need to either open up access to it, or someone in the Linux community would need to reverse-engineer support for it. Neither of those things has happened. And given the age and relative obscurity of the T2 hardware, it doesn’t seem enormously likely at this point.

However, xAI has been clear that this control technology has not been installed. An xAI consultant told The Daily Journal that the turbines would have to be retrofitted to install them. No one has claimed credit for the mailer sent by “Facts Over Fear.”

Since the turn of the millennium, the global LNG market has absorbed every supply wave fairly quickly, taking two to three years. China swallowed a good chunk of the 2009-2011 wave, when supply jumped by about 40% after the completion of several projects in Qatar. Europe absorbed the 2016-2019 wave, which came after a huge buildup in US export capacity increased global production by 45%.Now, a third wave, which is likely to extend from 2026 to 2030, looms. It’s by far the largest, potentially adding a further 60% to the world’s supply. Thus, demand is key

Gas turbines draw in air that is compressed as it passes through a series of rotors and blades, and the compression heats it to about 500C. That hot air is used to burn natural gas, lifting the combusted gas output’s temperature further to around 1,500C

The rapid rise of AI in the US has surprised utilities that had planned for relatively flat growth in demand. BloombergNEF forecasts that data-center power consumption will more than triple by 2035. Electricity needs from these facilities will account for almost half of the growth in total power demand between now and 2030, according to the IEA.

Coal-dependent Asian nations could cut power sector emissions by at least a third by the middle of next decade by expanding the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG), according to a June study commissioned by the Asia Natural Gas & Energy Association, an industry group that counts Exxon Mobil Corp. and Chevron Corp. among its members

Kasirzadeh’s account of accumulative risk still relies on threat actors such as cyberattackers to a large extent, whereas our concern is simply about the current path of capitalism. And we think that such risks are unlikely to be existential, but are still extremely serious

Access controls prevent people working with sensitive data and systems from accessing confidential information and tools that are not required for their jobs. We can design similar protections for AI systems in consequential settings

But this process took over two decades instead of a few hours in the case of AlphaZero because safety considerations put a limit on the extent to which each iteration of this loop could be scaled up compared to the previous one

What will it take for AI to push the boundaries of such knowledge? It will likely require interactions with, or even experiments on, people or organizations, ranging from drug testing to economic policy. Here, there are hard limits to the speed of knowledge acquisition because of the social costs of experimentation. Societies probably will not (and should not) allow the rapid scaling of experiments for AI development.

The Ladder of Generality in Computing. For some tasks, higher ladder rungs require less programmer effort to get a computer to perform a new task, and more tasks can be performed with a given amount of programmer (or user) effort.

But this comparison does not account for differences in the intensity of adoption (the number of hours of use) or the high cost of buying a PC compared to accessing generative AI.

the impact of AI is materialized not when methods and capabilities improve, but when those improvements are translated into applications and are diffused through productive sectors of the economy.

In reality, Arizona already has large numbers of data centers throughout the state. They collectively use about 1/50th as much water as just the golf courses in Arizona, but generate more tax revenue than the golf industry. Building data centers in the desert has been normal for a while and doesn’t harm water access. Here’s a comparison2 of water usage for data centers and golf courses in the county in Arizona with the most data water draw

We are also evolving our software stack, including Twine and MAST, to support long-distance training across a geographically distributed set of data centers

This variation by resource theme means that field-recovery upside is unevenly distributed between countries. Iran, Venezuela, Iraq, and Russia stand out with the largest top-quartile reserves upside of any countries.

Quite how this potential will be realised is another matter. The existence of recoverable reserves in the ground does not mean that these will be economically attractive or that the industry will make the investment required.

Xu et al. (2023) bring this discussion from the realm of arguments into quantitative analysis, concluding that “emissions matching strategies have zero or near-zero long-run impact on system-level CO2<math><msub is="true"><mrow is="true"></mrow><mrow is="true"><mn is="true">2</mn></mrow></msub></math> emissions” [40]. The reason for this, citing the authors, is that voluntary carbon-free energy procurement under this strategy almost exclusively displaces other carbon-free energy rather than fossil fuels.

One of the simplifications of mathematical models implementing 24/7 CFE procurement is how the excess carbon-free electricity is handled. The “excess CFE”can be defined as the total amount of carbon-free electricity supply exceeding the demand of the participating consumers in a given period of time. Here we assume that the excess can either be curtailed or sold to the regional electricity market at wholesale market prices, until the excess constraint is reached. The constraint restricts the volume of excess electricity sold to the regional grid, ensuring it does not surpass 20% of the annual demand from participating consumers.

Fig. 7(b) compares reductions in annual zone emissions in percent points achieved through 100% annual renewable matching and 100% 24/7 CFE matching; no procurement policy is assumed in the counterfactual scenario.

The figure demonstrates that, even though the absolute impact of procurement policies diminishes over time, the relative impact of 24/7 CFE on system-level emissions increases over time when compared to 100% RES

First, a profile mechanism

Second, a volume mechanism

One of the major difficulties in getting things done in a large organization is the fact that it is practically impossible to pinpoint responsibility. A Bureau or an Office can't be made responsible because, as I said before, they are inanimate and therefore are incapable of perception or of feeling. Limited tours of duty of two or three years in positions of responsibility accentuate this situation.

Instead of requiring each power plant to complete lengthy studies of needed system-wide infrastructure investments before connecting to the grid, the “connect and manage” approach in Texas gets power plants online quicker than a “studies first” approach

Azure to access OpenAI services because it allows specifying regions to use, which is important when serving EU customers, for example. Using OpenAI’s services directly would not allow switching of regions.

The team had the idea to create an “approved answers” knowledge base for the chatbot, and faced the challenge of creating the questions for this. The team made the chatbot state when it cannot answer a question, and to then connect with human support, which then updated the knowledge base with their solution. This approach works pretty well after taking a few iterations to get right.

Companies that purchase large quantities of carbon credits typically follow one of two approaches: they either offset a fixed portion of their emissions (e.g. Delta Air Lines, easyJet, and Volkswagen Group) or offset residual emissions to meet specific emission targets (e.g. Shell, Eni, and Inpex). In contrast, companies that purchase fewer carbon credits typically only offer them to their customers during the checkout (e.g. Deutsche Lufthansa, Air France - KLM, Ryanair Holding, International Consolidated Airlines Group) or offset their business travel (e.g. Deutsche Lufthansa, International Consolidated Airlines Group).

“Whereas previously they had 100TWh contracted, we’re seeing nowhere near that kind of take-up under the new mechanism, and this is all happening in a climate where an increased amount of renewable sources are entering the system. So EDF is looking for replacement industrial off-takers for nuclear while this transition occurs.”

Mistral had already announced it was setting up its first dedicated AI training cluster in France. The company, which this week announced a fresh €1.7 billion ($1.99bn) funding round, had previously relied on infrastructure from Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud to train its models, but will now be working with Eclairion and French GPU cloud provider Scaleway to bring an initial 18,000 Nvidia GB200 GPUs online later this year.

This figure is true, as is the fact that much of Texas is in drought, but the usage covers the entirety of 2023 and 2024, suggesting data centers averaged a little over 600,000 gallons a day of water use. By contrast, Texas homes use 2.3b gallons of water every single day. Even the data quoted by the Austin Chronicle suggests data centers could use a comparatively modest 0.13b gallons a day in 2025. They might use a lot of water, but data centers are a tiny contributor to overall water use.

In a strategic reserve, a select few resources – usually fossil fuel plants close to retirement – are kept open in case their capacity is needed to fill gaps. These plants are put in a stand-by reserve and are not allowed to participate in electricity markets, instead getting paid by a central authority to simply be available and ensure they can be activated quickly during critical periods. Germany, for example, currently has a strategic reserves mechanism

In California, where record-breaking wildfires earlier this year collectively accounted for $37.5 billion in insured losses—roughly 70 percent of global insured disaster costs—insurance providers are adapting their models

The US, with its expanding population, relatively consistent economic growth and extensive domestic coal reserves, sees a cap on carbon emissions as a threat to its competitiveness, and hence to its global hegemony

Europe, meanwhile, has been making encouraging though patchy progress towards its Kyoto targets, driven mainly by a one-off switch from coal to gas – leaving it cradled in Russia’s increasingly rough embraces

The authors therefore suggest the government introduce a special battery grid fee, which would set a variable price for withdrawing or feeding electricity every quarter-hour, depending on the regional capacity of grids to transport electricity.

A security of supply report that systematically ignores large-scale storage facilities does not provide a viable basis for political decisions on power plant expansion or capacity markets

In this system, the electricity sector cannot balance out shortcomings in transport and buildings.

The “nameplate” power rating of a chip, often based on its thermal design power (TDP), reflects the maximum theoretical power it could draw under extreme, fully saturated workloads. These ratings are used to inform the electrical system design, but in practice, chips rarely operate near those levels. Reaching 100% of nameplate power across an entire rack or cluster is not only unusual, it's extremely difficult to sustain, and often not desirable given reliability and thermal constraints.

Load factor is the ratio of average demand to realized peak demand

As a result, all the "gains" from "powerful new models" come from burning more and more tokens. The cost-per-million-token number is no longer an accurate measure of the actual costs of generative AI, because it's much, much harder to tell how many tokens a reasoning model may burn, and it varies (as Theo Browne noted) from model to model

The "early days" argument hinges on obscurity and limited resources, something that generative AI does not get to whine about. Companies that make effectively no revenue can raise $500 million to do the same AI coding bullshit that everybody else does.In simpler terms, these companies are flush with cash, have all the attention and investment they could possibly need, and are still unable to create a product with a defined, meaningful, mass-market use case.

In one sense, explaining what happened to the telecom sector is very simple: the growth in capacity has vastly outstripped the growth in demand. In the five years since the 1996 bill became law, telecommunications companies poured more than $500 billion into laying fiber optic cable, adding new switches, and building wireless networks. So much long-distance capacity was added in North America, for example, that no more than two percent is currently being used

I was probably 9 or 10 when my father took me to a Horn & Hardart automat. For those too young to remember — who I hope are a large fraction of my readers — these were establishments in which a variety of sandwiches and other foods were displayed behind glass doors. You would serve yourself by putting coins into a slot, which would unlock the door and let you extract your egg salad sandwich or whatever.At the time (and at my age) it seemed wonderfully futuristic: Food service without people! In reality, of course, automats weren’t automated; each required a substantial staff to operate the kitchen and keep refilling those glass-doored compartments. And because automats weren’t all they pretended to be, they were eventually driven out of business by the rise of fast food.

Our study also determines that the minimum wage has no effect on employment in competitive markets, but it has a positive and very large effect in monopsonistic markets. If the minimum wage increases 100 percent, employment increases 69.7 percent more in monopsony markets than in competitive markets, where it only sees a tiny increase

Instead of appearing the ring N times, each item appears once, and takes advantage of fault-tolerant nodes rather than spreading over multiple nodes

Another troubling point is that big tech doesn’t just buy data centers and then use them, but in many cases pays a construction company to build them, fills them with GPUs and then leases them from a company that runs them, meaning that they don’t have to personally staff up and maintain them

And no, Microsoft talking about its Azure revenue in its last quarterly earnings for the first time is not the same thing, as it stopped explicitly stating their AI revenue in January (when it was $13 billion annualized).

Cursor is allowed to die, it will be unable to pay a chunk of Anthropic’s revenue — and yes, the revenue of other providers too. It will also bring into question whether it’s possible to build — putting aside any questions of profitability — a business of any kind offering services built on top of generative AI, and in turn bring into doubt the veracity of investing in this sector.

ill stillcontribute to your annual CFE score

This is the CFE in the electricity utility/supplier mix that has not been voluntarily procured by corporate buyers but is delivered by default. It can only be claimed if the utility or supplier retires an equivalent amount of hourly or sub‑hourly EACs

Evaluating GPAI requires both broad and deep domain expertise – from bringing in cybersecurity experts to social scientists and disinformation experts. While major companies can hire that expertise in-house, smaller providers depend to a much greater extent on external expertise. Mandating third-party assessments incentivises a more mature ecosystem, driving down cost and expanding capacity, which disproportionately benefits smaller GPAI model providers.

By contrast, given Big Tech’s monopolistic dominance, they usually dictate the conditions for using their models to European startups and SMEs, often amounting to "take it or leave it". And while the cost of third-party assessments is minimal for the handful of big players spending millions—or even billions—on training, pushing the assurance onus onto smaller downstream providers is a true innovation killer. Instead, making third-party assessments for GPAI models mandatory, empowers smaller innovators, by providing independent, credible information on the robustness of the underlying model, and ultimately promoting European AI diffusion.

But won’t this stifle innovation, one might worry? Quite the opposite, we think. Europe's competitive advantage in AI is unlikely to arise from pouring hundreds of billions into building the largest foundational models. Instead, it will come from industrial adoption, effectively integrating GPAI into useful downstream applications–an approach that plays to Europe’s true strengths: rich data pools, world-class applied engineering capabilities and dynamic SMEs, which make up 99% of all businesses.

This won't trigger an error in Python, though. You have to use a type checker like mypy, pyright, or ty to get the warning. But it's a lightweight alternative, and even without tooling, it tells other programmers what parts of the program do what.

Similarly, 67% of the emissions from private jets escape the attention of the EU ETS. Removing existing exemptions would unlock significant funding for decarbonisation from this indulgent form of travel.

Recognising that it is expensive to maintain a pool of IP addresses in every potential user location, these companies have also proposed a new HTTP header to allow clients/browsers to directly convey geolocation information through any privacy relays that may be present.

While there (currently) is no singular definition of what privacy relays are, these are some examples of how they’ve been deployed: (1) Apple’s iCloud Private Relay is a subscription service that uses MASQUE proxies with oblivious routing to allow users to browse the internet while keeping their IP address private, (2) Apple’s Private Cloud Compute is experimenting with Oblivious HTTP to reduce the footprint of their user’s queries to AI models, (3) Google’s proposed IP Protection envisions MASQUE-based oblivious routing for a very limited set cases (third-party requests in incognito mode) in its Chrome browser, (4) Cloudflare’s Warp offers both free and paid versions of a VPN-like service that uses a MASQUE proxy for internet browsing, but without oblivious routing, and (5) Google’s Safe Browsing service uses Oblivious HTTP to enable users to privately query for unsafe URLs.

The US does supply more than 50% of EU imports of Liquefied Natural Gas, but LNG accounts for only 17% of total EU imports of energy products.

How the energy part of the deal will work is a particular mystery. Last year, the total imports of energy by the EU stood at EUR375bn so for the EU to buy USD250bn of US energy products per year for the next three years would require a massive re-allocation of European imports

Debt-financed housing

Alongside ever expanding flows of crude to the east and deepening investment ties with China, Saudi Arabia’s moves on the home front looked primed to tilt the axis of global capital accumulation

This means that if, for example, a government publishes an “inadequate” NDC, a “competent court or tribunal” could order it to supply one that is consistent with its obligations under the Paris Agreement.

Crucially, the court says that countries can, in principle, face liability for climate harms, opening the door to potential “reparations” for loss and damage.

customary international law

These nations had argued that the climate treaties formed a “lex specialis”, a specific area of law that precludes the application of broader general international law principles. On the contrary, the ICJ says countries do have legal obligations under general international law, including a duty to prevent “significant harm to the environment”, with further obligations arising under human rights law and from other treaties.

Rather than assuming a level playing field, this approach would acknowledge differentiated access to infrastructure, data, and energy, and could inform mechanisms such as equitable allocation of computational resources, financing for sovereign digital systems, or participatory standards-setting processes. Just as CBDR has shaped expectations around climate finance and capacity-building, it could offer a framework through which states with greater historical emissions and technological concentration contribute more substantively to the conditions under which AI systems are developed, governed, and distributed

Rebuilding this principle means aligning energy transitions with technological innovation under climate limits. Applying the CBDR principle to AI governance could involve reimagining the architecture of responsibility in light of technological asymmetries and historical ecological debt.

The human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is essential for the enjoyment of other human rights

To comply with the GHG Protocol Product Standard, future audits made in the industry may follow this study’s principles of using location-based approach for electricity emissions and including all significant upstream impacts

Long-term contracts, together with domestic gas production, typically accounted for 80-90% of the European Union’s natural gas consumption before the 2022 crisis. In the past two years, that share has dropped to around 50%. If no new contracts are signed and existing ones are not renewed, the share of spot gas and flexible LNG in total EU gas supply could increase to around two-thirds by 2030, which could increase exposure to short-term price volatility.

The social force at the heart of this initiative is European industry, which has been facing increasing competition from China and the United States and stands to gain substantially from such a program. However, the preferential treatment of purchasing European-produced weapons will mostly benefit the German, French, and Italian producers, who are already seeing their orders and share prices increasing

The technological spillovers and productivity gains suffusing current rhetoric will only be generated by domestic production. But even if policy succeeds in addressing this technological backwardness and dependency, shortening development times from their current Kiel-sponsored forecasts, there are reasons to question the efficiency of this growth strategy. Modern weapons production depends on advanced manufacturing techniques that require relatively little labour, resulting in lower economic multipliers compared to investments in sectors like health, education, or green energy. It generates fewer jobs per euro invested and has limited impact on enhancing the overall productive capacity of the economy

Member States must now implement a credit mechanism that counts renewable electricity used in EV charging towards sectoral renewable energy targets

It is important to note that HV transformers are generally custom-made as each transmission line has its own characteristics, and therefore tend to have long lead times (>12mo). To alleviate the bottleneck, datacenter operators can preorder them as part of their planning process.

all three transformers would share the load, but run at 2/3 of their rated capacity to detect any infant mortality (i.e. failure upon initial activation) and avoid deterioration that can occur on completely unused transformers

On average, Power Utilization rate is typically 50-60% for Cloud Computing workloads, and north of 80% for AI training. Enterprises are often even lower than 50%.

You can also use systemd-cat to pipe the output of any command directly into the journal. For example: ls -l / | systemd-cat -p info -t my-script will run the command and log its output with an "info" priority and the identifier "my-script".

Electrification is a foundational goal of energy transition, but its success places pressure on clean generation to cover marginal growth when that growth rate steps up to higher levels.

Power generation grew by a heady 4.3%, or 1,293 TWh from 29,963 to 31,256 TWh. Combined wind and solar generation grew by just half that total, 649 TWh. The gap between the two, 644 TWh, was filled with both good news and bad news. Nuclear and hydro generation grew by a combined 272 TWh. Yes, that’s encouraging; but neither nuclear power nor hydro is a reliable growth technology and cannot be forecasted with any ease, as they are volatile year to year. Meanwhile, coal in global power continued to grow, by a very unfortunate 152 TWh; and natural gas grew an even larger 192 TWh. The remainder, 28 TWh, was met by various minor sources, like geothermal and biomass.

Alternatively, ultracapacitors could be the long-term answer, Zanei says. “The ultracapacitor is a kind of energy storage solution, and it's very good at moving power in and out,” he explains. “It stores less energy [than a battery], but it is excellent in cycling very quickly and could provide the power needed just for those milliseconds, or whatever the brief peak is, and then recharge during the valleys.”

However, this switching operation would cause serious problems for the broader electric grid, because it takes hundreds of megawatts if not gigawatts of electric demand off the grid in an instant. This in turn causes voltage and frequency fluctuations from the sudden imbalance between electric supply and demand, which then may cause other generators or large loads to trip offline in a cascading grid failure.

The second point is best exemplified by DeepSeek’s very unique inference deployment

Inter-node communication stalls: high batching is crucial to profitably serve millions of users, and in the context of SOTA reasoning models, many nodes are often required. Inference workloads then resemble more training.

During training, tens of thousands of GPUs may increase or decrease power consumption at the same time, for example, due to all GPUs waiting for checkpointing or collective communications to finish, or the startup or shutdown of the entire training job. When this happens, it can result in instant fluctuations of power consumption across the datacenter on the order of tens of megawatts, stretching the limits of the power grid

It is quite apparent that if large amounts of waste serve as future feedstocks for the chemical industry, this waste can no longer be burned in waste-to-energy plants. Especially waste gasification could drastically change what can still legitimately be called unrecyclable waste.

Waste incinerators have traditionally seen favorable policy treatment within the European Union. The energy generated from their biogenic fuel share counts as renewable, allowing the creation of guarantees of origin, the EU's flawed green electricity certificates. Emissions from waste-to-energy plants are currently not included in the EU's emission trading system (ETS).

In 2014, BRICS—with South Africa now a member—launched institutions to mimic those created at Bretton Woods. The New Development Bank was to provide development finance a la World Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement was to give liquidity without onerous IMF-style conditionalities. These new institutions, however, remained limited in scope and scale, insofar as they were constrained by strategic differences between the BRICS members, and there was little for the West to feel threatened by. The New Development Bank’s loan book is small relative to its paid-in capital and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement relies on IMF decisions for much of the funding it offers.

The INI report addresses this challenge directly, calling for the creation of a foundational layer of digital public infrastructure. This foundational layer is essential for advancing technological sovereignty and enabling a more open and competitive digital market. It should be grounded in open standards, promote interoperability, and be designed with privacy, security, and public accountability by default.

Warns that there is significantgrowth in online traffic linked primarilyto the major non-EU content andapplication providers, resulting in highcosts for European telecoms operators,which already have to finance thedevelopment and modernisation of theirnetworks; calls therefore on theCommission to include, in its forthcominglegislative proposal for a digital networksact, provisions aimed at requiring themain content and application providers tomake a fair financial contribution totelecoms operators, and to put in place aframework for negotiations between theseoperators and content and applicationproviders

Therefore, for ease, we’ll use 40kWh/kg as the minimum input energy requirement to produce Hydrogen throughout this analysis. 

Public sector IT demand is estimated at €70bn a year, a portion of that (30%?) would be a major shot in the arm to European industry

It's similar to the discussion around flying. As an individual, me not choosing to take a flight doesn't change much. That flight is still going ahead. It's the same with data transfer and network energy use. Me sending a few less kilobytes over the network isn't going to signal to the network operator that capacity can be reduced. Like flying, though, we can collectively signal to airline operators that certain routes are less valuable if a sufficiently large number of people stop flying them. But that's a long game, with a lot of collective action required. We can get there, especially in places with suitable alternatives to flying, but we can't completely remove flying from our life. I'd say the same applies for the network. It's not a lost cause, but rather a long game that we can play alongside realising shorter term wins.

Khomeini’s prescription was that Iran and its Shia allies must lead the Palestinian cause — that was their ticket to acceptance in a Sunni Arab world that had long borne hostility to Persians and Shia. The 1982 invasion gave birth to Hizbollah, and the latter’s rise with Iran’s help put Tehran squarely in Israel’s crosshairs

We requested these air permits and applications from 50 states and Washington, DC, asking agencies to search permits using federal industry codes associated with data centers

According to Rystad, some 45% of total shipping demand is for transporting fossil fuels.[4] That means some $42 billion per year is spent on fossil shipping fuels to transport other fossil fuels to their point of use

The proposals in the paper meaningfully advance the conversation about leveraging public spending to reshape the digital economy and addressing public institutions’ dependence on foreign, proprietary technologies. Public authorities in the EU spend approximately €2 trillion (around 13.6% of GDP) annually on procurement.

2) Why do they only use 1 GPU, no servers, and a short training time in the embodied carbon estimates

This was then scaled by the ratio of the training time to the GPU lifespan (1082 hours/1.5 years = 0.08238). This gave an embodied carbon of 12.439 kg CO2e, which was then amortized over the 300000000 monthly queries to give an embodied carbon-per-query of 4.1465 g/query.

The embodied carbon was then accounted for by summing the embodied carbon of an A100 GPU (150 kg, from the aforementioned BLOOM study)

Natural hydrogen explorer Hyterra reported a 96.1% hydrogen concentration in mud gas samples from its first US well, Sue Duroche-3, in Kansas, one of the highest recorded levels of natural hydrogen. The find confirms historic readings nearby, ahead of a second well spud planned for mid-May. If validated, it could accelerate interest in geologic hydrogen as a scalable, low-emissions energy source, an alternative to electrolysis-based hydrogen production.

European lawmakers have granted automakers a reprieve until 2027 to meet 2025 CO2 targets, easing billions in potential fines for firms like Volkswagen, Stellantis, and Renault. The move responds to weak EV sales and industry pressure, but casts doubt on the bloc’s 2035 zero-emissions car mandate. It risks slowing momentum in transport electrification just as emissions cuts need to accelerate, and continues the EU’s retreat on climate policy implementation.

The sovereign cloud will be supported by a dedicated European Security Operations Center (SOC), led by an EU citizen residing in the EU, who will advise the managing director and assist customers and regulators on security matters. Regardless of Amazon's data sovereignty pledge, the parent company remains under American ownership, and may still be subject to the Cloud Act, which requires US companies to turn over data to law enforcement authorities with the proper warrants, no matter where that data is stored. As Frank Karlitschek, CEO of Germany-based Nextcloud, told us in March: "The Cloud Act grants US authorities access to cloud data hosted by US companies. It does not matter if that data is located in the US, Europe, or anywhere else."

Benchmark estimates the “all-in” costs of oil brine DLE, including mining, processing, transporting and royalties, are currently around $10,000 per tonne. It puts Standard’s total costs at about $10,735 per tonne, significantly higher than the most competitive evaporation ponds and hybrid producers, where costs can be as low as $6,000 a tonne.

The first draft of eIDAS forced browsers to accept QWACs – lower-security standard website certificates and providers that issue them. This would lower the bar for protection and open up users to possible malicious attacks and online crime.