it should provide one task only and do it well

without the need of external requirements and only rely on default installed tools

tree -L 2 /dst

ldd --version

For example, still not over the death of Google Reader after all these years? Why not host your own RSS aggregator like Sismics Reader that nobody can ever take away from you?

Self-hosting is when you---either using a computer on your local network at home or a remote "bare metal" server host you've purchased---host your own services for various purposes.

In the author’s view, using a combination of content-addressing, signed content, and petnames would help decentralise that layer. It keeps centralisation around aggregators (because of the scarcity of attention), but mitigates their harmful lock-in.

“Perhaps there is a rule of thumb here? If you decentralize, the system will recentralize, but one layer up. Something new will be enabled by decentralization. That sounds like evolution through layering, like upward-spiraling complexity. That sounds like progress to me.”

“But our everyday reality using the computer does not feel empowering. You want to use the internet without being tracked? Almost impossible. Want to message a friend? I hope you have read and agree to the WhatsApp Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Want to install some software on your Apple device? It better be in the App Store. Perhaps you want to lend an Amazon eBook to your sister? Well you don’t actually own it, so you’ll have to ask Amazon.”

Business logic in theory occupies the middle tier of a 3-tier architecture.

It funds those with ideas to fix the internet.

Mass electronic surveillance by governments revealed over the last several years has spurred a new movement to re-decentralize the web, a movement to empower individuals to be their own service providers again.

In many ways, mail server stacks represent a collision between the tools and values of the early internet — self-hosting open source software using well-defined standards and interoperable protocols — and the reality of the modern internet — a few centralized, trusted authorities.

Annoyingly, git fetch --depth=<N> won't pick up new tags

git fetch --depth 1 origin <sha1>

Well-thought-out, idiomatic APIs

It is open sourced and you can find it at https://github.com/digitalocean/droplet-agent

The above diagram depicts the details of a session creation.

Since the Console UI is a web-based app running on the customer’s browser, there are a few challenges we had to overcome due to the limitation set by the browser environment. Typically, the SSH protocol runs over a TCP connection. However, a raw TCP connection isn’t allowed by most browsers.  Moreover, even if we had a way to support a direct TCP connection from within the browser, the Console UI still would not be able to connect to the target Droplet due to CORS limitation unless we assigned every Droplet a sub domain that complies with the CORS requirements, which is impractical.

When building the Droplet Console, we had a few options to support SSH keys-based authentication. The most straightforward way would be to directly allow the customer to specify a private key that is already set up for accessing the Droplet. However, there are some problems with this solution:

UNIX philosophy: Do one thing and do it well!

NOTE: this repository is mostly unmaintained; I will review and merge PRs, but I(@zenhack) am no longer using this tool myself and am thus not motivated to otherwise actively develop it.

the Senate passed the bill by unanimous consent, although several senators stated later that they would have objected if they had known that the bill could pass

commands="\nthing1@this is thing 1\!\nthing2@this is thing 2!" while read line;do // do your stuff here line <<< $( echo -e "${commands}" )

-e switch tells the echo command to honour all back slashes . The same behaviour can be achieved with `shopt -s xpg_echo` ( you have to remove -e switch whenever you do that )

Starting in bash 4.4, you can use ${input@E} in place of $(echo -e "$input").

the OP's problem can not be solved simply by changing $IFS, because $IFS doesn't apply to quoted strings.

Bash doesn't do word expansion on quoted strings in this context. For example: $ for i in "a b c d"; do echo $i; done a b c d $ for i in a b c d; do echo $i; done a b c d

I am a developer, mainly on embedded systems, with a computer science background and security and cryptography leanings by trade. I also have interests in various other topics.

Using quotes for i in "$(cat $1)"; results in i being assigned the whole file at once. What should I change?

files with characters after the last newline are not text files, and those characters don't constitute a line. In many cases those bogus characters are better left ignored or removed, though there are cases where you may want to treat it as a extra line, so it's good you show how.

(9 years later:)Both provided answers would fail on files without a newline at the end, this will effectively skip the last line, produce no errors, would lead to disaster (learned hard way:).

Answers are identical because Questions are identical too !

If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly <space><tab><newline>, the default, then any sequence of IFS characters serves to delimit words. If IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters space and tab are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of IFS (an IFS whitespace character). Any character in IFS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs.

Also, always prefix globs with "/" or "./"; otherwise, if there's a file with "-" as the first character, the expansions might be misinterpreted as options.

Don’t send test phishing messages or test campaigns from your domain. Your domain’s reputation might be negatively affected, and your domain could be added to internet blocklists.

A good analogy for your email reputation is your personal credit score. Obviously, a bad reputation will hurt you. However, not having a reputation will also hurt you. If ESPs don’t know you (or more specifically your IP and domain) they will assume the worst and filter you, at least initially. It’s tough to blame them given all the spam out there. Due to the importance of reputation, a significant portion of our discussion on best practices revolves around building and maintaining your email reputation.

We dream of a day when IP reputation does not matter and we can rely on domain reputation, but unfortunately we are not there yet.

These protocols work for both transactional (one to one) and marketing email (one to many or “bulk”).

if at all possible, you should send MIME attachments instead, unless you specifically strive to be able to communicate with the late 1980s.

Back in the day, the de facto standard for sending binaries across electronic mail was uuencode. It still exists, but has numerous usability problems; if at all possible, you should send MIME attachments instead, unless you specifically strive to be able to communicate with the late 1980s.

There is actually no meaningful distinction between a hostname which happens to be a second-level domain and a hostname which has more parts than that. You can even have a machine at a top-level domain if you happen to be a small country or otherwise are able to create an A record for one.

The host itself does not handle the actual FQDN. That is handled by the DNS. FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) is handled by DNS translating names into IP addresses. Using the /etc/hosts file, you are essentially overriding the DNS server.

Google, one of the main email service providers (ESPs)

To ensure your messages pass the DMARC check with flying colors, you'll need to make certain the domains listed in the From, Sender, and Mail-From headers match each other exactly. That is, the domain listed in the From header is the exact actual sending domain.

For example, if your sending domain is ABCdomain.com, but your From field shows 123domain.com instead, you will almost certainly run into DMARC issues. Sometimes, even the difference between mail.ABCdomain.com and ABCdomain.com is sufficient for a server to place your message in a spam folder. We make sure that our Email Best Practices are clear that the domain listed in the From header and the actual sending domain should match for exactly this reason.

Note that the mere presence of this header causes premailer to be skipped, i.e., even setting skip_premailer: false will cause premailer to be skipped. The reason for that is that the skip_premailer is a simple header and the value is transformed into a string, causing 'false' to become truthy.

sums = [0] (1..gains.length).each do |i| sums[i] = sums[i - 1] + gains[i - 1] end could, if scan was introduced, be replaced with: sums = gains.scan_left(0, &:+)

I'd even go as far as saying each_with_object is often less readable than using a captured variable.

I think "purely functional, not a single re-assigned variable" often introduces significant extra complexity, when Ruby is a language that embraces both functional and imperative programming.

One of my favorite aspects of Ruby is how easy it is to write in a functional programming style, and including the scan operation would expand the number of use cases covered by functional methods.

each_with_object is only useful if mutating some object (typically an Array or Hash).

I think this is the crux of the issue. Because #inject needs to evaluate every element in order to return a meaningful value, it can't be partially evaluated. The "scan" operation allows for partial evaluation.

I think there are real-world use cases! Would you consider converting a history of transactions into a history of account balances a valid use-case? That can be done easily with a scan. For example, if you have transactions = [100, -200, 200] then you can find the history of account balances with transactions.scan_left(0, &:+) # => [0, 100, -100, 100].

no mention of each_with_object having a lazy implementation which is most likely why your second example loops forever.

You just blew my mind Marc-André. My code just went from idiotic to idiomatic.

Circuit representation of a work-efficient 16-input parallel prefix sum

The key differences between #inject and #scan_left are: Incremental results: #scan_left returns a series of results after processing each element of the input series. #inject returns a single value, which equals the final result in the series returned by #scan_left. Laziness: #scan_left can preserve the laziness of the input series. As each incremental result is read from the output series, the actual calculation is lazily performed against the input. #inject cannot be a lazy operation in general, as its single result reflects a calculation across every element of the input series.

def self.make_lazy(*methods) methods.each do |method| define_method method do |*args, &block| lazy.public_send(method, *args, &block) end end end

I want the fact that my collection is lazy to be an implementation detail.

In order to enable MPP, users must have Apple devices, configure their email account to use Apple Mail applications, update their operating system to the latest version, and opt into MPP. 

In other words, when a recipient clicks the “unsubscribe” link in your email, the recipient’s mail client will send an email to this address. It is your responsibility to receive and process these generated emails.

You must include at least the mailto portion of the List-Unsubscribe header, since some services only support this portion (iOS, for example). However, many inbox providers and mail clients honor both methods. To ensure that the greatest number of your recipients have the ability to unsubscribe from your emails, thus protecting your reputation as a sender, we recommend including both mailto and http.

You must include at least the mailto portion of the List-Unsubscribe header, since some services only support this portion (iOS, for example). However, many inbox providers and mail clients honor both methods. To ensure that the greatest number of your recipients have the ability to unsubscribe from your emails, thus protecting your reputation as a sender, we recommend including both mailto and http.

It is possible to use the List-Unsubscribe header even if you do not want to use subscription tracking. This is useful for users who want to provide their recipients an easy way to unsubscribe from their emails without relying on SendGrid’s tracking features. Continue reading below for an explanation of the List-Unsubscribe header, and how you can use it when sending email via SendGrid.

List-Unsubscribe is a small piece of text that can be inserted in the header section of your email. The List-Unsubscribe header will insert an “unsubscribe” button, or link, next to the From address at the top of your email. A recipient can click this link to notify you that they would like to unsubscribe from your emails.

List-unsubscribe can help reduce spam complaints.If subscribers can’t find the unsubscribe link, they may click the spam reporting button instead. This could hurt your email deliverability and sender reputation. To mailbox providers, a spam complaint is a spam complaint, regardless of whether the recipient actually perceived the message as malicious.

Support for list-unsubscribe varies across email clients.

If anything in this policy does not fit with your own local policy, you should not use dnswl.org for whitelisting or similar purposes.

It looks like this is a newsletter, but we aren't sure if it is safe to unsubscribe from it using the information provided by the sender

Apparently, Google uses some additional heuristics to decide whether the link should be displayed or not. The List-Unsubscribe header could be abused by spammers to validate that their target got the message, and thus, GMail only shows the unsubscribe link if the source of the message has accumulated sufficient trust.

DKIM has proven to be a highly effective means by which a receiver can verify that the signed fields of an email have not been modified in transit. DKIM is as secure as the weakest link - the private key, though. The private key of a DKIM keypair is vulnerable to being stolen if an attacker is able to compromise the system in which it is stored. Therefore, to minimize the risk of active DKIM keys being compromised, they should be changed frequently. This is a practice known as DKIM key rotation. Each time a key is rotated, a new {selector, private key, public key} tuple is created. Then the public key will need to be published in the DNS, and you need to re-configure the outgoing email server to use the new private key. After this is done, the outgoing email server will use the new private key to sign all outgoing email messages.

Multiple private/public key pairs are required due to the following reasons: DKIM key rotation which we will explain in the next section; setting up DKIM with multiple email delivery services on a single domain; each service can have their own separate selectors so that signing/verifying with one service doesn't interfere with that with another.

a tuple { selector, private key, public key } is created

A record can be viewed as the computer analog of a mathematical tuple, although a tuple may or may not be considered a record, and vice versa, depending on conventions and the specific programming language.

An object in object-oriented language is essentially a record that contains procedures specialized to handle that record; and object types are an elaboration of record types. Indeed, in most object-oriented languages, records are just special cases of objects, and are known as plain old data structures (PODSs), to contrast with objects that use OO features.

A record type is a data type that describes such values and variables.

In type theory, product types (with no field names) are generally preferred due to their simplicity

Most typed functional programming languages implement tuples directly as product types

Did you really need to bump/hijack a 8 year old post?

And... next time create your own topic, this only illustrates your laziness!

Have you tried asking gmail why THEY fail your DKIM signature?

A distinction exists between a burden of proof and onus of proof.

Dnsruby presents an enhanced API for DNS. It is based on Ruby's core resolv.rb Resolv API, but has been much extended to provide a complete DNS implementation.

Start with the default gemfile: gem "rails", "~>x.x.x" Replace the xes with the actual version of rails that you need. It'll be in config/environment.rb, unless it's a Rails 3 app, in which case you can just put 3.0.0. Start your app, and watch for errors. When there's an error about not being able to load something, add that gem to the gemfile. Eventually, you'll have the whole list. :)

Each message you send out has both the sender and from address. Simply put, the sender domain is what the receiving email server sees when initiating the session, and the from address is what your recipients will see.

For better deliverability it is recommended to use the same from domain as the sender,

Domain names do not matter as much if you’re only sending. You can send messages from sales@mycompany.com even if your domain name is called anothercompany.org. Although, it is best for deliverability if you are using the same domain in the From field that the actual sender is using.

Each message you send out has both the sender and from address. The sender domain is what the receiving email server sees when initiating the session. The from address is what your recipients will see. For better deliverability it is recommended to use the same from domain as the sender.

However, if the previous user was also the Account Owner, the previous user will need to promote a different user to the Account Owner role. After that, the previous user can finally be deleted.

Ultimately, the "On Behalf Of" notation highlights the mismatch between the domain used in the Sender field (mail.example.com) and the domain used in the From field (example.com).  In the above example, the envelope is sent through the domain mail.example.com, but the message is listed as being sent from the domain example.com.

This nuance is important as the Sender field is an envelope field and the From is an email header field - each representing different aspects of the message. 

there is no way for Mailgun to prevent an email client from displaying the "On Behalf Of" notation as long as the domains contained in the Sender and From fields don't match.  However, ensuring the exact same domain is used in both fields will eliminate the "On Behalf Of" notation.

Migration from pre-exisiting non-flatpak installations In order to migrate from pre-exisiting non-flatpak installation and preserve all settings please copy or move entire ~/.thunderbird folder into ~/.var/app/org.mozilla.Thunderbird/.thunderbird In case Thunderbird opens a new profile instead of the existing one, run: flatpak run org.mozilla.Thunderbird -P then select the right profile and tick "Use the selected profile without asking on startup" box.

I'm using Kubuntu 23.04, do not use Snaps, and wish to update to Thunderbird 115 from the installed version 102. Is this possible? It appears as if Ubuntu have stopped providing non-Snap packages for mainstream apps and Thunderbird themselves offer me a tar.bz2 whilst I'd rather use packaged apps. Will Thunderbird 115 be available as an official .deb file at all; will it be in the repos? What's the best non-Snap way to install it and keep it updated?

Send on behalf of another user or account  Uncheck Treat as an alias. Example: You manage 2 email addresses in separate accounts or mail systems. You sign in to each account separately to read messages. But you want the convenience of sending mail as either address from your Gmail account.

Users with unprivileged credentials who properly execute "sudo" (for example) to perform authorised administrative activities are also "escalating privilege". It is not only an exploit or a bug.

There are many examples of a user's or process's privileges being elevated/escalated by design. - sudo in general - GitHub's "sudo mode" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid:

I dispute that there's a such thing as "horizontal privilege escalation", and not just because the term is a bit of an oxymoron.

They are often used to allow users on a computer system to run programs with temporarily elevated privileges to perform a specific task. While the assumed user id or group id privileges provided are not always elevated, at a minimum they are specific.

This allows the system designer to permit trusted programs to be run which a user would otherwise not be allowed to execute.

To take advantage of this wonderful opportunity, put #! /bin/sh at the left margin of the first line of your shell scripts.

Microsoft strongly recommends that you conduct email testing prior to sending live communications to your users/customers

DATA Replaces Siri with ChatGPT. Or any other language model of your choice.

“If somebody sends me something like that I’ll immediately erase it and say, ‘Please, sorry, do not send me things of people doing me,’” Anderson said in an interview with The Times. “Because I do not want to look at it, thinking, ‘Is that what I do? Is that what I mean?’ I don’t want to see too much of someone else thinking about what I try to be because, God knows, I could then start doing it.”

“What it does is it sucks something from you,” he said of A.I. “It takes something from your soul or psyche; that is very disturbing, especially if it has to do with you. It’s like a robot taking your humanity, your soul.”

During the discussion, Musk latched on to a key fact the team had discovered: The neural network did not work well until it had been trained on at least a million video clips.

By early 2023, the neural network planner project had analyzed 10 million clips of video collected from the cars of Tesla customers. Did that mean it would merely be as good as the average of human drivers? “No, because we only use data from humans when they handled a situation well,” Shroff explained. Human labelers, many of them based in Buffalo, New York, assessed the videos and gave them grades. Musk told them to look for things “a five-star Uber driver would do,” and those were the videos used to train the computer.

The “neural network planner” that Shroff and others were working on took a different approach. “Instead of determining the proper path of the car based on rules,” Shroff says, “we determine the car’s proper path by relying on a neural network that learns from millions of examples of what humans have done.” In other words, it’s human imitation. Faced with a situation, the neural network chooses a path based on what humans have done in thousands of similar situations. It’s like the way humans learn to speak and drive and play chess and eat spaghetti and do almost everything else; we might be given a set of rules to follow, but mainly we pick up the skills by observing how other people do them.

Instead of being based on hundreds of thousands of lines of code, like all previous versions of self-driving software, this new system had taught itself how to drive by processing billions of frames of video of how humans do it, just like the new large language model chatbots train themselves to generate answers by processing billions of words of human text.

A new class for containing value objects: it is somewhat similar to Struct (and reuses some of the implementation internally), but is intended to be immutable, and have more modern and cleaner API.

# Note that it could be in `args.first`, or in `kwargs[:id]` now, so it is either this: def initialize(*args, **kwargs) if !args.empty? args[0] = args[0].to_i elsif kwargs.key?(:id) kwargs[:id] = kwargs[:id].to_i end super(*args, **kwargs) end

Time.new('2023-01-29 00:29:30') # => 2023-01-29 00:29:30 +0200

Before Ruby 3.2, there core class Time provided no way to to get back a Time value from any serialization, including even simple Time#inspect or #to_s. The Time.parse provided by standard library time (not core functionality, doesn’t work with explicit require 'time'), and tries to parse every imaginable format, while Time.new with string is stricter.

string ones are those most of the Rubyists remember.

Low-level processing of strings (like networks middleware, or efficient search algorithms, or packing/unpacking) might need an ability to operate on a level of single bytes, regardless of original string’s encoding. It is especially important while handling variable-length encodings like UTF-8. Before methods introduction, the only way to perform byte-level processing was to forcing string encoding into ASCII-8BIT, process, and then force encoding back.

There are many simple use cases like pagination (when “21 items / 10 per page” should yield “3 pages”).

It seems that the method is a direct equivalent of a.fdiv(b).ceil, and as such, annoyingly unnecessary, but fdiv, due to floating point imprecision, might produce surprising results in edge cases

Note that used_refinements is a class method of a Module, and put there just for organizational purposes, while returning refinements list of the current context. There is no way to ask arbitrary module which refinements it uses (e.g., there is no Calculator.used_refiments).