- Oct 2018
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www.todayonline.com www.todayonline.com
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improve female representation in the senior leadership
What are the pros and cons of focusing on representation in the leadership?
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gender barriers (physical, cultural, attitudinal)
What do you think are some of these barriers?
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If we can achieve gender balance in the most visible public offices of the land, the rest of the country will follow.
Do you agree that the writer's proposals will be effective in achieving gender equality? Why or why not? What other ideas do you have for achieving gender equality?
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implicit gender bias
Have you ever experienced or witnessed implicit gender bias? Share your thoughts with a classmate of a different gender.
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Most notably, the Cabinet today comprises 16 men and only three women - even though for more than 10 years, the number of women graduating from universities has outnumbered male graduates.
Do you find the writer's evidence convincing? What are the the strengths—and limitations—of her evidence?
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Sadly, these patriarchal attitudes prevail today.
Do you think this is a fair claim? What examples of patriarchal attitudes can you think of in Singapore?
You may include photos, videos, or hyperlinks.
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I cannot help but wonder, would things have been different if Mrs Lee Kuan Yew had continued to attend these meetings?
How do you think Singapore's history might have been different if women were included among the founders of independent Singapore?
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Discrimination on the basis of gender or sex is omitted
Can you think of reasons for why this might have been the case?
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sex
How do you think the context of democratic socialism and gender are linked?
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Until 2005, the Civil Service provided medical benefits to the families of male civil servants, but not female civil servants. Under the Women’s Charter, only wives can get maintenance from their spouses, not husbands. Paternity leave was only instituted in 2013.
What assumptions do each o these policies reveal? Do you agree with these policies? Why or why not?
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www.mnemotext.com www.mnemotext.com
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Some anxieties relate to practical issues, timeframes, and possible abuses. Concerns about these are reasonable and certainly need debate: the required technologies may be difficult to achieve, some may elude us indefinitely or turn out to be beyond our grasp. Some may be all too possible, if they fall into the wrong hands.
As people are creating new technologies for the benefit of other, there are many technology that leads to human destruction. Take for example the creation of nuclear weapons. Once was created to end destruction, but yet has never ended because the lack of trust and compromise. As human continue to create new and advance technology for the world, when is a there a time to stop? Are the people in need of "improvement"? As there is many good things in life, there is always something to contradict it.
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Transition, then, from what to what? Transcendence of what kind? What sort of transformations?
The author utilized rhetorical questions to arouse interest of his readers, to make them think deeply with his idea and stand by his argument at the same time. With these three questions, audience will pay more attention in this article and have more interest to continue reading. Thus, the tool that the author employed is a good example which is worth to be used in our own essay.
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- Sep 2018
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wit.blackboard.com wit.blackboard.com
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Page 35:
“The world is sick. A readjustment has become necessary. Readjustment? No, that is too tame. It is the possibility of a great adventure that lies before mankind: the building of a whole new world…because is not time to be lost.”
Does Corbu see himself as a God, or at least someone of equivalent power? It feels as though he is rejecting everything that has come before him. In the previous text, it describes how he has discontent towards the very idea of suburbs and that they are “fragments of cities” spread throughout areas. The way that he phrases this section makes it sound like he’s a cult leader trying to create this new belief that others must follow.
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Page 30:
“...materiality of the designed body-spaces premised on conceptions of standard body sizes and shapes, that is, the body as objectification.”
Does this stigma of objectifying people in architecture have an influence of how objectification is a pressing issue today? I do realize that objectifying has always been an issue in the past, but does architecture further perpetuate this standard in the built form? In the discourse of our practices?
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Page 29: “As Le Corbusier stated: ‘architecture is there, concerned with our home, our comfort, and our heart. Comfort and Proportion. Reason and aesthetics. Machine and plastic form. Calm and beauty’”.
If modernism was built around this idea of creating architecture from the reduction of man, then wouldn’t spaces be uncomfortable for people who didn’t fit the proportion of the “perfect man”? I am so puzzled by Corbu’s statement. Things built around the proportion of the modular man or even the Vitruvius man must surely be uncomfortable for someone who is much larger, or much smaller than a man.
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Page 25: What’s an induction loop? Induction loops are designated zones that send signals to a person’s hearing aid, in order to hear more clearly in busy area. These loops eliminate enough of the busy sound, so that the person with a hearing disability can better focus one specific sound as opposed to many. https://www.ampetronic.co/How-do-loops-work
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Local file Local file
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Until 2005, the Civil Service provided medical benefits to the families of male civil servants, but not female civil servants. •Under the Women’s Charter, only wives can get maintenance from their spouses, not husbands.•Paternity leave was only instituted in 2
What assumptions do each of these policies reveal?
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If we can achieve gender balance in the most visible public offices of the land, the rest of the country will follow.
Do you agree that the writer's proposals will be effective in achieving gender equality? Why or why not? What other ideas do you have for achieving gender equality?
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rimination on the basis of gender or sex is omitted.
Can you think of reasons why this might have been the case?
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“Although Mrs Lee Kuan Yew was one of the first women to sign up as a PAP member, she was never admitted into the inner sanctum of the party.Truth be told, she attended the first meeting with S. Rajaratnam, K. M. Byrne, Philip Hoalim Jr and his wife Miki.
Why do you think Mrs Lee Kuan Yew was excluded from the "inner sanctum" of the PAP? Do you think this could have been a justifiable decision in the circumstances?
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implicit gender bias
Have you ever experienced or witnessed implicit gender bias? Share your thoughts with a classmate of a different gender.
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. Most notably, the Cabinet today comprises 15 men and only four women -even though for more than 10 years, the number of women graduating from universities has outnumbered male graduate
Do you find the writer's evidence convincing? What are the the strengths—and limitations—of her evidence?
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Was it only by this twist of fate and chance –Lee Kuan Yew wanting to stop the wife of another colleague from attending –that the founding team became and then stayed an All Men’s group?
How do you think Singapore's history might have been different if women were included among the founders of independent Singapore?
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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agency's internal control environment and systems
What exactly is an " agency's internal control environment and systems"?
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82.196.4.233:3838 82.196.4.233:3838
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How does the probability of drawing a sample bag with two out of ten candies yellow depend on the proportion of yellow candies in the population?
Pardon my ignorance, perhaps I am reading too far into things: if the population number changes, the proportion of the yellow candies in each sample will change???
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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ff the tails of mice for many generations and showed that this mutilation had no effect on the tail length of their descendan
Felt like this paragraph didn't fully explain what Neo-Lamarckism is.
Found online that neo-lamarckists thought that Lamarckian mechanisms (inheritance of acquired characteristics) were more likely to be the chief cause of evolution than natural selection (Darwinism).
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blending inheritance, variation should decrease, not increase.
I may be overthinking this, but I am not quite sure how blending inheritance necessarily implies that variation should decrease?
Couldn't this so-called "blending" of traits lead to more variation as well?
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as the various HIVs and SIVs have done
How exactly have the SIV and HIV viruses diverged? What has caused them to infect different species? I know species can go through speciation when the population becomes subdivided (by geographic location or niche), but I am wondering how this occurs in viruses or bacteria.
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human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-2 and HIV-1 arose from SIVs
I am wondering why the monkeys were the first creatures infected with the SIV virus--why not the rabbit and horse predecessors?
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because it indicated that although the virus is readily transmitted from one person to another, it is only rarely contracted by humans ;. from other species.
I am wondering what makes viruses spread easier amongst a species compared to between species? Besides the fact that species have a lot more contact with their own kind of species, I am wondering how this type of retrovirus operates at a molecular level when there is a transfer of SIV from monkeys to humans? Going off of Maddy's question, I wonder how HIV and SIV differ at a molecular level or if they even do?
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- Aug 2018
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nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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how tooth size, shape, and number respond to climate within species.
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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I never thought about the moral and ethics of religion. I feel as though people will continue to be ethical and a good person not just because it says to in a Bible.
Have you guys ever heard that type of excuse for not believing in evolution?
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The last sentence is unsettling to me. Science isn't always ethical but we try to make it so it can be accepted by society. But just because an animal behaves in a certain way doesn't mean that humans will. This seems like an excuse to stop scientific research altogether. What do you guys think??
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Does speciation occur because of divergence?
Definition of speciation - the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent mutations--often after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time.
So yes. Speciation can be caused because of divergence.
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Are the sooty mangabey and chimpanzee suffering from similar symptoms of SIVs than humans do with HIV/AIDs or did the virus evolve to be much stronger and abrasive to humans?
common HIV symptoms in humans: vomiting, diarrhea, chronic fatigue, rapid weight loss. cough, fever, chills, rashes, sores, or lesions
common SIV symptoms in primates: According to K.C. Williams "SIV remains endemic in several species of monkeys in Africa where it does not cause immune deficiency." "SIV can infect monocyte/macrophage populations in blood and more importantly in tissues, including the central nervous system, where the virus can remain sequestered and not cleared by antiretroviral therapy, and hide for years."
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class connection to antibiotics no longer working because of resistant bacteria --Is there a better way to ensure our livestock can grow to be strong and healthy without pumping them with antibiotics and accumulating them into our systems?
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- Jul 2018
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www.sppas.org www.sppas.org
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orthographic transiption
Tags
Annotators
URL
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tedfelix.com tedfelix.com
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Add Users To "audio" Group
Why should I add myself to "audio" group?
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Jun 2018
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localhost:9000 localhost:9000
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authorization
first annotation
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Exercise1.75.Doesb ù3chave a right adjointR:N!N? If not, why? If so, does itsright adjoint have a right adjoint?
Tags
Annotators
URL
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itkst53.it.jyu.fi itkst53.it.jyu.fi
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Bonus
Saako näistä bonustehtävistä lisäpisteitä, vai mikä näiden taksonomia on?
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- May 2018
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www.lesswrong.com www.lesswrong.com
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When you contain the source of a thought, that thought can change along with you as you acquire new knowledge and new skills. When you contain the source of a thought, it becomes truly a part of you and grows along with you. Strive to make yourself the source of every thought worth thinking. If the thought originally came from outside, make sure it comes from inside as well. Continually ask yourself: "How would I regenerate the thought if it were deleted?"
I really don't see myself being able to do anything like this
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brucou.github.io brucou.github.io
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o dost
what does this o do there ? o is supposed to mean against
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- Apr 2018
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www.ece.iastate.edu www.ece.iastate.edu
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note that the value of thes-thsmallest weight changesO(slog(n=s))times
Is this obvious?
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s3.amazonaws.com s3.amazonaws.com
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an be read as a transliteration.
how do you do this???
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- Mar 2018
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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Does Search Engine Optimisation have a bad influence on consumers ? Does it encourage them on buying too much useless products ?
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hansard.parliament.uk hansard.parliament.uk
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I thank the European Environmental Bureau for this—with the headline, “Precautionary in principle, flawed in fact: European Commission review accepts environmental groups’ criticism of chemical regulation”.
This is a bit worrying because them pushing for further regulation is making the countess argue against REACH - need to counter: "but I also ask that we do not mirror the behaviour of the REACH organisation and that we tighten up our own principles and make sure that we get it right."
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On Amendment 113, the secondary legislation made using the powers under Clause 7 will be subject to parliamentary oversight, using well-established procedures. This amendment would require us to make all the regulations within one month of Royal Assent. This would not allow time for stakeholder consultation and would also not allow sufficient time to make all the SIs—noting that affirmative SIs take longer than one month to be laid and made.
Is this right? is the amendment impossible?
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americanliterature.com americanliterature.com
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a woman all drawn out of shape, hurt the old man by her grotesqueness. When she passed he made a noise like a small dog whimpering.
is this the old man's wife?
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a number of women had been in love with him.
did he ever have a wife and a family?
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had to help himself with a chair when he went to bed at night
What was the plan that wouldn't require this? And why think of raising the bed in the first place if he is that old, if you're thinking logically, if you were that old and had trouble getting into bed already it would seem stupid to raise the bed even more.
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Quite a fuss was made about the matter
About the fact that the writer wanted his bed level with the window?
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The windows of the house in which he lived were high and he wanted to look at the trees when he awoke in the morning. A carpenter came to fix the bed so that it would be on a level with the window.
Is this an important part to the story? Or just some detail about the room in which us as the reader can picture the room in which the writer is in?
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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These same leaves exhibited a reactivation of photosynthesis in spring,
MM states that they cut off leaves and took them back to the laboratory for measurements. Are these really the same leaves?
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- Feb 2018
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www.aide.clicsequr.gouv.qc.ca www.aide.clicsequr.gouv.qc.ca
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fournir les renseignements suivants
Fournir à qui? Comment? Où est le formulaire permettant de fournir les dites informations, je vous prie?
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
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Mr. Kamprad at Ikea’s head office in Almhult, Sweden, in 2002. (Tt News Agency/Reuters)
What's IKEA? (jk)
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blogs.baruch.cuny.edu blogs.baruch.cuny.edu
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humans are creatures who crave a story
in relation to the language of silence (and Bacon's use of color), we must consider we may be reading too deeply into some of these works. how can we draw conclusions and meaning out of a painting, let alone stories older than most trees and from completely different societies without projecting our own feelings and experiences onto them? with this, can we trust that much of human experience over all known time are similar enough to trust and put weight into these projections?
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- Jan 2018
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inst-fs-pdx-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-pdx-prod.inscloudgate.net
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The egalitarian character of Mbuti society is characteristic of most hunting and foraging societies, generally marked by the absence of hierarchical structures.
What are the implications of this? How believable is is? And if it is true, how is this characteristic reflected in our modern society -- if at all?
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Apart from structural changes favoring bipedal locomotion, the fossil trail from the australopithecines to Homo sapiensis marked by significant increases in brain size (Falk, 1993, p. 64); changes in the bone structure of the hand (Napier, 1993); a lowering of the larynx so as to increase the space between the larynx and the back of the nasal cavity, thereby enhancing the possibility for articulate speech (Laitman, 1993); and a decrease in the size of the canine teeth (Skelton et al., 1993).
The biological components that may have led to tool making may be questionable. Still, there is evidence to back it up. Can you think of any aspect of technology use today that is tied to biological development -- for example, diseases that we are more prone to contract because of our technology? Any others?
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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We can be content rather merely to identify the experience as that state which is typically caused in thus-and-such ways and typically causes thus-and-such effects, saying nothing about its causes and effects in a (small) residue of exceptional cases.
As a large overarching theme, this makes sense, however, to me, it would be a mistake not to thoroughly investigate some of these exceptional cases he mentions. While these cases might not be explicable, there is undoubtedly some underlying factor at play.
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For a pure disposition is a fictitious entity. The expressions that ostensibly denote dispo- sitions are best construed as syncategorematic parts of statements of the lawlike regularities in which (as we say) the dispositions are manifest.
Trying to unpack this, Lewis is stemming away from Behaviorism to understand the hidden truth about dispositions where there a purely fictitious. I am getting myself caught up in what I believe to be circular reasoning that these dispositions are false but we are still able to conceptualize their construction or manifestation based upon syncategorematic parts. Lewis continues by saying that the causal connection between an experience and its typical occasions have some component of analytic necessity. How does this relate to dispositions?
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llowed by specification of typical stimuli for, or responses to, the ex- perience.
So could you say that the causes/effects actually constitute the missing "similarity" between two experiences that Smart had to say did not exist/could not be articulated because it was a quality? If so, oh man, that's cool. Not sure if that's where this is heading, but it's what jumped out to me.
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These coexistent nonphysical phenomena may be quite unrelated to physical phenomena;
Would non-physical phenomena be considered real? Lewis discusses how they cannot be explained by physical phenomena, so does that entail there must be a non-physical explanation? Does non-physical phenomena need an explanation or cause and effect? I do not agree with Lewis's defense that they cannot be called experiences because I do not accept his definition of experience (that physical states possess the definitive characteristics of experience) (17).
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Or if there is, after all, a way in which it is analytic that experiences are unlocated, that way is irrelevant: perhaps in our presystematic thought we regard only concreta as located in a primary sense, and abstracta as located in a merely derivative sense by their inherence in located conereta.
Is there a way in which it is analytic that experiences are unlocated? How is this possibility prejudiced? To say it is irrelevant is not to conclude it could be something else non-physically. If there is a location, it would seem there is an analytic necessity. The word abstract almost seems misleading, as if their is some source or derivative (such as a location) for the conclusion of effect. What if these experiences are phenomena with no definitive characteristics and cannot be known based on being "together with the sense of expressions by which they are referred to as things of that kind" (19). That would leave unlocated phenomena that is potentially unique to each first-person experience, subjective and indescribable.
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But we materialists believe that these causal roles which belong by analytic necessity to experiences be- long in fact to certain physical states.
What is the significance of saying that the causal roles "belong by analytic necessity" to our experiences? In terms of language, an analytic statement is (loosely) one where the truth of the statement can be known merely by knowing the meaning of all of its parts; it is not necessary to have any additional knowledge of the way the world actually is. That's the only definition with which I'm familiar. In this context, does "analytic necessity" maybe mean that the cause of an experience is logically integral to its definition?
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aslearningdesign.net aslearningdesign.net
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It is easy to imagine human beings as pre-literate, but it is difficult to imagine them as pre-technological.
This looks like a "which came first" statement. What do you imagine when you think "pre-literate"? What do you imagine when you think "pre-technological"?
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The central purpose of technologies has not been to provide necessities, such as food and shelter, for humans had achieved these goals very early in their existence.
In other words, we can't say that a technology was created for doing this or that only. Most of what our technological artifacts are used for is discovered after the tool has been created. What does this mean?
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Beavers cut down trees and build dams. Ants and bees build complex communities that include a division of labor and food storage. But only a few species have made tools. Notable is a hand axe widely used by Homo erectus 1.6 million years ago.
Many, if not all, animals construct things. but only humans, and intelligent apes, construct "tools". What do we mean by "tools."
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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aybe this is because I have not thought it out sufficiently, but it does seem to me as though, when a person says "I have an after-image," he is making a genuine report, and that when he says "I have a pain," he is doing more than "replace pain-behavior," and that "this more" is not just to say that he is in distress
Why does he think it must be a genuine report? Can we come up with other examples of statements about your mental states that it would be odd to analyze in a behaviorist way?
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s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com
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hlachlne instruction would per- mlt each student to proceed at his orvn rate
This may be true, but can a modern machine or AI, on its own, give a detailed and personalized explanation of why the student was incorrect? For instance, in terms of music, I do not believe a machine can explain the nuance and tone of a passage. It may be able to play a professional recording, but in my opinion, music-making, especially at an enriching, educational level, should be a creative process, not a reductive, emulative one.
Furthermore, there is the problem of the expenses associated with these technologies. Let's say, in 2019, a machine or software is created that can grade music theory assignments with 99% accuracy. How long would it actually take for a significant number of schools to adopt such an AI? While wondering how great it would be to have such a device, it is simply not useful to pretend that it is already here.
Beyond Scantron multiple choice graders or online assignments or videos, I rarely see machines that take the teacher's role. No machine could do everything a human teacher does in this day and age.
Perhaps I extrapolated too much from this article. However, in my mind, when I see someone talk about "machine learning" or "machine teaching," I think of neural networking, big data, and Google Deep Mind.
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qdr.syr.edu qdr.syr.edu
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By contrast, annotations can link an argument advanced in the main text of a publication to an excerpt from the source(s) the author is positing supports the arguments
How is this difference from data access?
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Analytic Transparency
Key question is whether ATI is just a supersize traditional footnote or something qualitatively different altogether.
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s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com
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“sink or swim”
This article has been great and all, but I would love to hear some of the other side of this argument. Where are the teachers that 'swim'? What does their education, field-experience, and day-to-day look like? More importantly, where are the teachers who swim AND are happy with life?
This article makes it seem as though beginning teachers are doomed to either pass or fail, and even if they pass they are still likely to be so busy that they hate their life and wish that they had failed and gone to do something else. While this could very well be the case for some teachers, I know for a fact that this is not the kind of world that I would like to go into for the rest of my life.
So how does one 'swim'?
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higher standards of academic achievement.
This is the goal, but how common is this in most schools already? I went to a good high-school and I can only think of a handful of teachers that were like this. What are modern teachers lacking, and how can a better college education help to change that?
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www.authorea.com www.authorea.com
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Moreover, the class' Hypothesis activities were synced into a dedicated Slack channel named "Hypo Feed" via the Hypothesis' API; as such, social annotations containing the course hashtag (made by both formal or open participants) were notified on Slack as well, and Slack participants could react to a Hypothesis annotation by following a link provided in the notification (Goals 2, 3 & 4).
Cool. Where can I learn more about this?
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s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com s3.us-central-1.wasabisys.com
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help each student achieve a more mature under-standing.
The importance of a teacher searching for incomplete understandings is to mature the student, not to brainwash them by replacing the students' understanding with their OWN incomplete understanding. How often does this happen via informal learning outlets (social media, for example) in today's society, and how does a teacher avoid this? More importantly, how do teachers teach their students to avoid misinformation via informal outlets on their own?
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sense-making, self-assessment, and reflection on what worked and what needsimproving
This seems very similar to the concept of 'mindfulness' researched and taught by Dr. Frank Diaz. In what ways is active learning different from this? Is 'mindfulness' simply an application of active learning unto oneself?
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evidence of transfer.
How will the understanding of learning gained through this class allow us, as music educators, to innovate in new learning environments? Is the key 'transfer' from this understanding of learning one where we are capable of facilitating a learning environment unique to our own person, as well as being unique to the needs and desires of our students?
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A standard place for your thesis is at the end of the introductory paragraph.
is this required?
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- Dec 2017
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cnx.org cnx.org
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This textbook will introduce you to various ways that the field of psychology has explored these questions.
What is the purpose of this paragraph?
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morphological operations.
What is this?
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blog.discordapp.com blog.discordapp.com
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Finally, those workers send the messages to the actual processes. This ensures the partitioner does not get overloaded and still provides the linearizability guaranteed by send/2. This solution was effectively a drop-in replacement for send/2:
Opening says they weren't going to shard but how is this not sharding?
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session process (a GenServer), which then communicates with remote Erlang nodes that contain guild (internal for a “Discord Server”) processes (also GenServers)
So looks like the coordination happens across nodes with these "guild" processes
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How Discord Scaled Elixir to 5,000,000 Concurrent Users
Is this across the entire set of clusters or is this per single node or set of nodes for a given "guild"?
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Compromised spectral power and CFC of APP23.p38γ+/+ mice were significantly more affected in APP23.p38γ−/− recordings
Is this saying that the memory of APP23 p38 negative mice is worse or that APP23 p38 mice memories are worse?
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- Nov 2017
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www.lrjournal.com www.lrjournal.com
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missense
nonsense?
what about missense mutations of unknown significance?
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docs.vmware.com docs.vmware.com
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The name to use to register the guest operating system
What does this mean?
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dev.kristenmapes.com dev.kristenmapes.com
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Introducing Participatory Memory
Is this an effective chapter title?!
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This table of contents page allows people to navigate the book both in a traditional fashion and through a network graph. Do you think this strategy is effective?
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- Oct 2017
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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What does it mean, I asked you, to witness mass extinction—the end of so much ‘worldly striving?’ What could, or should it mean to us, or motivate us to do?
This is my understanding of the author's central research question and that she is looking to illicit a 'call-to-action' of sorts.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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growing plants without soil
[I need to understand:] How this is even possible.
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s18.pdarrington.net s18.pdarrington.net
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We can u-;e this mode to communicate representations of how something look~
What counts as a visual mode of communication can become a bit confusing in certain cases.
For example, authors of fantasy fiction these days rely heavily on the reader to imagine visuals. They carefully describe physical objects and scenes, much like in Prownian Analysis or our descriptions of the AIDS Quilt panels, to cause the reader to "see" things that they might have never seen or imagined before. I realize that using writing would technically fall under the category of the linguistic mode of communication, but this descriptive writing exists to evoke our visual senses. These authors depend on us visualizing the worlds that they create to tell their story. If this communication uses our "visual-spatial intelligence" according to the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, should it not be considered a mix of the visual and linguistic modes?
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The visual mode refers to the use of images and other characteris-tics that readers see
I think that the importance that "other characteristics" can have as a visual mode is commonly overlooked. The layout of a webpage can communicate to the reader what to emphasize on, the color of an "Open/Closed" sign can communicate the status of a restaurant from beyond a legible distance, and the size of a specific visual object on a billboard can communicate what exact product is being advertised.
A good example of the utilization of visual modes of communication without the direct use of an image is visual poetry. This type of poetry is known for having dominant visual elements. A common technique of achieving this is using the words of the poem to create the perception of a shape or image.
This is a good example of a simple visual poem. The topic of the poem is coffee, hence the writer adjusted the layout of the text to create a shape. This shape is perceived by our minds as a coffee mug, even though there is no actual picture of one.
On an interesting side note: the reason we are able to perceive this image is due to the Gestalt psychology. This is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology which studies the self-organizing tendencies of the human brain (especially with images). According to this psychological phenomenon, our mind is always trying to find patterns in the data it receives and many times organizes sets of randomness in order to perceive them as a whole. This is why the seemingly random positions of the words in the poem cause our mind to try to find a pattern in the darker areas of the poem's white background, eventually leading us to seeing a coffee mug.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_poetry , https://www.britannica.com/science/Gestalt-psychology
Image source: https://collaboems.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/visual-poetry-2/
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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proportiona
inversely proportional?
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82.196.4.233:3838 82.196.4.233:3838
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we actually test between-groups variance against within-groups variance. That is why it is called analysis of variance.
I'm having difficulty understanding this part. So H0 of F-test is that there's no difference between group means in the population. But what we actually test is between-group variance and within-group variance? But the result of F-test is still about the difference in population?
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- Sep 2017
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o those in the population who currently lack it, we can then examine how their social network changes, and how their social capital is impacted.
This is an excellent research question! Does access and use of social media improve the mental and emotional health of older people/
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lti.hypothesislabs.com lti.hypothesislabs.com
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The solution is to focus not onwhois greatenough to exert influence, or strong enough to grapple with the‘‘anxiety’’oftheir literary inheritance, but rather onhowinfluence operates. What we canlook to, then, are instances of‘‘misreading’’,‘‘misinterpretation’’,‘‘carica-ture’’,‘‘distortion’’and‘‘wilful revisionism’’for what they reveal. Austen isnot the only writer whose works must benefit from such an analysis, but she,perhaps more than any other writer, unrelentingly demands it of her readers.Austen insists that her readers follow her in deliberately, playfully misreadingand reconceiving a broad range of literature, both‘‘high’’and‘‘low’’.Mimicking her misprision in our response to Romantic theories of influence,we can at last recognize how such influence operates on writers whom thecanon ignores or marginalizes: women and novelists, certainly, but alsothose whose influential moment was fleeting, rather than historicallytranscendent
This seems like the article's thesis to me. Here, the author argues that we should not seek to identify which authors/works are seemingly "worthy" of having an influence on other authors/works. Rather, we should explore on how literary influence is actually functioning in related works.Readers must look to different methods of influence, such as "distortion" and "misinterpretation" in their study of the topic. In the demands that she places upon her readers to be well-informed and attentive, Austen invites us to be a part of a complicated and ongoing literary conversation. Additionally, through studying Austen's works, we can observe the influence of those traditionally left out by the canon.
This argument does seem relevant and original to me. In my admittedly brief study of literary influence, the discussion is usually exclusively related to the canon. Murphy asks us to consider influence in a broader sense. However, the main question that I have after reading this article relates to computational literary study. Franco Moretti, Matthew Jockers, and other such scholars have made significant strides in the application of computational tools in the study of literary influence. I am very curious as to how this article's premises and main argument would hold up when subjected to such tools. This seems like a weakness to me. Even after my brief study of computational literary analysis, it seems that any conversation of literary influence is incomplete without actually looking at the data.
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newsela.com newsela.com
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Miss Amazing was started in Omaha, Nebraska, in 2007 by a teenage girl named Jordan Somer
I wonder why she decided to start the pageant. Where did she get the idea from?
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ideas.ted.com ideas.ted.com
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We’ve all created our own personal histories, marked by highs and lows, that we share with the world — and we can shape them to live with more meaning and purpose.
I wonder why the author decided to write about this particular topic. Maybe they have struggled with their own personal history.
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cuswp.org cuswp.org
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if she will let me say so
Why dose Ismene ask for Antigone's permission, If she is willing to do so, Ismene can confess without anybody's approval.
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cs231n.github.io cs231n.github.io
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L2 regularization can be expected to give superior performance over L1.
Does "performance" here refer to training performance or overall accuracy of the model?
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www.tnellen.com www.tnellen.com
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Harrison's parents are very sad, but cannot seem to remember why.
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The dancers grace and beauty are hidden by masks and heavy weights.
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Harrison claims that he is the emporer when he breaks into the TV studio.
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Dianna Moon Glampers is the Handicapper General.
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To make his have equal looks, Harrison wears a red rubber ball for a nose, keeps his eyebrows shaved off, and covers his even white teeth with balck caps at snaggletooth random.
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The transmitter George wears in his ear is used to make sure he does not take an unfair advantage of his brain.
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The United States Handicapper General.
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Harrison Bergeron was the son of Hazel and George Bergeron. He was astoundingly smart and an incredible athlete. He was also highly feared and uncontrollable.
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dev.biologists.org dev.biologists.org
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Pollen-stigma adhesion in Arabidopsis: a species-specific interactionmediated by lipophilic molecules in the pollen exine
How do plants of the same species recognize each other?
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- Jul 2017
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site.craftingdigitalhistory.ca site.craftingdigitalhistory.ca
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You will keep the fail log in a repository on Github
Will you and others have access to our fail logs or is it for our own personal records? If others need access am I missing the step with how to connect with others?
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Local file Local file
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Up-regulation of glycolysis is proposed to endow cancer cells withseveral selective advantages, in particular the incorporation ofnutrients into biomass to sustain high rates of proliferation (2,3). Deregulation of certain cancer-related genes has been linkedto the acquisition of the glycolytic phenotype (4). The phospha-tase and tensin homolog, PTEN,2is a tumor suppressor mostwell known for its ability to oppose the PI3K/Akt signalingpathway through the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylino
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To meet their bioenergetic requirements, differentiated cellstend to metabolize glucose via oxidative phosphorylation as away of maximizin
Question 3
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EN knock-out mouseembryonic fibroblasts (PTEN KO MEF) have 2–3-fold higherconcentrations of F2,6P2, the most potent allosteric activator ofthe glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
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This has beentraditionally attributed to the hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt sig-naling that results from PTEN loss. Here, we propose a novelmechanism whereby the loss of PTEN negatively affects theactivity of the E3 ligase APC/C-Cdh1, resulting in the stabiliza-tion of the enzyme PFKFB3 and increased synthesis of its prod-uct fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2)
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Unlike normal differentiated cells, tumor cells metabolizeglucose via glycolysis under aerobic conditions, a hallmark ofcancer known as the Warburg effect
Question 1 or 2
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Our results suggest animportant role for F2,6P2in the metabolic reprogramming ofPTEN-deficient cells that has important consequences forcell proliferation.
This is ultimately how cancer cells are then successful
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- Jun 2017
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www.quantumbalancing.com www.quantumbalancing.com
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required all women in the country to cut their hair and wear bangs
a question: the fact that men tend to have more hair mean that they are "wiser" or "smarter" than women?
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So, fare you well at once; for Brutus’ tongue Hath almost ended his life’s history: Night hangs upon mine eyes; my bones would rest That have but labour’d to attain this hour.
Marcus Brutus has been regarded as the "noblest Roman of them all" who acts only with the interest of the State at heart. The assassination of Caesar was even justified by him; he exclaimed to the public "it’s not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."
In his last moments, it is obvious that Brutus was feeling remorseful of the past atrocities, but is this enough to ground Brutus as a fundamentally heroic character? Is Brutus in fact delusional, attempting to redeem himself via radical patriotism? Do his actions speak louder than his words?
Therefore, my question is:
Is Brutus deserving of a tragic hero status, or does he portray a more antagonistic character in the play?
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- May 2017
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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A maximum ofNdistinct modules per layer arepermitted in a pathway (typicallyN= 3 or 4).
Why would this be beneficial? Obviously this limit prevents pathways from using entire layers, but how does that help the agents find a suitable pathway? Does this make the agent less localized?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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Heidegger describes a bridge as gathering the fourfold, he is also saying that neither the fact of humans building it, the purposes to which it is put, the roles it fulfills, nor even the full range of contexts in which it is or could be embedded suffice to capture the bridge in its bridgeness (Harman 124).
So, in a way, it is but an imitation of a bridge? I'm trying to think of this in terms of Hume's Bundle Theory. Is Heidegger saying that we cannot reduce the things we make to 1. the reason we made them 2. their properties 3. both 4. neither?
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nikhilnkini.files.wordpress.com nikhilnkini.files.wordpress.com
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All ground instances o
Umm, are they non-ground or ground?
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b^e^hm^:hj
This conflicts with the possible world (3), so... is this a new example?
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we obtain the success probabilityofcalls(mary),P(calls(mary)) = 0:196
OK, but this is the marginal distribution that Mary calls? Not conditional on the facts that we already know, that a burglary happened, that an earthquake did not, that Mary heard the alarm?
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to provecall
Does this mean to prove 'there exists a call'?
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queryq
What are two examples of queries?
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unique least Herbrand model (i.e., a unique least model using onlysymbols from the program
What does this mean?
"using only symbols from the program" as opposed to what?
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- Apr 2017
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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the founding movement of such “liberating” politics is effec-tively to eliminate the possibility of some versions of freedo
I'm not versed in The History of Sexuality, but I know it's been quoted in this class before: can someone fill me in on what Foucault means here?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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rhetoricalsituation
A rhetorical question is already answered. Does the correct response to a "rhetorical situation" already exist and it is up to rhetor to "read the prescription accurately?"
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www.huffingtonpost.com www.huffingtonpost.com
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They say that measles isn’t a deadly disease. But It is. They say that chickenpox isn’t that big of a deal. But It can be. They say that the flu isn’t dangerous. But It is. They say that whooping cough isn’t so bad for kids to get. But It is.
rhetoric questions, without argumentation but supposedly the hyperlinks contradicted it. But it is not clear hyperlink would be effective here (or if the linked page does provide good evidence)
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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outward
How does that happen?
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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patterns of missingness
I need to look more into how to address the absence of certain data points. If I recall correctly, 133 of 144 students in the 9th grade at my school participated. Reasons for absences vary, and I need to look into what to do about the missing nodes. Any suggestions?
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network exchange theory
So this is a sub theory of network theory that focuses on concepts such as structural holes and brokers?
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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standard, basic statistical software (e.g., SPSS, Stata, or SAS) will not give correct estimates
So dose the basic statistical package in R work, If I am not mistaken, I think we also can't use statistical package to make estimates for relational data.
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How well does a leader's perceived level of trust in his or her colleagues predict the number of alters to whom the person sent a collaboration tie in year 1, controlling for gender and the level at which the person works (district vs. school)? This question requires three vectors of independent variables (trust score, an indicator for gender, and an indicator for level) and one dependent variable vector (collaboration year 1 out-degree).
Oy. This (multiple linear regression) is much harder for me to wrap my brain around, but I'm going to give it a go (especially since I have so many variables and it might be useful for tying them together). Again, I have SP, CP, and discussion forum type. If I did the surveys, I'd also have perceived sense of belonging. How well does a student's perceived sense of belonging predict his/her level of CP in discussion posts, controlling for discussion forum type (for example, only looking at large group discussions)? That doesn't get the SP in there though, and may not actually be a great model of regression. :/ Help?
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The question, therefore, is whether school leaders prefer to collaborate with those with whom they have collaborated in the past or with those that they have turned to discuss confidential issues.
I have next to no stats knowledge, so I'm going to try to extrapolate this out in regards to my own research to try to better understand it (hopefully!). In using my own research with SP (social presence) and CP (cognitive presence). I'm going to start with the varibles: levels of SP, levels of CP, discussion forum type. A question I have been asking is whether discussion forum type affects SP and/or CP. Modeling the question the same way as this one, it might be whether students are more likely to show higher CP with students they were in a programmatic small group discussion with versus just large group. I think this models this line of questioning, at least. This probably doesn't get the SNA part in. So, trying again... Are students more likely to respond to a student in a large group discussion that they formed a connection with in a programmatic small group discussion or a random small group discussion? This doesn't get the SP or CP working in there, but it gets the SNA. So part of what I'm studying. But, since I'm graphing SP as a weighted measure for SNA, maybe it could be whether students are more likely to demonstrate higher SP in an ensuing large-group discussion with students they were in small programmatic group discussion with in a previous module. Does that get all the parts working approporiately in a MR-QAP-procedure question??
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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The average of the simulated distribution of reciprocal ties is calculated and then compared to the value in the empirical (observed) network
Can ERGMs be used for nonreciprocal networks?
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except, of course, ego-level network studies from which egos have been randomly drawn from some target population)
I am using ego-level networks for my final project, but how would I go about ensuring that the ego in question was chosen randomly?
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artifacts
Maybe I missed something in our previous readings/videos, but can someone explain to me what is meant by the term "artifacts"?
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Even the tools of predictive modeling are commonly applied to network data (e.g. correlation and regression)
Would running such tests require a need for assessing latent variables that emerge from network analysis? I will keep reading, but from what I know of SNA, it seems like you are only analyzing observable variables and it would be difficult to obtain a correlation from such unique variables. Am I way off here?
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bookdown.org bookdown.org
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A model is a simplification or approximation of reality and hence will not reflect all of reality
when reading this, I don't know why but a question suddenly came into my mind, why do we need so complicated/fancy models in social science research, specifically, except core independent variables and outcome variables, why do we use covariate/ control variables in a given model. I had an insight from a professor's explanation: for natural science, most objects of study are homogeneous and scientists can have a good control of interference in lab environment with careful experimental design. However, in terms of social science phenomenons, they are so complicated and are impacted by so many factors, including which we already know, and also a lot of which we don't know yet, let alone the subjects of social science study are so unique and heterogeneous. So we have to use advanced model to get closer to understanding those complex phenomenons, and we have to try our best to control the covariates we already know to carefully test the real relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. In addition, because we can not know or measure all factors that will impact a certain complex phenomenon, this is one of the reasons that a model is a simplification or approximation of reality and hence will not reflect all of reality.
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datproject.org datproject.orgDat1
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Some of my unanswered questions: How do DOI resolvers decide when it is acceptable to modify the metadata associated with the DOI in order to 'fix' link rot? Do all resolvers follow the same policy? If a resolver were to act maliciously, could they start returning false results without detection? Is there any version control for metadata over time, to see how different resolvers behaved at a certain point? How many resolvers use the cryptographic signing functionality offered by the Handle system? Do any resolvers integrate web capturing and content fingerprints to prove the link they fixed is the same content that the original DOI pointed at?
Some good Qs by Max Ogden on DOI resolving and other persistent urls.
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- Mar 2017
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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So, let's say you are interested in the number of collaborative exchanges that occur between teachers from two different grade levels in a complete network of teachers within one elementary school. First, you count the number of times these types of exchanges occur in the observed network and then permute these relational data lots and lots of times. With each permutation, you calculate the number of times this type of tie (collaborative exchanges between teachers from two different grade levels) occurs and compare this result to the original observed network. After this process of permuting and comparing, you can see how often the results of these permutations are the same as the original observed results: The more often the results of the permutations are the same as your observed data, the more likely that the pattern of exchanges in the observed data was due to chance. If, however, the results from the observed data are so unlikely when compared to the results of the permutations, then you are to conclude that your results are not the byproduct of chance. Therefore, this result would be considered statistically significant.
In terms of my project (looking at racial and gender-based biases in communication between undergarduate students in an online class), then I could use this same rationale and process in order to make generalizations to a broader population?
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the difference between the mathematical and statistical approaches to social network analysis
What are the differences?
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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conveyed, but not asserted
I am confused as to the difference between these two terms in this context...
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worrydream.com worrydream.com
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Bruner
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www.tensorflow.org www.tensorflow.org
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EXERCISE: The output of inference are un-normalized logits. Try editing the network architecture to return normalized predictions using tf.nn.softmax.
Does anyone know if this is a valid exercise still? Line 260 of
cifar10.py
specifically states:# linear layer(WX + b), # We don't apply softmax here because # tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits accepts the unscaled logits # and performs the softmax internally for efficiency.
or is this saying it would be useful to get the scaled logits too using
tf.nn.softmax
and keep both, passing unscaled to theloss(logits, labels)
call in line 72 ofcifar10_train.py
as required by thetf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits()
. And using the scaled logits for tracking the classifications of our inference. It'd be cool to get some thoughts on this!
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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Egocentric analysis shifts the analytical lens onto a sole ego actor and concentrates on the local pattern of relations in which that ego is embedded as well as the types of resources to which those relations provide access.
Given the nature of my data (Forbes top companies), I think it would be appropriate to look at specific countries as the Ego and the job categories as the alters. Am I correct in assuming that the local pattern of relations would be how my selected county (the ego) is connected to other countries through job category?
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The size of ego networks typically ranges from 0 to 6, since a name generator typically limits the number of alters that ego can list.
Is it not valualbe to analyze the size of ego networks for social media? This likely wouldn't limit the size of the networks to 6, right?
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Table 7.2
There seem to be two types of questions here: relational questions and attribute questions. Might it be worth categorizing these questions about eliciting egocentric network data into two seperate categoies?
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Table 7.1
I notice that Leader 35 has the smallest number of alters and the highest efficacy score. Did I read that correctly? I am sure this is too tiny of a data set to conclude anything, so I'm curious what would happen to that pattern with broader analysis.
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here are several standard measures that can be calculated from egocentric network data, including size, strength, diversity, centrality, constraint, and brokerage.
I believe SIZE and DENSITY are very intuitive measures that enable readers to understand the characteristics of eco-centric networks, especially, when we try to compare the different eco-centric networks. My related question is "how we can statistically compare those values from different networks?". To expand the qustion, "how we can statistically test the differences among different networks?"
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the density
I can't insert permutation and combination formula here, I will try to explain my confusion. I don't understand why use C 5 3 instead of C 5 2, although C 5 3 equals to C 5 2, I still think only using C 5 2 can make sense in this setting. Maybe I get something wrong, please correct me if so.
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as they each capture a different view or purpose of centrality.
Based on what I have learnt, betweenness captures brokerage, and closeness captures reachability (it is about how far away the rest of the network is from a certain actor). However, we also talked about eigenvector centrality a few weeks ago (the thought of eigenvector centrality is that your importance is determined by your neighborhoods’ importance) , I was wondering why the author didn't introduce eigenvector centrality of egocentric network in this chapter. I think one actor's eigenvector can indicate this actor's potential value or importance, it can be very useful in some specific settings.
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Finally, while most analyses of ego networks use simple graphs—binary data that simply indicate whether an undirected tie is present between two actors—it is possible to incorporate directed relations into ego network analysis.
Could one use bidrectionality of connections as a emasure of density?
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two types of measures
These two types of measures sound like the traditional statistical methods analyzing independent variables(to get some descriptive results of central tendency and tendency of dispersion). However, I think egocentric data is relational data which violates independence assumption. What are the differences between relational data analysis and independent data analysis. I am not sure whether I propose my question appropriately and correctly, and I remember I had read some detailed information relating to this question before, but I am still confused about it. (According to these examples listing in this paragraph, maybe the author talks about attribute data, not relational data?)
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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.
Did he serve in the French Army?
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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By charting this process, you are able to identify whether there is a “core” group of actors at the center of the network, while others are on the periphery
To identify "core" actor, what is a difference between a K-core collapse and centrality. I understand that there are difference logics between them. However, considering the expected results, I am not sure how we differenciate those different techniques.
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A weak component ignores the direction of a tie; strong components do not. Stated differently, strong components consist of nodes that are connected to one another via both directions along the path that connects them. Weak components consist of a set of nodes that are connected regardless of the direction of the ties.
Which means, what I understand that, there is no diffence between a strong and a weak component if a network is undirected. Is it right?
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Though each procedure will provide you with a different take on the network's substructures, they are all based on the ways in which actors are interconnecte
What would result from analyzing the similarities and differences between the results from each of these methods of group analysis? Each is distinct, for good reason. Nevertheless, overlap may rightly be expected. Might there be a way to identify that overlap and then make mearning from the overlap?
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By relaxing the criteria for group membership, the number of cliques has increased from 11 to 20, with Student 1, for example, being a member of 16 clique
This seems to be an unweildy number of cliques for a group of 17 people. How can this bottom-up analysis conclude similar findings as a simple ethnographic inquiry? Would more analysis be necessary? If so, what analysis?
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The number of “blocks” to enter is up to you, and after working upward from two, it was decided that three was a meaningful number of blocks.
I trust that there was a theoretical framework for this choice. Nevertheless, I am at a loss to understand that framework. Why were three blocks chosen?
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ou can also increase the value of n, but this is not advisable, as it seems odd for actors to be in the same clique if they are three steps from one another.
While I certainly understand this in a real-world sense, I do interact with friends-of-friends in social media, either directly or through group membership. As such, is it acceptable to increase n when doing research, if one's research questions/interest require?
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By charting this process, you are able to identify whether there is a “core” group of actors at the center of the network, while others are on the periphery.
Does anyone know of a way to illustrate this in a GIF or similar? I guess maybe doing it manually could be workable, but it sure seems to me that automating the charting of this process would make for increased ease when discussing research online.
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bottom-up approach starts first with the dyad and extends upward
I 'm confused to tell the difference between "top-down" approach and "bottom-up" approach, it seems like they begin with different unit, "top-down" approach starts first with the whole network and then try to find its subgroups, and "bottom-up" approach starts first with more micro unit like dyad. Do I understand correctly?
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www.w3.org www.w3.org
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non-normative format:
What does non-normative mean here?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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And thereby, in his human-itarian zeal to save mankind, the novelist portrays characters which, in being as brutal as their scene, are not worth saving
the agent must follow the quality of the scene. Why does the quality of the scene not follow the quality of the agent?
scene = egg; agent = chicken... which comes first?
EDIT: ...nevermind... I think he answers it in the next sentence... read before you write!
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Hence magic is put under a microscope, or even test by a knowl-treated as an early uncritical attempt to do what edge of exactly equivalent conditions in the past, science does, but under conditions where judg- when you tum to political exhortation, you are ment and perception were impaired by the involved in decisions that necessarily lie beyond nai'vely anthropomorphic belief that the imper- the strictly scientific vocabularies of description. sonal forces of nature were motivated by per- And since the effective politician is a "spell-sonal designs.
To what extent does imagination play in this early "bad science"? And how is imagination hindered/lost or accelerated/sustained in the paradigms of modern "good science"?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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a little book
Coincidence that Will Strunk called Elements of Style his "little book?"
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other people,
Who gets to do this?
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natural symbol-ism
What makes it natural?
Bundle Theory?
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immediate verbal environment,
Would this simply be the forum? or the stage on which Douglass stood?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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But, then, which reality is it, the superfi-cial or the profound?
What is at stake in this question, or why does it need to be asked?
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- Feb 2017
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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“keep things together.”
so is this directly correlated to structural cohesiveness?
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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Which structural properties of the complete network might be of interest to you?
- Would it be right to say that a decentralized network would mean that more actors have a say in the evaluation process?
- Could a measure like high transitivity indicate more equitable practices in evaluation?
- Would high reciprocity mean that there was healthier communication (not just directed "at" the new teachers, but feedback loops and supportive avenues of communication)?
- And finally, what would high density scores indicate -- that resources are more accessible and basically better connections overall - so a more well-connected network, with fewer actors in isolated or peripheral positions?
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before the participants got to know each other
If they were asked at a later point to similarly identify three friends, if reciprocity increases, would that leave more structural holes?
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cohesive network with minimal clustering.
So if we have a large (size) cohesive network with minimal clustering, does it follow logically that there will be high transitivity and high reciprocity and low centralization?
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teacher networks with high reciprocity would be positively associated with teachers’ perceptions of their schools’ innovative climate and trust
But who would be excluded? Or is it possible to imagine a network with high reciprocity, where there is high inclusion as well?
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Table 5.1 T
Is this an acceptable format for an excel/csv file in R - or is it better to convert to weighted format, which is I think how LesMis data was presented?
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structural holes (one actor connected to two others who, in turn, are not connected to each other)
From my understanding of this, structural holes differ from triads since triads generally indicate that all three actors are connected in some way. Is this correct?
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The paradox, of course, is that the relative paucity of weak ties is what makes them “strong,” as they provide early access to diverse information
Is it fair to say that networks with high reciprocity and transitivity might mitigate some of the negative effects of clustering?
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A high degree of reciprocity means that a network's actors choose one another. It could also mean that while some actors choose one another, they are not choosing others, which results in a high degree of clustering within the network
Hmmmm, high reciprocity is associated with network stability and social equality, but it might also be associated with clique-i-ness (clustering). What is the nature of a social network with high reciprocity and low clustering? What is the value of this type of network?
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This was done simply for purposes of presentation; any manipulation of network data should have some theoretical or empirical basis.
So are 'purposes of presentation' valid basis for data manipulation? I am left yearning for more explanation.
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the pattern of relations among the network's actors.
(Mental Note) The concept that I have to focus on...
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CDi indicates individual actors’ centrality scores
Foundational math question: Does this CDi mean all other scores added together, or is this calculation meant to be applied between the actor with the highest degree against every other actor? So, in the scenario with the 17 frat brothers, is calculating the centrality a matter of doing Freeman's formula once, or 16 times?
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following measure of reciprocity
Is there a typo in this equation? I would think that instead of having Aij in all 4 positions, of the equation, that Aji would be in 2 of them (as that would indicate the relationship of j to i instead of just i to j). Am I thinking about this wrong? Why are all 4 of the equation factors with a focus on actor i to j?
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sakai.stlawu.edu sakai.stlawu.edu
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ost philosophers of language, and recently even by some linguists,
What's the difference between the fields of philosophy of language and linguistics? This is a really interesting potential distinction.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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To examine a set of interpretations requires rhetorical analy-sis, and so it can be argued that Nietzsche's method is rhetorical as well.
Better question, what isn't rhetorical?
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In short, emphasizes Nietzsche, "la11gue1ge is rhetoric, because it desires to convey only a doxa [opinion], not an episteme [knowledge]."
With the marginal note from Nathaniel in mind, this binary is really interesting (and necessary) to unpack. I've had to read a lot of Foucault lately, so I'm thinking with him through a lot of my other readings right now. But his use of episteme, in some ways, breaks down that binary. By treating an episteme as the "epistemological unconscious" of an era (meaning that some knowledge and some assumptions are so inherent at a specific time and place that society doesn't even know it's happening), Foucault seems to suggest that opinion and knowledge can uniquely shift and intertwine in each epoch (again, within a culture that doesn't even know it's happening).
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open.lib.umn.edu open.lib.umn.edu
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If an individual opts out, this should mean that their name appears nowhere on the social network diagram (even if they are identified by another individual as being part of their social network). For instance, in the sample map, you can see that the map would be very disjointed if John and Holly opted out of the SNA.
Are we allowed to include nodes for John and Holly if they are identified by others, but without using their name? For example, we would refer to John as Anonymous 1 and Holly as Anonymous 2. Or would we have to exclude any data that involves them, regardless of anonymity?
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Thus it ought to be no embarrassment to recognize the legitimacy of appeals to the feelings, especially in a cause about which one can have no doubts
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Under this pressure from both sides toward independent development. rhetoric and belles \cures split. In 1828, a chair of English literature was e$lablished at London University; in 1845, Edinburgh separated rhetoric and literature; in I 876, Johns Hopkins and Harvard did the same; and in 1904, laggard Cambridge followed. By the end of the century, a further split had occurred in the United States: Speech depart· mcnts had formed, taking the elocution course and the study of rhetoric with them.
I think about this split quite often. As someone with two degrees largely focused on literature, and seeking one focused on rhetoric, I find myself lost in the (messy and often blurred) boundaries between the two fields. The later assertion from Mill, "For poetry, utterance is the end, not, as in rhetoric, the means to an end" (996) seems to hold true even today. Literature is rarely seen as social action, let alone socially engaged. I wonder how damaging (or not) this is as we attempt to think about "our disciplinary identity crisis less as a crisis of identity and more as an opening of alterity" (Muckelbauer).
This is probably why I am so intrigued by Muckelbauer's argument that "we might even conceive of rhetoric as, in a certain way, disengaging from the entire problematic of 'fields,' disconnecting from both 'interdisciplinary studies' and work in the 'rhetoric of x' genre (indicating, perhaps, an ontological rhetoric)."
But what does this look like? How does this happen? The end of this intro seem to give some hope -- "Literary theorists, too, began to acknowledge...the wider scope afforded by a rhetorical approach to discourse" (998, emphasis mine). But how often is literature viewed as discourse? And is this a reciprocal engagement?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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and even in-sisted on Virtue-' as an essential qualification of a perfect Orator
Direct nod to Quintilian and the "Q" Question.
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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This approach is either based on your knowledge about relations among a set of actors or relies on the actors themselves to nominate additional actors for inclusion.
This is interesting for my own likely research needs/goals in looking at how technology integration processes spread. That said, it might also be difficult to track in a truly large-scale project. For example, there isn't one "universal" place for teachers to go and find technology integration processes. Perhaps this will have to be bound by the PLC/PLN I have in place?
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The first question that occurs concerning it is, whether it is to be considered as an internal sense, or as an exertion of reason?
Taste is different for everyone versus taste is universal, but everyone perceives it differently?
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methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu methods-sagepub-com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu
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For example, Coleman claims that social capital is any “social-structural resource” that generates returns for someone in a specific action. Accordingly, social capital can be captured only by its effect; whether it is an investment depends on the [Page 221]return to a specific individual in a specific action (Lin, 2001b). Obviously, it is impossible to theorize social capital when its causes and effects are folded into a single function.
I have an issue with this as stated. Couldn't it be that the "return" of social capital, as it is considered here, is only looking for extrinsic motivation? What about intrinsic motivations, such as helping someone simply because it feels good or is seen as the "right" thing to do judged solely by one's moral compass?
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he concept of social capital is said to address all of these situations (Kadushin, 2004).
I keep coming back to the "mind as rhizome" metaphor as we talk about social networks and the theories that surround it. It seems to me that we, as humans, often create things that are structurally or functionally similar to our own bodies (i.e., the ways that a computer works and it's internal hardware mimicking the structures of the brain). Perhaps the same is true with social capital and social media: are these actually extensions of our brain?
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bridges, brokers
I don't think I adequately understand the difference between these two. They are both about connecting separate networks, and I thought at first the terms were interchangeable, but they're used together here, so clearly they're not. What's the difference?
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For example, does a child benefit from having parents, teachers, neighborhood adults, and so on communicate with each other, or do these relations constrain that child?
This is such an interesting question! My area is in college students, so I don't have to worry so much about parental involvement, but for those in K-12, the assumption that this sort of close communication is good. I wonder if it's like the stroke victims where having more weak ties among the network is a good thing. Though I can't fathom why that would be the case in this situation.
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Network resources refer to those that the individual ego can access through direct or indirect with alters. Measures that capture network resources focus on the range, quality, variety, and/or composition of these resources. Contact resources are slightly different in that they refer to the valued resources possessed by alters (e.g., power) and applied in specific ego actions, such as bullying, choosing a college, or finding a teaching job.
OK. Now I'm confused. Can anyone help clarify the difference between network and contact resources? It sounds like contact resources are an attribute of one's network resources--is that accurate?
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