- May 2018
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www.w3.org www.w3.org
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Annotations are typically used to convey information about a resource or associations between resources. Simple examples include a comment or tag on a single web page or image, or a blog post about a news article. The Web Annotation Protocol describes the transport mechanisms for creating and managing annotations in a method that is consistent with the Web Architecture and REST best practices.
Abstract
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willhorter.ca willhorter.ca
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measured fer yer chains boom heave
annotation and image test
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www.sciencenewsforstudents.org www.sciencenewsforstudents.org
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tag (in biology) To attach some rugged band or package of instruments onto an animal.
can heavier nucleotide bases act as a tag?
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educatorinnovator.org educatorinnovator.org
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The last time I saw a post about ... Black Lives Matter
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massage-moment.ch massage-moment.ch
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auf einem normalen Browser-Fenster, wenn ich einen Tag wähle, kommt den Text "Wähle die Dauer deiner Massage" schon auf. Allerdings wäre super wenn man nicht deswegen wieder unterscrollen muss. Konkret: bitte wann möglich, Platz beim Kalendar-Control sparen, in dem die Kreisen ein bisschen schmäler machen und zwischen Zeilen Abstände reduzieren?
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aws.amazon.com aws.amazon.com
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indieweb.org indieweb.org
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<div class="h-entry"> <a class="p-author h-card" href="http://mysite.example.org"> <img alt="" src="http://mysite.example.org/icon.jpg"/> Supercool Indiewebauthor</a>: RSVP <span class="p-rsvp">yes</span> to <a href="http://example.com/event" class="u-in-reply-to">IndieWeb Example Event</a> </div>
is the tag properly nested in this example?
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www.jacobinmag.com www.jacobinmag.com
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Ironically, DWYL reinforces exploitation even within the so-called lovable professions where off-the-clock, underpaid, or unpaid labor is the new norm:
Doing what you love, isolates and degrades other workforces and elevates others and more so, the ones of higher economic class. One should be paid fair dues as per their work and have good working conditions. She wants people to realize that they deserve goods jobs and they should never settle for less in the name of doing what they love.
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limits
The article argues different theories regarding doing what is right, with the bigger question being is it wrong for people to strive to be able to do what they love. But, at the same time, what is the limit of people seeking what they love without overstepping the boundaries?
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natureofcode.com natureofcode.com
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…and add it to our “forces” example, where many objects experience wind, gravity, and now friction: Your browser does not support the canvas tag.
Friction is why balls don't bounce forever (even if gravity existed)
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nhiya1.edublogs.org nhiya1.edublogs.org
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Public Service Announcement
The artwork/photo is very interesting. To be honest, I am not sure whether your "tag" or headline is as clear as it might be, in terms of relating to your project. Could you also provide more information regarding the contact in the lower right hand corner? I'm not sure what "Futures" means.
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zerolatencyvrmacau.com zerolatencyvrmacau.com
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Can we change the video tag line?
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- Apr 2018
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www.davidtinapple.com www.davidtinapple.com
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A degree always leaves its indelible price tag
I know he does not mean this literally, but with one kid in college and another on the way, I only see this literally. The cost of college in the US is staggering, and a huge barrier that no politician in the US takes on.
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thatpsychprof.com thatpsychprof.com
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In its latest incarnation, digital delivery has been cleverly branded as “inclusive access,” a model wherein every student pays a mandatory course materials fee that represents an arbitrary discount off the (arbitrary) price of a new hardcover textbook (often more than the average student currently spends).
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www.opencalais.com www.opencalais.com
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With a market-leading ontology linked to Thomson Reuters’ authorities and products, Thomson Reuters Open Calais™ offers the easiest and most accurate way to tag the people, places, companies, facts, and events in your content to increase its value, accessibility and interoperability. How do we do it? We use Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms trained by hundreds of Thomson Reuters’ Editorial teams for several years to offer the industry’s best combination of company extraction and relevance. For the user, the process is pretty simple. You feed unstructured text into the extraction engine (news articles, blog postings, etc.) to examine your text and locate:
Open Calais
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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both SNPs interact with the promoters of DDB1 and neighboring genes in MCF-7 cells (46, 47)
Li et al. develop and perform ChIA-PET (Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paried-End-Tag sequencing), a method to identify regions of chromatin that interact with each other at higher resolution than previous methods.
Using this method in MCF7 cells (a breast cancer cell line), they identify interactions between the location of several variants of interest to Crawford et al. with the promoter of the gene DDB1.
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We assessed the localization of human MFSD12 isoform c (RefSeq NM_174983.4) tagged at the C terminus with the HA epitope (MFSD12-HA). By immunofluorescence microscopy,
The authors look for what part of the cell the MFSD12 protein they're interested in is located. To find the protein, they first "tag" it at the C terminus with an HA epitope.
The C terminus is the end of the protein. Tags are often put on the end of the protein because in some cases they are less likely to interfere with expression or function if they're at the end.
HA stands for human influenza hemagglutinin, which is a protein on the surface of human cells. A particular part of it, the HA epitope, can be used to tag proteins in cells because it's small, so it's unlikely to interfere with protein function or location.
An epitope is a part of a protein that is recognized by an antibody, which can be bound to fluorescent molecules so it can be visualized by a technique called immunofluorescence microscopy.
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Local file Local file
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agnosed as GBS but subseq
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www.gutenberg.org www.gutenberg.org
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"Why, O Gish, does thou run about? The life that thou seekest, thou wilt not find. When the gods created mankind, Death they imposed on mankind; Life they kept in their power. Thou, O Gish, fill thy belly, Day and night do thou rejoice, Daily make a rejoicing! Day and night a renewal of jollification! Let thy clothes be clean, Wash thy head and pour water over thee! Care for the little one who takes hold of thy hand! Let the wife rejoice in thy bosom!"
add a tag
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He cites the work of a professor who uses Twitter in language learning toencourage “students to talk about what’s going on in their lives in the moment, and share that with the other class”({5). While the language professor specifically comments that Twitter does not replace traditional languageinstruction in the classroom, she adds that it
I'm just wondering how privacy is ensured and how information is restricted only to members of the class, especially considering the the hash tag function. As I'm not much of an active twitter user, how does one ensure this?
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The reply and status are ready once the tag
根据.cc 源文件中的注释来理解:tag 是区分不同 request 的标识,当服务端返回请求的结果时,通过同样的 tag 值来区分结果是哪一个请求的。
所以,tag 应该用 UUID 来实现?
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catalyst-fp7.eu catalyst-fp7.eu
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Online data visualisation has become very popular in recent years. Improved technologies allow web libraries to display data visualisations that are farbeyond anything Excel can provide.
Commentaire
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- Mar 2018
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web.hypothes.is web.hypothes.is
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by URL All annotations on Ta-Nehisi Coates’ Letter to my Son Atom: https://hypothes.is/stream.atom?uri=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/tanehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me/397619/ RSS: https://hypothes.is/stream.rss?uri=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/tanehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me/397619/ by Tag All annotations tagged edu305 Atom: https://hypothes.is/stream.atom?tags=edu305 RSS: https://hypothes.is/stream.rss?tags=edu305 by User Paul Allison’s annotations Atom: https://hypothes.is/stream.atom?user=paulallison RSS: https://hypothes.is/stream.rss?user=paulallison
Excellent way to add users and tags to the Fediverse (the federation of free networks) -- through Friendica's RSS functionality.
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Working Draft 01
is it possible to tag the origina commit on Git with rm2.1-wd01 or something similar, please?
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www.drew.edu www.drew.eduCRUE.pdf1
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we could create a DREW 300 tag
Clearly no one understands how our systems of record work.
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newrepublic.com newrepublic.com
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They were the kind of images you might find under the “summery” Tumblr tag: poolside drinks, sunsets, sundresses, palm trees, tiny succulents
These images all make one think of festive summers and relaxing vacations. These words all work together to help create that sort of mood. Just one of these thing on its own wouldn't have created such a powerful image.
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www.ecohabitar.org www.ecohabitar.org
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Ficha técnica con más información aquí
Aquí vienen muchos datos físicos útiles
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Las plumas de aislamiento ofrece muchas ventajas. Las características de la pluma garantiza un mayor nivel de aislamiento y el aislamiento de otros para proporcionar un hábitat cómodo
Lo repitieron
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Los aislamientos térmicos a base de celulosa suponen una alternativa ecológica a las lanas minerales o las espumas químicas, teniendo como materia prima el papel reciclado, principalmente de periódicos, alcanzando el 75% de su composición, proporcionando altas prestaciones como aislamiento tanto térmico como acústico, de una forma más sostenible y respetuosa con el medio ambiente.
Bien, son AISLANTES no materiales principales, ya me quedó claro.
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careframework.org careframework.org
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Toward a Sustainable OER Ecosystem: The Case for OER Stewardship
I'm keeping a running list of other works that I've come across that respond to the CARE Framework in the Zotero Open Knowledge Practices library under the tag "careframework". Reply to this annotation to add more (or you can contact me with suggestions or to join the Zotero OKP group).
Note: in Zotero you can open Library Settings at the upper right to show other columns in the list, like date (of publication), and then sort by exposed columns.
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www.akamai.com www.akamai.com
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(Beta)
Remove beta tag
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on Its
test
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blogs.baruch.cuny.edu blogs.baruch.cuny.edu
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We help teachers teach better.
maybe this could be a bit bigger than the text below. Also maybe we should discuss this tag line in a staff meeting to co-develop something we are all on board with.
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msu.edu msu.edu
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12HealthThe concern of Americans with their health and fitness has grown into one of the nation's top priorities. But health-related values have shifted a great deal in recent years.A generation ago, people felt their health was the responsibility of the doctor rather than their own. Health was defined as the absence of disease, and disease was visualized as caused by germs, viruses, infections, and other invasive entities that physicians were trained to diagnose and banish. It was not unusual to hear people wax eloquent on the importance of good health while actively pursuing the couch potato way of life, demolishing fat-marbled steaks, and smoking several packs of cigarettes a day. As long as the definition of health as the absence of disease prevailed, people did not see how their behavior made much difference to their health one way or another.Today, Americans endow health with a much more positive meaning, and they have come to accept much greater personal responsibility for their health, while appreciating how their behavior (and the behavior of others) affects their health. Americans are increasingly conscious of the importance of prevention, of acting prudently with respect to the environment, and of taking a long-run perspective in recognition of the new possibility of living a long, vital life. People have expanded their definition of health to include their emotional well-being, the importance of loving relationships, of enjoying a sense of achievement, and of reducing the stress in their life.Today, the focus on fitness and a healthy, vibrant appearance is being reinforced in several ways: by its connotations of pleasure, because it is a morally justifiable way to be preoccupied with oneself, and because one does not need a lot of money to be physically fit.Leaders concerned with health policy are constrained by health related values that limit their flexibility. Health care is regarded as a maximum entitlement. An April 1987 Harris poll shows that a whopping 91 percent endorse the view that "everybody should have the right to the best possible health care -- as good as the treatment a millionaire gets." More than seven out of ten Americans believe that "health insurance should pay for any treatment that will save lives, even if it costs one million dollars to save a life." Fewer than one out of four political leaders (23 percent) agree with this statement.People have odd ideas about health insurance. If people are covered by insurance, they do not see health care as costing them money. The only costs people clearly associate with health care are the out-of-pocket costs they themselves incur. The old attitude, "When it comes to my health (or my spouse's or parents' or children's health), money is no object," remains as potent as ever.There is a huge gap between the experts and the public on the burning issue of how to control health care costs. To explain rising health care costs, experts emphasize the increasing number of older people in the population (the average person over 65 costs our health care system more than three times the amount spent on a person between the ages of 19 and 64) and the explosive costs of technological innovations in medicine. When average Americans are confronted with this reasoning, they find these ideas new and shocking. In their view, technology should reduce costs, not raise them, and most people have never considered the idea that a price tag is associated with the graying of America.xviii[36]People have their own well-formed convictions about why health care costs are rising: experts see technology and the aging of America, but the public sees greed, high doctors' fees, corruption, drug company profiteering, unnecessary testing, malpractice, overbilling, duplication, and waste. The common view is that too many people are skimming vast amounts of money from the reservoir of dollars flowing through the health care system. Everyone has a horror story to tell, and all the horror stories are vivid, concrete, personal, and persuasive to those who experience them. The experts see skyrocketing health care costs as essentially a new problem caused by factors the system has not dealt with before. The public sees the problem as a very old one, the age-old human failing of greed and failure to resist temptation.xix[37
part of critique
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localhost:7777 localhost:7777
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gisters, Vol.1-8-1device-not-available exception, Vol.3-6-27effect of MMX instructions on pending x87 floating-point exceptions, Vol.3-12-5effects of MMX instructions on x87 FPU state, Vol.3-12-3effects of MMX, x87 FPU, FXSAVE, and FXRSTOR instructions on x87 FPU tag word, Vol.3-12-3error signals, Vol.3-22-11execution environment, Vol.1-8-1floating-point data types, Vol.1-8-13floating-point format, Vol.1-
sdfgsdfg
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- Feb 2018
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The peace and order of the graves surrounding ancient churches was suddenly marred by images of slave children shaping and polishing the stone that marked those graves.
This made me so sad. We want to mark the passing of a loved one by giving them a final resting place with stone to show some representation of that loved one, but that pretty stone we think nothing of (except for often the expensive price tag), is contributing to the suffering and death of someone else we will never meet. Those buying these stones are grieving and the last thing on their mind would be to question the origins of this stone. It creates a perfect blind spot for this industry to continue to get away with atrocities.
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www.gutenberg.org www.gutenberg.org
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I put it in the coffin. It was in there when you was crying there, away in the night. I was behind the door, and I was mighty sorry for you, Miss Mary Jane.” It made my eyes water a little to remember her crying there all by herself in the night, and them devils laying there right under her own roof, shaming her and robbing her; and when I folded it up and give it to her I see the water come into her eyes, too; and she shook me by the hand, hard, and says: “Good-bye. I'm going to do everything just as you've told me; and if I don't ever see you again, I sha'n't ever forget you and I'll think of you a many and a many a time, and I'll pray for you, too!”—and she was gone. Pray for me! I reckoned if she knowed me she'd take a job that was more nearer her size. But I bet she done it, just the same—she was just that kind. She had the grit to pray for Judus if she took the notion—there warn't no back-down to her, I judge. You may say what you want to, but in my opinion she had more sand in her than any girl I ever see; in my opinion she was just full of sand. It sounds like flattery, but it ain't no flattery. And when it comes to beauty—and goodness, too—she lays over them all. I hain't ever seen her since that time that I see her go out of that door; no, I hain't ever seen her since, but I reckon I've thought of her a many and a many a million times, and of her saying she would pray for me; and if ever I'd a thought it would do any good for me to pray for her, blamed if I wouldn't a done it or bust. Well, Mary Jane she lit out the back way, I reckon; because nobody see her go. When I struck Susan and the hare-lip, I says: “What's the name of them people over on t'other side of the river that you all goes to see sometimes?” They says: “There's several; but it's the Proctors, mainly.” “That's the name,” I says; “I most forgot it. Well, Miss Mary Jane she told me to tell you she's gone over there in a dreadful hurry—one of them's sick.” “Which one?” “I don't know; leastways, I kinder forget; but I thinks it's—” “Sakes alive, I hope it ain't Hanner?” “I'm sorry to say it,” I says, “but Hanner's the very one.” “My goodness, and she so well only last week! Is she took bad?” “It ain't no name for it. They set up with her all night, Miss Mary Jane said, and they don't think she'll last many hours.” “Only think of that, now! What's the matter with her?” I couldn't think of anything reasonable, right off that way, so I says: “Mumps.” “Mumps your granny! They don't set up with people that's got the mumps.” “They don't, don't they? You better bet they do with these mumps. These mumps is different. It's a new kind, Miss Mary Jane said.” “How's it a new kind?” “Because it's mixed up with other things.” “What other things?” “Well, measles, and whooping-cough, and erysiplas, and consumption, and yaller janders, and brain-fever, and I don't know what all.” “My land! And they call it the mumps?” “That's what Miss Mary Jane said.” “Well, what in the nation do they call it the mumps for?” “Why, because it is the mumps. That's what it starts with.” “Well, ther' ain't no sense in it. A body might stump his toe, and take pison, and fall down the well, and break his neck, and bust his brains out, and somebody come along and ask what killed him, and some numskull up and say, 'Why, he stumped his toe.' Would ther' be any sense in that? No. And ther' ain't no sense in this, nuther. Is it ketching?” “Is it ketching? Why, how you talk. Is a harrow catching—in the dark? If you don't hitch on to one tooth, you're bound to on another, ain't you? And you can't get away with that tooth without fetching the whole harrow along, can you? Well, these kind of mumps is a kind of a harrow, as you may say—and it ain't no slouch of a harrow, nuther, you come to get it hitched on good.” “Well, it's awful, I think,” says the hare-lip. "I'll go to Uncle Harvey and—” “Oh, yes,” I says, “I would. Of course I would. I wouldn't lose no time.” “Well, why wouldn't you?” “Just look at it a minute, and maybe you can see. Hain't your uncles obleegd to get along home to England as fast as they can? And do you reckon they'd be mean enough to go off and leave you to go all that journey by yourselves? you know they'll wait for you. So fur, so good. Your uncle Harvey's a preacher, ain't he? Very well, then; is a preacher going to deceive a steamboat clerk? is he going to deceive a ship clerk?—so as to get them to let Miss Mary Jane go aboard? Now you know he ain't. What will he do, then? Why, he'll say, 'It's a great pity, but my church matters has got to get along the best way they can; for my niece has been exposed to the dreadful pluribus-unum mumps, and so it's my bounden duty to set down here and wait the three months it takes to show on her if she's got it.' But never mind, if you think it's best to tell your uncle Harvey—” “Shucks, and stay fooling around here when we could all be having good times in England whilst we was waiting to find out whether Mary Jane's got it or not? Why, you talk like a muggins.” “Well, anyway, maybe you'd better tell some of the neighbors.” “Listen at that, now. You do beat all for natural stupidness. Can't you see that they'd go and tell? Ther' ain't no way but just to not tell anybody at all.” “Well, maybe you're right—yes, I judge you are right.” “But I reckon we ought to tell Uncle Harvey she's gone out a while, anyway, so he won't be uneasy about her?” “Yes, Miss Mary Jane she wanted you to do that. She says, 'Tell them to give Uncle Harvey and William my love and a kiss, and say I've run over the river to see Mr.'—Mr.—what is the name of that rich family your uncle Peter used to think so much of?—I mean the one that—” “Why, you must mean the Apthorps, ain't it?” “Of course; bother them kind of names, a body can't ever seem to remember them, half the time, somehow. Yes, she said, say she has run over for to ask the Apthorps to be sure and come to the auction and buy this house, because she allowed her uncle Peter would ruther they had it than anybody else; and she's going to stick to them till they say they'll come, and then, if she ain't too tired, she's coming home; and if she is, she'll be home in the morning anyway. She said, don't say nothing about the Proctors, but only about the Apthorps—which 'll be perfectly true, because she is going there to speak about their buying the house; I know it, because she told me so herself.” “All right,” they said, and cleared out to lay for their uncles, and give them the love and the kisses, and tell them the message. Everything was all right now. The girls wouldn't say nothing because they wanted to go to England; and the king and the duke would ruther Mary Jane was off working for the auction than around in reach of Doctor Robinson. I felt very good; I judged I had done it pretty neat—I reckoned Tom Sawyer couldn't a done it no neater himself. Of course he would a throwed more style into it, but I can't do that very handy, not being brung up to it. Well, they held the auction in the public square, along towards the end of the afternoon, and it strung along, and strung along, and the old man he was on hand and looking his level pisonest, up there longside of the auctioneer, and chipping in a little Scripture now and then, or a little goody-goody saying of some kind, and the duke he was around goo-gooing for sympathy all he knowed how, and just spreading himself generly. But by and by the thing dragged through, and everything was sold—everything but a little old trifling lot in the graveyard. So they'd got to work that off—I never see such a girafft as the king was for wanting to swallow everything. Well, whilst they was at it a steamboat landed, and in about two minutes up comes a crowd a-whooping and yelling and laughing and carrying on, and singing out: “Here's your opposition line! here's your two sets o' heirs to old Peter Wilks—and you pays your money and you takes your choice!” CHAPTER XXIX. THEY was fetching a very nice-looking old gentleman along, and a nice-looking younger one, with his right arm in a sling. And, my souls, how the people yelled and laughed, and kept it up. But I didn't see no joke about it, and I judged it would strain the duke and the king some to see any. I reckoned they'd turn pale. But no, nary a pale did they turn. The duke he never let on he suspicioned what was up, but just went a goo-gooing around, happy and satisfied, like a jug that's googling out buttermilk; and as for the king, he just gazed and gazed down sorrowful on them new-comers like it give him the stomach-ache in his very heart to think there could be such frauds and rascals in the world. Oh, he done it admirable. Lots of the principal people gethered around the king, to let him see they was on his side. That old gentleman that had just come looked all puzzled to death. Pretty soon he begun to speak, and I see straight off he pronounced like an Englishman—not the king's way, though the king's was pretty good for an imitation. I can't give the old gent's words, nor I can't imitate him; but he turned around to the crowd, and says, about like this: “This is a surprise to me which I wasn't looking for; and I'll acknowledge, candid and frank, I ain't very well fixed to meet it and answer it; for my brother and me has had misfortunes; he's broke his arm, and our baggage got put off at a town above here last night in the night by a mistake. I am Peter Wilks' brother Harvey, and this is his brother William, which can't hear nor speak—and can't even make signs to amount to much, now't he's only got one hand to work them with. We are who we say we are; and in a day or two, when I get the baggage, I can prove it. But up till then I won't say nothing more, but go to the hotel and wait.” So him and the new dummy started off; and the king he laughs, and blethers out: “Broke his arm—very likely, ain't it?—and very convenient, too, for a fraud that's got to make signs, and ain't learnt how. Lost their baggage! That's mighty good!—and mighty ingenious—under the circumstances!” So he laughed again; and so did everybody else, except three or four, or maybe half a dozen. One of these was that doctor; another one was a sharp-looking gentleman, with a carpet-bag of the old-fashioned kind made out of carpet-stuff, that had just come off of the steamboat and was talking to him in a low voice, and glancing towards the king now and then and nodding their heads—it was Levi Bell, the lawyer that was gone up to Louisville; and another one was a big rough husky that come along and listened to all the old gentleman said, and was listening to the king now. And when the king got done this husky up and says: “Say, looky here; if you are Harvey Wilks, when'd you come to this town?” “The day before the funeral, friend,” says the king. “But what time o' day?” “In the evenin'—'bout an hour er two before sundown.” “How'd you come?” “I come down on the Susan Powell from Cincinnati.” “Well, then, how'd you come to be up at the Pint in the mornin'—in a canoe?” “I warn't up at the Pint in the mornin'.” “It's a lie.” Several of them jumped for him and begged him not to talk that way to an old man and a preacher. “Preacher be hanged, he's a fraud and a liar. He was up at the Pint that mornin'. I live up there, don't I? Well, I was up there, and he was up there. I see him there. He come in a canoe, along with Tim Collins and a boy.” The doctor he up and says: “Would you know the boy again if you was to see him, Hines?” “I reckon I would, but I don't know. Why, yonder he is, now. I know him perfectly easy.” It was me he pointed at. The doctor says: “Neighbors, I don't know whether the new couple is frauds or not; but if these two ain't frauds, I am an idiot, that's all. I think it's our duty to see that they don't get away from here till we've looked into this thing. Come along, Hines; come along, the rest of you. We'll take these fellows to the tavern and affront them with t'other couple, and I reckon we'll find out something before we get through.” It was nuts for the crowd, though maybe not for the king's friends; so we all started. It was about sundown. The doctor he led me along by the hand, and was plenty kind enough, but he never let go my hand. We all got in a big room in the hotel, and lit up some candles, and fetched in the new couple. First, the doctor says: “I don't wish to be too hard on these two men, but I think they're frauds, and they may have complices that we don't know nothing about. If they have, won't the complices get away with that bag of gold Peter Wilks left? It ain't unlikely. If these men ain't frauds, they won't object to sending for that money and letting us keep it till they prove they're all right—ain't that so?” Everybody agreed to that. So I judged they had our gang in a pretty tight place right at the outstart. But the king he only looked sorrowful, and says: “Gentlemen, I wish the money was there, for I ain't got no disposition to throw anything in the way of a fair, open, out-and-out investigation o' this misable business; but, alas, the money ain't there; you k'n send and see, if you want to.” “Where is it, then?” “Well, when my niece give it to me to keep for her I took and hid it inside o' the straw tick o' my bed, not wishin' to bank it for the few days we'd be here, and considerin' the bed a safe place, we not bein' used to niggers, and suppos'n' 'em honest, like servants in England. The niggers stole it the very next mornin' after I had went down stairs; and when I sold 'em I hadn't missed the money yit, so they got clean away with it. My servant here k'n tell you 'bout it, gentlemen.” The doctor and several said “Shucks!” and I see nobody didn't altogether believe him. One man asked me if I see the niggers steal it. I said no, but I see them sneaking out of the room and hustling away, and I never thought nothing, only I reckoned they was afraid they had waked up my master and was trying to get away before he made trouble with them. That was all they asked me. Then the doctor whirls on me and says: “Are you English, too?” I says yes; and him and some others laughed, and said, “Stuff!” Well, then they sailed in on the general investigation, and there we had it, up and down, hour in, hour out, and nobody never said a word about supper, nor ever seemed to think about it—and so they kept it up, and kept it up; and it was the worst mixed-up thing you ever see. They made the king tell his yarn, and they made the old gentleman tell his'n; and anybody but a lot of prejudiced chuckleheads would a seen that the old gentleman was spinning truth and t'other one lies. And by and by they had me up to tell what I knowed. The king he give me a left-handed look out of the corner of his eye, and so I knowed enough to talk on the right side. I begun to tell about Sheffield, and how we lived there, and all about the English Wilkses, and so on; but I didn't get pretty fur till the doctor begun to laugh; and Levi Bell, the lawyer, says: “Set down, my boy; I wouldn't strain myself if I was you. I reckon you ain't used to lying, it don't seem to come handy; what you want is practice. You do it pretty awkward.” I didn't care nothing for the compliment, but I was glad to be let off, anyway. The doctor he started to say something, and turns and says: “If you'd been in town at first, Levi Bell—” The king broke in and reached out his hand, and says: “Why, is this my poor dead brother's old friend that he's wrote so often about?” The lawyer and him shook hands, and the lawyer smiled and looked pleased, and they talked right along awhile, and then got to one side and talked low; and at last the lawyer speaks up and says: “That 'll fix it. I'll take the order and send it, along with your brother's, and then they'll know it's all right.” So they got some paper and a pen, and the king he set down and twisted his head to one side, and chawed his tongue, and scrawled off something; and then they give the pen to the duke—and then for the first time the duke looked sick. But he took the pen and wrote. So then the lawyer turns to the new old gentleman and says: “You and your brother please write a line or two and sign your names.” The old gentleman wrote, but nobody couldn't read it. The lawyer looked powerful astonished, and says: “Well, it beats me”—and snaked a lot of old letters out of his pocket, and examined them, and then examined the old man's writing, and then them again; and then says: "These old letters is from Harvey Wilks; and here's these two handwritings, and anybody can see they didn't write them” (the king and the duke looked sold and foolish, I tell you, to see how the lawyer had took them in), “and here's this old gentleman's hand writing, and anybody can tell, easy enough, he didn't write them—fact is, the scratches he makes ain't properly writing at all. Now, here's some letters from—” The new old gentleman says: “If you please, let me explain. Nobody can read my hand but my brother there—so he copies for me. It's his hand you've got there, not mine.” “Well!” says the lawyer, “this is a state of things. I've got some of William's letters, too; so if you'll get him to write a line or so we can com—” “He can't write with his left hand,” says the old gentleman. "If he could use his right hand, you would see that he wrote his own letters and mine too. Look at both, please—they're by the same hand.” The lawyer done it, and says: “I believe it's so—and if it ain't so, there's a heap stronger resemblance than I'd noticed before, anyway. Well, well, well! I thought we was right on the track of a solution, but it's gone to grass, partly. But anyway, one thing is proved—these two ain't either of 'em Wilkses”—and he wagged his head towards the king and the duke. Well, what do you think? That muleheaded old fool wouldn't give in then! Indeed he wouldn't. Said it warn't no fair test. Said his brother William was the cussedest joker in the world, and hadn't tried to write—he see William was going to play one of his jokes the minute he put the pen to paper. And so he warmed up and went warbling and warbling right along till he was actuly beginning to believe what he was saying himself; but pretty soon the new gentleman broke in, and says: “I've thought of something. Is there anybody here that helped to lay out my br—helped to lay out the late Peter Wilks for burying?” “Yes,” says somebody, “me and Ab Turner done it. We're both here.” Then the old man turns towards the king, and says: “Perhaps this gentleman can tell me what was tattooed on his breast?” Blamed if the king didn't have to brace up mighty quick, or he'd a squshed down like a bluff bank that the river has cut under, it took him so sudden; and, mind you, it was a thing that was calculated to make most anybody sqush to get fetched such a solid one as that without any notice, because how was he going to know what was tattooed on the man? He whitened a little; he couldn't help it; and it was mighty still in there, and everybody bending a little forwards and gazing at him. Says I to myself, now he'll throw up the sponge—there ain't no more use. Well, did he? A body can't hardly believe it, but he didn't. I reckon he thought he'd keep the thing up till he tired them people out, so they'd thin out, and him and the duke could break loose and get away. Anyway, he set there, and pretty soon he begun to smile, and says: “Mf! It's a very tough question, ain't it! yes, sir, I k'n tell you what's tattooed on his breast. It's jest a small, thin, blue arrow—that's what it is; and if you don't look clost, you can't see it. now what do you say—hey?” Well, I never see anything like that old blister for clean out-and-out cheek. The new old gentleman turns brisk towards Ab Turner and his pard, and his eye lights up like he judged he'd got the king this time, and says: “There—you've heard what he said! Was there any such mark on Peter Wilks' breast?” Both of them spoke up and says: “We didn't see no such mark.” “Good!” says the old gentleman. "Now, what you did see on his breast was a small dim P, and a B (which is an initial he dropped when he was young), and a W, with dashes between them, so: P—B—W”—and he marked them that way on a piece of paper. "Come, ain't that what you saw?” Both of them spoke up again, and says: “No, we didn't. We never seen any marks at all.” Well, everybody was in a state of mind now, and they sings out: “The whole bilin' of 'm 's frauds! Le's duck 'em! le's drown 'em! le's ride 'em on a rail!” and everybody was whooping at once, and there was a rattling powwow. But the lawyer he jumps on the table and yells, and says: “Gentlemen—gentlemen! Hear me just a word—just a single word—if you please! There's one way yet—let's go and dig up the corpse and look.” That took them. “Hooray!” they all shouted, and was starting right off; but the lawyer and the doctor sung out: “Hold on, hold on! Collar all these four men and the boy, and fetch them along, too!” “We'll do it!” they all shouted; “and if we don't find them marks we'll lynch the whole gang!” I was scared, now, I tell you. But there warn't no getting away, you know. They gripped us all, and marched us right along, straight for the graveyard, which was a mile and a half down the river, and the whole town at our heels, for we made noise enough, and it was only nine in the evening. As we went by our house I wished I hadn't sent Mary Jane out of town; because now if I could tip her the wink she'd light out and save me, and blow on our dead-beats. Well, we swarmed along down the river road, just carrying on like wildcats; and to make it more scary the sky was darking up, and the lightning beginning to wink and flitter, and the wind to shiver amongst the leaves. This was the most awful trouble and most dangersome I ever was in; and I was kinder stunned; everything was going so different from what I had allowed for; stead of being fixed so I could take my own time if I wanted to, and see all the fun, and have Mary Jane at my back to save me and set me free when the close-fit come, here was nothing in the world betwixt me and sudden death but just them tattoo-marks. If they didn't find them— I couldn't bear to think about it; and yet, somehow, I couldn't think about nothing else. It got darker and darker, and it was a beautiful time to give the crowd the slip; but that big husky had me by the wrist—Hines—and a body might as well try to give Goliar the slip. He dragged me right along, he was so excited, and I had to run to keep up. When they got there they swarmed into the graveyard and washed over it like an overflow. And when they got to the grave they found they had about a hundred times as many shovels as they wanted, but nobody hadn't thought to fetch a lantern. But they sailed into digging anyway by the flicker of the lightning, and sent a man to the nearest house, a half a mile off, to borrow one. So they dug and dug like everything; and it got awful dark, and the rain started, and the wind swished and swushed along, and the lightning come brisker and brisker, and the thunder boomed; but them people never took no notice of it, they was so full of this business; and one minute you could see everything and every face in that big crowd, and the shovelfuls of dirt sailing up out of the grave, and the next second the dark wiped it all out, and you couldn't see nothing at all. At last they got out the coffin and begun to unscrew the lid, and then such another crowding and shouldering and shoving as there was, to scrouge in and get a sight, you never see; and in the dark, that way, it was awful. Hines he hurt my wrist dreadful pulling and tugging so, and I reckon he clean forgot I was in the world, he was so excited and panting. All of a sudden the lightning let go a perfect sluice of white glare, and somebody sings out: “By the living jingo, here's the bag of gold on his breast!” Hines let out a whoop, like everybody else, and dropped my wrist and give a big surge to bust his way in and get a look, and the way I lit out and shinned for the road in the dark there ain't nobody can tell. I had the road all to myself, and I fairly flew—leastways, I had it all to myself except the solid dark, and the now-and-then glares, and the buzzing of the rain, and the thrashing of the wind, and the splitting of the thunder; and sure as you are born I did clip it along! When I struck the town I see there warn't nobody out in the storm, so I never hunted for no back streets, but humped it straight through the main one; and when I begun to get towards our house I aimed my eye and set it. No light there; the house all dark—which made me feel sorry and disappointed, I didn't know why. But at last, just as I was sailing by, flash comes the light in Mary Jane's window! and my heart swelled up sudden, like to bust; and the same second the house and all was behind me in the dark, and wasn't ever going to be before me no more in this world. She was the best girl I ever see, and had the most sand. The minute I was far enough above the town to see I could make the towhead, I begun to look sharp for a boat to borrow, and the first time the lightning showed me one that wasn't chained I snatched it and shoved. It was a canoe, and warn't fastened with nothing but a rope. The towhead was a rattling big distance off, away out there in the middle of the river, but I didn't lose no time; and when I struck the raft at last I was so fagged I would a just laid down to blow and gasp if I could afforded it. But I didn't. As I sprung aboard I sung out: “Out with you, Jim, and set her loose! Glory be to goodness, we're shut of them!” Jim lit out, and was a-coming for me with both arms spread, he was so full of joy; but when I glimpsed him in the lightning my heart shot up in my mouth and I went overboard backwards; for I forgot he was old King Lear and a drownded A-rab all in one, and it most scared the livers and lights out of me. But Jim fished me out, and was going to hug me and bless me, and so on, he was so glad I was back and we was shut of the king and the duke, but I says: “Not now; have it for breakfast, have it for breakfast! Cut loose and let her slide!” So in two seconds away we went a-sliding down the river, and it did seem so good to be free again and all by ourselves on the big river, and nobody to bother us. I had to skip around a bit, and jump up and crack my heels a few times—I couldn't help it; but about the third crack I noticed a sound that I knowed mighty well, and held my breath and listened and waited; and sure enough, when the next flash busted out over the water, here they come!—and just a-laying to their oars and making their skiff hum! It was the king and the duke. So I wilted right down on to the planks then, and give up; and it was all I could do to keep from crying. CHAPTER XXX. WHEN they got aboard the king went for me, and shook me by the collar, and says: “Tryin' to give us the slip, was ye, you pup! Tired of our company, hey?” I says: “No, your majesty, we warn't—please don't, your majesty!” “Quick, then, and tell us what was your idea, or I'll shake the insides out o' you!” “Honest, I'll tell you everything just as it happened, your majesty. The man that had a-holt of me was very good to me, and kept saying he had a boy about as big as me that died last year, and he was sorry to see a boy in such a dangerous fix; and when they was all took by surprise by finding the gold, and made a rush for the coffin, he lets go of me and whispers, 'Heel it now, or they'll hang ye, sure!' and I lit out. It didn't seem no good for me to stay—I couldn't do nothing, and I didn't want to be hung if I could get away. So I never stopped running till I found the canoe; and when I got here I told Jim to hurry, or they'd catch me and hang me yet, and said I was afeard you and the duke wasn't alive now, and I was awful sorry, and so was Jim, and was awful glad when we see you coming; you may ask Jim if I didn't.” Jim said it was so; and the king told him to shut up, and said, “Oh, yes, it's mighty likely!” and shook me up again, and said he reckoned he'd drownd me. But the duke says: “Leggo the boy, you old idiot! Would you a done any different? Did you inquire around for him when you got loose? I don't remember it.” So the king let go of me, and begun to cuss that town and everybody in it. But the duke says: “You better a blame' sight give yourself a good cussing, for you're the one that's entitled to it most. You hain't done a thing from the start that had any sense in it, except coming out so cool and cheeky with that imaginary blue-arrow mark. That was bright—it was right down bully; and it was the thing that saved us. For if it hadn't been for that they'd a jailed us till them Englishmen's baggage come—and then—the penitentiary, you bet! But that trick took 'em to the graveyard, and the gold done us a still bigger kindness; for if the excited fools hadn't let go all holts and made that rush to get a look we'd a slept in our cravats to-night—cravats warranted to wear, too—longer than we'd need 'em.” They was still a minute—thinking; then the king says, kind of absent-minded like: “Mf! And we reckoned the niggers stole it!” That made me squirm! “Yes,” says the duke, kinder slow and deliberate and sarcastic, “we did.” After about a half a minute the king drawls out: “Leastways, I did.” The duke says, the same way: “On the contrary, I did.” The king kind of ruffles up, and says: “Looky here, Bilgewater, what'r you referrin' to?” The duke says, pretty brisk: “When it comes to that, maybe you'll let me ask, what was you referring to?” “Shucks!” says the king, very sarcastic; “but I don't know—maybe you was asleep, and didn't know what you was about.” The duke bristles up now, and says: “Oh, let up on this cussed nonsense; do you take me for a blame' fool? Don't you reckon I know who hid that money in that coffin?” “Yes, sir! I know you do know, because you done it yourself!” “It's a lie!”—and the duke went for him. The king sings out: “Take y'r hands off!—leggo my throat!—I take it all back!” The duke says: “Well, you just own up, first, that you did hide that money there, intending to give me the slip one of these days, and come back and dig it up, and have it all to yourself.” “Wait jest a minute, duke—answer me this one question, honest and fair; if you didn't put the money there, say it, and I'll b'lieve you, and take back everything I said.” “You old scoundrel, I didn't, and you know I didn't. There, now!” “Well, then, I b'lieve you. But answer me only jest this one more—now don't git mad; didn't you have it in your mind to hook the money and hide it?” The duke never said nothing for a little bit; then he says: “Well, I don't care if I did, I didn't do it, anyway. But you not only had it in mind to do it, but you done it.” “I wisht I never die if I done it, duke, and that's honest. I won't say I warn't goin' to do it, because I was; but you—I mean somebody—got in ahead o' me.” “It's a lie! You done it, and you got to say you done it, or—” The king began to gurgle, and then he gasps out: “'Nough!—I own up!” I was very glad to hear him say that; it made me feel much more easier than what I was feeling before. So the duke took his hands off and says: “If you ever deny it again I'll drown you. It's well for you to set there and blubber like a baby—it's fitten for you, after the way you've acted. I never see such an old ostrich for wanting to gobble everything—and I a-trusting you all the time, like you was my own father. You ought to been ashamed of yourself to stand by and hear it saddled on to a lot of poor niggers, and you never say a word for 'em. It makes me feel ridiculous to think I was soft enough to believe that rubbage. Cuss you, I can see now why you was so anxious to make up the deffisit—you wanted to get what money I'd got out of the Nonesuch and one thing or another, and scoop it all!” The king says, timid, and still a-snuffling: “Why, duke, it was you that said make up the deffisit; it warn't me.” “Dry up! I don't want to hear no more out of you!” says the duke. "And now you see what you GOT by it. They've got all their own money back, and all of ourn but a shekel or two besides. G'long to bed, and don't you deffersit me no more deffersits, long 's you live!” So the king sneaked into the wigwam and took to his bottle for comfort, and before long the duke tackled HIS bottle; and so in about a half an hour they was as thick as thieves again, and the tighter they got the lovinger they got, and went off a-snoring in each other's arms. They both got powerful mellow, but I noticed the king didn't get mellow enough to forget to remember to not deny about hiding the money-bag again. That made me feel easy and satisfied. Of course when they got to snoring we had a long gabble, and I told Jim everything. CHAPTER XXXI. WE dasn't stop again at any town for days and days; kept right along down the river. We was down south in the warm weather now, and a mighty long ways from home. We begun to come to trees with Spanish moss on them, hanging down from the limbs like long, gray beards. It was the first I ever see it growing, and it made the woods look solemn and dismal. So now the frauds reckoned they was out of danger, and they begun to work the villages again. First they done a lecture on temperance; but they didn't make enough for them both to get drunk on. Then in another village they started a dancing-school; but they didn't know no more how to dance than a kangaroo does; so the first prance they made the general public jumped in and pranced them out of town. Another time they tried to go at yellocution; but they didn't yellocute long till the audience got up and give them a solid good cussing, and made them skip out. They tackled missionarying, and mesmerizing, and doctoring, and telling fortunes, and a little of everything; but they couldn't seem to have no luck. So at last they got just about dead broke, and laid around the raft as she floated along, thinking and thinking, and never saying nothing, by the half a day at a time, and dreadful blue and desperate. And at last they took a change and begun to lay their heads together in the wigwam and talk low and confidential two or three hours at a time. Jim and me got uneasy. We didn't like the look of it. We judged they was studying up some kind of worse deviltry than ever. We turned it over and over, and at last we made up our minds they was going to break into somebody's house or store, or was going into the counterfeit-money business, or something. So then we was pretty scared, and made up an agreement that we wouldn't have nothing in the world to do with such actions, and if we ever got the least show we would give them the cold shake and clear out and leave them behind. Well, early one morning we hid the raft in a good, safe place about two mile below a little bit of a shabby village named Pikesville, and the king he went ashore and told us all to stay hid whilst he went up to town and smelt around to see if anybody had got any wind of the Royal Nonesuch there yet. (“House to rob, you mean,” says I to myself; “and when you get through robbing it you'll come back here and wonder what has become of me and Jim and the raft—and you'll have to take it out in wondering.”) And he said if he warn't back by midday the duke and me would know it was all right, and we was to come along. So we stayed where we was. The duke he fretted and sweated around, and was in a mighty sour way. He scolded us for everything, and we couldn't seem to do nothing right; he found fault with every little thing. Something was a-brewing, sure. I was good and glad when midday come and no king; we could have a change, anyway—and maybe a chance for the change on top of it. So me and the duke went up to the village, and hunted around there for the king, and by and by we found him in the back room of a little low doggery, very tight, and a lot of loafers bullyragging him for sport, and he a-cussing and a-threatening with all his might, and so tight he couldn't walk, and couldn't do nothing to them. The duke he begun to abuse him for an old fool, and the king begun to sass back, and the minute they was fairly at it I lit out and shook the reefs out of my hind legs, and spun down the river road like a deer, for I see our chance; and I made up my mind that it would be a long day before they ever see me and Jim again. I got down there all out of breath but loaded up with joy, and sung out: “Set her loose, Jim! we're all right now!” But there warn't no answer, and nobody come out of the wigwam. Jim was gone! I set up a shout—and then another—and then another one; and run this way and that in the woods, whooping and screeching; but it warn't no use—old Jim was gone. Then I set down and cried; I couldn't help it. But I couldn't set still long. Pretty soon I went out on the road, trying to think what I better do, and I run across a boy walking, and asked him if he'd seen a strange nigger dressed so and so, and he says: “Yes.” “Whereabouts?” says I. “Down to Silas Phelps' place, two mile below here. He's a runaway nigger, and they've got him. Was you looking for him?” “You bet I ain't! I run across him in the woods about an hour or two ago, and he said if I hollered he'd cut my livers out—and told me to lay down and stay where I was; and I done it. Been there ever since; afeard to come out.” “Well,” he says, “you needn't be afeard no more, becuz they've got him. He run off f'm down South, som'ers.” “It's a good job they got him.” “Well, I reckon! There's two hunderd dollars reward on him. It's like picking up money out'n the road.” “Yes, it is—and I could a had it if I'd been big enough; I see him first. Who nailed him?” “It was an old fellow—a stranger—and he sold out his chance in him for forty dollars, becuz he's got to go up the river and can't wait. Think o' that, now! You bet I'd wait, if it was seven year.” “That's me, every time,” says I. "But maybe his chance ain't worth no more than that, if he'll sell it so cheap. Maybe there's something ain't straight about it.” “But it is, though—straight as a string. I see the handbill myself. It tells all about him, to a dot—paints him like a picture, and tells the plantation he's frum, below Newrleans. No-sirree-bob, they ain't no trouble 'bout that speculation, you bet you. Say, gimme a chaw tobacker, won't ye?” I didn't have none, so he left. I went to the raft, and set down in the wigwam to think. But I couldn't come to nothing. I thought till I wore my head sore, but I couldn't see no way out of the trouble. After all this long journey, and after all we'd done for them scoundrels, here it was all come to nothing, everything all busted up and ruined, because they could have the heart to serve Jim such a trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars. Once I said to myself it would be a thousand times better for Jim to be a slave at home where his family was, as long as he'd got to be a slave, and so I'd better write a letter to Tom Sawyer and tell him to tell Miss Watson where he was. But I soon give up that notion for two things: she'd be mad and disgusted at his rascality and ungratefulness for leaving her, and so she'd sell him straight down the river again; and if she didn't, everybody naturally despises an ungrateful nigger, and they'd make Jim feel it all the time, and so he'd feel ornery and disgraced. And then think of me! It would get all around that Huck Finn helped a nigger to get his freedom; and if I was ever to see anybody from that town again I'd be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame. That's just the way: a person does a low-down thing, and then he don't want to take no consequences of it. Thinks as long as he can hide it, it ain't no disgrace. That was my fix exactly. The more I studied about this the more my conscience went to grinding me, and the more wicked and low-down and ornery I got to feeling. And at last, when it hit me all of a sudden that here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness was being watched all the time from up there in heaven, whilst I was stealing a poor old woman's nigger that hadn't ever done me no harm, and now was showing me there's One that's always on the lookout, and ain't a-going to allow no such miserable doings to go only just so fur and no further, I most dropped in my tracks I was so scared. Well, I tried the best I could to kinder soften it up somehow for myself by saying I was brung up wicked, and so I warn't so much to blame; but something inside of me kept saying, “There was the Sunday-school, you could a gone to it; and if you'd a done it they'd a learnt you there that people that acts as I'd been acting about that nigger goes to everlasting fire.” It made me shiver. And I about made up my mind to pray, and see if I couldn't try to quit being the kind of a boy I was and be better. So I kneeled down. But the words wouldn't come. Why wouldn't they? It warn't no use to try and hide it from Him. Nor from me, neither. I knowed very well why they wouldn't come. It was because my heart warn't right; it was because I warn't square; it was because I was playing double. I was letting on to give up sin, but away inside of me I was holding on to the biggest one of all. I was trying to make my mouth say I would do the right thing and the clean thing, and go and write to that nigger's owner and tell where he was; but deep down in me I knowed it was a lie, and He knowed it. You can't pray a lie—I found that out. So I was full of trouble, full as I could be; and didn't know what to do. At last I had an idea; and I says, I'll go and write the letter—and then see if I can pray. Why, it was astonishing, the way I felt as light as a feather right straight off, and my troubles all gone. So I got a piece of paper and a pencil, all glad and excited, and set down and wrote: Miss Watson, your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville, and Mr. Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send. Huck Finn. I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didn't do it straight off, but laid the paper down and set there thinking—thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell. And went on thinking. And got to thinking over our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me all the time: in the day and in the night-time, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storms, and we a-floating along, talking and singing and laughing. But somehow I couldn't seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind. I'd see him standing my watch on top of his'n, 'stead of calling me, so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog; and when I come to him again in the swamp, up there where the feud was; and such-like times; and would always call me honey, and pet me and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he always was; and at last I struck the time I saved him by telling the men we had small-pox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one he's got now; and then I happened to look around and see that paper. It was a close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because I'd got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: “All right, then, I'll go to hell”—and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. I shoved the whole thing out of my head, and said I would take up wickedness again, which was in my line, being brung up to it, and the other warn't. And for a starter I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again; and if I could think up anything worse, I would do that, too; because as long as I was in, and in for good, I might as well go the whole hog. Then I set to thinking over how to get at it, and turned over some considerable many ways in my mind; and at last fixed up a plan that suited me. So then I took the bearings of a woody island that was down the river a piece, and as soon as it was fairly dark I crept out with my raft and went for it, and hid it there, and then turned in. I slept the night through, and got up before it was light, and had my breakfast, and put on my store clothes, and tied up some others and one thing or another in a bundle, and took the canoe and cleared for shore. I landed below where I judged was Phelps's place, and hid my bundle in the woods, and then filled up the canoe with water, and loaded rocks into her and sunk her where I could find her again when I wanted her, about a quarter of a mile below a little steam sawmill that was on the bank. Then I struck up the road, and when I passed the mill I see a sign on it, “Phelps's Sawmill,” and when I come to the farm-houses, two or three hundred yards further along, I kept my eyes peeled, but didn't see nobody around, though it was good daylight now. But I didn't mind, because I didn't want to see nobody just yet—I only wanted to get the lay of the land. According to my plan, I was going to turn up there from the village, not from below. So I just took a look, and shoved along, straight for town. Well, the very first man I see when I got there was the duke. He was sticking up a bill for the Royal Nonesuch—three-night performance—like that other time. They had the cheek, them frauds! I was right on him before I could shirk. He looked astonished, and says: “Hel-lo! Where'd you come from?” Then he says, kind of glad and eager, “Where's the raft?—got her in a good place?” I says: “Why, that's just what I was going to ask your grace.” Then he didn't look so joyful, and says: “What was your idea for asking me?” he says. “Well,” I says, “when I see the king in that doggery yesterday I says to myself, we can't get him home for hours, till he's soberer; so I went a-loafing around town to put in the time and wait. A man up and offered me ten cents to help him pull a skiff over the river and back to fetch a sheep, and so I went along; but when we was dragging him to the boat, and the man left me a-holt of the rope and went behind him to shove him along, he was too strong for me and jerked loose and run, and we after him. We didn't have no dog, and so we had to chase him all over the country till we tired him out. We never got him till dark; then we fetched him over, and I started down for the raft. When I got there and see it was gone, I says to myself, 'They've got into trouble and had to leave; and they've took my nigger, which is the only nigger I've got in the world, and now I'm in a strange country, and ain't got no property no more, nor nothing, and no way to make my living;' so I set down and cried. I slept in the woods all night. But what did become of the raft, then?—and Jim—poor Jim!” “Blamed if I know—that is, what's become of the raft. That old fool had made a trade and got forty dollars, and when we found him in the doggery the loafers had matched half-dollars with him and got every cent but what he'd spent for whisky; and when I got him home late last night and found the raft gone, we said, 'That little rascal has stole our raft and shook us, and run off down the river.'” “I wouldn't shake my nigger, would I?—the only nigger I had in the world, and the only property.” “We never thought of that. Fact is, I reckon we'd come to consider him our nigger; yes, we did consider him so—goodness knows we had trouble enough for him. So when we see the raft was gone and we flat broke, there warn't anything for it but to try the Royal Nonesuch another shake. And I've pegged along ever since, dry as a powder-horn. Where's that ten cents? Give it here.” I had considerable money, so I give him ten cents, but begged him to spend it for something to eat, and give me some, because it was all the money I had, and I hadn't had nothing to eat since yesterday. He never said nothing. The next minute he whirls on me and says: “Do you reckon that nigger would blow on us? We'd skin him if he done that!” “How can he blow? Hain't he run off?” “No! That old fool sold him, and never divided with me, and the money's gone.” “Sold him?” I says, and begun to cry; “why, he was my nigger, and that was my money. Where is he?—I want my nigger.” “Well, you can't get your nigger, that's all—so dry up your blubbering. Looky here—do you think you'd venture to blow on us? Blamed if I think I'd trust you. Why, if you was to blow on us—” He stopped, but I never see the duke look so ugly out of his eyes before. I went on a-whimpering, and says: “I don't want to blow on nobody; and I ain't got no time to blow, nohow. I got to turn out and find my nigger.” He looked kinder bothered, and stood there with his bills fluttering on his arm, thinking, and wrinkling up his forehead. At last he says: “I'll tell you something. We got to be here three days. If you'll promise you won't blow, and won't let the nigger blow, I'll tell you where to find him.” So I promised, and he says: “A farmer by the name of Silas Ph—” and then he stopped. You see, he started to tell me the truth; but when he stopped that way, and begun to study and think again, I reckoned he was changing his mind. And so he was. He wouldn't trust me; he wanted to make sure of having me out of the way the whole three days. So pretty soon he says: “The man that bought him is named Abram Foster—Abram G. Foster—and he lives forty mile back here in the country, on the road to Lafayette.” “All right,” I says, “I can walk it in three days. And I'll start this very afternoon.” “No you wont, you'll start now; and don't you lose any time about it, neither, nor do any gabbling by the way. Just keep a tight tongue in your head and move right along, and then you won't get into trouble with us, d'ye hear?” That was the order I wanted, and that was the one I played for. I wanted to be left free to work my plans. “So clear out,” he says; “and you can tell Mr. Foster whatever you want to. Maybe you can get him to believe that Jim is your nigger—some idiots don't require documents—leastways I've heard there's such down South here. And when you tell him the handbill and the reward's bogus, maybe he'll believe you when you explain to him what the idea was for getting 'em out. Go 'long now, and tell him anything you want to; but mind you don't work your jaw any between here and there.” So I left, and struck for the back country. I didn't look around, but I kinder felt like he was watching me. But I knowed I could tire him out at that. I went straight out in the country as much as a mile before I stopped; then I doubled back through the woods towards Phelps'. I reckoned I better start in on my plan straight off without fooling around, because I wanted to stop Jim's mouth till these fellows could get away. I didn't want no trouble with their kind. I'd seen all I wanted to of them, and wanted to get entirely shut of them. CHAPTER XXXII. WHEN I got there it was all still and Sunday-like, and hot and sunshiny; the hands was gone to the fields; and there was them kind of faint dronings of bugs and flies in the air that makes it seem so lonesome and like everybody's dead and gone; and if a breeze fans along and quivers the leaves it makes you feel mournful, because you feel like it's spirits whispering—spirits that's been dead ever so many years—and you always think they're talking about you. As a general thing it makes a body wish he was dead, too, and done with it all. Phelps' was one of these little one-horse cotton plantations, and they all look alike. A rail fence round a two-acre yard; a stile made out of logs sawed off and up-ended in steps, like barrels of a different length, to climb over the fence with, and for the women to stand on when they are going to jump on to a horse; some sickly grass-patches in the big yard, but mostly it was bare and smooth, like an old hat with the nap rubbed off; big double log-house for the white folks—hewed logs, with the chinks stopped up with mud or mortar, and these mud-stripes been whitewashed some time or another; round-log kitchen, with a big broad, open but roofed passage joining it to the house; log smoke-house back of the kitchen; three little log nigger-cabins in a row t'other side the smoke-house; one little hut all by itself away down against the back fence, and some outbuildings down a piece the other side; ash-hopper and big kettle to bile soap in by the little hut; bench by the kitchen door, with bucket of water and a gourd; hound asleep there in the sun; more hounds asleep round about; about three shade trees away off in a corner; some currant bushes and gooseberry bushes in one place by the fence; outside of the fence a garden and a watermelon patch; then the cotton fields begins, and after the fields the woods. I went around and clumb over the back stile by the ash-hopper, and started for the kitchen. When I got a little ways I heard the dim hum of a spinning-wheel wailing along up and sinking along down again; and then I knowed for certain I wished I was dead—for that is the lonesomest sound in the whole world. I went right along, not fixing up any particular plan, but just trusting to Providence to put the right words in my mouth when the time come; for I'd noticed that Providence always did put the right words in my mouth if I left it alone. When I got half-way, first one hound and then another got up and went for me, and of course I stopped and faced them, and kept still. And such another powwow as they made! In a quarter of a minute I was a kind of a hub of a wheel, as you may say—spokes made out of dogs—circle of fifteen of them packed together around me, with their necks and noses stretched up towards me, a-barking and howling; and more a-coming; you could see them sailing over fences and around corners from everywheres. A nigger woman come tearing out of the kitchen with a rolling-pin in her hand, singing out, “Begone you Tige! you Spot! begone sah!” and she fetched first one and then another of them a clip and sent them howling, and then the rest followed; and the next second half of them come back, wagging their tails around me, and making friends with me. There ain't no harm in a hound, nohow. And behind the woman comes a little nigger girl and two little nigger boys without anything on but tow-linen shirts, and they hung on to their mother's gown, and peeped out from behind her at me, bashful, the way they always do. And here comes the white woman running from the house, about forty-five or fifty year old, bareheaded, and her spinning-stick in her hand; and behind her comes her little white children, acting the same way the little niggers was doing. She was smiling all over so she could hardly stand—and says: “It's you, at last!—ain't it?” I out with a “Yes'm” before I thought. She grabbed me and hugged me tight; and then gripped me by both hands and shook and shook; and the tears come in her eyes, and run down over; and she couldn't seem to hug and shake enough, and kept saying, “You don't look as much like your mother as I reckoned you would; but law sakes, I don't care for that, I'm so glad to see you! Dear, dear, it does seem like I could eat you up! Children, it's your cousin Tom!—tell him howdy.” But they ducked their heads, and put their fingers in their mouths, and hid behind her. So she run on: “Lize, hurry up and get him a hot breakfast right away—or did you get your breakfast on the boat?” I said I had got it on the boat. So then she started for the house, leading me by the hand, and the children tagging after. When we got there she set me down in a split-bottomed chair, and set herself down on a little low stool in front of me, holding both of my hands, and says: “Now I can have a good look at you; and, laws-a-me, I've been hungry for it a many and a many a time, all these long years, and it's come at last! We been expecting you a couple of days and more. What kep' you?—boat get aground?” “Yes'm—she—” “Don't say yes'm—say Aunt Sally. Where'd she get aground?” I didn't rightly know what to say, because I didn't know whether the boat would be coming up the river or down. But I go a good deal on instinct; and my instinct said she would be coming up—from down towards Orleans. That didn't help me much, though; for I didn't know the names of bars down that way. I see I'd got to invent a bar, or forget the name of the one we got aground on—or—Now I struck an idea, and fetched it out: “It warn't the grounding—that didn't keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinder-head.” “Good gracious! anybody hurt?” “No'm. Killed a nigger.” “Well, it's lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt. Two years ago last Christmas your uncle Silas was coming up from Newrleans on the old Lally Rook, and she blowed out a cylinder-head and crippled a man. And I think he died afterwards. He was a Baptist. Your uncle Silas knowed a family in Baton Rouge that knowed his people very well. Yes, I remember now, he did die. Mortification set in, and they had to amputate him. But it didn't save him. Yes, it was mortification—that was it. He turned blue all over, and died in the hope of a glorious resurrection. They say he was a sight to look at. Your uncle's been up to the town every day to fetch you. And he's gone again, not more'n an hour ago; he'll be back any minute now. You must a met him on the road, didn't you?—oldish man, with a—” “No, I didn't see nobody, Aunt Sally. The boat landed just at daylight, and I left my baggage on the wharf-boat and went looking around the town and out a piece in the country, to put in the time and not get here too soon; and so I come down the back way.” “Who'd you give the baggage to?” “Nobody.” “Why, child, it 'll be stole!” “Not where I hid it I reckon it won't,” I says. “How'd you get your breakfast so early on the boat?” It was kinder thin ice, but I says: “The captain see me standing around, and told me I better have something to eat before I went ashore; so he took me in the texas to the officers' lunch, and give me all I wanted.” I was getting so uneasy I couldn't listen good. I had my mind on the children all the time; I wanted to get them out to one side and pump them a little, and find out who I was. But I couldn't get no show, Mrs. Phelps kept it up and run on so. Pretty soon she made the cold chills streak all down my back, because she says: “But here we're a-running on this way, and you hain't told me a word about Sis, nor any of them. Now I'll rest my works a little, and you start up yourn; just tell me everything—tell me all about 'm all every one of 'm; and how they are, and what they're doing, and what they told you to tell me; and every last thing you can think of.” Well, I see I was up a stump—and up it good. Providence had stood by me this fur all right, but I was hard and tight aground now. I see it warn't a bit of use to try to go ahead—I'd got to throw up my hand. So I says to myself, here's another place where I got to resk the truth. I opened my mouth to begin; but she grabbed me and hustled me in behind the bed, and says: “Here he comes! Stick your head down lower—there, that'll do; you can't be seen now. Don't you let on you're here. I'll play a joke on him. Children, don't you say a word.” I see I was in a fix now. But it warn't no use to worry; there warn't nothing to do but just hold still, and try and be ready to stand from under when the lightning struck. I had just one little glimpse of the old gentleman when he come in; then the bed hid him. Mrs. Phelps she jumps for him, and says: “Has he come?” “No,” says her husband. “Good-ness gracious!” she says, “what in the warld can have become of him?” “I can't imagine,” says the old gentleman; “and I must say it makes me dreadful uneasy.” “Uneasy!” she says; “I'm ready to go distracted! He must a come; and you've missed him along the road. I know it's so—something tells me so.” “Why, Sally, I couldn't miss him along the road—you know that.” “But oh, dear, dear, what will Sis say! He must a come! You must a missed him. He—” “Oh, don't distress me any more'n I'm already distressed. I don't know what in the world to make of it. I'm at my wit's end, and I don't mind acknowledging 't I'm right down scared. But there's no hope that he's come; for he couldn't come and me miss him. Sally, it's terrible—just terrible—something's happened to the boat, sure!” “Why, Silas! Look yonder!—up the road!—ain't that somebody coming?” He sprung to the window at the head of the bed, and that give Mrs. Phelps the chance she wanted. She stooped down quick at the foot of the bed and give me a pull, and out I come; and when he turned back from the window there she stood, a-beaming and a-smiling like a house afire, and I standing pretty meek and sweaty alongside. The old gentleman stared, and says: “Why, who's that?” “Who do you reckon 't is?” “I hain't no idea. Who is it?” “It's Tom Sawyer!” By jings, I most slumped through the floor! But there warn't no time to swap knives; the old man grabbed me by the hand and shook, and kept on shaking; and all the time how the woman did dance around and laugh and cry; and then how they both did fire off questions about Sid, and Mary, and the rest of the tribe. But if they was joyful, it warn't nothing to what I was; for it was like being born again, I was so glad to find out who I was. Well, they froze to me for two hours; and at last, when my chin was so tired it couldn't hardly go any more, I had told them more about my family—I mean the Sawyer family—than ever happened to any six Sawyer families. And I explained all about how we blowed out a cylinder-head at the mouth of White River, and it took us three days to fix it. Which was all right, and worked first-rate; because they didn't know but what it would take three days to fix it. If I'd a called it a bolthead it would a done just as well. Now I was feeling pretty comfortable all down one side, and pretty uncomfortable all up the other. Being Tom Sawyer was easy and comfortable, and it stayed easy and comfortable till by and by I hear a steamboat coughing along down the river. Then I says to myself, s'pose Tom Sawyer comes down on that boat? And s'pose he steps in here any minute, and sings out my name before I can throw him a wink to keep quiet? Well, I couldn't have it that way; it wouldn't do at all. I must go up the road and waylay him. So I told the folks I reckoned I would go up to the town and fetch down my baggage. The old gentleman was for going along with me, but I said no, I could drive the horse myself, and I druther he wouldn't take no trouble about me. CHAPTER XXXIII. SO I started for town in the wagon, and when I was half-way I see a wagon coming, and sure enough it was Tom Sawyer, and I stopped and waited till he come along. I says “Hold on!” and it stopped alongside, and his mouth opened up like a trunk, and stayed so; and he swallowed two or three times like a person that's got a dry throat, and then says: “I hain't ever done you no harm. You know that. So, then, what you want to come back and ha'nt me for?” I says: “I hain't come back—I hain't been gone.” When he heard my voice it righted him up some, but he warn't quite satisfied yet. He says: “Don't you play nothing on me, because I wouldn't on you. Honest injun now, you ain't a ghost?” “Honest injun, I ain't,” I says. “Well—I—I—well, that ought to settle it, of course; but I can't somehow seem to understand it no way. Looky here, warn't you ever murdered at all?” “No. I warn't ever murdered at all—I played it on them. You come in here and feel of me if you don't believe me.” So he done it; and it satisfied him; and he was that glad to see me again he didn't know what to do. And he wanted to know all about it right off, because it was a grand adventure, and mysterious, and so it hit him where he lived. But I said, leave it alone till by and by; and told his driver to wait, and we drove off a little piece, and I told him the kind of a fix I was in, and what did he reckon we better do? He said, let him alone a minute, and don't disturb him. So he thought and thought, and pretty soon he says: “It's all right; I've got it. Take my trunk in your wagon, and let on it's your'n; and you turn back and fool along slow, so as to get to the house about the time you ought to; and I'll go towards town a piece, and take a fresh start, and get there a quarter or a half an hour after you; and you needn't let on to know me at first.” I says: “All right; but wait a minute. There's one more thing—a thing that nobody don't know but me. And that is, there's a nigger here that I'm a-trying to steal out of slavery, and his name is Jim—old Miss Watson's Jim.” He says: “What! Why, Jim is—” He stopped and went to studying. I says: “I know what you'll say. You'll say it's dirty, low-down business; but what if it is? I'm low down; and I'm a-going to steal him, and I want you keep mum and not let on. Will you?” His eye lit up, and he says: “I'll help you steal him!” Well, I let go all holts then, like I was shot. It was the most astonishing speech I ever heard—and I'm bound to say Tom Sawyer fell considerable in my estimation. Only I couldn't believe it. Tom Sawyer a nigger-stealer! “Oh, shucks!” I says; “you're joking.” “I ain't joking, either.” “Well, then,” I says, “joking or no joking, if you hear anything said about a runaway nigger, don't forget to remember that you don't know nothing about him, and I don't know nothing about him.” Then we took the trunk and put it in my wagon, and he drove off his way and I drove mine. But of course I forgot all about driving slow on accounts of being glad and full of thinking; so I got home a heap too quick for that length of a trip. The old gentleman was at the door, and he says: “Why, this is wonderful! Whoever would a thought it was in that mare to do it? I wish we'd a timed her. And she hain't sweated a hair—not a hair. It's wonderful. Why, I wouldn't take a hundred dollars for that horse now—I wouldn't, honest; and yet I'd a sold her for fifteen before, and thought 'twas all she was worth.” That's all he said. He was the innocentest, best old soul I ever see. But it warn't surprising; because he warn't only just a farmer, he was a preacher, too, and had a little one-horse log church down back of the plantation, which he built it himself at his own expense, for a church and schoolhouse, and never charged nothing for his preaching, and it was worth it, too. There was plenty other farmer-preachers like that, and done the same way, down South. In about half an hour Tom's wagon drove up to the front stile, and Aunt Sally she see it through the window, because it was only about fifty yards, and says: “Why, there's somebody come! I wonder who 'tis? Why, I do believe it's a stranger. Jimmy” (that's one of the children) “run and tell Lize to put on another plate for dinner.” Everybody made a rush for the front door, because, of course, a stranger don't come every year, and so he lays over the yaller-fever, for interest, when he does come. Tom was over the stile and starting for the house; the wagon was spinning up the road for the village, and we was all bunched in the front door. Tom had his store clothes on, and an audience—and that was always nuts for Tom Sawyer. In them circumstances it warn't no trouble to him to throw in an amount of style that was suitable. He warn't a boy to meeky along up that yard like a sheep; no, he come ca'm and important, like the ram. When he got a-front of us he lifts his hat ever so gracious and dainty, like it was the lid of a box that had butterflies asleep in it and he didn't want to disturb them, and says: “Mr. Archibald Nichols, I presume?” “No, my boy,” says the old gentleman, “I'm sorry to say 't your driver has deceived you; Nichols's place is down a matter of three mile more. Come in, come in.” Tom he took a look back over his shoulder, and says, “Too late—he's out of sight.” “Yes, he's gone, my son, and you must come in and eat your dinner with us; and then we'll hitch up and take you down to Nichols's.” “Oh, I can't make you so much trouble; I couldn't think of it. I'll walk—I don't mind the distance.” “But we won't let you walk—it wouldn't be Southern hospitality to do it. Come right in.” “Oh, do,” says Aunt Sally; “it ain't a bit of trouble to us, not a bit in the world. You must stay. It's a long, dusty three mile, and we can't let you walk. And, besides, I've already told 'em to put on another plate when I see you coming; so you mustn't disappoint us. Come right in and make yourself at home.” So Tom he thanked them very hearty and handsome, and let himself be persuaded, and come in; and when he was in he said he was a stranger from Hicksville, Ohio, and his name was William Thompson—and he made another bow. Well, he run on, and on, and on, making up stuff about Hicksville and everybody in it he could invent, and I getting a little nervious, and wondering how this was going to help me out of my scrape; and at last, still talking along, he reached over and kissed Aunt Sally right on the mouth, and then settled back again in his chair comfortable, and was going on talking; but she jumped up and wiped it off with the back of her hand, and says: “You owdacious puppy!” He looked kind of hurt, and says: “I'm surprised at you, m'am.” “You're s'rp—Why, what do you reckon I am? I've a good notion to take and—Say, what do you mean by kissing me?” He looked kind of humble, and says: “I didn't mean nothing, m'am. I didn't mean no harm. I—I—thought you'd like it.” “Why, you born fool!” She took up the spinning stick, and it looked like it was all she could do to keep from giving him a crack with it. "What made you think I'd like it?” “Well, I don't know. Only, they—they—told me you would.” “They told you I would. Whoever told you's another lunatic. I never heard the beat of it. Who's they?” “Why, everybody. They all said so, m'am.” It was all she could do to hold in; and her eyes snapped, and her fingers worked like she wanted to scratch him; and she says: “Who's 'everybody'? Out with their names, or ther'll be an idiot short.” He got up and looked distressed, and fumbled his hat, and says: “I'm sorry, and I warn't expecting it. They told me to. They all told me to. They all said, kiss her; and said she'd like it. They all said it—every one of them. But I'm sorry, m'am, and I won't do it no more—I won't, honest.” “You won't, won't you? Well, I sh'd reckon you won't!” “No'm, I'm honest about it; I won't ever do it again—till you ask me.” “Till I ask you! Well, I never see the beat of it in my born days! I lay you'll be the Methusalem-numskull of creation before ever I ask you—or the likes of you.” “Well,” he says, “it does surprise me so. I can't make it out, somehow. They said you would, and I thought you would. But—” He stopped and looked around slow, like he wished he could run across a friendly eye somewheres, and fetched up on the old gentleman's, and says, “Didn't you think she'd like me to kiss her, sir?” “Why, no; I—I—well, no, I b'lieve I didn't.” Then he looks on around the same way to me, and says: “Tom, didn't you think Aunt Sally 'd open out her arms and say, 'Sid Sawyer—'” “My land!” she says, breaking in and jumping for him, “you impudent young rascal, to fool a body so—” and was going to hug him, but he fended her off, and says: “No, not till you've asked me first.” So she didn't lose no time, but asked him; and hugged him and kissed him over and over again, and then turned him over to the old man, and he took what was left. And after they got a little quiet again she says: “Why, dear me, I never see such a surprise. We warn't looking for you at all, but only Tom. Sis never wrote to me about anybody coming but him.” “It's because it warn't intended for any of us to come but Tom,” he says; “but I begged and begged, and at the last minute she let me come, too; so, coming down the river, me and Tom thought it would be a first-rate surprise for him to come here to the house first, and for me to by and by tag along and drop in, and let on to be a stranger. But it was a mistake, Aunt Sally. This ain't no healthy place for a stranger to come.” “No—not impudent whelps, Sid. You ought to had your jaws boxed; I hain't been so put out since I don't know when. But I don't care, I don't mind the terms—I'd be willing to stand a thousand such jokes to have you here. Well, to think of that performance! I don't deny it, I was most putrified with astonishment when you give me that smack.” We had dinner out in that broad open passage betwixt the house and the kitchen; and there was things enough on that table for seven families—and all hot, too; none of your flabby, tough meat that's laid in a cupboard in a damp cellar all night and tastes like a hunk of old cold cannibal in the morning. Uncle Silas he asked a pretty long blessing over it, but it was worth it; and it didn't cool it a bit, neither, the way I've seen them kind of interruptions do lots of times. There was a considerable good deal of talk all the afternoon, and me and Tom was on the lookout all the time; but it warn't no use, they didn't happen to say nothing about any runaway nigger, and we was afraid to try to work up to it. But at supper, at night, one of the little boys says: “Pa, mayn't Tom and Sid and me go to the show?” “No,” says the old man, “I reckon there ain't going to be any; and you couldn't go if there was; because the runaway nigger told Burton and me all about that scandalous show, and Burton said he would tell the people; so I reckon they've drove the owdacious loafers out of town before this time.” So there it was!—but I couldn't help it. Tom and me was to sleep in the same room and bed; so, being tired, we bid good-night and went up to bed right after supper, and clumb out of the window and down the lightning-rod, and shoved for the town; for I didn't believe anybody was going to give the king and the duke a hint, and so if I didn't hurry up and give them one they'd get into trouble sure. On the road Tom he told me all about how it was reckoned I was murdered, and how pap disappeared pretty soon, and didn't come back no more, and what a stir there was when Jim run away; and I told Tom all about our Royal Nonesuch rapscallions, and as much of the raft voyage as I had time to; and as we struck into the town and up through the the middle of it--it was as much as half-after eight, then—here comes a raging rush of people with torches, and an awful whooping and yelling, and banging tin pans and blowing horns; and we jumped to one side to let them go by; and as they went by I see they had the king and the duke astraddle of a rail—that is, I knowed it was the king and the duke, though they was all over tar and feathers, and didn't look like nothing in the world that was human—just looked like a couple of monstrous big soldier-plumes. Well, it made me sick to see it; and I was sorry for them poor pitiful rascals, it seemed like I couldn't ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world. It was a dreadful thing to see. Human beings can be awful cruel to one another. We see we was too late—couldn't do no good. We asked some stragglers about it, and they said everybody went to the show looking very innocent; and laid low and kept dark till the poor old king was in the middle of his cavortings on the stage; then somebody give a signal, and the house rose up and went for them. So we poked along back home, and I warn't feeling so brash as I was before, but kind of ornery, and humble, and to blame, somehow—though I hadn't done nothing. But that's always the way; it don't make no difference whether you do right or wrong, a person's conscience ain't got no sense, and just goes for him anyway. If I had a yaller dog that didn't know no more than a person's conscience does I would pison him. It takes up more room than all the rest of a person's insides, and yet ain't no good, nohow. Tom Sawyer he says the same. CHAPTER XXXIV. WE stopped talking, and got to thinking. By and by Tom says: “Looky here, Huck, what fools we are to not think of it before! I bet I know where Jim is.” “No! Where?” “In that hut down by the ash-hopper. Why, looky here. When we was at dinner, didn't you see a nigger man go in there with some vittles?” “Yes.” “What did you think the vittles was for?” “For a dog.” “So 'd I. Well, it wasn't for a dog.” “Why?” “Because part of it was watermelon.” “So it was—I noticed it. Well, it does beat all that I never thought about a dog not eating watermelon. It shows how a body can see and don't see at the same time.” “Well, the nigger unlocked the padlock when he went in, and he locked it again when he came out. He fetched uncle a key about the time we got up from table—same key, I bet. Watermelon shows man, lock shows prisoner; and it ain't likely there's two prisoners on such a little plantation, and where the people's all so kind and good. Jim's the prisoner. All right—I'm glad we found it out detective fashion; I wouldn't give shucks for any other way. Now you work your mind, and study out a plan to steal Jim, and I will study out one, too; and we'll take the one we like the best.” What a head for just a boy to have! If I had Tom Sawyer's head I wouldn't trade it off to be a duke, nor mate of a steamboat, nor clown in a circus, nor nothing I can think of. I went to thinking out a plan, but only just to be doing something; I knowed very well where the right plan was going to come from. Pretty soon Tom says: “Ready?” “Yes,” I says. “All right—bring it out.” “My plan is this,” I says. "We can easy find out if it's Jim in there. Then get up my canoe to-morrow night, and fetch my raft over from the island. Then the first dark night that comes steal the key out of the old man's britches after he goes to bed, and shove off down the river on the raft with Jim, hiding daytimes and running nights, the way me and Jim used to do before. Wouldn't that plan work?” “Work? Why, cert'nly it would work, like rats a-fighting. But it's too blame' simple; there ain't nothing to it. What's the good of a plan that ain't no more trouble than that? It's as mild as goose-milk. Why, Huck, it wouldn't make no more talk than breaking into a soap factory.” I never said nothing, because I warn't expecting nothing different; but I knowed mighty well that whenever he got his plan ready it wouldn't have none of them objections to it. And it didn't. He told me what it was, and I see in a minute it was worth fifteen of mine for style, and would make Jim just as free a man as mine would, and maybe get us all killed besides. So I was satisfied, and said we would waltz in on it. I needn't tell what it was here, because I knowed it wouldn't stay the way, it was. I knowed he would be changing it around every which way as we went along, and heaving in new bullinesses wherever he got a chance. And that is what he done. Well, one thing was dead sure, and that was that Tom Sawyer was in earnest, and was actuly going to help steal that nigger out of slavery. That was the thing that was too many for me. Here was a boy that was respectable and well brung up; and had a character to lose; and folks at home that had characters; and he was bright and not leather-headed; and knowing and not ignorant; and not mean, but kind; and yet here he was, without any more pride, or rightness, or feeling, than to stoop to this business, and make himself a shame, and his family a shame, before everybody. I couldn't understand it no way at all. It was outrageous, and I knowed I ought to just up and tell him so; and so be his true friend, and let him quit the thing right where he was and save himself. And I did start to tell him; but he shut me up, and says: “Don't you reckon I know what I'm about? Don't I generly know what I'm about?” “Yes.” “Didn't I say I was going to help steal the nigger?” “Yes.” “Well, then.” That's all he said, and that's all I said. It warn't no use to say any more; because when he said he'd do a thing, he always done it. But I couldn't make out how he was willing to go into this thing; so I just let it go, and never bothered no more about it. If he was bound to have it so, I couldn't help it. When we got home the house was all dark and still; so we went on down to the hut by the ash-hopper for to examine it. We went through the yard so as to see what the hounds would do. They knowed us, and didn't make no more noise than country dogs is always doing when anything comes by in the night. When we got to the cabin we took a look at the front and the two sides; and on the side I warn't acquainted with—which was the north side—we found a square window-hole, up tolerable high, with just one stout board nailed across it. I says: “Here's the ticket. This hole's big enough for Jim to get through if we wrench off the board.” Tom says: “It's as simple as tit-tat-toe, three-in-a-row, and as easy as playing hooky. I should hope we can find a way that's a little more complicated than that, Huck Finn.” “Well, then,” I says, “how 'll it do to saw him out, the way I done before I was murdered that time?” “That's more like,” he says. "It's real mysterious, and troublesome, and good,” he says; “but I bet we can find a way that's twice as long. There ain't no hurry; le's keep on looking around.” Betwixt the hut and the fence, on the back side, was a lean-to that joined the hut at the eaves, and was made out of plank. It was as long as the hut, but narrow—only about six foot wide. The door to it was at the south end, and was padlocked. Tom he went to the soap-kettle and searched around, and fetched back the iron thing they lift the lid with; so he took it and prized out one of the staples. The chain fell down, and we opened the door and went in, and shut it, and struck a match, and see the shed was only built against a cabin and hadn't no connection with it; and there warn't no floor to the shed, nor nothing in it but some old rusty played-out hoes and spades and picks and a crippled plow. The match went out, and so did we, and shoved in the staple again, and the door was locked as good as ever. Tom was joyful. He says; “Now we're all right. We'll dig him out. It 'll take about a week!” Then we started for the house, and I went in the back door—you only have to pull a buckskin latch-string, they don't fasten the doors—but that warn't romantical enough for Tom Sawyer; no way would do him but he must climb up the lightning-rod. But after he got up half way about three times, and missed fire and fell every time, and the last time most busted his brains out, he thought he'd got to give it up; but after he was rested he allowed he would give her one more turn for luck, and this time he made the trip. In the morning we was up at break of day, and down to the nigger cabins to pet the dogs and make friends with the nigger that fed Jim—if it was Jim that was being fed. The niggers was just getting through breakfast and starting for the fields; and Jim's nigger was piling up a tin pan with bread and meat and things; and whilst the others was leaving, the key come from the house. This nigger had a good-natured, chuckle-headed face, and his wool was all tied up in little bunches with thread. That was to keep witches off. He said the witches was pestering him awful these nights, and making him see all kinds of strange things, and hear all kinds of strange words and noises, and he didn't believe he was ever witched so long before in his life. He got so worked up, and got to running on so about his troubles, he forgot all about what he'd been a-going to do. So Tom says: “What's the vittles for? Going to feed the dogs?” The nigger kind of smiled around gradually over his face, like when you heave a brickbat in a mud-puddle, and he says: “Yes, Mars Sid, A dog. Cur'us dog, too. Does you want to go en look at 'im?” “Yes.” I hunched Tom, and whispers: “You going, right here in the daybreak? that warn't the plan.” “No, it warn't; but it's the plan now.” So, drat him, we went along, but I didn't like it much. When we got in we couldn't hardly see anything, it was so dark; but Jim was there, sure enough, and could see us; and he sings out: “Why, Huck! En good lan'! ain' dat Misto Tom?” I just knowed how it would be; I just expected it. I didn't know nothing to do; and if I had I couldn't a done it, because that nigger busted in and says: “Why, de gracious sakes! do he know you genlmen?” We could see pretty well now. Tom he looked at the nigger, steady and kind of wondering, and says: “Does who know us?” “Why, dis-yer runaway nigger.” “I don't reckon he does; but what put that into your head?” “What put it dar? Didn' he jis' dis minute sing out like he knowed you?” Tom says, in a puzzled-up kind of way: “Well, that's mighty curious. Who sung out? when did he sing out? what did he sing out?” And turns to me, perfectly ca'm, and says, “Did you hear anybody sing out?” Of course there warn't nothing to be said but the one thing; so I says: “No; I ain't heard nobody say nothing.” Then he turns to Jim, and looks him over like he never see him before, and says: “Did you sing out?” “No, sah,” says Jim; “I hain't said nothing, sah.” “Not a word?” “No, sah, I hain't said a word.” “Did you ever see us before?” “No, sah; not as I knows on.” So Tom turns to the nigger, which was looking wild and distressed, and says, kind of severe: “What do you reckon's the matter with you, anyway? What made you think somebody sung out?” “Oh, it's de dad-blame' witches, sah, en I wisht I was dead, I do. Dey's awluz at it, sah, en dey do mos' kill me, dey sk'yers me so. Please to don't tell nobody 'bout it sah, er ole Mars Silas he'll scole me; 'kase he say dey ain't no witches. I jis' wish to goodness he was heah now—den what would he say! I jis' bet he couldn' fine no way to git aroun' it dis time. But it's awluz jis' so; people dat's sot, stays sot; dey won't look into noth'n'en fine it out f'r deyselves, en when you fine it out en tell um 'bout it, dey doan' b'lieve you.” Tom give him a dime, and said we wouldn't tell nobody; and told him to buy some more thread to tie up his wool with; and then looks at Jim, and says: “I wonder if Uncle Silas is going to hang this nigger. If I was to catch a nigger that was ungrateful enough to run away, I wouldn't give him up, I'd hang him.” And whilst the nigger stepped to the door to look at the dime and bite it to see if it was good, he whispers to Jim and says: “Don't ever let on to know us. And if you hear any digging going on nights, it's us; we're going to set you free.” Jim only had time to grab us by the hand and squeeze it; then the nigger come back, and we said we'd come again some time if the nigger wanted us to; and he said he would, more particular if it was dark, because the witches went for him mostly in the dark, and it was good to have folks around then. CHAPTER XXXV. IT would be most an hour yet till breakfast, so we left and struck down into the woods; because Tom said we got to have some light to see how to dig by, and a lantern makes too much, and might get us into trouble; what we must have was a lot of them rotten chunks that's called fox-fire, and just makes a soft kind of a glow when you lay them in a dark place. We fetched an armful and hid it in the weeds, and set down to rest, and Tom says, kind of dissatisfied: “Blame it, this whole thing is just as easy and awkward as it can be. And so it makes it so rotten difficult to get up a difficult plan. There ain't no watchman to be drugged—now there ought to be a watchman. There ain't even a dog to give a sleeping-mixture to. And there's Jim chained by one leg, with a ten-foot chain, to the leg of his bed: why, all you got to do is to lift up the bedstead and slip off the chain. And Uncle Silas he trusts everybody; sends the key to the punkin-headed nigger, and don't send nobody to watch the nigger. Jim could a got out of that window-hole before this, only there wouldn't be no use trying to travel with a ten-foot chain on his leg. Why, drat it, Huck, it's the stupidest arrangement I ever see. You got to invent all the difficulties. Well, we can't help it; we got to do the best we can with the materials we've got. Anyhow, there's one thing—there's more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers, where there warn't one of them furnished to you by the people who it was their duty to furnish them, and you had to contrive them all out of your own head. Now look at just that one thing of the lantern. When you come down to the cold facts, we simply got to let on that a lantern's resky. Why, we could work with a torchlight procession if we wanted to, I believe. Now, whilst I think of it, we got to hunt up something to make a saw out of the first chance we get.” “What do we want of a saw?” “What do we want of it? Hain't we got to saw the leg of Jim's bed off, so as to get the chain loose?” “Why, you just said a body could lift up the bedstead and slip the chain off.” “Well, if that ain't just like you, Huck Finn. You can get up the infant-schooliest ways of going at a thing. Why, hain't you ever read any books at all?—Baron Trenck, nor Casanova, nor Benvenuto Chelleeny, nor Henri IV., nor none of them heroes? Who ever heard of getting a prisoner loose in such an old-maidy way as that? No; the way all the best authorities does is to saw the bed-leg in two, and leave it just so, and swallow the sawdust, so it can't be found, and put some dirt and grease around the sawed place so the very keenest seneskal can't see no sign of it's being sawed, and thinks the bed-leg is perfectly sound. Then, the night you're ready, fetch the leg a kick, down she goes; slip off your chain, and there you are. Nothing to do but hitch your rope ladder to the battlements, shin down it, break your leg in the moat—because a rope ladder is nineteen foot too short, you know—and there's your horses and your trusty vassles, and they scoop you up and fling you across a saddle, and away you go to your native Langudoc, or Navarre, or wherever it is. It's gaudy, Huck. I wish there was a moat to this cabin. If we get time, the night of the escape, we'll dig one.” I says: “What do we want of a moat when we're going to snake him out from under the cabin?” But he never heard me. He had forgot me and everything else. He had his chin in his hand, thinking. Pretty soon he sighs and shakes his head; then sighs again, and says: “No, it wouldn't do—there ain't necessity enough for it.” “For what?” I says. “Why, to saw Jim's leg off,” he says. “Good land!” I says; “why, there ain't no necessity for it. And what would you want to saw his leg off for, anyway?” “Well, some of the best authorities has done it. They couldn't get the chain off, so they just cut their hand off and shoved. And a leg would be better still. But we got to let that go. There ain't necessity enough in this case; and, besides, Jim's a nigger, and wouldn't understand the reasons for it, and how it's the custom in Europe; so we'll let it go. But there's one thing—he can have a rope ladder; we can tear up our sheets and make him a rope ladder easy enough. And we can send it to him in a pie; it's mostly done that way. And I've et worse pies.” “Why, Tom Sawyer, how you talk,” I says; “Jim ain't got no use for a rope ladder.” “He has got use for it. How you talk, you better say; you don't know nothing about it. He's got to have a rope ladder; they all do.” “What in the nation can he do with it?” “Do with it? He can hide it in his bed, can't he?” That's what they all do; and he's got to, too. Huck, you don't ever seem to want to do anything that's regular; you want to be starting something fresh all the time. S'pose he don't do nothing with it? ain't it there in his bed, for a clew, after he's gone? and don't you reckon they'll want clews? Of course they will. And you wouldn't leave them any? That would be a pretty howdy-do, wouldn't it! I never heard of such a thing.” “Well,” I says, “if it's in the regulations, and he's got to have it, all right, let him have it; because I don't wish to go back on no regulations; but there's one thing, Tom Sawyer—if we go to tearing up our sheets to make Jim a rope ladder, we're going to get into trouble with Aunt Sally, just as sure as you're born. Now, the way I look at it, a hickry-bark ladder don't cost nothing, and don't waste nothing, and is just as good to load up a pie with, and hide in a straw tick, as any rag ladder you can start; and as for Jim, he ain't had no experience, and so he don't care what kind of a—” “Oh, shucks, Huck Finn, if I was as ignorant as you I'd keep still—that's what I'D do. Who ever heard of a state prisoner escaping by a hickry-bark ladder? Why, it's perfectly ridiculous.” “Well, all right, Tom, fix it your own way; but if you'll take my advice, you'll let me borrow a sheet off of the clothesline.” He said that would do. And that gave him another idea, and he says: “Borrow a shirt, too.” “What do we want of a shirt, Tom?” “Want it for Jim to keep a journal on.” “Journal your granny—Jim can't write.” “S'pose he can't write—he can make marks on the shirt, can't he, if we make him a pen out of an old pewter spoon or a piece of an old iron barrel-hoop?” “Why, Tom, we can pull a feather out of a goose and make him a better one; and quicker, too.” “Prisoners don't have geese running around the donjon-keep to pull pens out of, you muggins. They always make their pens out of the hardest, toughest, troublesomest piece of old brass candlestick or something like that they can get their hands on; and it takes them weeks and weeks and months and months to file it out, too, because they've got to do it by rubbing it on the wall. They wouldn't use a goose-quill if they had it. It ain't regular.” “Well, then, what'll we make him the ink out of?” “Many makes it out of iron-rust and tears; but that's the common sort and women; the best authorities uses their own blood. Jim can do that; and when he wants to send any little common ordinary mysterious message to let the world know where he's captivated, he can write it on the bottom of a tin plate with a fork and throw it out of the window. The Iron Mask always done that, and it's a blame' good way, too.” “Jim ain't got no tin plates. They feed him in a pan.” “That ain't nothing; we can get him some.” “Can't nobody read his plates.” “That ain't got anything to do with it, Huck Finn. All he's got to do is to write on the plate and throw it out. You don't have to be able to read it. Why, half the time you can't read anything a prisoner writes on a tin plate, or anywhere else.” “Well, then, what's the sense in wasting the plates?” “Why, blame it all, it ain't the prisoner's plates.” “But it's somebody's plates, ain't it?” “Well, spos'n it is? What does the prisoner care whose—” He broke off there, because we heard the breakfast-horn blowing. So we cleared out for the house. Along during the morning I borrowed a sheet and a white shirt off of the clothes-line; and I found an old sack and put them in it, and we went down and got the fox-fire, and put that in too. I called it borrowing, because that was what pap always called it; but Tom said it warn't borrowing, it was stealing. He said we was representing prisoners; and prisoners don't care how they get a thing so they get it, and nobody don't blame them for it, either. It ain't no crime in a prisoner to steal the thing he needs to get away with, Tom said; it's his right; and so, as long as we was representing a prisoner, we had a perfect right to steal anything on this place we had the least use for to get ourselves out of prison with. He said if we warn't prisoners it would be a very different thing, and nobody but a mean, ornery person would steal when he warn't a prisoner. So we allowed we would steal everything there was that come handy. And yet he made a mighty fuss, one day, after that, when I stole a watermelon out of the nigger-patch and eat it; and he made me go and give the niggers a dime without telling them what it was for. Tom said that what he meant was, we could steal anything we needed. Well, I says, I needed the watermelon. But he said I didn't need it to get out of prison with; there's where the difference was. He said if I'd a wanted it to hide a knife in, and smuggle it to Jim to kill the seneskal with, it would a been all right. So I let it go at that, though I couldn't see no advantage in my representing a prisoner if I got to set down and chaw over a lot of gold-leaf distinctions like that every time I see a chance to hog a watermelon. Well, as I was saying, we waited that morning till everybody was settled down to business, and nobody in sight around the yard; then Tom he carried the sack into the lean-to whilst I stood off a piece to keep watch. By and by he come out, and we went and set down on the woodpile to talk. He says: “Everything's all right now except tools; and that's easy fixed.” “Tools?” I says. “Yes.” “Tools for what?” “Why, to dig with. We ain't a-going to gnaw him out, are we?” “Ain't them old crippled picks and things in there good enough to dig a nigger out with?” I says. He turns on me, looking pitying enough to make a body cry, and says: “Huck Finn, did you ever hear of a prisoner having picks and shovels, and all the modern conveniences in his wardrobe to dig himself out with? Now I want to ask you—if you got any reasonableness in you at all—what kind of a show would that give him to be a hero? Why, they might as well lend him the key and done with it. Picks and shovels—why, they wouldn't furnish 'em to a king.” “Well, then,” I says, “if we don't want the picks and shovels, what do we want?” “A couple of case-knives.” “To dig the foundations out from under that cabin with?” “Yes.” “Confound it, it's foolish, Tom.” “It don't make no difference how foolish it is, it's the right way—and it's the regular way. And there ain't no other way, that ever I heard of, and I've read all the books that gives any information about these things. They always dig out with a case-knife—and not through dirt, mind you; generly it's through solid rock. And it takes them weeks and weeks and weeks, and for ever and ever. Why, look at one of them prisoners in the bottom dungeon of the Castle Deef, in the harbor of Marseilles, that dug himself out that way; how long was he at it, you reckon?” “I don't know.” “Well, guess.” “I don't know. A month and a half.” “Thirty-seven year—and he come out in China. That's the kind. I wish the bottom of this fortress was solid rock.” “Jim don't know nobody in China.” “What's that got to do with it? Neither did that other fellow. But you're always a-wandering off on a side issue. Why can't you stick to the main point?” “All right—I don't care where he comes out, so he comes out; and Jim don't, either, I reckon. But there's one thing, anyway—Jim's too old to be dug out with a case-knife. He won't last.” “Yes he will last, too. You don't reckon it's going to take thirty-seven years to dig out through a dirt foundation, do you?” “How long will it take, Tom?” “Well, we can't resk being as long as we ought to, because it mayn't take very long for Uncle Silas to hear from down there by New Orleans. He'll hear Jim ain't from there. Then his next move will be to advertise Jim, or something like that. So we can't resk being as long digging him out as we ought to. By rights I reckon we ought to be a couple of years; but we can't. Things being so uncertain, what I recommend is this: that we really dig right in, as quick as we can; and after that, we can let on, to ourselves, that we was at it thirty-seven years. Then we can snatch him out and rush him away the first time there's an alarm. Yes, I reckon that 'll be the best way.” “Now, there's sense in that,” I says. "Letting on don't cost nothing; letting on ain't no trouble; and if it's any object, I don't mind letting on we was at it a hundred and fifty year. It wouldn't strain me none, after I got my hand in. So I'll mosey along now, and smouch a couple of case-knives.” “Smouch three,” he says; “we want one to make a saw out of.” “Tom, if it ain't unregular and irreligious to sejest it,” I says, “there's an old rusty saw-blade around yonder sticking under the weather-boarding behind the smoke-house.” He looked kind of weary and discouraged-like, and says: “It ain't no use to try to learn you nothing, Huck. Run along and smouch the knives—three of them.” So I done it. CHAPTER XXXVI. AS soon as we reckoned everybody was asleep that night we went down the lightning-rod, and shut ourselves up in the lean-to, and got out our pile of fox-fire, and went to work. We cleared everything out of the way, about four or five foot along the middle of the bottom log. Tom said he was right behind Jim's bed now, and we'd dig in under it, and when we got through there couldn't nobody in the cabin ever know there was any hole there, because Jim's counter-pin hung down most to the ground, and you'd have to raise it up and look under to see the hole. So we dug and dug with the case-knives till most midnight; and then we was dog-tired, and our hands was blistered, and yet you couldn't see we'd done anything hardly. At last I says: “This ain't no thirty-seven year job; this is a thirty-eight year job, Tom Sawyer.” He never said nothing. But he sighed, and pretty soon he stopped digging, and then for a good little while I knowed that he was thinking. Then he says: “It ain't no use, Huck, it ain't a-going to work. If we was prisoners it would, because then we'd have as many years as we wanted, and no hurry; and we wouldn't get but a few minutes to dig, every day, while they was changing watches, and so our hands wouldn't get blistered, and we could keep it up right along, year in and year out, and do it right, and the way it ought to be done. But we can't fool along; we got to rush; we ain't got no time to spare. If we was to put in another night this way we'd have to knock off for a week to let our hands get well—couldn't touch a case-knife with them sooner.” “Well, then, what we going to do, Tom?” “I'll tell you. It ain't right, and it ain't moral, and I wouldn't like it to get out; but there ain't only just the one way: we got to dig him out with the picks, and let on it's case-knives.” “Now you're talking!” I says; “your head gets leveler and leveler all the time, Tom Sawyer,” I says. "Picks is the thing, moral or no moral; and as for me, I don't care shucks for the morality of it, nohow. When I start in to steal a nigger, or a watermelon, or a Sunday-school book, I ain't no ways particular how it's done so it's done. What I want is my nigger; or what I want is my watermelon; or what I want is my Sunday-school book; and if a pick's the handiest thing, that's the thing I'm a-going to dig that nigger or that watermelon or that Sunday-school book out with; and I don't give a dead rat what the authorities thinks about it nuther.” “Well,” he says, “there's excuse for picks and letting-on in a case like this; if it warn't so, I wouldn't approve of it, nor I wouldn't stand by and see the rules broke—because right is right, and wrong is wrong, and a body ain't got no business doing wrong when he ain't ignorant and knows better. It might answer for you to dig Jim out with a pick, without any letting on, because you don't know no better; but it wouldn't for me, because I do know better. Gimme a case-knife.” He had his own by him, but I handed him mine. He flung it down, and says: “Gimme a case-knife.” I didn't know just what to do—but then I thought. I scratched around amongst the old tools, and got a pickaxe and give it to him, and he took it and went to work, and never said a word. He was always just that particular. Full of principle. So then I got a shovel, and then we picked and shoveled, turn about, and made the fur fly. We stuck to it about a half an hour, which was as long as we could stand up; but we had a good deal of a hole to show for it. When I got up stairs I looked out at the window and see Tom doing his level best with the lightning-rod, but he couldn't come it, his hands was so sore. At last he says: “It ain't no use, it can't be done. What you reckon I better do? Can't you think of no way?” “Yes,” I says, “but I reckon it ain't regular. Come up the stairs, and let on it's a lightning-rod.” So he done it. Next day Tom stole a pewter spoon and a brass candlestick in the house, for to make some pens for Jim out of, and six tallow candles; and I hung around the nigger cabins and laid for a chance, and stole three tin plates. Tom says it wasn't enough; but I said nobody wouldn't ever see the plates that Jim throwed out, because they'd fall in the dog-fennel and jimpson weeds under the window-hole—then we could tote them back and he could use them over again. So Tom was satisfied. Then he says: “Now, the thing to study out is, how to get the things to Jim.” “Take them in through the hole,” I says, “when we get it done.” He only just looked scornful, and said something about nobody ever heard of such an idiotic idea, and then he went to studying. By and by he said he had ciphered out two or three ways, but there warn't no need to decide on any of them yet. Said we'd got to post Jim first. That night we went down the lightning-rod a little after ten, and took one of the candles along, and listened under the window-hole, and heard Jim snoring; so we pitched it in, and it didn't wake him. Then we whirled in with the pick and shovel, and in about two hours and a half the job was done. We crept in under Jim's bed and into the cabin, and pawed around and found the candle and lit it, and stood over Jim awhile, and found him looking hearty and healthy, and then we woke him up gentle and gradual. He was so glad to see us he most cried; and called us honey, and all the pet names he could think of; and was for having us hunt up a cold-chisel to cut the chain off of his leg with right away, and clearing out without losing any time. But Tom he showed him how unregular it would be, and set down and told him all about our plans, and how we could alter them in a minute any time there was an alarm; and not to be the least afraid, because we would see he got away, sure. So Jim he said it was all right, and we set there and talked over old times awhile, and then Tom asked a lot of questions, and when Jim told him Uncle Silas come in every day or two to pray with him, and Aunt Sally come in to see if he was comfortable and had plenty to eat, and both of them was kind as they could be, Tom says: “Now I know how to fix it. We'll send you some things by them.” I said, “Don't do nothing of the kind; it's one of the most jackass ideas I ever struck;” but he never paid no attention to me; went right on. It was his way when he'd got his plans set. So he told Jim how we'd have to smuggle in the rope-ladder pie and other large things by Nat, the nigger that fed him, and he must be on the lookout, and not be surprised, and not let Nat see him open them; and we would put small things in uncle's coat-pockets and he must steal them out; and we would tie things to aunt's apron-strings or put them in her apron-pocket, if we got a chance; and told him what they would be and what they was for. And told him how to keep a journal on the shirt with his blood, and all that. He told him everything. Jim he couldn't see no sense in the most of it, but he allowed we was white folks and knowed better than him; so he was satisfied, and said he would do it all just as Tom said. Jim had plenty corn-cob pipes and tobacco; so we had a right down good sociable time; then we crawled out through the hole, and so home to bed, with hands that looked like they'd been chawed. Tom was in high spirits. He said it was the best fun he ever had in his life, and the most intellectural; and said if he only could see his way to it we would keep it up all the rest of our lives and leave Jim to our children to get out; for he believed Jim would come to like it better and better the more he got used to it. He said that in that way it could be strung out to as much as eighty year, and would be the best time on record. And he said it would make us all celebrated that had a hand in it. In the morning we went out to the woodpile and chopped up the brass candlestick into handy sizes, and Tom put them and the pewter spoon in his pocket. Then we went to the nigger cabins, and while I got Nat's notice off, Tom shoved a piece of candlestick into the middle of a corn-pone that was in Jim's pan, and we went along with Nat to see how it would work, and it just worked noble; when Jim bit into it it most mashed all his teeth out; and there warn't ever anything could a worked better. Tom said so himself. Jim he never let on but what it was only just a piece of rock or something like that that's always getting into bread, you know; but after that he never bit into nothing but what he jabbed his fork into it in three or four places first. And whilst we was a-standing there in the dimmish light, here comes a couple of the hounds bulging in from under Jim's bed; and they kept on piling in till there was eleven of them, and there warn't hardly room in there to get your breath. By jings, we forgot to fasten that lean-to door! The nigger Nat he only just hollered “Witches” once, and keeled over on to the floor amongst the dogs, and begun to groan like he was dying. Tom jerked the door open and flung out a slab of Jim's meat, and the dogs went for it, and in two seconds he was out himself and back again and shut the door, and I knowed he'd fixed the other door too. Then he went to work on the nigger, coaxing him and petting him, and asking him if he'd been imagining he saw something again. He raised up, and blinked his eyes around, and says: “Mars Sid, you'll say I's a fool, but if I didn't b'lieve I see most a million dogs, er devils, er some'n, I wisht I may die right heah in dese tracks. I did, mos' sholy. Mars Sid, I felt um—I felt um, sah; dey was all over me. Dad fetch it, I jis' wisht I could git my han's on one er dem witches jis' wunst—on'y jis' wunst—it's all I'd ast. But mos'ly I wisht dey'd lemme 'lone, I does.” Tom says: “Well, I tell you what I think. What makes them come here just at this runaway nigger's breakfast-time? It's because they're hungry; that's the reason. You make them a witch pie; that's the thing for you to do.” “But my lan', Mars Sid, how's I gwyne to make 'm a witch pie? I doan' know how to make it. I hain't ever hearn er sich a thing b'fo'.” “Well, then, I'll have to make it myself.” “Will you do it, honey?—will you? I'll wusshup de groun' und' yo' foot, I will!” “All right, I'll do it, seeing it's you, and you've been good to us and showed us the runaway nigger. But you got to be mighty careful. When we come around, you turn your back; and then whatever we've put in the pan, don't you let on you see it at all. And don't you look when Jim unloads the pan—something might happen, I don't know what. And above all, don't you handle the witch-things.” “Hannel 'M, Mars Sid? What is you a-talkin' 'bout? I wouldn' lay de weight er my finger on um, not f'r ten hund'd thous'n billion dollars, I wouldn't.” CHAPTER XXXVII. THAT was all fixed. So then we went away and went to the rubbage-pile in the back yard, where they keep the old boots, and rags, and pieces of bottles, and wore-out tin things, and all such truck, and scratched around and found an old tin washpan, and stopped up the holes as well as we could, to bake the pie in, and took it down cellar and stole it full of flour and started for breakfast, and found a couple of shingle-nails that Tom said would be handy for a prisoner to scrabble his name and sorrows on the dungeon walls with, and dropped one of them in Aunt Sally's apron-pocket which was hanging on a chair, and t'other we stuck in the band of Uncle Silas's hat, which was on the bureau, because we heard the children say their pa and ma was going to the runaway nigger's house this morning, and then went to breakfast, and Tom dropped the pewter spoon in Uncle Silas's coat-pocket, and Aunt Sally wasn't come yet, so we had to wait a little while. And when she come she was hot and red and cross, and couldn't hardly wait for the blessing; and then she went to sluicing out coffee with one hand and cracking the handiest child's head with her thimble with the other, and says: “I've hunted high and I've hunted low, and it does beat all what has become of your other shirt.” My heart fell down amongst my lungs and livers and things, and a hard piece of corn-crust started down my throat after it and got met on the road with a cough, and was shot across the table, and took one of the children in the eye and curled him up like a fishing-worm, and let a cry out of him the size of a warwhoop, and Tom he turned kinder blue around the gills, and it all amounted to a considerable state of things for about a quarter of a minute or as much as that, and I would a sold out for half price if there was a bidder. But after that we was all right again—it was the sudden surprise of it that knocked us so kind of cold. Uncle Silas he says: “It's most uncommon curious, I can't understand it. I know perfectly well I took it off, because—” “Because you hain't got but one on. Just listen at the man! I know you took it off, and know it by a better way than your wool-gethering memory, too, because it was on the clo's-line yesterday—I see it there myself. But it's gone, that's the long and the short of it, and you'll just have to change to a red flann'l one till I can get time to make a new one. And it 'll be the third I've made in two years. It just keeps a body on the jump to keep you in shirts; and whatever you do manage to do with 'm all is more'n I can make out. A body 'd think you would learn to take some sort of care of 'em at your time of life.” “I know it, Sally, and I do try all I can. But it oughtn't to be altogether my fault, because, you know, I don't see them nor have nothing to do with them except when they're on me; and I don't believe I've ever lost one of them off of me.” “Well, it ain't your fault if you haven't, Silas; you'd a done it if you could, I reckon. And the shirt ain't all that's gone, nuther. Ther's a spoon gone; and that ain't all. There was ten, and now ther's only nine. The calf got the shirt, I reckon, but the calf never took the spoon, that's certain.” “Why, what else is gone, Sally?” “Ther's six candles gone—that's what. The rats could a got the candles, and I reckon they did; I wonder they don't walk off with the whole place, the way you're always going to stop their holes and don't do it; and if they warn't fools they'd sleep in your hair, Silas—you'd never find it out; but you can't lay the spoon on the rats, and that I know.” “Well, Sally, I'm in fault, and I acknowledge it; I've been remiss; but I won't let to-morrow go by without stopping up them holes.” “Oh, I wouldn't hurry; next year 'll do. Matilda Angelina Araminta Phelps!” Whack comes the thimble, and the child snatches her claws out of the sugar-bowl without fooling around any. Just then the nigger woman steps on to the passage, and says: “Missus, dey's a sheet gone.” “A sheet gone! Well, for the land's sake!” “I'll stop up them holes to-day,” says Uncle Silas, looking sorrowful. “Oh, do shet up!—s'pose the rats took the sheet? where's it gone, Lize?” “Clah to goodness I hain't no notion, Miss' Sally. She wuz on de clo'sline yistiddy, but she done gone: she ain' dah no mo' now.” “I reckon the world is coming to an end. I never see the beat of it in all my born days. A shirt, and a sheet, and a spoon, and six can—” “Missus,” comes a young yaller wench, “dey's a brass cannelstick miss'n.” “Cler out from here, you hussy, er I'll take a skillet to ye!” Well, she was just a-biling. I begun to lay for a chance; I reckoned I would sneak out and go for the woods till the weather moderated. She kept a-raging right along, running her insurrection all by herself, and everybody else mighty meek and quiet; and at last Uncle Silas, looking kind of foolish, fishes up that spoon out of his pocket. She stopped, with her mouth open and her hands up; and as for me, I wished I was in Jeruslem or somewheres. But not long, because she says: “It's just as I expected. So you had it in your pocket all the time; and like as not you've got the other things there, too. How'd it get there?” “I reely don't know, Sally,” he says, kind of apologizing, “or you know I would tell. I was a-studying over my text in Acts Seventeen before breakfast, and I reckon I put it in there, not noticing, meaning to put my Testament in, and it must be so, because my Testament ain't in; but I'll go and see; and if the Testament is where I had it, I'll know I didn't put it in, and that will show that I laid the Testament down and took up the spoon, and—” “Oh, for the land's sake! Give a body a rest! Go 'long now, the whole kit and biling of ye; and don't come nigh me again till I've got back my peace of mind.” I'D a heard her if she'd a said it to herself, let alone speaking it out; and I'd a got up and obeyed her if I'd a been dead. As we was passing through the setting-room the old man he took up his hat, and the shingle-nail fell out on the floor, and he just merely picked it up and laid it on the mantel-shelf, and never said nothing, and went out. Tom see him do it, and remembered about the spoon, and says: “Well, it ain't no use to send things by him no more, he ain't reliable.” Then he says: "But he done us a good turn with the spoon, anyway, without knowing it, and so we'll go and do him one without him knowing it—stop up his rat-holes.” There was a noble good lot of them down cellar, and it took us a whole hour, but we done the job tight and good and shipshape. Then we heard steps on the stairs, and blowed out our light and hid; and here comes the old man, with a candle in one hand and a bundle of stuff in t'other, looking as absent-minded as year before last. He went a mooning around, first to one rat-hole and then another, till he'd been to them all. Then he stood about five minutes, picking tallow-drip off of his candle and thinking. Then he turns off slow and dreamy towards the stairs, saying: “Well, for the life of me I can't remember when I done it. I could show her now that I warn't to blame on account of the rats. But never mind—let it go. I reckon it wouldn't do no good.” And so he went on a-mumbling up stairs, and then we left. He was a mighty nice old man. And always is. Tom was a good deal bothered about what to do for a spoon, but he said we'd got to have it; so he took a think. When he had ciphered it out he told me how we was to do; then we went and waited around the spoon-basket till we see Aunt Sally coming, and then Tom went to counting the spoons and laying them out to one side, and I slid one of them up my sleeve, and Tom says: “Why, Aunt Sally, there ain't but nine spoons yet.” She says: “Go 'long to your play, and don't bother me. I know better, I counted 'm myself.” “Well, I've counted them twice, Aunty, and I can't make but nine.” She looked out of all patience, but of course she come to count—anybody would. “I declare to gracious ther' ain't but nine!” she says. "Why, what in the world—plague take the things, I'll count 'm again.” So I slipped back the one I had, and when she got done counting, she says: “Hang the troublesome rubbage, ther's ten now!” and she looked huffy and bothered both. But Tom says: “Why, Aunty, I don't think there's ten.” “You numskull, didn't you see me count 'm?” “I know, but—” “Well, I'll count 'm again.” So I smouched one, and they come out nine, same as the other time. Well, she was in a tearing way—just a-trembling all over, she was so mad. But she counted and counted till she got that addled she'd start to count in the basket for a spoon sometimes; and so, three times they come out right, and three times they come out wrong. Then she grabbed up the basket and slammed it across the house and knocked the cat galley-west; and she said cle'r out and let her have some peace, and if we come bothering around her again betwixt that and dinner she'd skin us. So we had the odd spoon, and dropped it in her apron-pocket whilst she was a-giving us our sailing orders, and Jim got it all right, along with her shingle nail, before noon. We was very well satisfied with this business, and Tom allowed it was worth twice the trouble it took, because he said now she couldn't ever count them spoons twice alike again to save her life; and wouldn't believe she'd counted them right if she did; and said that after she'd about counted her head off for the next three days he judged she'd give it up and offer to kill anybody that wanted her to ever count them any more. So we put the sheet back on the line that night, and stole one out of her closet; and kept on putting it back and stealing it again for a couple of days till she didn't know how many sheets she had any more, and she didn't care, and warn't a-going to bullyrag the rest of her soul out about it, and wouldn't count them again not to save her life; she druther die first. So we was all right now, as to the shirt and the sheet and the spoon and the candles, by the help of the calf and the rats and the mixed-up counting; and as to the candlestick, it warn't no consequence, it would blow over by and by. But that pie was a job; we had no end of trouble with that pie. We fixed it up away down in the woods, and cooked it there; and we got it done at last, and very satisfactory, too; but not all in one day; and we had to use up three wash-pans full of flour before we got through, and we got burnt pretty much all over, in places, and eyes put out with the smoke; because, you see, we didn't want nothing but a crust, and we couldn't prop it up right, and she would always cave in. But of course we thought of the right way at last—which was to cook the ladder, too, in the pie. So then we laid in with Jim the second night, and tore up the sheet all in little strings and twisted them together, and long before daylight we had a lovely rope that you could a hung a person with. We let on it took nine months to make it. And in the forenoon we took it down to the woods, but it wouldn't go into the pie. Being made of a whole sheet, that way, there was rope enough for forty pies if we'd a wanted them, and plenty left over for soup, or sausage, or anything you choose. We could a had a whole dinner. But we didn't need it. All we needed was just enough for the pie, and so we throwed the rest away. We didn't cook none of the pies in the wash-pan—afraid the solder would melt; but Uncle Silas he had a noble brass warming-pan which he thought considerable of, because it belonged to one of his ancesters with a long wooden handle that come over from England with William the Conqueror in the Mayflower or one of them early ships and was hid away up garret with a lot of other old pots and things that was valuable, not on account of being any account, because they warn't, but on account of them being relicts, you know, and we snaked her out, private, and took her down there, but she failed on the first pies, because we didn't know how, but she come up smiling on the last one. We took and lined her with dough, and set her in the coals, and loaded her up with rag rope, and put on a dough roof, and shut down the lid, and put hot embers on top, and stood off five foot, with the long handle, cool and comfortable, and in fifteen minutes she turned out a pie that was a satisfaction to look at. But the person that et it would want to fetch a couple of kags of toothpicks along, for if that rope ladder wouldn't cramp him down to business I don't know nothing what I'm talking about, and lay him in enough stomach-ache to last him till next time, too. Nat didn't look when we put the witch pie in Jim's pan; and we put the three tin plates in the bottom of the pan under the vittles; and so Jim got everything all right, and as soon as he was by himself he busted into the pie and hid the rope ladder inside of his straw tick, and scratched some marks on a tin plate and throwed it out of the window-hole. CHAPTER XXXVIII. MAKING them pens was a distressid tough job, and so was the saw; and Jim allowed the inscription was going to be the toughest of all. That's the one which the prisoner has to scrabble on the wall. But he had to have it; Tom said he'd got to; there warn't no case of a state prisoner not scrabbling his inscription to leave behind, and his coat of arms. “Look at Lady Jane Grey,” he says; “look at Gilford Dudley; look at old Northumberland! Why, Huck, s'pose it is considerble trouble?—what you going to do?—how you going to get around it? Jim's got to do his inscription and coat of arms. They all do.” Jim says: “Why, Mars Tom, I hain't got no coat o' arm; I hain't got nuffn but dish yer ole shirt, en you knows I got to keep de journal on dat.” “Oh, you don't understand, Jim; a coat of arms is very different.” “Well,” I says, “Jim's right, anyway, when he says he ain't got no coat of arms, because he hain't.” “I reckon I knowed that,” Tom says, “but you bet he'll have one before he goes out of this—because he's going out right, and there ain't going to be no flaws in his record.” So whilst me and Jim filed away at the pens on a brickbat apiece, Jim a-making his'n out of the brass and I making mine out of the spoon, Tom set to work to think out the coat of arms. By and by he said he'd struck so many good ones he didn't hardly know which to take, but there was one which he reckoned he'd decide on. He says: “On the scutcheon we'll have a bend or in the dexter base, a saltire murrey in the fess, with a dog, couchant, for common charge, and under his foot a chain embattled, for slavery, with a chevron vert in a chief engrailed, and three invected lines on a field azure, with the nombril points rampant on a dancette indented; crest, a runaway nigger, sable, with his bundle over his shoulder on a bar sinister; and a couple of gules for supporters, which is you and me; motto, Maggiore Fretta, Minore Otto. Got it out of a book—means the more haste the less speed.” “Geewhillikins,” I says, “but what does the rest of it mean?” “We ain't got no time to bother over that,” he says; “we got to dig in like all git-out.” “Well, anyway,” I says, “what's some of it? What's a fess?” “A fess—a fess is—you don't need to know what a fess is. I'll show him how to make it when he gets to it.” “Shucks, Tom,” I says, “I think you might tell a person. What's a bar sinister?” “Oh, I don't know. But he's got to have it. All the nobility does.” That was just his way. If it didn't suit him to explain a thing to you, he wouldn't do it. You might pump at him a week, it wouldn't make no difference. He'd got all that coat of arms business fixed, so now he started in to finish up the rest of that part of the work, which was to plan out a mournful inscription—said Jim got to have one, like they all done. He made up a lot, and wrote them out on a paper, and read them off, so: 1. Here a captive heart busted. 2. Here a poor prisoner, forsook by the world and friends, fretted his sorrowful life. 3. Here a lonely heart broke, and a worn spirit went to its rest, after thirty-seven years of solitary captivity. 4. Here, homeless and friendless, after thirty-seven years of bitter captivity, perished a noble stranger, natural son of Louis XIV. Tom's voice trembled whilst he was reading them, and he most broke down. When he got done he couldn't no way make up his mind which one for Jim to scrabble on to the wall, they was all so good; but at last he allowed he would let him scrabble them all on. Jim said it would take him a year to scrabble such a lot of truck on to the logs with a nail, and he didn't know how to make letters, besides; but Tom said he would block them out for him, and then he wouldn't have nothing to do but just follow the lines. Then pretty soon he says: “Come to think, the logs ain't a-going to do; they don't have log walls in a dungeon: we got to dig the inscriptions into a rock. We'll fetch a rock.” Jim said the rock was worse than the logs; he said it would take him such a pison long time to dig them into a rock he wouldn't ever get out. But Tom said he would let me help him do it. Then he took a look to see how me and Jim was getting along with the pens. It was most pesky tedious hard work and slow, and didn't give my hands no show to get well of the sores, and we didn't seem to make no headway, hardly; so Tom says: “I know how to fix it. We got to have a rock for the coat of arms and mournful inscriptions, and we can kill two birds with that same rock. There's a gaudy big grindstone down at the mill, and we'll smouch it, and carve the things on it, and file out the pens and the saw on it, too.” It warn't no slouch of an idea; and it warn't no slouch of a grindstone nuther; but we allowed we'd tackle it. It warn't quite midnight yet, so we cleared out for the mill, leaving Jim at work. We smouched the grindstone, and set out to roll her home, but it was a most nation tough job. Sometimes, do what we could, we couldn't keep her from falling over, and she come mighty near mashing us every time. Tom said she was going to get one of us, sure, before we got through. We got her half way; and then we was plumb played out, and most drownded with sweat. We see it warn't no use; we got to go and fetch Jim. So he raised up his bed and slid the chain off of the bed-leg, and wrapt it round and round his neck, and we crawled out through our hole and down there, and Jim and me laid into that grindstone and walked her along like nothing; and Tom superintended. He could out-superintend any boy I ever see. He knowed how to do everything. Our hole was pretty big, but it warn't big enough to get the grindstone through; but Jim he took the pick and soon made it big enough. Then Tom marked out them things on it with the nail, and set Jim to work on them, with the nail for a chisel and an iron bolt from the rubbage in the lean-to for a hammer, and told him to work till the rest of his candle quit on him, and then he could go to bed, and hide the grindstone under his straw tick and sleep on it. Then we helped him fix his chain back on the bed-leg, and was ready for bed ourselves. But Tom thought of something, and says: “You got any spiders in here, Jim?” “No, sah, thanks to goodness I hain't, Mars Tom.” “All right, we'll get you some.” “But bless you, honey, I doan' want none. I's afeard un um. I jis' 's soon have rattlesnakes aroun'.” Tom thought a minute or two, and says: “It's a good idea. And I reckon it's been done. It must a been done; it stands to reason. Yes, it's a prime good idea. Where could you keep it?” “Keep what, Mars Tom?” “Why, a rattlesnake.” “De goodness gracious alive, Mars Tom! Why, if dey was a rattlesnake to come in heah I'd take en bust right out thoo dat log wall, I would, wid my head.” “Why, Jim, you wouldn't be afraid of it after a little. You could tame it.” “Tame it!” “Yes—easy enough. Every animal is grateful for kindness and petting, and they wouldn't think of hurting a person that pets them. Any book will tell you that. You try—that's all I ask; just try for two or three days. Why, you can get him so, in a little while, that he'll love you; and sleep with you; and won't stay away from you a minute; and will let you wrap him round your neck and put his head in your mouth.” “Please, Mars Tom—doan' talk so! I can't stan' it! He'd let me shove his head in my mouf—fer a favor, hain't it? I lay he'd wait a pow'ful long time 'fo' I ast him. En mo' en dat, I doan' want him to sleep wid me.” “Jim, don't act so foolish. A prisoner's got to have some kind of a dumb pet, and if a rattlesnake hain't ever been tried, why, there's more glory to be gained in your being the first to ever try it than any other way you could ever think of to save your life.” “Why, Mars Tom, I doan' want no sich glory. Snake take 'n bite Jim's chin off, den whah is de glory? No, sah, I doan' want no sich doin's.” “Blame it, can't you try? I only want you to try—you needn't keep it up if it don't work.” “But de trouble all done ef de snake bite me while I's a tryin' him. Mars Tom, I's willin' to tackle mos' anything 'at ain't onreasonable, but ef you en Huck fetches a rattlesnake in heah for me to tame, I's gwyne to leave, dat's shore.” “Well, then, let it go, let it go, if you're so bull-headed about it. We can get you some garter-snakes, and you can tie some buttons on their tails, and let on they're rattlesnakes, and I reckon that 'll have to do.” “I k'n stan' dem, Mars Tom, but blame' 'f I couldn' get along widout um, I tell you dat. I never knowed b'fo' 't was so much bother and trouble to be a prisoner.” “Well, it always is when it's done right. You got any rats around here?” “No, sah, I hain't seed none.” “Well, we'll get you some rats.” “Why, Mars Tom, I doan' want no rats. Dey's de dadblamedest creturs to 'sturb a body, en rustle roun' over 'im, en bite his feet, when he's tryin' to sleep, I ever see. No, sah, gimme g'yarter-snakes, 'f I's got to have 'm, but doan' gimme no rats; I hain' got no use f'r um, skasely.” “But, Jim, you got to have 'em—they all do. So don't make no more fuss about it. Prisoners ain't ever without rats. There ain't no instance of it. And they train them, and pet them, and learn them tricks, and they get to be as sociable as flies. But you got to play music to them. You got anything to play music on?” “I ain' got nuffn but a coase comb en a piece o' paper, en a juice-harp; but I reck'n dey wouldn' take no stock in a juice-harp.” “Yes they would they don't care what kind of music 'tis. A jews-harp's plenty good enough for a rat. All animals like music—in a prison they dote on it. Specially, painful music; and you can't get no other kind out of a jews-harp. It always interests them; they come out to see what's the matter with you. Yes, you're all right; you're fixed very well. You want to set on your bed nights before you go to sleep, and early in the mornings, and play your jews-harp; play 'The Last Link is Broken'—that's the thing that 'll scoop a rat quicker 'n anything else; and when you've played about two minutes you'll see all the rats, and the snakes, and spiders, and things begin to feel worried about you, and come. And they'll just fairly swarm over you, and have a noble good time.” “Yes, dey will, I reck'n, Mars Tom, but what kine er time is Jim havin'? Blest if I kin see de pint. But I'll do it ef I got to. I reck'n I better keep de animals satisfied, en not have no trouble in de house.” Tom waited to think it over, and see if there wasn't nothing else; and pretty soon he says: “Oh, there's one thing I forgot. Could you raise a flower here, do you reckon?” “I doan know but maybe I could, Mars Tom; but it's tolable dark in heah, en I ain' got no use f'r no flower, nohow, en she'd be a pow'ful sight o' trouble.” “Well, you try it, anyway. Some other prisoners has done it.” “One er dem big cat-tail-lookin' mullen-stalks would grow in heah, Mars Tom, I reck'n, but she wouldn't be wuth half de trouble she'd coss.” “Don't you believe it. We'll fetch you a little one and you plant it in the corner over there, and raise it. And don't call it mullen, call it Pitchiola—that's its right name when it's in a prison. And you want to water it with your tears.” “Why, I got plenty spring water, Mars Tom.” “You don't want spring water; you want to water it with your tears. It's the way they always do.” “Why, Mars Tom, I lay I kin raise one er dem mullen-stalks twyste wid spring water whiles another man's a start'n one wid tears.” “That ain't the idea. You got to do it with tears.” “She'll die on my han's, Mars Tom, she sholy will; kase I doan' skasely ever cry.” So Tom was stumped. But he studied it over, and then said Jim would have to worry along the best he could with an onion. He promised he would go to the nigger cabins and drop one, private, in Jim's coffee-pot, in the morning. Jim said he would “jis' 's soon have tobacker in his coffee;” and found so much fault with it, and with the work and bother of raising the mullen, and jews-harping the rats, and petting and flattering up the snakes and spiders and things, on top of all the other work he had to do on pens, and inscriptions, and journals, and things, which made it more trouble and worry and responsibility to be a prisoner than anything he ever undertook, that Tom most lost all patience with him; and said he was just loadened down with more gaudier chances than a prisoner ever had in the world to make a name for himself, and yet he didn't know enough to appreciate them, and they was just about wasted on him. So Jim he was sorry, and said he wouldn't behave so no more, and then me and Tom shoved for bed. CHAPTER XXXIX. IN the morning we went up to the village and bought a wire rat-trap and fetched it down, and unstopped the best rat-hole, and in about an hour we had fifteen of the bulliest kind of ones; and then we took it and put it in a safe place under Aunt Sally's bed. But while we was gone for spiders little Thomas Franklin Benjamin Jefferson Elexander Phelps found it there, and opened the door of it to see if the rats would come out, and they did; and Aunt Sally she come in, and when we got back she was a-standing on top of the bed raising Cain, and the rats was doing what they could to keep off the dull times for her. So she took and dusted us both with the hickry, and we was as much as two hours catching another fifteen or sixteen, drat that meddlesome cub, and they warn't the likeliest, nuther, because the first haul was the pick of the flock. I never see a likelier lot of rats than what that first haul was. We got a splendid stock of sorted spiders, and bugs, and frogs, and caterpillars, and one thing or another; and we like to got a hornet's nest, but we didn't. The family was at home. We didn't give it right up, but stayed with them as long as we could; because we allowed we'd tire them out or they'd got to tire us out, and they done it. Then we got allycumpain and rubbed on the places, and was pretty near all right again, but couldn't set down convenient. And so we went for the snakes, and grabbed a couple of dozen garters and house-snakes, and put them in a bag, and put it in our room, and by that time it was supper-time, and a rattling good honest day's work: and hungry?—oh, no, I reckon not! And there warn't a blessed snake up there when we went back—we didn't half tie the sack, and they worked out somehow, and left. But it didn't matter much, because they was still on the premises somewheres. So we judged we could get some of them again. No, there warn't no real scarcity of snakes about the house for a considerable spell. You'd see them dripping from the rafters and places every now and then; and they generly landed in your plate, or down the back of your neck, and most of the time where you didn't want them. Well, they was handsome and striped, and there warn't no harm in a million of them; but that never made no difference to Aunt Sally; she despised snakes, be the breed what they might, and she couldn't stand them no way you could fix it; and every time one of them flopped down on her, it didn't make no difference what she was doing, she would just lay that work down and light out. I never see such a woman. And you could hear her whoop to Jericho. You couldn't get her to take a-holt of one of them with the tongs. And if she turned over and found one in bed she would scramble out and lift a howl that you would think the house was afire. She disturbed the old man so that he said he could most wish there hadn't ever been no snakes created. Why, after every last snake had been gone clear out of the house for as much as a week Aunt Sally warn't over it yet; she warn't near over it; when she was setting thinking about something you could touch her on the back of her neck with a feather and she would jump right out of her stockings. It was very curious. But Tom said all women was just so. He said they was made that way for some reason or other. We got a licking every time one of our snakes come in her way, and she allowed these lickings warn't nothing to what she would do if we ever loaded up the place again with them. I didn't mind the lickings, because they didn't amount to nothing; but I minded the trouble we had to lay in another lot. But we got them laid in, and all the other things; and you never see a cabin as blithesome as Jim's was when they'd all swarm out for music and go for him. Jim didn't like the spiders, and the spiders didn't like Jim; and so they'd lay for him, and make it mighty warm for him. And he said that between the rats and the snakes and the grindstone there warn't no room in bed for him, skasely; and when there was, a body couldn't sleep, it was so lively, and it was always lively, he said, because they never all slept at one time, but took turn about, so when the snakes was asleep the rats was on deck, and when the rats turned in the snakes come on watch, so he always had one gang under him, in his way, and t'other gang having a circus over him, and if he got up to hunt a new place the spiders would take a chance at him as he crossed over. He said if he ever got out this time he wouldn't ever be a prisoner again, not for a salary. Well, by the end of three weeks everything was in pretty good shape. The shirt was sent in early, in a pie, and every time a rat bit Jim he would get up and write a little in his journal whilst the ink was fresh; the pens was made, the inscriptions and so on was all carved on the grindstone; the bed-leg was sawed in two, and we had et up the sawdust, and it give us a most amazing stomach-ache. We reckoned we was all going to die, but didn't. It was the most undigestible sawdust I ever see; and Tom said the same. But as I was saying, we'd got all the work done now, at last; and we was all pretty much fagged out, too, but mainly Jim. The old man had wrote a couple of times to the plantation below Orleans to come and get their runaway nigger, but hadn't got no answer, because there warn't no such plantation; so he allowed he would advertise Jim in the St. Louis and New Orleans papers; and when he mentioned the St. Louis ones it give me the cold shivers, and I see we hadn't no time to lose. So Tom said, now for the nonnamous letters. “What's them?” I says. “Warnings to the people that something is up. Sometimes it's done one way, sometimes another. But there's always somebody spying around that gives notice to the governor of the castle. When Louis XVI. was going to light out of the Tooleries, a servant-girl done it. It's a very good way, and so is the nonnamous letters. We'll use them both. And it's usual for the prisoner's mother to change clothes with him, and she stays in, and he slides out in her clothes. We'll do that, too.” “But looky here, Tom, what do we want to warn anybody for that something's up? Let them find it out for themselves—it's their lookout.” “Yes, I know; but you can't depend on them. It's the way they've acted from the very start—left us to do everything. They're so confiding and mullet-headed they don't take notice of nothing at all. So if we don't give them notice there won't be nobody nor nothing to interfere with us, and so after all our hard work and trouble this escape 'll go off perfectly flat; won't amount to nothing—won't be nothing to it.” “Well, as for me, Tom, that's the way I'd like.” “Shucks!” he says, and looked disgusted. So I says: “But I ain't going to make no complaint. Any way that suits you suits me. What you going to do about the servant-girl?” “You'll be her. You slide in, in the middle of the night, and hook that yaller girl's frock.” “Why, Tom, that 'll make trouble next morning; because, of course, she prob'bly hain't got any but that one.” “I know; but you don't want it but fifteen minutes, to carry the nonnamous letter and shove it under the front door.” “All right, then, I'll do it; but I could carry it just as handy in my own togs.” “You wouldn't look like a servant-girl then, would you?” “No, but there won't be nobody to see what I look like, anyway.” “That ain't got nothing to do with it. The thing for us to do is just to do our duty, and not worry about whether anybody sees us do it or not. Hain't you got no principle at all?” “All right, I ain't saying nothing; I'm the servant-girl. Who's Jim's mother?” “I'm his mother. I'll hook a gown from Aunt Sally.” “Well, then, you'll have to stay in the cabin when me and Jim leaves.” “Not much. I'll stuff Jim's clothes full of straw and lay it on his bed to represent his mother in disguise, and Jim 'll take the nigger woman's gown off of me and wear it, and we'll all evade together. When a prisoner of style escapes it's called an evasion. It's always called so when a king escapes, f'rinstance. And the same with a king's son; it don't make no difference whether he's a natural one or an unnatural one.” So Tom he wrote the nonnamous letter, and I smouched the yaller wench's frock that night, and put it on, and shoved it under the front door, the way Tom told me to. It said: Beware. Trouble is brewing. Keep a sharp lookout. Unknown Friend. Next night we stuck a picture, which Tom drawed in blood, of a skull and crossbones on the front door; and next night another one of a coffin on the back door. I never see a family in such a sweat. They couldn't a been worse scared if the place had a been full of ghosts laying for them behind everything and under the beds and shivering through the air. If a door banged, Aunt Sally she jumped and said “ouch!” if anything fell, she jumped and said “ouch!” if you happened to touch her, when she warn't noticing, she done the same; she couldn't face noway and be satisfied, because she allowed there was something behind her every time—so she was always a-whirling around sudden, and saying “ouch,” and before she'd got two-thirds around she'd whirl back again, and say it again; and she was afraid to go to bed, but she dasn't set up. So the thing was working very well, Tom said; he said he never see a thing work more satisfactory. He said it showed it was done right. So he said, now for the grand bulge! So the very next morning at the streak of dawn we got another letter ready, and was wondering what we better do with it, because we heard them say at supper they was going to have a nigger on watch at both doors all night. Tom he went down the lightning-rod to spy around; and the nigger at the back door was asleep, and he stuck it in the back of his neck and come back. This letter said: Don't betray me, I wish to be your friend. There is a desprate gang of cutthroats from over in the Indian Territory going to steal your runaway nigger to-night, and they have been trying to scare you so as you will stay in the house and not bother them. I am one of the gang, but have got religgion and wish to quit it and lead an honest life again, and will betray the helish design. They will sneak down from northards, along the fence, at midnight exact, with a false key, and go in the nigger's cabin to get him. I am to be off a piece and blow a tin horn if I see any danger; but stead of that I will baa like a sheep soon as they get in and not blow at all; then whilst they are getting his chains loose, you slip there and lock them in, and can kill them at your leasure. Don't do anything but just the way I am telling you, if you do they will suspicion something and raise whoop-jamboreehoo. I do not wish any reward but to know I have done the right thing. Unknown Friend. CHAPTER XL. WE was feeling pretty good after breakfast, and took my canoe and went over the river a-fishing, with a lunch, and had a good time, and took a look at the raft and found her all right, and got home late to supper, and found them in such a sweat and worry they didn't know which end they was standing on, and made us go right off to bed the minute we was done supper, and wouldn't tell us what the trouble was, and never let on a word about the new letter, but didn't need to, because we knowed as much about it as anybody did, and as soon as we was half up stairs and her back was turned we slid for the cellar cupboard and loaded up a good lunch and took it up to our room and went to bed, and got up about half-past eleven, and Tom put on Aunt Sally's dress that he stole and was going to start with the lunch, but says: “Where's the butter?” “I laid out a hunk of it,” I says, “on a piece of a corn-pone.” “Well, you left it laid out, then—it ain't here.” “We can get along without it,” I says. “We can get along with it, too,” he says; “just you slide down cellar and fetch it. And then mosey right down the lightning-rod and come along. I'll go and stuff the straw into Jim's clothes to represent his mother in disguise, and be ready to baa like a sheep and shove soon as you get there.” So out he went, and down cellar went I. The hunk of butter, big as a person's fist, was where I had left it, so I took up the slab of corn-pone with it on, and blowed out my light, and started up stairs very stealthy, and got up to the main floor all right, but here comes Aunt Sally with a candle, and I clapped the truck in my hat, and clapped my hat on my head, and the next second she see me; and she says: “You been down cellar?” “Yes'm.” “What you been doing down there?” “Noth'n.” “Noth'n!” “No'm.” “Well, then, what possessed you to go down there this time of night?” “I don't know 'm.” “You don't know? Don't answer me that way. Tom, I want to know what you been doing down there.” “I hain't been doing a single thing, Aunt Sally, I hope to gracious if I have.” I reckoned she'd let me go now, and as a generl thing she would; but I s'pose there was so many strange things going on she was just in a sweat about every little thing that warn't yard-stick straight; so she says, very decided: “You just march into that setting-room and stay there till I come. You been up to something you no business to, and I lay I'll find out what it is before I'M done with you.” So she went away as I opened the door and walked into the setting-room. My, but there was a crowd there! Fifteen farmers, and every one of them had a gun. I was most powerful sick, and slunk to a chair and set down. They was setting around, some of them talking a little, in a low voice, and all of them fidgety and uneasy, but trying to look like they warn't; but I knowed they was, because they was always taking off their hats, and putting them on, and scratching their heads, and changing their seats, and fumbling with their buttons. I warn't easy myself, but I didn't take my hat off, all the same. I did wish Aunt Sally would come, and get done with me, and lick me, if she wanted to, and let me get away and tell Tom how we'd overdone this thing, and what a thundering hornet's-nest we'd got ourselves into, so we could stop fooling around straight off, and clear out with Jim before these rips got out of patience and come for us. At last she come and begun to ask me questions, but I couldn't answer them straight, I didn't know which end of me was up; because these men was in such a fidget now that some was wanting to start right NOW and lay for them desperadoes, and saying it warn't but a few minutes to midnight; and others was trying to get them to hold on and wait for the sheep-signal; and here was Aunty pegging away at the questions, and me a-shaking all over and ready to sink down in my tracks I was that scared; and the place getting hotter and hotter, and the butter beginning to melt and run down my neck and behind my ears; and pretty soon, when one of them says, “I'M for going and getting in the cabin first and right now, and catching them when they come,” I most dropped; and a streak of butter come a-trickling down my forehead, and Aunt Sally she see it, and turns white as a sheet, and says: “For the land's sake, what is the matter with the child? He's got the brain-fever as shore as you're born, and they're oozing out!” And everybody runs to see, and she snatches off my hat, and out comes the bread and what was left of the butter, and she grabbed me, and hugged me, and says: “Oh, what a turn you did give me! and how glad and grateful I am it ain't no worse; for luck's against us, and it never rains but it pours, and when I see that truck I thought we'd lost you, for I knowed by the color and all it was just like your brains would be if—Dear, dear, whyd'nt you tell me that was what you'd been down there for, I wouldn't a cared. Now cler out to bed, and don't lemme see no more of you till morning!” I was up stairs in a second, and down the lightning-rod in another one, and shinning through the dark for the lean-to. I couldn't hardly get my words out, I was so anxious; but I told Tom as quick as I could we must jump for it now, and not a minute to lose—the house full of men, yonder, with guns! His eyes just blazed; and he says: “No!—is that so? ain't it bully! Why, Huck, if it was to do over again, I bet I could fetch two hundred! If we could put it off till—” “Hurry! Hurry!” I says. "Where's Jim?” “Right at your elbow; if you reach out your arm you can touch him. He's dressed, and everything's ready. Now we'll slide out and give the sheep-signal.” But then we heard the tramp of men coming to the door, and heard them begin to fumble with the pad-lock, and heard a man say: “I told you we'd be too soon; they haven't come—the door is locked. Here, I'll lock some of you into the cabin, and you lay for 'em in the dark and kill 'em when they come; and the rest scatter around a piece, and listen if you can hear 'em coming.” So in they come, but couldn't see us in the dark, and most trod on us whilst we was hustling to get under the bed. But we got under all right, and out through the hole, swift but soft—Jim first, me next, and Tom last, which was according to Tom's orders. Now we was in the lean-to, and heard trampings close by outside. So we crept to the door, and Tom stopped us there and put his eye to the crack, but couldn't make out nothing, it was so dark; and whispered and said he would listen for the steps to get further, and when he nudged us Jim must glide out first, and him last. So he set his ear to the crack and listened, and listened, and listened, and the steps a-scraping around out there all the time; and at last he nudged us, and we slid out, and stooped down, not breathing, and not making the least noise, and slipped stealthy towards the fence in Injun file, and got to it all right, and me and Jim over it; but Tom's britches catched fast on a splinter on the top rail, and then he hear the steps coming, so he had to pull loose, which snapped the splinter and made a noise; and as he dropped in our tracks and started somebody sings out: “Who's that? Answer, or I'll shoot!” But we didn't answer; we just unfurled our heels and shoved. Then there was a rush, and a Bang, Bang, Bang! and the bullets fairly whizzed around us! We heard them sing out: “Here they are! They've broke for the river! After 'em, boys, and turn loose the dogs!” So here they come, full tilt. We could hear them because they wore boots and yelled, but we didn't wear no boots and didn't yell. We was in the path to the mill; and when they got pretty close on to us we dodged into the bush and let them go by, and then dropped in behind them. They'd had all the dogs shut up, so they wouldn't scare off the robbers; but by this time somebody had let them loose, and here they come, making powwow enough for a million; but they was our dogs; so we stopped in our tracks till they catched up; and when they see it warn't nobody but us, and no excitement to offer them, they only just said howdy, and tore right ahead towards the shouting and clattering; and then we up-steam again, and whizzed along after them till we was nearly to the mill, and then struck up through the bush to where my canoe was tied, and hopped in and pulled for dear life towards the middle of the river, but didn't make no more noise than we was obleeged to. Then we struck out, easy and comfortable, for the island where my raft was; and we could hear them yelling and barking at each other all up and down the bank, till we was so far away the sounds got dim and died out. And when we stepped on to the raft I says: “Now, old Jim, you're a free man again, and I bet you won't ever be a slave no more.” “En a mighty good job it wuz, too, Huck. It 'uz planned beautiful, en it 'uz done beautiful; en dey ain't nobody kin git up a plan dat's mo' mixed-up en splendid den what dat one wuz.” We was all glad as we could be, but Tom was the gladdest of all because he had a bullet in the calf of his leg. When me and Jim heard that we didn't feel so brash as what we did before. It was hurting him considerable, and bleeding; so we laid him in the wigwam and tore up one of the duke's shirts for to bandage him, but he says: “Gimme the rags; I can do it myself. Don't stop now; don't fool around here, and the evasion booming along so handsome; man the sweeps, and set her loose! Boys, we done it elegant!—'deed we did. I wish we'd a had the handling of Louis XVI., there wouldn't a been no 'Son of Saint Louis, ascend to heaven!' wrote down in his biography; no, sir, we'd a whooped him over the border—that's what we'd a done with him—and done it just as slick as nothing at all, too. Man the sweeps—man the sweeps!” But me and Jim was consulting—and thinking. And after we'd thought a minute, I says: “Say it, Jim.” So he says: “Well, den, dis is de way it look to me, Huck. Ef it wuz him dat 'uz bein' sot free, en one er de boys wuz to git shot, would he say, 'Go on en save me, nemmine 'bout a doctor f'r to save dis one?' Is dat like Mars Tom Sawyer? Would he say dat? You bet he wouldn't! well, den, is Jim gywne to say it? No, sah—I doan' budge a step out'n dis place 'dout a doctor, not if it's forty year!” I knowed he was white inside, and I reckoned he'd say what he did say—so it was all right now, and I told Tom I was a-going for a doctor. He raised considerable row about it, but me and Jim stuck to it and wouldn't budge; so he was for crawling out and setting the raft loose himself; but we wouldn't let him. Then he give us a piece of his mind, but it didn't do no good. So when he sees me getting the canoe ready, he says: “Well, then, if you're bound to go, I'll tell you the way to do when you get to the village. Shut the door and blindfold the doctor tight and fast, and make him swear to be silent as the grave, and put a purse full of gold in his hand, and then take and lead him all around the back alleys and everywheres in the dark, and then fetch him here in the canoe, in a roundabout way amongst the islands, and search him and take his chalk away from him, and don't give it back to him till you get him back to the village, or else he will chalk this raft so he can find it again. It's the way they all do.” So I said I would, and left, and Jim was to hide in the woods when he see the doctor coming till he was gone again. CHAPTER XLI. THE doctor was an old man; a very nice, kind-looking old man when I got him up. I told him me and my brother was over on Spanish Island hunting yesterday afternoon, and camped on a piece of a raft we found, and about midnight he must a kicked his gun in his dreams, for it went off and shot him in the leg, and we wanted him to go over there and fix it and not say nothing about it, nor let anybody know, because we wanted to come home this evening and surprise the folks. “Who is your folks?” he says. “The Phelpses, down yonder.” “Oh,” he says. And after a minute, he says: “How'd you say he got shot?” “He had a dream,” I says, “and it shot him.” “Singular dream,” he says. So he lit up his lantern, and got his saddle-bags, and we started. But when he sees the canoe he didn't like the look of her—said she was big enough for one, but didn't look pretty safe for two. I says: “Oh, you needn't be afeard, sir, she carried the three of us easy enough.” “What three?” “Why, me and Sid, and—and—and the guns; that's what I mean.” “Oh,” he says. But he put his foot on the gunnel and rocked her, and shook his head, and said he reckoned he'd look around for a bigger one. But they was all locked and chained; so he took my canoe, and said for me to wait till he come back, or I could hunt around further, or maybe I better go down home and get them ready for the surprise if I wanted to. But I said I didn't; so I told him just how to find the raft, and then he started. I struck an idea pretty soon. I says to myself, spos'n he can't fix that leg just in three shakes of a sheep's tail, as the saying is? spos'n it takes him three or four days? What are we going to do?—lay around there till he lets the cat out of the bag? No, sir; I know what I'll do. I'll wait, and when he comes back if he says he's got to go any more I'll get down there, too, if I swim; and we'll take and tie him, and keep him, and shove out down the river; and when Tom's done with him we'll give him what it's worth, or all we got, and then let him get ashore. So then I crept into a lumber-pile to get some sleep; and next time I waked up the sun was away up over my head! I shot out and went for the doctor's house, but they told me he'd gone away in the night some time or other, and warn't back yet. Well, thinks I, that looks powerful bad for Tom, and I'll dig out for the island right off. So away I shoved, and turned the corner, and nearly rammed my head into Uncle Silas's stomach! He says: “Why, Tom! Where you been all this time, you rascal?” “I hain't been nowheres,” I says, “only just hunting for the runaway nigger—me and Sid.” “Why, where ever did you go?” he says. "Your aunt's been mighty uneasy.” “She needn't,” I says, “because we was all right. We followed the men and the dogs, but they outrun us, and we lost them; but we thought we heard them on the water, so we got a canoe and took out after them and crossed over, but couldn't find nothing of them; so we cruised along up-shore till we got kind of tired and beat out; and tied up the canoe and went to sleep, and never waked up till about an hour ago; then we paddled over here to hear the news, and Sid's at the post-office to see what he can hear, and I'm a-branching out to get something to eat for us, and then we're going home.” So then we went to the post-office to get “Sid”; but just as I suspicioned, he warn't there; so the old man he got a letter out of the office, and we waited awhile longer, but Sid didn't come; so the old man said, come along, let Sid foot it home, or canoe it, when he got done fooling around—but we would ride. I couldn't get him to let me stay and wait for Sid; and he said there warn't no use in it, and I must come along, and let Aunt Sally see we was all right. When we got home Aunt Sally was that glad to see me she laughed and cried both, and hugged me, and give me one of them lickings of hern that don't amount to shucks, and said she'd serve Sid the same when he come. And the place was plum full of farmers and farmers' wives, to dinner; and such another clack a body never heard. Old Mrs. Hotchkiss was the worst; her tongue was a-going all the time. She says: “Well, Sister Phelps, I've ransacked that-air cabin over, an' I b'lieve the nigger was crazy. I says to Sister Damrell—didn't I, Sister Damrell?—s'I, he's crazy, s'I—them's the very words I said. You all hearn me: he's crazy, s'I; everything shows it, s'I. Look at that-air grindstone, s'I; want to tell me't any cretur 't's in his right mind 's a goin' to scrabble all them crazy things onto a grindstone, s'I? Here sich 'n' sich a person busted his heart; 'n' here so 'n' so pegged along for thirty-seven year, 'n' all that—natcherl son o' Louis somebody, 'n' sich everlast'n rubbage. He's plumb crazy, s'I; it's what I says in the fust place, it's what I says in the middle, 'n' it's what I says last 'n' all the time—the nigger's crazy—crazy 's Nebokoodneezer, s'I.” “An' look at that-air ladder made out'n rags, Sister Hotchkiss,” says old Mrs. Damrell; “what in the name o' goodness could he ever want of—” “The very words I was a-sayin' no longer ago th'n this minute to Sister Utterback, 'n' she'll tell you so herself. Sh-she, look at that-air rag ladder, sh-she; 'n' s'I, yes, look at it, s'I—what could he a-wanted of it, s'I. Sh-she, Sister Hotchkiss, sh-she—” “But how in the nation'd they ever git that grindstone in there, anyway? 'n' who dug that-air hole? 'n' who—” “My very words, Brer Penrod! I was a-sayin'—pass that-air sasser o' m'lasses, won't ye?—I was a-sayin' to Sister Dunlap, jist this minute, how did they git that grindstone in there, s'I. Without help, mind you—'thout help! that's wher 'tis. Don't tell me, s'I; there wuz help, s'I; 'n' ther' wuz a plenty help, too, s'I; ther's ben a dozen a-helpin' that nigger, 'n' I lay I'd skin every last nigger on this place but I'd find out who done it, s'I; 'n' moreover, s'I—” “A dozen says you!—forty couldn't a done every thing that's been done. Look at them case-knife saws and things, how tedious they've been made; look at that bed-leg sawed off with 'm, a week's work for six men; look at that nigger made out'n straw on the bed; and look at—” “You may well say it, Brer Hightower! It's jist as I was a-sayin' to Brer Phelps, his own self. S'e, what do you think of it, Sister Hotchkiss, s'e? Think o' what, Brer Phelps, s'I? Think o' that bed-leg sawed off that a way, s'e? think of it, s'I? I lay it never sawed itself off, s'I—somebody sawed it, s'I; that's my opinion, take it or leave it, it mayn't be no 'count, s'I, but sich as 't is, it's my opinion, s'I, 'n' if any body k'n start a better one, s'I, let him do it, s'I, that's all. I says to Sister Dunlap, s'I—” “Why, dog my cats, they must a ben a house-full o' niggers in there every night for four weeks to a done all that work, Sister Phelps. Look at that shirt—every last inch of it kivered over with secret African writ'n done with blood! Must a ben a raft uv 'm at it right along, all the time, amost. Why, I'd give two dollars to have it read to me; 'n' as for the niggers that wrote it, I 'low I'd take 'n' lash 'm t'll—” “People to help him, Brother Marples! Well, I reckon you'd think so if you'd a been in this house for a while back. Why, they've stole everything they could lay their hands on—and we a-watching all the time, mind you. They stole that shirt right off o' the line! and as for that sheet they made the rag ladder out of, ther' ain't no telling how many times they didn't steal that; and flour, and candles, and candlesticks, and spoons, and the old warming-pan, and most a thousand things that I disremember now, and my new calico dress; and me and Silas and my Sid and Tom on the constant watch day and night, as I was a-telling you, and not a one of us could catch hide nor hair nor sight nor sound of them; and here at the last minute, lo and behold you, they slides right in under our noses and fools us, and not only fools us but the Injun Territory robbers too, and actuly gets away with that nigger safe and sound, and that with sixteen men and twenty-two dogs right on their very heels at that very time! I tell you, it just bangs anything I ever heard of. Why, sperits couldn't a done better and been no smarter. And I reckon they must a been sperits—because, you know our dogs, and ther' ain't no better; well, them dogs never even got on the track of 'm once! You explain that to me if you can!—any of you!” “Well, it does beat—” “Laws alive, I never—” “So help me, I wouldn't a be—” “House-thieves as well as—” “Goodnessgracioussakes, I'd a ben afeard to live in sich a—” “'Fraid to live!—why, I was that scared I dasn't hardly go to bed, or get up, or lay down, or set down, Sister Ridgeway. Why, they'd steal the very—why, goodness sakes, you can guess what kind of a fluster I was in by the time midnight come last night. I hope to gracious if I warn't afraid they'd steal some o' the family! I was just to that pass I didn't have no reasoning faculties no more. It looks foolish enough now, in the daytime; but I says to myself, there's my two poor boys asleep, 'way up stairs in that lonesome room, and I declare to goodness I was that uneasy 't I crep' up there and locked 'em in! I did. And anybody would. Because, you know, when you get scared that way, and it keeps running on, and getting worse and worse all the time, and your wits gets to addling, and you get to doing all sorts o' wild things, and by and by you think to yourself, spos'n I was a boy, and was away up there, and the door ain't locked, and you—” She stopped, looking kind of wondering, and then she turned her head around slow, and when her eye lit on me—I got up and took a walk. Says I to myself, I can explain better how we come to not be in that room this morning if I go out to one side and study over it a little. So I done it. But I dasn't go fur, or she'd a sent for me. And when it was late in the day the people all went, and then I come in and told her the noise and shooting waked up me and “Sid,” and the door was locked, and we wanted to see the fun, so we went down the lightning-rod, and both of us got hurt a little, and we didn't never want to try that no more. And then I went on and told her all what I told Uncle Silas before; and then she said she'd forgive us, and maybe it was all right enough anyway, and about what a body might expect of boys, for all boys was a pretty harum-scarum lot as fur as she could see; and so, as long as no harm hadn't come of it, she judged she better put in her time being grateful we was alive and well and she had us still, stead of fretting over what was past and done. So then she kissed me, and patted me on the head, and dropped into a kind of a brown study; and pretty soon jumps up, and says: “Why, lawsamercy, it's most night, and Sid not come yet! What has become of that boy?” I see my chance; so I skips up and says: “I'll run right up to town and get him,” I says. “No you won't,” she says. "You'll stay right wher' you are; one's enough to be lost at a time. If he ain't here to supper, your uncle 'll go.” Well, he warn't there to supper; so right after supper uncle went. He come back about ten a little bit uneasy; hadn't run across Tom's track. Aunt Sally was a good deal uneasy; but Uncle Silas he said there warn't no occasion to be—boys will be boys, he said, and you'll see this one turn up in the morning all sound and right. So she had to be satisfied. But she said she'd set up for him a while anyway, and keep a light burning so he could see it. And then when I went up to bed she come up with me and fetched her candle, and tucked me in, and mothered me so good I felt mean, and like I couldn't look her in the face; and she set down on the bed and talked with me a long time, and said what a splendid boy Sid was, and didn't seem to want to ever stop talking about him; and kept asking me every now and then if I reckoned he could a got lost, or hurt, or maybe drownded, and might be laying at this minute somewheres suffering or dead, and she not by him to help him, and so the tears would drip down silent, and I would tell her that Sid was all right, and would be home in the morning, sure; and she would squeeze my hand, or maybe kiss me, and tell me to say it again, and keep on saying it, because it done her good, and she was in so much trouble. And when she was going away she looked down in my eyes so steady and gentle, and says: “The door ain't going to be locked, Tom, and there's the window and the rod; but you'll be good, won't you? And you won't go? For my sake.” Laws knows I wanted to go bad enough to see about Tom, and was all intending to go; but after that I wouldn't a went, not for kingdoms. But she was on my mind and Tom was on my mind, so I slept very restless. And twice I went down the rod away in the night, and slipped around front, and see her setting there by her candle in the window with her eyes towards the road and the tears in them; and I wished I could do something for her, but I couldn't, only to swear that I wouldn't never do nothing to grieve her any more. And the third time I waked up at dawn, and slid down, and she was there yet, and her candle was most out, and her old gray head was resting on her hand, and she was asleep. CHAPTER XLII. THE old man was uptown again before breakfast, but couldn't get no track of Tom; and both of them set at the table thinking, and not saying nothing, and looking mournful, and their coffee getting cold, and not eating anything. And by and by the old man says: “Did I give you the letter?” “What letter?” “The one I got yesterday out of the post-office.” “No, you didn't give me no letter.” “Well, I must a forgot it.” So he rummaged his pockets, and then went off somewheres where he had laid it down, and fetched it, and give it to her. She says: “Why, it's from St. Petersburg—it's from Sis.” I allowed another walk would do me good; but I couldn't stir. But before she could break it open she dropped it and run—for she see something. And so did I. It was Tom Sawyer on a mattress; and that old doctor; and Jim, in her calico dress, with his hands tied behind him; and a lot of people. I hid the letter behind the first thing that come handy, and rushed. She flung herself at Tom, crying, and says: “Oh, he's dead, he's dead, I know he's dead!” And Tom he turned his head a little, and muttered something or other, which showed he warn't in his right mind; then she flung up her hands, and says: “He's alive, thank God! And that's enough!” and she snatched a kiss of him, and flew for the house to get the bed ready, and scattering orders right and left at the niggers and everybody else, as fast as her tongue could go, every jump of the way. I followed the men to see what they was going to do with Jim; and the old doctor and Uncle Silas followed after Tom into the house. The men was very huffy, and some of them wanted to hang Jim for an example to all the other niggers around there, so they wouldn't be trying to run away like Jim done, and making such a raft of trouble, and keeping a whole family scared most to death for days and nights. But the others said, don't do it, it wouldn't answer at all; he ain't our nigger, and his owner would turn up and make us pay for him, sure. So that cooled them down a little, because the people that's always the most anxious for to hang a nigger that hain't done just right is always the very ones that ain't the most anxious to pay for him when they've got their satisfaction out of him. They cussed Jim considerble, though, and give him a cuff or two side the head once in a while, but Jim never said nothing, and he never let on to know me, and they took him to the same cabin, and put his own clothes on him, and chained him again, and not to no bed-leg this time, but to a big staple drove into the bottom log, and chained his hands, too, and both legs, and said he warn't to have nothing but bread and water to eat after this till his owner come, or he was sold at auction because he didn't come in a certain length of time, and filled up our hole, and said a couple of farmers with guns must stand watch around about the cabin every night, and a bulldog tied to the door in the daytime; and about this time they was through with the job and was tapering off with a kind of generl good-bye cussing, and then the old doctor comes and takes a look, and says: “Don't be no rougher on him than you're obleeged to, because he ain't a bad nigger. When I got to where I found the boy I see I couldn't cut the bullet out without some help, and he warn't in no condition for me to leave to go and get help; and he got a little worse and a little worse, and after a long time he went out of his head, and wouldn't let me come a-nigh him any more, and said if I chalked his raft he'd kill me, and no end of wild foolishness like that, and I see I couldn't do anything at all with him; so I says, I got to have help somehow; and the minute I says it out crawls this nigger from somewheres and says he'll help, and he done it, too, and done it very well. Of course I judged he must be a runaway nigger, and there I was! and there I had to stick right straight along all the rest of the day and all night. It was a fix, I tell you! I had a couple of patients with the chills, and of course I'd of liked to run up to town and see them, but I dasn't, because the nigger might get away, and then I'd be to blame; and yet never a skiff come close enough for me to hail. So there I had to stick plumb until daylight this morning; and I never see a nigger that was a better nuss or faithfuller, and yet he was risking his freedom to do it, and was all tired out, too, and I see plain enough he'd been worked main hard lately. I liked the nigger for that; I tell you, gentlemen, a nigger like that is worth a thousand dollars—and kind treatment, too. I had everything I needed, and the boy was doing as well there as he would a done at home—better, maybe, because it was so quiet; but there I was, with both of 'm on my hands, and there I had to stick till about dawn this morning; then some men in a skiff come by, and as good luck would have it the nigger was setting by the pallet with his head propped on his knees sound asleep; so I motioned them in quiet, and they slipped up on him and grabbed him and tied him before he knowed what he was about, and we never had no trouble. And the boy being in a kind of a flighty sleep, too, we muffled the oars and hitched the raft on, and towed her over very nice and quiet, and the nigger never made the least row nor said a word from the start. He ain't no bad nigger, gentlemen; that's what I think about him.” Somebody says: “Well, it sounds very good, doctor, I'm obleeged to say.” Then the others softened up a little, too, and I was mighty thankful to that old doctor for doing Jim that good turn; and I was glad it was according to my judgment of him, too; because I thought he had a good heart in him and was a good man the first time I see him. Then they all agreed that Jim had acted very well, and was deserving to have some notice took of it, and reward. So every one of them promised, right out and hearty, that they wouldn't cuss him no more. Then they come out and locked him up. I hoped they was going to say he could have one or two of the chains took off, because they was rotten heavy, or could have meat and greens with his bread and water; but they didn't think of it, and I reckoned it warn't best for me to mix in, but I judged I'd get the doctor's yarn to Aunt Sally somehow or other as soon as I'd got through the breakers that was laying just ahead of me—explanations, I mean, of how I forgot to mention about Sid being shot when I was telling how him and me put in that dratted night paddling around hunting the runaway nigger. But I had plenty time. Aunt Sally she stuck to the sick-room all day and all night, and every time I see Uncle Silas mooning around I dodged him. Next morning I heard Tom was a good deal better, and they said Aunt Sally was gone to get a nap. So I slips to the sick-room, and if I found him awake I reckoned we could put up a yarn for the family that would wash. But he was sleeping, and sleeping very peaceful, too; and pale, not fire-faced the way he was when he come. So I set down and laid for him to wake. In about half an hour Aunt Sally comes gliding in, and there I was, up a stump again! She motioned me to be still, and set down by me, and begun to whisper, and said we could all be joyful now, because all the symptoms was first-rate, and he'd been sleeping like that for ever so long, and looking better and peacefuller all the time, and ten to one he'd wake up in his right mind. So we set there watching, and by and by he stirs a bit, and opened his eyes very natural, and takes a look, and says: “Hello!—why, I'm at home! How's that? Where's the raft?” “It's all right,” I says. “And Jim?” “The same,” I says, but couldn't say it pretty brash. But he never noticed, but says: “Good! Splendid! Now we're all right and safe! Did you tell Aunty?” I was going to say yes; but she chipped in and says: "About what, Sid?” “Why, about the way the whole thing was done.” “What whole thing?” “Why, the whole thing. There ain't but one; how we set the runaway nigger free—me and Tom.” “Good land! Set the run—What is the child talking about! Dear, dear, out of his head again!” “No, I ain't out of my head; I know all what I'm talking about. We did set him free—me and Tom. We laid out to do it, and we done it. And we done it elegant, too.” He'd got a start, and she never checked him up, just set and stared and stared, and let him clip along, and I see it warn't no use for me to put in. "Why, Aunty, it cost us a power of work—weeks of it—hours and hours, every night, whilst you was all asleep. And we had to steal candles, and the sheet, and the shirt, and your dress, and spoons, and tin plates, and case-knives, and the warming-pan, and the grindstone, and flour, and just no end of things, and you can't think what work it was to make the saws, and pens, and inscriptions, and one thing or another, and you can't think half the fun it was. And we had to make up the pictures of coffins and things, and nonnamous letters from the robbers, and get up and down the lightning-rod, and dig the hole into the cabin, and made the rope ladder and send it in cooked up in a pie, and send in spoons and things to work with in your apron pocket—” “Mercy sakes!” “—and load up the cabin with rats and snakes and so on, for company for Jim; and then you kept Tom here so long with the butter in his hat that you come near spiling the whole business, because the men come before we was out of the cabin, and we had to rush, and they heard us and let drive at us, and I got my share, and we dodged out of the path and let them go by, and when the dogs come they warn't interested in us, but went for the most noise, and we got our canoe, and made for the raft, and was all safe, and Jim was a free man, and we done it all by ourselves, and wasn't it bully, Aunty!” “Well, I never heard the likes of it in all my born days! So it was you, you little rapscallions, that's been making all this trouble, and turned everybody's wits clean inside out and scared us all most to death. I've as good a notion as ever I had in my life to take it out o' you this very minute. To think, here I've been, night after night, a—you just get well once, you young scamp, and I lay I'll tan the Old Harry out o' both o' ye!” But Tom, he was so proud and joyful, he just couldn't hold in, and his tongue just went it—she a-chipping in, and spitting fire all along, and both of them going it at once, like a cat convention; and she says: “Well, you get all the enjoyment you can out of it now, for mind I tell you if I catch you meddling with him again—” “Meddling with who?” Tom says, dropping his smile and looking surprised. “With who? Why, the runaway nigger, of course. Who'd you reckon?” Tom looks at me very grave, and says: “Tom, didn't you just tell me he was all right? Hasn't he got away?” “Him?” says Aunt Sally; “the runaway nigger? 'Deed he hasn't. They've got him back, safe and sound, and he's in that cabin again, on bread and water, and loaded down with chains, till he's claimed or sold!” Tom rose square up in bed, with his eye hot, and his nostrils opening and shutting like gills, and sings out to me: “They hain't no right to shut him up! SHOVE!—and don't you lose a minute. Turn him loose! he ain't no slave; he's as free as any cretur that walks this earth!” “What does the child mean?” “I mean every word I say, Aunt Sally, and if somebody don't go, I'll go. I've knowed him all his life, and so has Tom, there. Old Miss Watson died two months ago, and she was ashamed she ever was going to sell him down the river, and said so; and she set him free in her will.” “Then what on earth did you want to set him free for, seeing he was already free?” “Well, that is a question, I must say; and just like women! Why, I wanted the adventure of it; and I'd a waded neck-deep in blood to—goodness alive, Aunt Polly!” If she warn't standing right there, just inside the door, looking as sweet and contented as an angel half full of pie, I wish I may never! Aunt Sally jumped for her, and most hugged the head off of her, and cried over her, and I found a good enough place for me under the bed, for it was getting pretty sultry for us, seemed to me. And I peeped out, and in a little while Tom's Aunt Polly shook herself loose and stood there looking across at Tom over her spectacles—kind of grinding him into the earth, you know. And then she says: “Yes, you better turn y'r head away—I would if I was you, Tom.” “Oh, deary me!” says Aunt Sally; “Is he changed so? Why, that ain't Tom, it's Sid; Tom's—Tom's—why, where is Tom? He was here a minute ago.” “You mean where's Huck Finn—that's what you mean! I reckon I hain't raised such a scamp as my Tom all these years not to know him when I see him. That would be a pretty howdy-do. Come out from under that bed, Huck Finn.” So I done it. But not feeling brash. Aunt Sally she was one of the mixed-upest-looking persons I ever see—except one, and that was Uncle Silas, when he come in and they told it all to him. It kind of made him drunk, as you may say, and he didn't know nothing at all the rest of the day, and preached a prayer-meeting sermon that night that gave him a rattling ruputation, because the oldest man in the world couldn't a understood it. So Tom's Aunt Polly, she told all about who I was, and what; and I had to up and tell how I was in such a tight place that when Mrs. Phelps took me for Tom Sawyer—she chipped in and says, “Oh, go on and call me Aunt Sally, I'm used to it now, and 'tain't no need to change”—that when Aunt Sally took me for Tom Sawyer I had to stand it—there warn't no other way, and I knowed he wouldn't mind, because it would be nuts for him, being a mystery, and he'd make an adventure out of it, and be perfectly satisfied. And so it turned out, and he let on to be Sid, and made things as soft as he could for me. And his Aunt Polly she said Tom was right about old Miss Watson setting Jim free in her will; and so, sure enough, Tom Sawyer had gone and took all that trouble and bother to set a free nigger free! and I couldn't ever understand before, until that minute and that talk, how he could help a body set a nigger free with his bringing-up. Well, Aunt Polly she said that when Aunt Sally wrote to her that Tom and Sid had come all right and safe, she says to herself: “Look at that, now! I might have expected it, letting him go off that way without anybody to watch him. So now I got to go and trapse all the way down the river, eleven hundred mile, and find out what that creetur's up to this time, as long as I couldn't seem to get any answer out of you about it.” “Why, I never heard nothing from you,” says Aunt Sally. “Well, I wonder! Why, I wrote you twice to ask you what you could mean by Sid being here.” “Well, I never got 'em, Sis.” Aunt Polly she turns around slow and severe, and says: “You, Tom!” “Well—what?” he says, kind of pettish. “Don't you what me, you impudent thing—hand out them letters.” “What letters?” “Them letters. I be bound, if I have to take a-holt of you I'll—” “They're in the trunk. There, now. And they're just the same as they was when I got them out of the office. I hain't looked into them, I hain't touched them. But I knowed they'd make trouble, and I thought if you warn't in no hurry, I'd—” “Well, you do need skinning, there ain't no mistake about it. And I wrote another one to tell you I was coming; and I s'pose he—” “No, it come yesterday; I hain't read it yet, but it's all right, I've got that one.” I wanted to offer to bet two dollars she hadn't, but I reckoned maybe it was just as safe to not to. So I never said nothing. CHAPTER THE LAST THE first time I catched Tom private I asked him what was his idea, time of the evasion?—what it was he'd planned to do if the evasion worked all right and he managed to set a nigger free that was already free before? And he said, what he had planned in his head from the start, if we got Jim out all safe, was for us to run him down the river on the raft, and have adventures plumb to the mouth of the river, and then tell him about his being free, and take him back up home on a steamboat, in style, and pay him for his lost time, and write word ahead and get out all the niggers around, and have them waltz him into town with a torchlight procession and a brass-band, and then he would be a hero, and so would we. But I reckoned it was about as well the way it was. We had Jim out of the chains in no time, and when Aunt Polly and Uncle Silas and Aunt Sally found out how good he helped the doctor nurse Tom, they made a heap of fuss over him, and fixed him up prime, and give him all he wanted to eat, and a good time, and nothing to do. And we had him up to the sick-room, and had a high talk; and Tom give Jim forty dollars for being prisoner for us so patient, and doing it up so good, and Jim was pleased most to death, and busted out, and says: “Dah, now, Huck, what I tell you?—what I tell you up dah on Jackson islan'? I tole you I got a hairy breas', en what's de sign un it; en I tole you I ben rich wunst, en gwineter to be rich agin; en it's come true; en heah she is! dah, now! doan' talk to me—signs is signs, mine I tell you; en I knowed jis' 's well 'at I 'uz gwineter be rich agin as I's a-stannin' heah dis minute!” And then Tom he talked along and talked along, and says, le's all three slide out of here one of these nights and get an outfit, and go for howling adventures amongst the Injuns, over in the Territory, for a couple of weeks or two; and I says, all right, that suits me, but I ain't got no money for to buy the outfit, and I reckon I couldn't get none from home, because it's likely pap's been back before now, and got it all away from Judge Thatcher and drunk it up. “No, he hain't,” Tom says; “it's all there yet—six thousand dollars and more; and your pap hain't ever been back since. Hadn't when I come away, anyhow.” Jim says, kind of solemn: “He ain't a-comin' back no mo', Huck.” I says: “Why, Jim?” “Nemmine why, Huck—but he ain't comin' back no mo.” But I kept at him; so at last he says: “Doan' you 'member de house dat was float'n down de river, en dey wuz a man in dah, kivered up, en I went in en unkivered him and didn' let you come in? Well, den, you kin git yo' money when you wants it, kase dat wuz him.” Tom's most well now, and got his bullet around his neck on a watch-guard for a watch, and is always seeing what time it is, and so there ain't nothing more to write about, and I am rotten glad of it, because if I'd a knowed what a trouble it was to make a book I wouldn't a tackled it, and ain't a-going to no more. But I reckon I got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before. THE END. YOURS TRULY, HUCK FINN. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Complete, by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUCKLEBERRY FINN *** ***** This file should be named 76-h.htm or 76-h.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.net/7/76/ Produced by David Widger. Previous editions produced by Ron Burkey and Internet Wiretap Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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Huck feels guilty about taking the money, so he puts the money in the coffin to make himself feel better about lying.
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fall2017.rswsandbox.net fall2017.rswsandbox.net
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I bring my attention back to my breath. I don't try to "think about nothing." I don't strive to do better than I did yesterday or last year. I simply observe the way thoughts emerge and pass away with or without my conscious intent. Attention! 71 If you haven't done it, watching your breath with your eyes closed and labeling your thoughts as they pass through your mind sounds like a colos-sal waste of time. I admit that I get antsy, and look forward to getting back to work, play, or whatever I had been doing. I don't assign the "fun" tag to meditation.
Meditation is a practice that appears more and more challenging as the allure of your smartphone is just a few feet away. Artist Father John Misty has a lyric that relates to this on a song called, "The Memo."
"And as the world is getting smaller, small things take up all your time Narcissus would have had a field day if he could have got online"
While I have not tried yoga explicitly, I have noticed that reading books is kind of a mental break in the same way that yoga is to some. Sometimes, I can pick up a book and read for a few hours with ease. However, most of the time, it's hard to concentrate on the words on the page and often times I will reach for my phone for no inherent reason. The instant gratification of social media is tempting, but it is always important to take some time away and focus on yourself.
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anteritalia.org anteritalia.org
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Ok. Non ho controllato ma assicuriamoci che il tag alt delle immagini sia compilato.
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teaching.lfhanley.net teaching.lfhanley.net
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perspective
One way of improving this paragraph would be to reference the stories we've read, to quickly connect Coraline to Hawthorne and/or Irving. So for instance, little tag phrases like: "Like Goodman Brown, she learns about false appearances . . . "; or, "Once she returns, like Robin in "My Kinsman, Major Molineux," Caroline gains a mature perspective of the world as a whole . . . "
These kind of quick, efficient connecting phrases show me that you are thinking about Coraline within the context of our course. They also help me to see how deeply you've thought about the texts and ideas we've discussed.
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freequeercuny.commons.gc.cuny.edu freequeercuny.commons.gc.cuny.edu
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Week 1 Teaching Notes:
Creating THE Syllabus: a thought project
Queer Mainstreams and the Queer Cannon
Creating an OPEN syllabus -- a way to think about this course more broadly
"If it can't be shared, it can't be taught" : Free/Queer/CUNY
Turning principles into projects: shared labor
So our TO-Do list includes: finding resources, using technology, knowing our context, sharing the labor
Assignment for Week 2:
Subscribe to CUNY Commons and enroll in our site
Begin identifying and evaluating OER for an undergrad queer studies course (of some kind)
Begin researching the CUNY contexts for that course as one way of evaluating the OER.
Begin posting your findings to our Free Queer CUNY Commons site. Tag your name and keywords
Questions for Class Thursday, Feb. 15
–why call it the CUNY ”Commons”? What does that word tap into in terms of intellectual communities? –what are the guiding principles and practices of the Commons? When it works best, what do you see it doing? –how does the Commons enable us to work across CUNY? Here, you might even just step us through parts of the Commons, linking functionality to the needs of academic organization.
–What is Wordpress? What’s the bigger Wordpress picture? –When you see Wordpress working well for instructors, what does that look like? –How does Wordpress connect to the uses of open educational resources and the idea of shared academic labor?
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Week 2 Teaching Notes:
Student-led OER research reports
a. Point to 1-2 example sources
b. Think through pedagogical choices, issues, Q's
c. Add viable OER to the Live List
The CUNY System
Mapping the Futures of Higher Education Video
Review undergrad class posts about first day in LGBT Short Story class
Assignment for Week 3:
Brainstorm together for next questions/directions
Look around the CUNY Commons --Write a post with any Commons questions you
have (please tag "commons")
Begin building individual or shared Wordpress sites --pick a campus and create its queer profile. What
classes, instructors, resources, publications, histories, opportunities, needs do you see there?
--Write a post with any Wordpress questions you
have (tag "wordpress")
Mapping Queer CUNY group project (use Embed Google Maps plugin or another mapping plugin).
Tags
Annotators
URL
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blogs.baruch.cuny.edu blogs.baruch.cuny.edu
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This week I spend more time walking around this area. It’s not a very special place. This place is where I used to go to school during my elementary school years. Now I work in a after school program I actually got a chance to walk into this school again. Nothing looks new to me except the building has been repainted. I recognized many of the staffs there as well as new staffs. Sadly the old staffs don’t remember me. The kids I see are going wild. They run around and play tag around the lunchrooms. This trip to this school brings back so much memories. I recalled how immature I was during my younger years and the fun times I had. If only I was more mature I would have joined more events in school and performances. This week has been a very memorial week. I was able to remember so much from my younger years, both good memories and bad memories.
I like how a clear picture is painted when describing the lunchroom.
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www.google.de www.google.de
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I've created my Hypothesis account
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europepmc.org europepmc.org
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On 2014 Feb 12, Diana Frame commented:
A note for researchers, MESH indexing terms on this article erroneously tag it as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It should be under Small Cell Lung Carcinoma[MeSH].
This comment, imported by Hypothesis from PubMed Commons, is licensed under CC BY.
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europepmc.org europepmc.org
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On 2015 Oct 07, Bill Cayley commented:
One of several examples showing that sometimes in obstetric care "less" is "more": https://lessismoreebm.wordpress.com/tag/obstetric-gynegologic/
This comment, imported by Hypothesis from PubMed Commons, is licensed under CC BY.
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On 2015 Apr 18, Dorothy V M Bishop commented:
As a psychologist interested in the genetics of lateralization, I frequently come across this paper, which is cited as evidence for early genetic influences on brain asymmetry. As of today, 160 citations are shown in Web of Science.
When I read the paper a couple of years ago, I found some details that did not seem to support the conclusions of the authors. These are described in a blogpost: http://deevybee.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/genes-brains-and-lateralisation-how.html
I will summarise the main issue below, but I was interested to note that, since that time, other papers have appeared, using larger datasets, which have stressed the remarkable symmetry of early gene expression, notably:
Johnson, M. B., et al (2009). Functional and evolutionary insights into human brain development through global transcriptome analysis. Neuron, 62(4), 494-509. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.027
and
Pletikos, M., Sousa, A. M. M., Sedmak, G., Meyer, K. A., Zhu, Y., Cheng, F., . . . Sestan, N. (2014). Temporal specification and bilaterality of human neocortical topographic gene expression. Neuron, 81(2), 321-332. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.018
Here is a brief account of the main issue I raised about the study. Please see the blogpost for more details.
Sun et al used a method called Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) which compares gene expression in different tissues or – as in this case – in corresponding left and right regions of the embryonic brain. The analysis looks for specific sequences of 10 DNA base-pairs, or tags, which index particular genes. SAGE output consists of simple tables, giving the identity of each tag, its count (a measure of cellular gene expression) and an identifier and more detailed description of the corresponding gene. These tables are available for left and right sides for three brain regions (frontal, perisylvian and occipital) for 12- and 14-week old brains, and for perisylvian only for a 19-week-old brain. The perisylvian region is of particular interest because it is the brain region that will develop into the planum temporale, which has been linked with language development. One brain at each age was used to create the set of SAGE tags.
To verify asymmetrically expressed genes the authors performed chi square tests. The chi square involves testing whether the distribution of expression on left and right is significantly different from the distribution of left vs. right expression across all tags in this brain region – which is close to 50%. In the left-right perisylvian region of a 12-week-old embryonic human brain, there were 49 genes with chi square greater than 6.63 (p < .01): 21 were more highly expressed on the left and 28 more highly expressed on the right. But for each region the authors considered several thousand tags. My analysis indicated that the number of asymmetrically expressed genes appeared to be lower than you would expect by chance – entirely consistent with the conclusions of Pletikos et al.
Unless my analysis is mistaken, it would seem this paper should not be cited as evidence for asymmetric fetal gene expression, as it actually shows the opposite.
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On 2014 Jan 08, Tom Kindlon commented:
Early diagnosis of CFS/ME has been shown to lead to a better prognosis
It was interesting to see the various views expressed by GPs in this paper[1]. However I think a couple of useful points could have been added. There is much discussion in the paper about whether a label of CFS/ME is useful or not. The authors refer to NICE guidelines which "emphasise the importance of a definitive diagnosis"[2]. However, I think it would have been useful to add some direct evidence on this issue.
For example, research published by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which found that an earlier diagnosis led to a better prognosis[3]. This prompted the CDC to launch a two-pronged awareness drive aimed at both health professionals and the general public - the tag line for the latter was, "Get informed. Get diagnosed. Get help."[4].
A UK study found that the longer the interval between a patient falling ill and getting a diagnosis, the greater the likelihood that they would become severely affected. [5]
The authors mention the issue of CFS/ME being managed in primary care. It is important for GPs to know that GPs encouraging patients to do a graded exercise programme is associated with a higher rate of adverse reactions. For example, a survey which asked patients about their experiences of treatments over the previous three years found that 45% reported being made worse by a graded exercise therapy (GET) programme overseen by their GP, compared to 31% who reported being made worse by a GET under a NHS specialist and 29% of those who did a GET in other circumstances[6]. The NICE guidelines do not recommend that a GP oversee such an approach[2].
References:
[1] Chew-Graham C, Dowrick C, Wearden A, Richardson V, Peters S. Making the diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalitis in primary care: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2010 Feb 23;11:16.
[2] NICE CG 53 Chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy) guideline.
[3] Nisenbaum R, Jones JF, Unger ER, Reyes M and Reeves WC. A population-based study of the clinical course of chronic fatigue syndrome. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003;1:49-58.
[4] CDC Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Campaign. http://cdc.gov/cfs/awareness.htm [Last accessed: 31 March, 2010]
[5] Pheby D and Saffron L. Risk factors for severe ME/CFS. Biology and Medicine (2009); 1 (4):50-74. http://biolmedonline.com/Articles/vol1_4_50-74.pdf [Last accessed: 31 March, 2010]
[6] Action for M.E. and AYME Survey 2008 Results http://afme.wordpress.com/5-treatments-and-symptoms/ [Last accessed: 31 March, 2010]
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On 2016 Jan 21, Sebastian Lourido commented:
The conditional dimerizable Cre recombinase (DiCre) has been a powerful technique for conditional genome engineering in Toxoplasma, as first established in this article, and elaborated later (see Pieperhoff, et al. 2015. PLoS One). It has worked well in our hands for a variety of applications. Recently, we discovered that the reporter construct used in this study was cloned down stream and in frame of a Ty-tag (EVHTNQDPLD), such that the KillerRed expressed prior to recombination contains and N-terminal Ty-tag. This observation does not affect any of the experiments presented in the article. However, it might be important to note for future investigators planning further manipulations of the existing DiCre strains or reporter constructs.
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On 2015 Sep 24, Bill Cayley commented:
A good example of when "less" is "more" in Obstetric care: https://lessismoreebm.wordpress.com/tag/obstetric-gynegologic/
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On 2013 Jul 04, John Overington commented:
A standard for database tag structures would be really useful in general - 1ABC is a PDB code, but it's also many other things, so PDB1ABC would be more general and useful. However, as a database provider this paper highlighted several features that I didn't know and will now explore - e.g. the NLM JATS DTD.
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On 2014 Jan 04, Dorothy V M Bishop commented:
I was pleased to see that Professor Farthing took the opportunity to tackle the subject of research misconduct in his lecture. He cogently notes the nature of the problem and makes suggestions to deal with it. I thought his analysis was generally on-target, but I was concerned about his second suggested solution: enhanced monitoring and audit, and his failure to consider an additional approach, which is to change the incentive structure for researchers. The following points are taken from a blogpost I wrote on these topics (http://deevybee.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/research-fraud-more-scrutiny-by.html).
I agree we need to think about how to fix science, and that many of our current practices lead to non-replicable findings. I just don't think more scrutiny by administrators is the solution.
So what would I do? The answers fall into three main categories: incentives, publication practices, and research methods.
Incentives: Currently, we have a situation where research stardom, assessed by REF criteria, is all-important. Farthing notes that RAE/REF criteria have been devised to stress quality rather than quantity of research, which is a good thing, but it is still the case that too much emphasis goes on the prestige of journals (see http://deevybee.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/journal-impact-factors-and-ref-2014.html).
Instead of valuing papers in top journals, we should be valuing research replicability. This would entail a massive change in our culture, but a start has already been made in my discipline of psychology :see http://www.nature.com/news/psychologists-strike-a-blow-for-reproducibility-1.14232.
Publication practices: the top journals prioritize exciting results over methodological rigour. There is therefore a strong temptation to do post hoc analyses of data until an exciting result emerges. I agree with Farthing that pre-registration of research projects is a good way of dealing with this. I'm pleased to say that here too, psychology is leading the way in extending research registration beyond the domain of clinical trials: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/tag/registered-reports/
Research methods: we need better training of scientists to become more aware of the limitations of the methods that they use. Too often statistical training is a dry and inaccessible discipline. All scientists should be taught how to generate random datasets: nothing is quite as good at instilling a proper understanding of p-values as seeing the apparent patterns in data that will inevitably arise if you look hard enough at some random numbers. In addition, not enough researchers receive training in best practices for ensuring quality of data entry, or in exploratory data analysis to check the numbers are coherent and meet assumptions of the analytic approach.
Finally, before any new regulation is introduced, there should be a cold-blooded cost-benefit analysis that considers, among other things, the cost of the regulation both in terms of the salaries of people who implement it, and the time and other costs to those affected by it. My concern is that among the 'other costs' is something rather nebulous that could easily get missed. Quite simply, doing good research takes time and mental space of the researchers. Most researchers are geeks who like nothing better than staring at data and thinking about complicated problems. If you require them to spend time satisfying bureaucratic requirements, this saps the spirit and reduces creativity.
I think we can learn much from the way ethics regulations have panned out. When a new system was first introduced in response to the Alder Hey scandal, I'm sure many thought it was a good idea. It has taken several years for the full impact to be appreciated. The problems are documented in a report by the Academy of Medical Sciences, which noted "Urgent changes are required to the regulation and governance of health research in the UK because unnecessary delays, bureaucracy and complexity are stifling medical advances, without additional benefits to patient safety"
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On 2014 May 03, Stefanie Butland commented:
All interaction data from this paper are freely available at IntAct http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/query/24705354 and are featured as Dataset of the Month for May 2014. These include 312 binary interactions from yeast two-hybrid, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy and luminescence based mammalian interactome mapping (LUMIER) experiments.
We submitted our data directly to IntAct through the IMEx Consortium as part of the publication process. I encourage others to consider this route to making your data available for re-use and re-mixing as the expert biocuration service provided by IntAct was smooth, accurate, and required very little of our time. A very positive experience.
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On 2014 Oct 06, Leonid Teytelman commented:
Dear Authors,
We have published an analysis in S. cerevisiae, showing expression-dependent artifactual ChIP enrichment at highly expressed loci (Teytelman L, 2013 "Highly expressed loci are vulnerable to misleading ChIP localization of multiple unrelated proteins"). As you know, our finding raises the question of whether HOT regions may also be influenced by the same artifact.
It is great that you have considered our work and have thoughtfully responded to our analysis. Below, I would like to continue this discussion in an effort to better understand the artifact, its causes, and whether it may be contributing to the enrichment at the HOT loci.
1. “we have demonstrated that there is no correlation between our non-specific binding controls (IgG) and our measured transcription factor occupancy;”
Considering our results with no-tag control experiments, an IgG may fail to control for the artifact. It would be great if you could instead perform a GFP ChIP-Seq, similarly to what we have done in yeast.
2. The regions determined in ref. 41 have very low enrichment (twofold or less) of non-specific immunoprecipation in anti-GFP antibody controls over input DNA evaluated using a non-standard sliding-window approach. Importantly, immunoprecipitation/input ratios at this level are typically not considered enriched for binding in modern peak-calling procedures. For example, the median immunoprecipitation/input ratio for our human RNA Pol II experiments is 20-fold, and only 0.033% of human RNA Pol II peaks contain an immunoprecipitation/input ratio ≤ twofold.
The mean is low, but in both anti-GFP experiments, there are loci with 3-5x enrichment (figure 4D). Most importantly, while the anti-GFP enrichment at the hyper-ChIPable loci is low, please note that the level of enrichment is variable from protein to protein (2-5X for Sir proteins, but often >10X for Cse4).
3. Thus, it is essential to note that the term ‘hyper-ChIPable’, coined by ref. 41, is quite misleading, as a correctly performed ChIP experiment will evaluate statistically enriched regions, with higher immunoprecipitation/input ratios. The so-called hyper-ChIPable regions in ref. 41 are not binding regions as determined under ChIP-seq best practices. Hence, when statistical peak-calling was performed in ref. 41 (using the established MACS peak-caller) to evaluate signals only at significantly enriched regions (Supplementary Table 1) only 17 (<7.5%) of the 238 claimed ‘hyper-ChIPable’ regions were called significant by all three Sir proteins. In fact, 68% of their 238 regions do not contain a binding site for any Sir protein as determined by MACS, despite even very liberal settings used (P < 10−5, no fold enrichment cut-off). Thus, the data of ref. 41 contradict its own major claim that all three Sir proteins showed enrichment at the 238 sites.
By reporting the 238 sites with >2fold enrichment of Sir2, Sir3, and Sir4, we are in fact being extra-demanding in terms of the threshold. We are stringently requiring all three proteins to be enriched above a threshold at the locus. So a target with 5x enrichment of Sir2 and 1.8X enrichment of Sir3 would not pass this cutoff. A typical ChIP study will focus on a single factor at a time. Had we done that, we would have many more artifactual targets for each silencing protein, with many at 5x or higher enrichment. Furthermore, the level of the artifactual signal varies from protein to protein or experiment to experiment. For example, the Cse4 signal at highly-expressed loci can give 10x or higher enrichment.
4. Furthermore, as indicated in Supplementary Table 3 of ref. 41, the Sir2, Sir3 and Sir4 ChIP-seq experiments were performed only once each, which raises the question as to whether enrichment of Sir proteins at the 238 sites is reproducible. More rigorously, even for the remaining 17 genomic loci, their status as hyper-ChIPable is questionable as each region would first have to be established as a reproducible binding site in replicate experiments for each individual Sir protein. If you consider that Sir2, Sir3 and Sir4 ChIP-seq constitutes three replicates of Sir proteins, their data show that most of their claimed sites were not reproducibly enriched.
Most of our artifact-cause analysis focuses on genome-wide data, not on the 238 sites. The 238 Sir-enriched euchromatic loci were a launching point for the analysis, but most of the paper looks comprehensively at the link between expression and ChIP levels. Figures 3, 4, and 5 are all on genome-wide correlations between Pol II/III and ChIP.
As for reproducibility, we see the same peaks, with often 10x enrichment, in Ste12, Cse4, two distinct GFP experiments, and each of the three Sir ChIP-Seq datasets. The same exact loci come up in the Sir3 paper from Oliver Rando’s group (Radman-Livaja M, 2011).
5. In addition to the analytical differences outlined above, other potential sources for the marked differences between our data and the Sir-enriched regions of ref. 41 are deviations from a typical ChIP protocol. In particular, ref. 41 employed a significantly longer cross-link time (1 h as opposed to the typical 10–20 min). This might contribute to formation of large non-specific protein–DNA complexes, which can in turn increase non-specific immunoprecipitation.
Though not discussed in the manuscript, we have in fact performed experiments to investigate if the crosslinking concentration contributed to the misleading signal. We performed ChIP with the 1 hour crosslinking at room temperature at the following formaldehyde concentrations: 0.0625%, .125%, .25%, .5% and 1%, but did not find a proportionate decrease in the hyper ChIPpable signal with the decreasing formaldehyde concentrations. Moreover, the presence of hyper-ChIPability in the Snyder datasets (Cse4, Ste12), ours (Sir2, 3, 4, GFP), and Rando (Sir3) make it clear that the problem is not in some unusual protocol steps in our hands.
We also note that we initially performed the Sir ChIP-Seq experiments because of our interest in the Sir protein biology. Because the Sir proteins do not directly interact with the DNA, we used longer crosslinking times. This is not unique to our work.
In summary, much more work is needed to pinpoint the cause of the artifact and to evaluate whether some or all of the signal at highly expressed genes in many other reported ChIP studies could be artifactual. Much more work is necessary to develop the best controls and corrections for the artifact. However, the artifact we report is not minor and is not a consequence of the methodological details of our manuscript.
Also, please note the following papers, published almost in parallel with ours, on this topic:
Park D, 2013 "Widespread Misinterpretable ChIP-seq Bias in Yeast" (Different analysis methods but the same conclusions in S. cerevisiae, analyzing an entirely different set of factors with ChIP-Seq experiments.)
Kasinathan S, 2014 "High-resolution mapping of transcription factor binding sites on native chromatin" (Questions specificity of standard ChIP in S. cerevisiae and at HOT regions of Drosophila. This work possibly provides a solution to the artifact with a modification of the ChIP technique.)
Also, the following discussion of our work on PubPeer may be useful.
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On 2014 Oct 21, George McNamara commented:
This is a nice paper. The abstract refers to using 24 epitope tags (24mer), much of the paper uses a 10mer. Just doing GFP is boring. When I came up with the "Tattletales" (TALE-FPn ... I came up with the idea before sgRNA:Cas9 became popular), I immediately realized that multimerizing FP biosensors. The current paper is the same as my what I refer to as "Binary Tattletales", as in: 1. TALE-(linker-epitope tag)n 2. "binder"-(linker-FP)m with Tattletales being T-cells -- TALE FPs/Biosensors. Since I moved to MD Anderson Cancer Center, the first T now refers to "T-cells and Tumor cells". Likewise T-bow refers to rainbow T-cells and Tumor cells for promoter bashing and otherwise multicolor dots labeling cells (rainbow in homage of course to Brainbow mice etc, and especially to real rainbows). For more on Tattletales, Binary Tattletales, and T-Bow, see http://works.bepress.com/gmcnamara/63 http://works.bepress.com/gmcnamara/42
Giving credit where credit is due: The authors really should have cited the first mammalian cell paper localizing a lot of FPs in one spot (they came 'close' with a Gordon 1997 Cell paper on GFP:LacO in E.coli, but the Tanenbaum paper is all mammalian cells): Robinett et al 1996 JCB http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8991083 http://jcb.rupress.org/content/135/6/1685.long See their figure 4A. Straight, Robinett et al also published a yeast paper in 1996, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994824 and it would have been useful to cite that.
The PDF download at http://works.bepress.com/gmcnamara/63 has a table of 130 FP biosensors (if you are Laconic about ATeam and Fire, too bad) and an extensive reference list with ZF-FP, TALE-FP, Cas9-FP (the latter from the Weissman group), and more (PUF's and PPR's are RNA binding protein families with structural similarities to TALEs). My favorite name -- besides Tattletales and T-Bow, of course -- is "TALE-Lights" from Yuan, Shermoen, O'Farrell 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556431
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On 2014 Oct 27, David Colquhoun commented:
For all the reasons given by Hilda Bastian (and a few more, like P = 0.04 provides lousy evidence) it astonishes me that this study should have been trumpeted as though it represented a great advance. That's the responsibility of Nature Neuroscience (and, ultimately, of the authors).
I wonder whether what happens is as follows. Authors do big fMRI study. Glamour journal refuses to publish without functional information. Authors tag on a small human study. Paper gets published. Hyped up press releases issued that refer mostly to the add on. Journal and authors are happy. But science is not advanced.
I certainly got this impression in another recent fMRI paper in Science. Brain stimulation was claimed to improve memory (P = 0.043)
I guess these examples are quite encouraging for those who think that expensive glamour journals have had their day. Open access and open comments are the way forward.
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On 2017 Jul 09, Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra commented:
In our manuscript exploring the population genetics of local adaptation (Tiffin and Ross-Ibarra 2014) we included a discussion about the potential uses of reduced representation data (e.g. RAD-seq, GBS). To provide a sense of the probability of using reduced representation data to identify targets of selection, we included a figure showing the probability of having a SNP included in a region of the genome in which diversity had been severely reduced due to a recent selective sweep. Unfortunately this figure is not correct; an error in the code inadvertently used centimorgans as morgans, causing the recombination rate to be off by a factor of 100.
To correct this we have generated a new figure (see http://rpubs.com/rossibarra/257207; raw code is available at https://gist.github.com/rossibarra/be44cc3b3796f45840d942ad11c01ba1) that corrects this error and presents a more realistic model. Our previous model assumed SNPs were distributed evenly across the genome and the presence of a single SNP near a sweep was sufficient for detection. Instead, here we explicitly model sequence “tags” coming from RAD-seq or GBS, and incorporate information about the variation in diversity expected among tags in neutral regions of the genome. The figure clearly shows that with dense marker coverage and strong selection, the probability of detecting reductions in diversity due to recent selective sweeps from new beneficial mutations can be relatively high. We emphasize, however, that the purpose of the figure is solely to develop an intuition of the likelihood of detecting a recent selective sweep. The many simplifying assumptions made in generating the figure (no recent demographic change, both sequence tags and recombination occur uniformly along the genome, selection is on a novel beneficial mutation with additive effect that has recently swept to fixation), as well as the specific mutation rates, sample size, sequence length, and recombination rates assumed will all affect the actual probability of a tag being included in a selective sweep. Moreover, this figure does not touch on many other relevant issue such as multiple testing, complex demography, background selection, or other modes of positive selection (e.g. from standing variation, balancing selection, or selection on polygenic traits).
We have submitted a correction to the journal.
We thank Eric Johnson for drawing our attention to the error, and Eric Johnson, Kathleen Lotterhos, and Graham Coop for kindly reviewing previous versions of the code and assumptions we have used in generating this new figure.
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On 2015 Sep 09, Bill Cayley commented:
A good example of when less is more in cardiac care - a collection of related examples is at: https://lessismoreebm.wordpress.com/tag/cardiovascular/
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On 2017 Jul 09, Sunil Verma commented:
Comment on - Evaluation of Bar, Barnase, and Barstar recombinant proteins expressed in genetically engineered Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) for potential risks of food allergy using bioinformatics and literature searches
Sunil Kumar Verma, Principal Scientist CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
In this study, the authors have tested the allergenic potential of the transgene Bar, Barnase, and Barstar expressed in Genetically Modified Indian Mustard for heterosis breeding. To this end, the authors have done the primary amino acid sequence comparisons of these proteins with the primary amino acid sequences of the known allergens listed in Allergenonline.org and NCBI Entrez protein database until January 2015 and 9 March 2015, respectively. Based on these bioinformatics comparisons authors concluded that the Bar, Barnase and Barstar proteins are unlikely to present any significant risk of food allergy to consumers. The authors also recommended not to perform any human serum IgE testing to further evaluate possible binding to the Bar, Barnase or Barstar proteins.
I hereby propose that the above conclusions drawn by the authors in this study are incorrect and require a major revision.
The main criteria used by the authors in these bioinformatics comparisons was the primary amino acid sequence homology searches of the proteins in question with that of the primary amino acid sequences of the potential allergen listed in above databases. All the hits with less than 50% primary amino acid sequence identities for full length proteins and less than 35% identity in the sliding window 80 amino acid segments of each proteins were ignored; the argument was that these matches could not have led to significant structural similarities among the proteins in question, therefore can be ignored.
Several independent studies have shown that in many cases, even though the primary amino acid sequence similarity between two proteins / domains are very less (<20%), but the tertiary structures of the proteins may be highly similar. One classical example of this is high structural similarity between N terminal half of the Krit-B41 domain with that of the RA domain of RalGDS (1RAX:A) with an r.m.s. deviation of 2.9A for 80 aligned positions; despite a very low homology in their primary amino acid sequences (sequence identity =8.7%). [1, S1] It is notable that both RalGDS and Krit-1 interact with Rap1A through the RA and B41 domains, respectively [2, 3], and so the talin [4]. Thus, the high primary amino acid sequence similarity between two proteins may though infer greater chances of structural homology between these proteins; however, low primary amino acid sequence similarity does not necessarily infer that proteins in question will necessarily have higher structural dissimilarities.
Since it is the conformationally determined structure of the proteins/epitopes which finally decide immunogenicity and allergenicity - and not just the primary amino acid sequences; the conclusion drawn in this study based on merely the primary amino acid sequence comparisons are scientifically inappropriate.
Secondly, in real scenario, both the Barnase and Barstar proteins are expressed simultaneously and these two proteins remain in a complex and not as individual proteins in plant [5, 6]. It is not unlikely that structure of a specific protein in complex may be different than that of the structure of the same individual protein in free form. Also, there may be the possibilities of formation/exposure of new epitope(s) surfaces, particularly as we know now that there are several antibodies known that recognize just the native proteins and some may indeed require complex assembly.
Thus, these conformationally determined epitopes that are recognized in the complex but not the free protein of interest may be reveled in differential screening between a protein and a complex form of the same protein. The conformationally determined epitopes could then be compared for structural homology with the epitopes in known allergens to determine the allergenic potential of two proteins in complex; such studies however, were not conducted in this paper; and the fact that Barnase and Barstar remain in complex and not in free form, was completely ignored throughout the study.
Finally, I found that the overall implication of the Allergenonline.org database itself on correctly predicting the allergenic potential of a new antigen was also questionable.<br> To test this, I assumed that 'Ani s 9' (which is a very well known allergen from SXP/RAL-2 protein family) [7] is a new putative allergen and that this group of proteins are not yet listed in the database; and asked whether or not one can predict if 'Ani s 9' is a potential food allergen using the strategy as was used in this study for Barnase, Barstar and Bar transgenic proteins. The full length primary amino acid sequence comparison of 'Ani s 9' (GenBank: ABV55106.1) using default parameter i.e 'E' value cut off = 1 identified 7 hits (excluding the hits with its own sequences) with 'tropomyosin' allergen from various organisms and 'AAEL002761-PC ' allergen from Aedes aegypti, respectively; however, none of the hits was with significant similarity cut off (>50%). Thus, this bioinformatics search criteria wrongly predicted that the 'Ani s 9' is not a potential food allergen. [S2]
The another criteria i.e. greater than 35% identity in the sliding window of 80 amino acid segment also did not produce any hit at all (other than self hits, which were excluded as explained above), indicating that this criteria also failed to identify 'Ani s 9' as potential food allergen. [S3] The third criteria i.e. 8 continuous amino acid segment search also did not identify any hit with any of the allergen in the database.[S4]
Thus, the bioinformatics search as used in this study following any of the criteria defined could not identify 'Ani s 9' as a potential food allergen. This confirms that the criteria used in this study by authors could easily give false negative results.
The only strategy that could have identified 'Ani s 9' as possible food allergen was a '6 continuous amino acid segment search, which could have identified its match with Allergen 'Lol p 5' for the 6-aa segment 'ANAPPA'. [S5]
This criteria however, was not used in current study to predict the allergenic potential of Bar, Barnase and Barstar. If this specific criteria was used, Barnase transgenic protein also could have given a potential hit with Allergen Ber e 2 and Ani s 9 for the 6 continuous amino acid patch LFSTAA, and WVASKG, respectively [S6]; hence, the conclusion of this paper could have been different.
In view of the above, I conclude that the criteria implemented in this study were not sufficient to exclude the possibility of the transgenic protein Bar, Barnase and Barstar being a possible allergen; therefore the conclusion drawn by authors that "the above transgenic proteins are unlikely to present any significant risk of food allergy to consumers" is not beyond a reasonable doubt, and hence need an appropriate correction by the way of erratum.
Further, as discussed above, the Barnase and Barstar proteins are expressed simultaneously in final plant and they remain in a tight complex (i.e. barnase-barstar complex) and not as free form. The current study has not even touched upon the barnase-barstar complex; therefore, until the systematic studies on this complex is conducted and concluded, it is not appropriate to give a 'safe' tag to these transgenic proteins. This is particularly important since the conclusion drawn from this study was one of the major evidence which was used by the Indian regulatory authorities to recently give a safety clearance to the genetically engineered Brassica juncea (Indian Mustard) for commercial cultivation in India. [8, 9]
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On 2015 Sep 26, Eric Fauman commented:
I applaud the authors for identifying novel genetic associations with metabolites but I disagree with their interpretations and conclusions in several regards.
As tempting as it is to use eQTL data to assign causal genes to SNPs it is frequently seen that SNPs tag expression of unrelated genes as often as they tag the true causal gene for the given trait.
In this study the most obvious example is at rs2066938 where the authors report eQTL associations with 5 egenes (RNF10, MLEC, UNC1198B, CAMKK and COQ5), but not ACADS which is almost certainly the true causal gene, as the authors acknowledge in the text.
At the ARG1 and CRAT loci, other genes have stronger eQTL signals so here too the eQTL data is incomplete.
The ALMS1/NAT8 locus is less clear, but previous authors have assigned this locus to NAT8 given the association with N-acetylornithine and NAT8's presumed acetylation function. The biochemical linkage of N-acetylornithine and arginine in the urea cycle suggests that NAT8 is also the causal gene for this paper. If NAT8 is truly the causal gene, the eQTL data missed it at this locus.
A striking example of the over-reliance on eQTL data in this paper is at the "PPP1R16A" locus which associates with the ratio of aspartic acid to alanine. This SNP is in fact just upstream of GPT which encodes glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, also known as alanine transaminase. GPT is a far more plausible causal gene even though it is not one of the 10 egenes listed for this SNP. Interestingly, there is a coding variant in GPT in reasonable LD with the lead SNP (rs1063739, r2=0.77).
In fact 6 of the loci are linked to coding variants in the most probable causal gene (NAT8, GPT, ACADS, SLC22A16, MCCC1 and CPS1).
Again, it's great to see new SNP-metabolite associations still emerging. However any GWAS interpretation must make use of all biological lines of evidence and not rely only on one or two types of data or analysis.
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On 2016 Nov 29, James C Coyne commented:
This study makes some dubious claims that should be subject to independent scrutiny and re- evaluation. It was published in APA journal, which requires sharing of data upon request. However, as I detail and document below, the author responded to a request for just a few variables with an invoice for $450 and a demand that an independent researcher sign a contract not to depart from some arbitrary limits on reanalysis. This sort of behavior threatens routine data sharing. It is deplorable that the American Psychological Association does not support their members to exercise their right to data. See the blog post below for documentation.
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On 2016 Apr 18, Gwangseong Kim commented:
In two recent articles [1, 2] two techniques for removing or inactivating blood borne pathogens were introduced. The initial experiments were performed in vitro under simplified conditions. First, the primary achievement of the PDT work deserves clarification [1]. PDT is a powerful therapeutic modality, but its clinical application has been hampered by the inability of light to penetrate deep layers of the tissue, which is mainly due to hemoglobins in the blood readily absorbing photons. Utilizing a millimeter- diameter transparent tube for extracorporeal blood circulation allows PDT to function well despite the presence of hemoglobins in blood. Another point that deserves clarification is that the tube capturing device is not a microfluidic device [2]. This technique can be adapted using existing medical tubing without the need for complicated microfluidics and micro-fabrication. The device is a medical tube that has been chemically modified using simple steps to adapt the internal surface for cell capturing. We would like to take this opportunity to respond to concerns brought up in [3]. We start off by addressing concern (1), which speculates about the possibility of overheating during the use of near IR light. Our control data (Fig.3 and Fig.4 of [1]), confirmed that controls illuminated without photosensitizer-antibody conjugates did not undergo cell death, whereas those with photosensitizer-antibody conjugates underwent significant cell death under identical conditions. Thus it is clear from our data that temperature did not affect the outcome. It has been shown that 660 nm irradiation is safe and effective [4-6]. Moving on to concern (2) part (a) that brings up the problem of using the CD-44 antigen as a target. Limitations of antibody specificity are common knowledge and not unique to CD-44, but to all antibodies. To our knowledge, a targeting method that exclusively binds only to cancer cells does not yet exist, making the use of such a compound an unreasonable standard for publication. We used CD-44 antibody to demonstrate feasibility. As targeting methodologies advance and better selectivity to target cells becomes available, this technique will have improved selectivity. Our experiments were designed to avoid non-specific damage to other cells by pre-staining pure cancer cells with the photosensitizer-antibody conjugates and subsequently removing extra free conjugates before spiking into blood (described in detail in [1]). This elimination of the possibility of side effects due to undesired binding to other blood cells and excess free photosensitizer-antibody conjugates precluded the need for a toxicity study, particularly because we were at the proof-of-principle stage. Part (b) of concern (2) suggests that we may have caused non-specific damage to non-cancerous cells by ROS' convection in the blood stream. We believe that this is highly unlikely. One of the authors has been conducting research focusing on ROS and PDT for years, in collaboration with other researchers [7-15]. This research demonstrated that PDT is extremely selective to targeted cells [13]. Part (c) of concern (2) states that we should have used additional cytotoxicity assays, such as Annexin V, TUNEL, and MTT. However, because none of these techniques are cell-type specific, they would be useless for the particular objective they were suggested. Once our line of investigation reaches a more mature stage, we plan to undertake more useful studies, such as applying separate fluorescent tags, or radio labels, in addition to a cell viability assay and analyzing cell death with a cell sorting technology, such as FACS, MACS, density gradient centrifugation, etc. Concern (3) is that the capturing work [2] lacked purity confirmation concerning non-specific capturing of blood cells. Though purity confirmation is critical in diagnostic testing, our work was strictly limited to in vitro conditions, using spiked pure PC-3 cells as a model. To visualize and quantify PC-3 cells in the presence of whole blood, PC-3 cells were pre-labeled using a fluorescence tag (Calcein AM) and the extra free dye was subsequently removed before spiking PC-3 cells into blood. Because only PC-3 cells can have fluorescence in the blood mixture, and because quantification was based on fluorescing cells, false-positive results from other blood cells can be reasonably excluded. Furthermore, if other blood cells were captured but not identified by our detection method our data would then indicate that the simple tube captured cancer cells despite being blocked by other blood cells. If our technique were applied to CTC diagnosis, independent isolation procedures could be used to ensure the purity of captured cells. In contrast, if used for removal or killing, the purity of captured cells would not be as critical, provided that CTCs are effectively removed. If, by chance, capturing is hampered by accumulation of non-specific binding in filtering the entire blood volume, this issue can be addressed with strategies such as scaling up the tube and carefully determining the tube dimensions, flow rate, frequency of tube replacements, etc. Finally, concern (4), points out that the experimental conditions were not translatable to clinical applications. Part (a) regards scaling up the system to show high throughput. The concept of extracorporeal blood processing of the entire blood volume has been used for years in cases such as hemodialysis. We already are working on optimizing the technique for larger blood volume processing. Part (b) of concern (4) discusses the static no-flow condition as being unrealistic. This issue was brought up during the review process, and we provided with our results showing data under constant flow conditions by peristaltic pump (to be published in future publication). The reviewers agreed that the use of a no-flow condition as a conservative approach during a proof-of-concept stage was appropriate. Despite its preliminary nature, we believe that our work communicates novel ideas, an important objective of research and publication. Given the number of research articles dealing with diagnostics and microfluidics, perhaps a further point of confusion came about by thinking of our work in those terms. We want to clarify that diagnostics were not the primary objective in our work. Furthermore, as it becomes evident by this response our experimental design was carefully devised to minimized unnecessary interferences. We hope that this response mitigates any confusion and addresses the concerns raised. The entire response appears in the PLOS1 comment section under response: http://www.plosone.org/article/comments/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127219. Feel free to contact us for further clarifications.
- Kim G, Gaitas A. PloS One. 2014;10(5):e0127219-e.
- Gaitas A, Kim G. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133194. doi: 0.1371/journal.pone.0133194.
- Marshall JR, King MR. DOI: 101007/s12195-015-0418-3. 2015;First online.
- Ferraresi C, et al. Photonics and Lasers in Medicine. 2012;1(4):267-86.
- Avci P, et al. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery; 2013.
- Jalian HR, Sakamoto FH. Lasers and Light Source Treatment for the Skin. 2014:43.
- Ross B, et al. Biomedical Optics, 2004
- Kim G, et al. Journal of biomedical optics. 2007;12(4):044020--8.
- Kim G, et al Analytical chemistry. 2010;82(6):2165-9.
- Hah HJ, et al. Macromolecular bioscience. 2011;11(1):90-9.
- Qin M, et al. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2011;10(5):832-41.
- Wang S, et al. et al. Lasers in surgery and medicine. 2011;43(7):686-95.
- Avula UMR, et al.Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(9):1504-9.
- Kim G, et al. R. Oxidative Stress and Nanotechnology, 2013. p. 101-14.
- Lou X, et al. E. Lab on a Chip. 2014;14(5):892-901.
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On 2016 Jun 21, Evelina Tutucci commented:
We have also recently discussed Nelles et al. Nelles DA, 2016. Since we are interested in developing new techniques for studying gene expression and mRNA localization at the single molecule level, a potential tag-less system to detect mRNAs in fixed and live cells would be a further advance. As pointed out by the Duke RNA Biology journal club we think that Nelles et al. represents an attempt to apply the Cas9 System to detect endogenous mRNA molecules. Unfortunately, no evidence is presented to demonstrate that this system is ready to be used to study gene expression at the single molecule level, as the MS2-MCP system allows. The RNA letter by Garcia and Parker Garcia JF, 2015 showed that in S. cerevisiae the binding of the MS2 coat protein to the MS2-loops diminished tagged mRNA degradation by the cytoplasmic exonuclease Xrn1. However, these observations were not extended to higher eukaryotes. Previous work from our lab described the generation of the beta-actin-MS2 mouse, whereby all the endogenous beta-actin mRNAs were tagged with 24 MS2 loops in the 3’UTR (Lionnet T, 2011, Park HY, 2014). This mouse is viable and no phenotypic defects are observed. In addition, control experiments were performed to show that the co-expression of the MS2 coat protein in the beta-actin-MS2 mouse allowed correct mRNA degradation and expression (Supplementary figure 1b, Lionnet T. et al 2011). Furthermore, multi-color FISH (Supplementary figure 6, Lionnet T. et al 2011) showed substantial co-localization between the ORF FISH probes and MS2 FISH probes, demonstrating the validity of this model. We think that the observations by Garcia and Parker are restricted to yeast because of the short half-life of their mRNAs, wherein the degradation of the MS2 becomes rate-limiting. Based on our extensive use of the MS2-MCP system, we think that higher eukaryotes may have more time to degrade the high affinity complexes formed between MS2-MCP, providing validation for this system to study multiple aspects of gene expression. In conclusion, we think that the MS2-MCP system remains to date the best method to follow mRNAs at the single molecule level in living cells. For the use of the MS2-MCP system in S. cerevisiae we have taken the necessary steps to improve it for the study of rapidly degrading mRNAs and are preparing this work for publication.<br> Evelina Tutucci and Maria Vera, Singerlab
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On 2016 Jul 27, Duke RNA Biology Journal Club commented:
This is a summary of a journal club discussion:
This is one of four articles using similar imaging techniques to study translation in living cells published at the same time. These publications add to the growing number of techniques used to image translation such as mature fluorescent proteins Yu J, 2006, TRICK Halstead JM, 2015, and RNA-binding protein/mRNA co-fluorescence Wu B, 2015. The technique presented in this article is similar to the last except that it uses Suntag to image the nascent chain and PP7 aptamers on the mRNA. The colocalization of the two represents active translation in polysomes.
The technique is novel because co-localization is detected as the protein is translated. This brings fluorescent V4-peptide antibodies into concentrated foci at a single point, and can thus be used to follow multiple rounds of translation. Because of this, only detection of the translated protein is needed and indeed, past the first figure, the mRNA fluorescence is not shown. Fast changes in translation can be detected as shown using the ATF4 ORF construct translational response to stress shown in Figure 4 with the possibility of extending the time of tracking to hours by anchoring the mRNA Yan X, 2016 or using fast 3D imaging techniques. One unusual observation the authors made was the vast heterogeneity of transcript translation within a single cell; at any given time only a subset of the transcripts undergo translation and translation rates may vary depending on as yet unknown factors. A related observation is the diffusion of polysomes within the cell: polysomes translating cytosolic transcripts have slower diffusion rates in the perinuclear region of the cell compared to the cytoplasm. This could be due to the restrictive architecture of a membranous area but the exact mechanism remains unknown. A second surprising observation indicates mRNAs that have begun translation and are associated with polysomes can be transported in dendrites, contrary to earlier reports Besse F, 2008. However, the authors cannot detect if translation is temporarily stalled during transport.
While this technique makes substantial findings in the area of single transcript translation behavior, there are limitations. All in all, these images are dots that respond to translation inhibitors, meaning the resolution is not good enough to detect codon resolution and should be coupled with other techniques to verify observations and determine their mechanism. Additionally, since detection of the nascent chain wouldn’t be detected until the majority of the V4 peptides were translated, initiation would be overlooked; however, TRICK is an existing technique for studying the first round of translation.Our main criticism with this technique is the extensive construct engineering that must be performed which raises concerns over disturbing the mRNA and protein functions from both the PP7 aptamers, the Suntag peptides and an ornithine decarboxylase tag to facilitate rapid degradation of the protein. These engineering steps add over 2 kb to the original gene. Additionally, an antibody against the Suntag and a fluorescent PP7 coat protein must be expressed in the cytosol. While the constructs studied did not cause harm to the cell, each construct of interest must be tested individually. Along this line, while there is the possibility to multiplex by changing the aptamer loop or peptide-antibody combination, it would be difficult to multiplex above two individual transcripts. Thus large-scale studies involving individual translation dynamics of mRNA subsets would remain time consuming and technically challenging.
A quick comparison with the three other papers show agreements among all of them Iwasaki S, 2016 however, there is a great opportunity to learn by reading the papers to compare experimental approaches of three groups. We look forward to see what novel findings this technique uncovers as it becomes adopted in different laboratories.
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On 2016 Jun 02, Michael Tatham commented:
Is SUMO5 a pseudogene?
There are known to be many SUMO pseudogenes in humans (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383504). A fair position when confronted with a claim that a new SUMO paralog has been discovered is to assume it is a non-expressed pseudogene until otherwise convincing evidence is provided. This paper lacks one piece of critical evidence supporting the idea that SUMO5 really exists as a protein, and that is the presence of endogenous protein.
When BLAST searched, the nucleotide sequence of SUMO5 (originally termed SUMO13 according to the authors’ GenBank entry: FJ042790.1), returns a top hit of “Homo sapiens SUMO1 pseudogene 1 (SUMO1P1), non-coding RNA Sequence ID: ref|NR_002189.3|”. The only difference is a single nucleotide T23 (in SUMO13/SUMO5), which is C in SUMO1P1. This may be a primer synthesis error or a DNA sequencing error.
To put beyond reasonable doubt that SUMO5 is not a pseudogene at least two pieces of new experimental evidence showing SUMO5 is expressed in cells is required. I can think of three good ways to do this:
(1) Mass-spectrometric evidence of a peptide unique to SUMO5.
(2) Cross-reaction of a SUMO5-specific antibody with an endogenous protein.
(3) Editing of the genome to insert an epitope tag into the endogenous SUMO5 gene, with the intention of detecting the protein using an antibody specific to the tag.
All three of these pieces of evidence will be strengthened by parallel studies comparing cells with and without SUMO5-specific knock-down.
RTPCR experiments intending to detect mRNA are particularly uninformative given that DNA contamination often leads to false-positives. This is especially true for SUMO5 given the fact the gene is intronless, a notable characteristic of pseudogenes.
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On 2016 Sep 16, Hilda Bastian commented:
There are many important issues raised in this paper on which I strongly agree with John Ioannidis. There is a lot of research waste in meta-analyses and systematic reviews, and a flood of very low quality, and he points out the contributing factors clearly. However, there are some issues to be aware of in considering the analyses in this paper on the growth of these papers, and their growth in comparison with randomized and other clinical trials.
Although the author refers to PubMed's "tag" for systematic reviews, there is no tagging process for systematic reviews, as there is for meta-analyses and trials. Although "systematic review" is available as a choice under "article types", that option is a filtered search using Clinical Queries (PubMed Help), not a tagging of publication type. Comparing filtered results to tagged results is not comparing like with like in 2 critical ways.
Firstly, the proportion of non-systematic reviews in the filter is far higher than the proportion of non-meta-analyses and non-trials in the tagged results. And secondly, full tagging of publication types for MEDLINE/PubMed takes considerable time. When considering a recent year, the gulf between filtered and tagged results widens. For example, as of December 2015 when Ioannidis' searches were done, the tag identified 9,135 meta-analyses. Today (15 September 2016), the same search identifies 11,263. For the type randomized controlled trial, the number tagged increased from 23,133 in December to 29,118 today.
In the absence of tagging for systematic reviews, the more appropriate comparisons are using filters for both systematic reviews and trials as the base for trends, especially for a year as recent as 2014. Using the Clinical Queries filter for both systematic reviews and therapy trials (broad), for example, shows 34,126 for systematic reviews and 250,195 trials. Page and colleagues estimate there were perhaps 8,000 actual systematic reviews according to a fairly stringent definition (Page MJ, 2016) and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination added just short of 9,000 systematic reviews to its database in 2014 (PubMed Health). So far, the Cochrane Collaboration has around 38,000 trials in its trials register for 2014 (searching on the word trial in CENTRAL externally).
The number of systematic reviews/meta-analyses has increased greatly, but not as dramatically as this paper's comparisons suggest, and the data do not tend to support the conclusion in the abstract here that "Currently, probably more systematic reviews of trials than new randomized trials are published annually".
Ioannidis suggests some bases for some reasonable duplication of systematic reviews - these are descriptive studies, with many subjective choices along the way. However, there is another critical reason that is not raised: the need for updates. This can be by the same group publishing a new version of a systematic review or by others. In areas with substantial questions and considerable ongoing research, multiple reviews are needed.
I strongly agree with the concerns raised about conflicted systematic reviews. In addition to the issues of manufacturer conflicts, it is important not to underestimate the extent of other kinds of bias (see for example my comment here). Realistically, though, conflicted reviews will continue, building in a need for additional reviewers to tackle the same ground.
Systematic reviews have found important homes in clinical practice guidelines, health technology assessment, and reimbursement decision-making for both public and private health insurance. But underuse of high quality systematic reviews remains a more significant problem than is addressed here. Even when a systematic review does not identify a strong basis in favor of one option or another, that can still be valuable for decision making - especially in the face of conflicted claims of superiority (and wishful thinking). However, systematic reviews are still not being used enough - especially in shaping subsequent research (see for example Habre C, 2014).
I agree with Ioannidis that collaborations working prospectively to keep a body of evidence up-to-date is an important direction to go - and it is encouraging that the living cumulative network meta-analysis has arrived (Créquit P, 2016). That direction was also highlighted in Page and Moher's accompanying editorial (Page MJ, 2016). However, I'm not so sure how much of a solution this is going to be. The experience of the Cochrane Collaboration suggests this is even harder than it seems. And consider how excited people were back in 1995 at the groundbreaking publication of the protocol for prospective, collaborative meta-analysis of statin trials (Anonymous, 1995) - and the continuing controversy that swirls, tornado-like, around it today (Godlee, 2016).
We need higher standards, and skills in critiquing the claims of systematic reviews and meta-analyses need to spread. Meta-analysis factories are a serious problem. But I still think the most critical issues we face are making systematic reviews quicker and more efficient to do, and to use good ones more effectively and thoroughly than we do now (Chalmers I, 2009, Tsafnat G, 2014).
Disclosure: I work on projects related to systematic reviews at the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine), including some aspects that relate to the inclusion of systematic reviews in PubMed. I co-authored a paper related to issues raised here several years ago (Bastian H, 2010), and was one of the founding members of the Cochrane Collaboration.
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On 2017 Jan 22, Eric Fauman commented:
I know nothing about cow genetics, but I have done some work on the genetics of metabolites in humans, so I was interested to see how the authors derived biological insights from this genetic study. In particular, I was intrigued by the suggestion in the abstract that they found evidence that genes involved in the synthesis of “milk components” are important for lactation persistence.
Unfortunately, the more I studied the paper the more problems I found that call this claim into question.
First off, the Q-Q plot is currently unavailable, but the text mentions there’s only a “slight deviation in the upper right tail”, which could mean there are no true significant signals.
To account for multiple testing, the authors decided to use a genome-wide association p-value cutoff of 0.95/44100 = 2.15e-5 instead of a more defensible 0.05/44100 = 1.1e-6.
Since their initial p-value cutoff yielded a relatively small number of significant SNPs, the authors used a much more lenient p-value cutoff of 5e-4 which presumably is well within the linear portion of the Q-Q plot.
The biggest problem with the enrichment analysis, however, is that they’ve neglected to account for genes drawn from a common locus. Often, paralogs of similar function are proximal in the genome. But typically we assume that a single SNP is affecting the function of only a single gene at a locus. So, for example, a SNP near the APOA4/APOA1/APOC3/APOA5 locus can tag all 4 genes, but it’s unfair to consider that 4 independent indications that “phospholipid efflux”, “reverse cholesterol transport”, “triglyceride homeostasis” and other pathways are “enriched” in this GWAS.
This issue, of overcounting pathways due to gene duplication, affects all their top findings, presumably rendering them non-significant. Besides lipid pathways, this issue also pertains to the “lactation” GO term, which was selected based on the genes GC, HK2, CSN2 and CSN3. GC, CSN2 and CSN3 are all co-located on Chromosome 6.
A perplexing claim in the paper is for the enrichment of the term “lipid metabolic process” (GO:0006629). According to the Ensembl Biomart, 912 Bos taurus genes fall into this category, or about 4% of the bovine protein coding genes (24616 according to Ensembl). So out of their set of 536 genes (flanking SNPs with P < 5e-4) we’d expect about 20 “lipid metabolic process” genes. And yet, this paper reports only 7. This might be significant, but for depletion, not enrichment.
Sample size is of course a huge issue in GWAS. While 3,800 cows is a large number, it appears this trait may require a substantially larger number of animals before it can yield biologically meaningful results.
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standard.open-contracting.org standard.open-contracting.org
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Open Codelists Party Role Item Classification Scheme Unit Classification Scheme Organization Identifier Scheme Document Type Award Criteria Submission Method Related Process Related Process Scheme Milestone Type Extended Procurement Category Closed Codelists Release Tag Initiation Type Tender Status Procurement Method Procurement Category Award Status Contract Status Currency Milestone Status
Question if these lists are adding value here? Yes there are some of each type but does it help the reader to know these are the ones?
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www.intentionalfutures.com www.intentionalfutures.com
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reading
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"Illegal immigration costs U.S. taxpayers about $113 billion a year at the federal, state and local level… The annual outlay that illegal aliens cost U.S. taxpayers is an average amount per native-headed household of $1,117... Education for the children of illegal aliens constitutes the single largest cost to taxpayers, at an annual price tag of nearly $52 billion...
So do Trump's golf excursions and the fact his wife and him have to live separately.
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www.drzaza.com www.drzaza.com
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Drzaza
For those of you wishing to know, drzaza means nothing. For those really wishing to know, the word was made up by Nick many moons ago as his ‘handle’ for a plethora of ‘DJ’ mix tapes – a shortened version of the original drzava zaza: drzava being the Serbo-Croat word for ‘the State’ (/nation), and zaza being Nick's schoolbook grafiti tag – thus ‘the state of zaza’. Oh brother.
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An annotation service like Hypothesis allows you to highlight, save, and (possibly) share individual lines from a text. This allows for saving this content across a page, and across multiple pages for themes. Used in discussion, this allows for collaborative reading exercises, or group annotations. This also allows for conducting research while you write and annotate. Since Hypothesis will import PDFs, you can annotate in the tool, it will give you a digital trail of breadcrumbs as you’re reading online to see what you found to be important. After you are finished reading and researching, you can go back and see what texts you’ve read, and the important elements from these pieces. Furthermore, if you effectively tag your annotations, you can look for larger themes across your readings.
Interestingly, Diigo allows many of these same functions.
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. If location services are enabled, Instagram allows you to share your location when posting a photo
I feel like this particular option on Instagram has become a trend amoungst celebrities. They often tag their location to bring more money to a company or location. It causes "click-bait" so to speak, and has people drawn to this tag who may follow this person on their Instagram.
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Categorize Account
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include this file
Place before the script tag for fastops.js .
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The ID of this metadata tag
needs 'value' definition, not 'id' definition
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The ID of this metadata tag
needs 'value' definition, not 'id' definition
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The ID of this metadata tag
needs 'type' definition, not 'id' definition
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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this article
Hi there! When I try to click the link to the article, it doesn't work! I downloaded the article, but then I cannot annotate it with Hypothesis! Help! Thank you!
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netnarr.arganee.world netnarr.arganee.world
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You are experienced as a web annotator, eh?
Greetings wise, experience annotator, sort of like a wizard, eh? How experienced would you say you are in using this tool? What advice would you/will you give to others?
(one might me to add the
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Enter the world of digital annotation
Well, you are here. You are in the world. You can annotate any thing you select on this web page, or you can reply to someone else's.
Always try to remember to add the
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Just wanted to say NICE JOB re: how you've amended this section & fleshed these details out
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www.macrumors.com www.macrumors.com
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Low-cost iPad - Early 2018? In 2017, Apple introduced a new 5th-generation 9.7-inch iPad with the lowest price we've seen yet - $329 for the 32GB model. Though not as thin as the iPad Pro, and missing features like Apple Pencil support and ProMotion display technology, the iPad has an A9 processor and is a capable, powerful device. Rumors suggest Apple could introduce an even lower-cost iPad in 2018, with a price tag that starts at $259. That would allow Apple to better compete in the lower cost tablet market. This rumor comes from DigiTimes, though, a source that's not always entirely reliable, so it's not yet clear if Apple does indeed have an even more affordable iPad in the works. If there is a new iPad coming, it could be introduced in early 2018, a year after the March 2018 debut of the fifth-generation iPad.
Maybe a low-cost iPad will be coming in early 2018
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Mathematics of Motion
This page can be annotated. If you have a question on something, select the confusing text, and click "Add Annotation," write your comment, and add the tag "110HS18." You will need to create an account with hypothes.is to add annotations.
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Phaethon
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Campus
Use the tag ENC110236870 to find all of the articles for this course.
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127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1
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gitimmersion.com gitimmersion.com
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git add Rakefile
Are we supposed to change directories? These commands do nothing. git hist shows no trail: $ git hist --all
- a97b670 2017-12-11 | Hello uses Greeter (HEAD -> greet) [juancarlucci]
- 6dc342b 2017-12-11 | Added greeter class [juancarlucci]
- 71a5655 2017-12-11 | Added a Rakefile. (master) [juancarlucci]
- 73848f6 2017-12-11 | Moved hello.rb to lib [juancarlucci]
- 00f9e39 2017-12-11 | Add an author/email comment [juancarlucci]
- b4b43ef 2017-12-11 | Added a comment (tag: Ver1) [juancarlucci]
- 87ed367 2017-12-11 | Add a default value (tag: v1-beta) [juancarlucci]
- d8bf589 2017-12-11 | Using ARGV [juancarlucci]
- 3deeb33 2017-12-11 | First Commit (tag: v1) [juancarlucci]
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tools.ietf.org tools.ietf.org
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"canonical" [RFC6596], used to identify content that is either duplicative or a superset of the content at the link context, for example a single page version of a magazine article, provided for indexing by search engines, of an article that is spread over several pages for human use.
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- Nov 2017
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www.huffpost.com www.huffpost.com
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“Last year, after the French government objected to the hash tag “#unbonjuif” — intended to inspire hateful riffs on the theme “a good Jew ...” — Twitter blocked a handful of the resulting tweets in France, but only because they violated French law. Within days, the bulk of the tweets carrying the hashtag had turned from anti-Semitic to denunciations of anti-Semitism, confirming that the Twittersphere is perfectly capable of dealing with hate speech on its own, without heavy-handed intervention.”
Second piece of evidence: This piece of evidence gives an example of how a well known social media site was able to handle hate speech in productive way. With handling hate speech the way they did, twitter was able to prove that they were able to handle hate speech on their own without being told or forced to
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nfnh2017.scholar.bucknell.edu nfnh2017.scholar.bucknell.edu
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James Bay Agreement
James Bay lies at the Southernmost tip of the Hudson Bay, bordering both Ontario and Quebec. James Bay was, and still is, the home of many aboriginal communities. Some of these include the Kashechewan, Inuit, and several different communities affiliated with the Cree. James Bay was one of the first occupied areas of Canada, due to its high population of Indigenous people. It is such a popular settlement because of its thriving ecosystem. However, “life in this territory is difficult - the land and waters are frozen for two thirds of year.”1 The Bay is the ending point for thousands of lakes and streams and large rivers such as the St. Lawrence. The James Bay/Hudson Bay watershed recycles one-sixth1 of the world’s fresh water. In 1971, the plans were announced by Hydro-Quebec and the Quebec Government to construct a system of hydroelectric dams. This $5.6 billion3 project would result in destruction of huge amounts of the environment surrounding James Bay. There was immediate outrage by not only the environmentalists, but more importantly the Indigenous people who have called James Bay home for thousands of years. They feared the destruction of their communities. The outrage only grew when word got out that the dams would result in the flooding of over 10,000 square km of land. The Cree has spent 4000-6000 years in this rugged terrain, in which “a complex set of skills were honed to negotiate the particular demands of each season.1 They had spent so long adapting to this way of life, so they had no intent of starting over somewhere else. However, this was also the basis of argument used against the Cree.<br> Claude Peloquin and Fikret Berkes explained that “human groups who interact closely with their environment -- indigenous resource users, hunters, fishers, farmers, and others -- often develop knowledge and practices that are pragmatically adaptive to shifts and changes in the environment.”2 People who were in favor of the project would use this to argue that the Cree and the Inuit were so closely inept with their environment that they should be able to thrive in any environment. Also, they would argue that if they were able to survive for so long in an environment as difficult and complex as the James Bay, then they should have no problem anywhere else. However, the problem was not that the indigenous people were worried that they could not survive anywhere else. The indigenous people themselves knew as well as anyone else that they would have no problem adapting to a new environment, but that was not the point. The point was that they have called this place home for such a long time, so why should they have to pack up and move just because some white people want to make money. After four years of negotiating and fighting for what they believed in, the two sides were finally able to settle. The indigenous people insisted on gaining more control over local governments, a school and health system created just for their own settlements, and a judicial system to protect the people and the environment. They were even able to get Hydro-Quebec to move the site of their first damn, sign an agreement limiting the allowable change of water levels, and a “remedial works system for social and environmental damages.”1 Most importantly, Hydro-Quebec agreed to compensate the indigenous groups affected with immense amounts of money. When all was said and done the Cree and Inuit were paid $225 million over 20 years and the Naskapi received $9 million. Despite the immense payoff, many indigenous people were still unhappy with the deal because they felt that there could be no price tag put on nature. Also, the James Bay Agreement happened two years before Thomas Berger wrote his report. It could be argued that this agreement set a precedent for Berger. By seeing that the natives could simply be paid off, it could have given him the false idea that there really is nothing wrong with taking their land.
Mouth of Attawapiskat River, James Bay Coast, Ontario. 2002.
1Hornig, James F. Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project. McGill-Queens University Press, 1999. Page 26.
2Peloquin, Claude, and Fikret Berkes. "Local Knowledge, Subsistence Harvests, and Social–Ecological Complexity in James Bay." Human Ecology37, no. 5 (2009): 533-45. doi:10.1007/s10745-009-9255-0.
3Salisbury, R. A Homeland for the Cree Regional Development in James Bay, 1971-1981. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2014. January 12, 1986. Accessed November 25, 2017. Page 3, 17.
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engagements2017-18.as.virginia.edu engagements2017-18.as.virginia.edu
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It is at that age of aptness, docility & emulation of the practices of manhood, that such things are soonest learnt, and longest remembered. The use of tools too in the manual arts is worthy of encouragement, by facilitating, to such as choose it, an admission into the neighbouring workshops. To these should be added the arts, which embellish life, dancing music & drawing; the last more especially, as an important part of military education.
The importance of military education is quite emphasized in the highlighted portions of the text. To claim that the age for an individual to enter college is the age of "aptness, docility, and emulation of the practices of manhood" is used to further support their belief in the importance of implementing military education into the college's curriculum. The writers also encourages the facilitation and implementation of "tools" into the courses, but does not go into depth as to what the tools are. Nevertheless, the writer of the document again uses his claim on the importance of implementing tools to support his original claim regarding the importance of teaching military education. The state of the militia proposed that "every able-bodied freeman, between the ages of 16 and 50, is [to be] enrolled in the militia" in 1780 and 1781. Though it is merely an assumption, it is believed that the writers of the document strongly suggested the insertion of military education because of how beneficial it could be for students to learn and prepare for the state of the militia as they claim that "such things are soonest learnt, and longest remembered."
-Ardean Kim
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engagements2017-18.as.virginia.edu engagements2017-18.as.virginia.edu
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each dormitory about $350
The cost for each dormitory is $350. While reading this, I am confused if this number refers to the cost per student for room and board, or if it is simply the cost to construct each dormitory. (If anybody can clarify that, it would be much appreciated!) But either way, I found this handy website that converts 1817 money to its equivalent in 2017 money. Apparently, $350 back then would be about $6,129.02 nowadays. If this is the price of room and board, then it's actually incredibly consistent. According to UVa's website, our housing expense is $6,270. So if this $350 price tag is truly for room and board, then I find the consistency really astounding!
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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(Gavery and Roberts 2010, 2012; Suárez-Ulloa et al. 2015).
Recent research on mollusc DNA has found that they do use methylation systems to regulate their expression. This was determined by using bisulfate PCR. The bisulfate creates a tag on a methylated amino acid in the protein sequence, and PCR is a way to generate many different copies of a single strand of DNA. Using different mapping techniques the locations of methyl group were determined. A methyl group added to a DNA structure serves to wrap the DNA tighter around the histone in order to block transcription. AT
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iPad iPad Pro ($650) — Best Buy is the king of the iPad Pro deals, marking the 10.5-inch version down to $525 on Black Friday. Target isn't far behind, however; it's selling the device for $530. Finally, you can get $150 off any iPad model from T-Mobile if you purchase a 6GB or higher cellular plan with a leasing agreement. iPad ($330) — iPad deals are numerous this holiday season, but Walmart edges out its competitors with a $249 price tag on the iPad 5th Generation. Target and Best Buy are both charging just $0.99 more. If you're feeling nostalgic, check out Groupon's markdowns of the iPad 3 (to $160 from $400) and iPad 4 (to $200 from $500), and Newegg's sales on the refurbished iPad 4 ($150). And you can get $100 off an iPad (or any tablet) from Sprint, if you purchase an unlimited data plan. iPad Mini 4 ($400) — Best Buy's price of $275 is insane, and can't be beaten. T-Mobile's offer also applies to the iPad Mini 4.
iPad deals for Black Friday 2017
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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We purposefully put the larger tags in larger sharks because of concerns that small sharks might be adversely affected by the V16 transmitters. As a result, the 14 V9 tagged sharks were smaller than the 20 V16 tagged sharks
Tag size was an important consideration when it came to the assigning of a tag size and type to a specific shark. Smaller sharks were placed with smaller tags because the size and density of the tag could have affected the health of the overall infantile or smaller shark that it was paced in. This measure ensured that results and data for the experiment were viable and the the loves of the sharks were also accounted for and their safety ensured in that area of the study. -Sindy
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Most Physical and Occupational Therapy students currently build programs through #PlymouthIDS, as do Pre-Med students.
This is such an attractive component to IDS. While the price tag for learning shouldn't matter, expense I would say is one of the top concerns for students, especially when they are planning to or considering graduate studies. For students on a pre-med, pre-pt, pre-ot, etc. track, IDS allows for a quick, not too expensive, and SMART route for obtaining a well-rounded degree while simultaneously completing all requisite courses prior to applying for grad school. My sister was an Environmental Studies major with a minor in Education who is now pursuing OT school, but has had to complete at least 10 courses before being eligible to apply. IDS would have fit her perfectly.
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groups.google.com groups.google.com
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If you want to access all annotations on a specific URL, you can do that using `uri:<URL>` terms in the search box at https://hypothes.is/search. You can also use `group:<name>` and `tag:<name>` filters here. There isn't currently a convenient way to search for all annotations in a particular domain (say "bbc.co.uk" or something like that), and we know that functionality is important for a number of use cases.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Eα−α1α2r6(11.4.1)(11.4.1)Eα−α1α2r6 E\: \alpha \: \dfrac{-\alpha_1\alpha_2}{r^6} \tag{11.4.1} Dipole Induced - Dipole: The Intermolecular forces between a polar and non-polar molecule.
Will these formulas be given to us on the exam
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wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de
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„Tag“
W. "1 Tag" (statt "ein Tag"): Vv. 3-5 berichten von der Schöpfung der zeitlichen Ordnung, nicht von der Schöpfung der Helligkeit. Funktion der Formel "Es wurde Abend usw." ist hier also nicht nur, davon zu berichten, dass der erste Schöpfungsabschnitt nun abgelaufen ist, sondern ineins damit wird vorgeführt, wie Gott die zeitliche Ordnung ins Sein setzt. Nach der Unterscheidung von Hellem und Finsterem, von Tag und Nacht, muss es 1x Abend und 1x Morgen werden, dann ist die Zeitspanne von "1 Tag" vergangen. Vv. 6ff. berichten dann von der Einsetzung des Raumes.
Vgl. dazu Sasson 1992, S. 191; Steinmann 2002, S. 583f. u.a.
- Sasson, Jack M.: Time...to Begin, in: Michael Fishbane/Emanuel Tov: Sha´arei Talmon: Studies in the Bible, Qumran, and the Ancient Near East, presented to Shemaryahu Talmon. Winona Lake, 1992.
- Steinmann, Andrew E.: אחד as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5, in: JETS 45/4. 2002. S. 577-584.
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etwas Helles!
Mit "dem Hellen" ist wahrscheinlich nicht die "Helligkeit" gemeint (da die Lichtspender ja erst in Vv. 14-19 geschaffen werden), sondern der Tag als Einheit zur Zeitrechnung: Wie im restlichen Kapitel ruft Gott zuerst etwas nur abstrakt Bezeichnetes ins Sein und gibt dem dann einen Namen (z.B. "etwas Schalenförmiges" in Vv. 6-8 für den "Himmel", "Trockenes" in Vv. 9f. für "Erde" usw.; vgl. gut Good 2009, S. 12).
- Good, Edwin M.: Genesis 1-11. Tales of the Earliest World. A New Translation and Essays. Stanford, 2009.
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Nicht und Nichts: Nur Dunkelheit war auf der Meerestiefe
Die Vorstellung einer Welt, die uranfangs im Dunkeln liegt und von Wasser bedeckt ist, ist im ganzen Alten Orient verbreitet:
Bibel
Ps 104,6-8:
*6 Mit der Tiefe deckst du [die Erde] wie mit einem Kleide, / und Wasser standen über den Bergen. 7 Aber vor deinem Schelten flohen sie, / vor deinem Donner fuhren sie dahin. 8 Die Berge gingen hoch hervor, / und die Täler setzten sich herunter zum Ort, / den du ihnen gegründet hast.*
Ägyptisch
Die Weltschöpfung in der Esna-Tradition:
Der Vater der Väter, die Mutter der Mütter, die uranfängliche Wesenheit, die am Anbeginn der Zeit entstand, war nun körperlich in Erscheinung getreten, als sie sich (noch) inmitten des Urgewässers befand, während die Erde (noch) in Finsternis lag, der Tag (noch) in Dunkelheit gehüllt war, bevor (noch) die Erde (aus dem Urgewässer) hervorgetreten war und bevor es Vegetation gab. (Üs.: TUAT III/5, S. 1079)
Sargtext 80 [Die Rede ist von der Schöpfung der acht Götter, die dem Gott Schu bei der Schöpfung helfen]:
Oh, ihr acht Unendlichen - unendliche Zahl Unendlicher! - / die ihr den Himmel mit euren Armen umfasst, / die ihr zusammenzieht Himmel und Horizont Gebs! / Schu gab euch Geburt / aus der Flut, aus den Wassern, / aus der Verlorenheit, aus der Dunkelheit... (Üs. nach COS 1.8)
Babylonisch
Enuma Elisch:
Als oben der Himmel noch nicht existierte / und unten die Erde noch nicht entstanden war - / gab es Apsu, den ersten, ihren Erzeuger, / und Schöpferin Tiamat, die sie alle gebar; / sie hatten ihre Wasser miteinander vermischt, / ehe sich Weideland verband und Röhricht zu finden war... (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 569)
Hethitisch:
Telipinu und die Tochter des Meeres:
Früher, als das große M[eer der Alleinherrscher war - als aber] Himmel, Erde (und) Menschhe[it geschaffen wurden,] (da) wurde es streitsüchtig und holte [den Sonnengott des Himmels] herunter und [hielt] ihn [versteckt]. Dies [hatte] im Lande schlimme [Folgen], (da) Dunkelheit hereinbrach. Das Me[er tobte], (und) niemand konnte ihm widerstehen. (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 811)
Sumerisch
Kosmogonie aus Nibru
An, der Herr, erhellte den Himmel, die Erde war dunkel, / in die Unterwelt wurde nicht geschaut, / aus der Tiefe wurde noch kein Wasser geschöpft, / nichts wurde geschaffen... (Üs.: TUAT III/3, S. 353)
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wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de
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Nicht und Nichts: Nur Dunkelheit war auf der Meerestiefe
Die Vorstellung einer Welt, die uranfangs im Dunkeln liegt und von Wasser bedeckt ist, ist im ganzen Alten Orient verbreitet:
Bibel
Ps 104,6-8:
*6 Mit der Tiefe deckst du [die Erde] wie mit einem Kleide, / und Wasser standen über den Bergen. 7 Aber vor deinem Schelten flohen sie, / vor deinem Donner fuhren sie dahin. 8 Die Berge gingen hoch hervor, / und die Täler setzten sich herunter zum Ort, / den du ihnen gegründet hast.*
Ägyptisch
Die Weltschöpfung in der Esna-Tradition:
Der Vater der Väter, die Mutter der Mütter, die uranfängliche Wesenheit, die am Anbeginn der Zeit entstand, war nun körperlich in Erscheinung getreten, als sie sich (noch) inmitten des Urgewässers befand, während die Erde (noch) in Finsternis lag, der Tag (noch) in Dunkelheit gehüllt war, bevor (noch) die Erde (aus dem Urgewässer) hervorgetreten war und bevor es Vegetation gab. (Üs.: TUAT III/5, S. 1079)
Sargtext 80 [Die Rede ist von der Schöpfung der acht Götter, die dem Gott Schu bei der Schöpfung helfen]:
Oh, ihr acht Unendlichen - unendliche Zahl Unendlicher! - / die ihr den Himmel mit euren Armen umfasst, / die ihr zusammenzieht Himmel und Horizont Gebs! / Schu gab euch Geburt / aus der Flut, aus den Wassern, / aus der Verlorenheit, aus der Dunkelheit... (Üs. nach COS 1.8)
Babylonisch
Enuma Elisch:
Als oben der Himmel noch nicht existierte / und unten die Erde noch nicht entstanden war - / gab es Apsu, den ersten, ihren Erzeuger, / und Schöpferin Tiamat, die sie alle gebar; / sie hatten ihre Wasser miteinander vermischt, / ehe sich Weideland verband und Röhricht zu finden war... (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 569)
Hethitisch:
Telipinu und die Tochter des Meeres:
Früher, als das große M[eer der Alleinherrscher war - als aber] Himmel, Erde (und) Menschhe[it geschaffen wurden,] (da) wurde es streitsüchtig und holte [den Sonnengott des Himmels] herunter und [hielt] ihn [versteckt]. Dies [hatte] im Lande schlimme [Folgen], (da) Dunkelheit hereinbrach. Das Me[er tobte], (und) niemand konnte ihm widerstehen. (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 811)
Sumerisch
Kosmogonie aus Nibru
An, der Herr, erhellte den Himmel, die Erde war dunkel, / in die Unterwelt wurde nicht geschaut, / aus der Tiefe wurde noch kein Wasser geschöpft, / nichts wurde geschaffen... (Üs.: TUAT III/3, S. 353)
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etwas Helles
Mit "dem Hellen" ist wahrscheinlich nicht die "Helligkeit" gemeint (da die Lichtspender ja erst in Vv. 14-19 geschaffen werden), sondern der Tag als Einheit zur Zeitrechnung: Wie im restlichen Kapitel ruft Gott zuerst etwas nur abstrakt Bezeichnetes ins Sein und gibt dem dann einen Namen (z.B. "etwas Schalenförmiges" in Vv. 6-8 für den "Himmel", "Trockenes" in Vv. 9f. für "Erde" usw.; vgl. gut Good 2009, S. 12).
- Good, Edwin M.: Genesis 1-11. Tales of the Earliest World. A New Translation and Essays. Stanford, 2009.
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„Tag“
W. "1 Tag" (statt "ein Tag"): Vv. 3-5 berichten von der Schöpfung der zeitlichen Ordnung, nicht von der Schöpfung der Helligkeit. Funktion der Formel "Es wurde Abend usw." ist hier also nicht nur, davon zu berichten, dass der erste Schöpfungsabschnitt nun abgelaufen ist, sondern ineins damit wird vorgeführt, wie Gott die zeitliche Ordnung ins Sein setzt. Nach der Unterscheidung von Hellem und Finsterem, von Tag und Nacht, muss es 1x Abend und 1x Morgen werden, dann ist die Zeitspanne von "1 Tag" vergangen. Vv. 6ff. berichten dann von der Einsetzung des Raumes.
Vgl. dazu Sasson 1992, S. 191; Steinmann 2002, S. 583f. u.a.
- Sasson, Jack M.: Time...to Begin, in: Michael Fishbane/Emanuel Tov: Sha´arei Talmon: Studies in the Bible, Qumran, and the Ancient Near East, presented to Shemaryahu Talmon. Winona Lake, 1992.
- Steinmann, Andrew E.: אחד as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5, in: JETS 45/4. 2002. S. 577-584.
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wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de
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„Tag“
W. "1 Tag" (statt "ein Tag"): Vv. 3-5 berichten von der Schöpfung der zeitlichen Ordnung, nicht von der Schöpfung der Helligkeit. Funktion der Formel "Es wurde Abend usw." ist hier also nicht nur, davon zu berichten, dass der erste Schöpfungsabschnitt nun abgelaufen ist, sondern ineins damit wird vorgeführt, wie Gott die zeitliche Ordnung ins Sein setzt. Nach der Unterscheidung von Hellem und Finsterem, von Tag und Nacht, muss es 1x Abend und 1x Morgen werden, dann ist die Zeitspanne von "1 Tag" vergangen. Vv. 6ff. berichten dann von der Einsetzung des Raumes.
Vgl. dazu Sasson 1992, S. 191; Steinmann 2002, S. 583f. u.a.
- Sasson, Jack M.: Time...to Begin, in: Michael Fishbane/Emanuel Tov: Sha´arei Talmon: Studies in the Bible, Qumran, and the Ancient Near East, presented to Shemaryahu Talmon. Winona Lake, 1992.
- Steinmann, Andrew E.: אחד as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5, in: JETS 45/4. 2002. S. 577-584.
-
etwas Helles!
Mit "dem Hellen" ist wahrscheinlich nicht die "Helligkeit" gemeint (da die Lichtspender ja erst in Vv. 14-19 geschaffen werden), sondern der Tag als Einheit zur Zeitrechnung: Wie im restlichen Kapitel ruft Gott zuerst etwas nur abstrakt Bezeichnetes ins Sein und gibt dem dann einen Namen (z.B. "etwas Schalenförmiges" in Vv. 6-8 für den "Himmel", "Trockenes" in Vv. 9f. für "Erde" usw.; vgl. gut Good 2009, S. 12).
- Good, Edwin M.: Genesis 1-11. Tales of the Earliest World. A New Translation and Essays. Stanford, 2009.
-
Nicht und Nichts: Nur Dunkelheit war auf der Meerestiefe.
Die Vorstellung einer Welt, die uranfangs im Dunkeln liegt und von Wasser bedeckt ist, ist im ganzen Alten Orient verbreitet:
Bibel
Ps 104,6-8:
*6 Mit der Tiefe deckst du [die Erde] wie mit einem Kleide, / und Wasser standen über den Bergen. 7 Aber vor deinem Schelten flohen sie, / vor deinem Donner fuhren sie dahin. 8 Die Berge gingen hoch hervor, / und die Täler setzten sich herunter zum Ort, / den du ihnen gegründet hast.*
Ägyptisch
Die Weltschöpfung in der Esna-Tradition:
Der Vater der Väter, die Mutter der Mütter, die uranfängliche Wesenheit, die am Anbeginn der Zeit entstand, war nun körperlich in Erscheinung getreten, als sie sich (noch) inmitten des Urgewässers befand, während die Erde (noch) in Finsternis lag, der Tag (noch) in Dunkelheit gehüllt war, bevor (noch) die Erde (aus dem Urgewässer) hervorgetreten war und bevor es Vegetation gab. (Üs.: TUAT III/5, S. 1079)
Sargtext 80 [Die Rede ist von der Schöpfung der acht Götter, die dem Gott Schu bei der Schöpfung helfen]:
Oh, ihr acht Unendlichen - unendliche Zahl Unendlicher! - / die ihr den Himmel mit euren Armen umfasst, / die ihr zusammenzieht Himmel und Horizont Gebs! / Schu gab euch Geburt / aus der Flut, aus den Wassern, / aus der Verlorenheit, aus der Dunkelheit... (Üs. nach COS 1.8)
Babylonisch
Enuma Elisch:
Als oben der Himmel noch nicht existierte / und unten die Erde noch nicht entstanden war - / gab es Apsu, den ersten, ihren Erzeuger, / und Schöpferin Tiamat, die sie alle gebar; / sie hatten ihre Wasser miteinander vermischt, / ehe sich Weideland verband und Röhricht zu finden war... (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 569)
Hethitisch:
Telipinu und die Tochter des Meeres:
Früher, als das große M[eer der Alleinherrscher war - als aber] Himmel, Erde (und) Menschhe[it geschaffen wurden,] (da) wurde es streitsüchtig und holte [den Sonnengott des Himmels] herunter und [hielt] ihn [versteckt]. Dies [hatte] im Lande schlimme [Folgen], (da) Dunkelheit hereinbrach. Das Me[er tobte], (und) niemand konnte ihm widerstehen. (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 811)
Sumerisch
Kosmogonie aus Nibru
An, der Herr, erhellte den Himmel, die Erde war dunkel, / in die Unterwelt wurde nicht geschaut, / aus der Tiefe wurde noch kein Wasser geschöpft, / nichts wurde geschaffen... (Üs.: TUAT III/3, S. 353)
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wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de wuecampus2.uni-wuerzburg.de
-
Nicht und Nichts: Nur Dunkelheit war auf der Meerestiefe.
Die Vorstellung einer Welt, die uranfangs im Dunkeln liegt und von Wasser bedeckt ist, ist im ganzen Alten Orient verbreitet:
Bibel
Ps 104,6-8:
*6 Mit der Tiefe deckst du [die Erde] wie mit einem Kleide, / und Wasser standen über den Bergen. 7 Aber vor deinem Schelten flohen sie, / vor deinem Donner fuhren sie dahin. 8 Die Berge gingen hoch hervor, / und die Täler setzten sich herunter zum Ort, / den du ihnen gegründet hast.*
Ägyptisch
Die Weltschöpfung in der Esna-Tradition:
Der Vater der Väter, die Mutter der Mütter, die uranfängliche Wesenheit, die am Anbeginn der Zeit entstand, war nun körperlich in Erscheinung getreten, als sie sich (noch) inmitten des Urgewässers befand, während die Erde (noch) in Finsternis lag, der Tag (noch) in Dunkelheit gehüllt war, bevor (noch) die Erde (aus dem Urgewässer) hervorgetreten war und bevor es Vegetation gab. (Üs.: TUAT III/5, S. 1079)
Sargtext 80 [Die Rede ist von der Schöpfung der acht Götter, die dem Gott Schu bei der Schöpfung helfen]:
Oh, ihr acht Unendlichen - unendliche Zahl Unendlicher! - / die ihr den Himmel mit euren Armen umfasst, / die ihr zusammenzieht Himmel und Horizont Gebs! / Schu gab euch Geburt / aus der Flut, aus den Wassern, / aus der Verlorenheit, aus der Dunkelheit... (Üs. nach COS 1.8)
Babylonisch
Enuma Elisch:
Als oben der Himmel noch nicht existierte / und unten die Erde noch nicht entstanden war - / gab es Apsu, den ersten, ihren Erzeuger, / und Schöpferin Tiamat, die sie alle gebar; / sie hatten ihre Wasser miteinander vermischt, / ehe sich Weideland verband und Röhricht zu finden war... (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 569)
Hethitisch:
Telipinu und die Tochter des Meeres:
Früher, als das große M[eer der Alleinherrscher war - als aber] Himmel, Erde (und) Menschhe[it geschaffen wurden,] (da) wurde es streitsüchtig und holte [den Sonnengott des Himmels] herunter und [hielt] ihn [versteckt]. Dies [hatte] im Lande schlimme [Folgen], (da) Dunkelheit hereinbrach. Das Me[er tobte], (und) niemand konnte ihm widerstehen. (Üs.: TUAT III/4, S. 811)
Sumerisch
Kosmogonie aus Nibru
An, der Herr, erhellte den Himmel, die Erde war dunkel, / in die Unterwelt wurde nicht geschaut, / aus der Tiefe wurde noch kein Wasser geschöpft, / nichts wurde geschaffen... (Üs.: TUAT III/3, S. 353)
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[2,1 Damit waren Himmel und Erde mit ihrem ganzen Heer vollendet. 2,2 Und also erklärte Gott am siebenten Tage seine Werke, die er gemacht hatte, als vollendet, und ruhte am siebenten Tage von allen seinen Werken, die er gemacht hatte. 2,3Und Gott segnete den siebenten Tag und heiligte ihn, weil er an demselben geruht hatte von allen seinen Werken, die er gemacht und geschafft hatte.]
Eine alte jüd. Auslegungstradition: Das Wort für "ruhen" lässt sich auch mit "feiern" übersetzen. Anders als die anderen sechs Tage wird der siebte Tag nicht vollendet: Er dauert fort, und nach wie vor ist Gott am feiern und sollen auch wir dies tun.
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24 Und Gott sprach: „Die Erde bringe verschiedenste Arten von lebendigen Tieren hervor: Verschiedenste Arten von Vieh, Kriecher und wilden Tieren.“Und es geschah so.25 Und Gott machte verschiedenste Arten von wilden Tieren, verschiedenste Arten von Vieh und all die verschiedenen Arten von Boden-kriechern.Und Gott sah, dass es gut war.26 Und Gott sprach: „Ich will Menschen machen als mir ähnlichen Stellvertreter! Sie sollen herrschen über die Fische im Meer und über die Vögel am Himmel und über das Vieh und über die ganze Erde und über alle Kriecher, die auf Erden kriechen.“27 Und Gott schuf den Menschen als seinen Stellvertreter, Zum Bilde Gottes schuf er ihn; Männlich und weiblich schuf er sie.28 Und Gott segnete sie. Er sprach zu ihnen: „Seid fruchtbar und mehrt euch und füllt die Erde und macht sie euch untertan und herrscht über die Fische im Meer und über die Vögel am Himmel und über alle Lebewesen, die auf Erden kriechen!“ 29 Und Gott sprach: „Hiermit gebe ich euch alles Samen tragende Getreide, das auf der Oberfläche der ganzen Erde ist, und alle Bäume, die in ihren Baumfrüchten Samen tragen, zu eurer Speise, 30 und allem Getier auf Erden und allen Vögeln am Himmel und allen Kriechern auf Erden, die Leben in sich haben, gebe ich alle Pflanzen zur Speise.“Und es geschah so.31 Und Gott sah, dass alles, was er gemacht hatte, sehr gut war.Es wurde Abend und es wurde Morgen: der sechste Tag.
Eine schöne Eigentümlichkeit dieses Abschnitts ist sein Variationsreichtum und seine Betonung der Fünfzahl. Die "Kriecher" etwa - die Reptilien also - werden in fünf Versen mit fünf verschiedenen Bezeichnungen versehen:
- V. 24: "Kriecher"
- V. 25: "Alle Bodenkriecher"
- V. 26: "Alle Kriecher, die auf Erden kriechen"
- V. 28: "Alle Lebewesen, die auf Erden kriechen"
- V. 30: "Alle Kriecher auf Erden, die Leben in sich haben".
Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Reihenfolge der drei Landtierfamilien, die drei Mal in Folge variiert und im letzten Vers zum Fünfschritt erweitert wird:
- V. 24: Vieh - Kriecher - wilde Tiere
- V. 25: Wilde Tiere - Vieh - Kriecher
- V. 26: [Fische - Vögel -] Vieh - wilde Tiere - Kriecher
Dazu kommt allgemein die starke Häufung der Betonung der Vielfalt; das "verschiedenste Arten von..." etwa fällt fünf Mal allein in Vv. 24f.
Ein Effekt dieser beiden Stileigentümlichkeiten ist sicher die Hervorhebung des Menschen unter allen Landtieren. So vieles Verschiedenes hat Gott geschaffen, und doch ragt unter den verschiedensten Arten von Schöpfungswesen an den ersten 5 Tagen jenes letzte des 6. Tages besonders hervor: Der Mensch, der Stellvertreter Gottes; die "Krone der Schöpfung", zu der ersten fünf Schöpfungstage hingeführt haben.
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der erste „Tag“
W. "1 Tag" (statt "ein Tag"): Vv. 3-5 berichten von der Schöpfung der zeitlichen Ordnung, nicht von der Schöpfung der Helligkeit. Funktion der Formel "Es wurde Abend usw." ist hier also nicht nur, davon zu berichten, dass der erste Schöpfungsabschnitt nun abgelaufen ist, sondern ineins damit wird vorgeführt, wie Gott die zeitliche Ordnung ins Sein setzt. Nach der Unterscheidung von Hellem und Finsterem, von Tag und Nacht, muss es 1x Abend und 1x Morgen werden, dann ist die Zeitspanne von "1 Tag" vergangen. Vv. 6ff. berichten dann von der Einsetzung des Raumes.
Vgl. dazu Sasson 1992, S. 191; Steinmann 2002, S. 583f. u.a.
- Sasson, Jack M.: Time...to Begin, in: Michael Fishbane/Emanuel Tov: Sha´arei Talmon: Studies in the Bible, Qumran, and the Ancient Near East, presented to Shemaryahu Talmon. Winona Lake, 1992.
- Steinmann, Andrew E.: אחד as an Ordinal Number and the Meaning of Genesis 1:5, in: JETS 45/4. 2002. S. 577-584.
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etwas Helles
Mit "dem Hellen" ist wahrscheinlich nicht die "Helligkeit" gemeint (da die Lichtspender ja erst in Vv. 14-19 geschaffen werden), sondern der Tag als Einheit zur Zeitrechnung: Wie im restlichen Kapitel ruft Gott zuerst etwas nur abstrakt Bezeichnetes ins Sein und gibt dem dann einen Namen (z.B. "etwas Schalenförmiges" in Vv. 6-8 für den "Himmel", "Trockenes" in Vv. 9f. für "Erde" usw.; vgl. gut Good 2009, S. 12).
- Good, Edwin M.: Genesis 1-11. Tales of the Earliest World. A New Translation and Essays. Stanford, 2009.
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onboard-dev.wicet.com.au onboard-dev.wicet.com.au
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This is a dot point list
Let me add another piece of information to this tag
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loybioproject.wordpress.com loybioproject.wordpress.com
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Published in The Egoist, a literary periodical published monthly, the article was written by T.S. Eliot under a pseudonym.
You probably don't have to go this deep, especially if you're looking tocut words
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However, Eliot’s connection to Loy is important.
Not much info in this sentence
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As far as his work
Clutter, can be removed
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What is perhaps
Clutter
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Here, he focuses much more on global isolation and issues
Examples/quotes would be handy here!
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The third and final era of Eliot’s poetry, highlighted by the publication of the Four Quartets in 1942
I actually rather liked the structure you had where you started each paragraph with an era of Pound's poetry, and might recommend maintaining it. I would try to move this to the top of the paragraph; you can decide if you want to remove the information before or find a way to incorporate it into previous paragraphs
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This served as a way for Eliot to formalize his separation with his wife.
You can tie this into the previous sentence to cut words
" . . . to Harvard, which formalized his separation with his wife."
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The poem was also influenced by financial stresses, as well as Eliot’s studies in Sanskrit and Indian philosophy.
This is an interesting side path, but you don't really go into what effects these influences had on his poetry. I would go deeper with this or cut it entirely.
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Pound called The Wasteland a work of genius and had a heavy hand in the many notable revisions to this poem.
I would say the same thing: perhaps go deeper (give a quote from Pound, maybe) and explain this relationship more, or cut it to keep your length down.
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continuously attempted to reach his wife
The verb "reach" is a little vague.
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Vivien’s insanity
We don't know that she's insane at this point, so a little exposition might be helpful
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During this time, Eliot met Ezra Pound who became an advocate for Eliot’s poetry and subsequent publication.
This detail is a little tangential and not expanded upon very much. If you're going to include it, I would delve into it further and detail their interactions, but otherwise I would cut it for brevity's sake.
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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock in 1911, The Wasteland in 1922, and Four Quartets in 1942.
Titles in quotation marks; I'd say this for the other ones too, but will only mark it here to avoid cluttering up your page
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presents the theme of isolation;
You can cut this, as the rest of the sentence restates this
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One of the most influential intellects of the 20th century
This a bold claim that you could supplement with some details/evidence in order to persuade the reader that it's actually true:
- How do we know he was influential? Perhaps a quote from a contemporary or critic would work well here
- What did he influence (which movements, groups, etc.)?
While you do establish some of these things later on in your paper, it'd be a stronger opening if you could immediately hook the reader and persuade them that Eliot matters. Admittedly, he is well-known enough that his name might speak for itself, but you don't want to rely on that; you want your writing to reflect it.
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nicklolordo.com nicklolordo.com
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Low Stakes
I wonder if this is a useful tag?
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loybioproject.wordpress.com loybioproject.wordpress.com
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Picabia died in 1953, in the same home he was born in Paris (“Francis Picabia: Biography”).
If you have room, I would just suggest adding how/why he returned to Paris because the bio goes straight from his refuge in Spain to him dying in his Paris home. Something as simple as "Picabia eventually returned to his home country..." would help chronologically.
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causing
"beginning" instead of "causing" perhaps
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so abstract and conceptually new
"a very new and abstract concept" may work here as well?
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not truly being a household name artist
"not being a household name" would suffice
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obsessed
obsessed is a strong word, it works but if you use this word I as a reader would want you to elaborate further on how he was obsessed with it (versus perhaps fascinated, for example)
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, among
"and" would probably work better here
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American
America / the United States
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starting during
I would suggest using "beginning with" or "starting with" rather than "starting during" ; it just makes the sentence flow better.
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Mouse monoclonal anti-Flag-Tag-HRPMBLCat#:M185-7
Curator: @Jmenke
Resource used:
(MBL International Cat# M185-7, RRID:AB_2687989)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2687989
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Rabbit monoclonal anti-V5 tag (D3H8Q) antibodyCell Signaling TechnologyCat#13202
Curator: @Jmenke
Resource used:
(Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 13202, RRID:AB_2687461)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2687461
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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monoclonal HA tag antibody (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO Catalog Number H9658, Antibody Registry ID AB_260092)
Curator: @Jmenke
Resource used:
(Sigma-Aldrich Cat# H9658, RRID:AB_260092)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_260092
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Rabbit polyclonal anti-DYKDDDK Tag Antibody (FLAG)
Curator: @chewbeccax
Resource used:
(Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2368, RRID:AB_2217020)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2217020
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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loybioproject.wordpress.com loybioproject.wordpress.com
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who found diagramming sentences, feedback from Harold Ross, and Parisian newspapers influential.
slightly awkward wording here
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Natalia Danesi Murray
possibly identify who this woman is - she sort of just appears out of left field.
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“Letters from Paris”
clarify - is this a column?
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Flanner’s lifelong career began
possibly rephrase along the lines of "Flanner began what would be her lifelong career as the Paris correspondent for The New Yorker", etc.
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just created
"which had just been created"
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her novel The Cubical City (1926) had received poor reviews.
perhaps include some context as to why the poor reviews of Flanner's book led her to be cold toward Mina Loy. Without any details it leaves the reader sort of confused.
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talking art and culture
"where they talked [about]"
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in 1922, settled in Paris
"and settled in Paris in 1922,"
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discovered lesbian desire together
This wording is very, very awkward; perhaps the two "lived as lesbians together" (were they out in Paris or not? This may be a pertinent detail to include).
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who Janet left Rehm for
"for whom Janet left Rehm" - also, while we're on this annotation, I wanted to point out it may be wise to stick to either "Janet" or "Flanner" when writing the biography, just to be consistent. I would go with "Flanner" but ultimately it's up to you.
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introducing
I would possibly change this wording to something along the lines of "a decision which introduced"
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two-year
I don't believe you need a hyphen here.
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of
"in"
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edtech.dk edtech.dk
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a1=(a1⋅e1)e1a2=(a2⋅e1)e1+(a2⋅e2)e2a3=(a3⋅e1)e1+(a3⋅e2)e2+(a3⋅e3)e3⋮an=(an⋅e1)e1+(an⋅e2)e2+⋯+(an⋅en−1)en−1.(7.5)\begin{aligned} a_1 &= (a_1\cdot e_1) e_1\\ a_2 &= (a_2\cdot e_1) e_1 + (a_2\cdot e_2) e_2\\ a_3 &= (a_3\cdot e_1) e_1 + (a_3\cdot e_2)e_2 + (a_3\cdot e_3) e_3\\ &\vdots\\ a_n &= (a_n\cdot e_1) e_1 + (a_n\cdot e_2) e_2 + \cdots + (a_n\cdot e_{n-1}) e_{n-1}. \end{aligned}\tag{7.5}a1a2a3an=(a1⋅e1)e1=(a2⋅e1)e1+(a2⋅e2)e2=(a3⋅e1)e1+(a3⋅e2)e2+(a3⋅e3)e3⋮=(an⋅e1)e1+(an⋅e2)e2+⋯+(an⋅en−1)en−1.
Skal det ikke være an=(ane1)e1+(ane2)e2+...+(an*en)en
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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IMSR_JAX:000664
Curator: @chewbeccax
Curator note: No RRID tag.
Resource used:
RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664
SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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AB_10561552
Curator: @chewbeccax
Curator note: Did not put in "RRID" tag - scibot couldn't pick up
Resource used:
(Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A21428, RRID:AB_10561552)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10561552
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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UCSC Genome Utilities
Curator: @gabimpine
Curator note: likely the right tag
Resource used:
(UCSC Genome Browser, RRID:SCR_005780)
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_005780
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Mouse anti-His tag monoclonal antibody
Curator: @chewbeccax
Resource used:
(Qiagen Cat# 34660, RRID:AB_2619735)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2619735
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Mouse monoclonal anti-GFP Tag Antibody (for ChIP)
Curator: @chewbeccax
Resource used:
(Molecular Probes Cat# A-11120, RRID:AB_221568)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_221568
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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Mouse monoclonal anti-GFP Tag Antibody
Curator: @chewbeccax
Resource used:
(Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA5-15256, RRID:AB_10979281)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10979281
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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anti-myc tag antibody (9B11; CST #2276)
Curator: @gabimpine
Resource used:
(Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2276, RRID:AB_331783)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_331783
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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mouse anti-His tag
Curator: @jcabotaj
Resource used:
(Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 372900, RRID:AB_10104413)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10104413
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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elifesciences.org elifesciences.org
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Mouse anti-V5 tag
Curator: @gabimpine
Resource used:
(Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 451098, RRID:AB_2532221)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2532221
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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A bond in which the electronegativity of B (χB) is greater than the electronegativity of A (χA), for example, is indicated with the partial negative charge on the more electronegative atom: lesselectronegativeAδ+−moreelectronegativeBδ−(8.4.1)(8.4.1)lesselectronegativemoreelectronegativeA−Bδ+δ− \begin{matrix} _{less\; electronegative}& & _{more\; electronegative}\\ A\; \; &-& B\; \; \; \; \\ ^{\delta ^{+}} & & ^{\delta ^{-}} \end{matrix} \tag{8.4.1}
This doesn't necessarily mean that the atoms themselves are positive or negative, right? This is only related to their electronegativity (0-4)? So, A could be X=2.2 and B could be X=2.4 and A would be positive because it has a lower electronegativity?
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loybioproject.wordpress.com loybioproject.wordpress.com
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Julien Levy
Might it be worth mentioning here that Levy became Loy's son-in-law?
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are credited
Who credits Bunuel with this praise?
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are described
Who described them this way?
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took Buñuel
delete?
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Despite Buñuel’s comradery among Parisian Surrealists, extreme rightists often scrutinized his work. At the premiere of L’Âge d’Or on December 3, 1930, a group of rightist youths attacked the Parisian theatre and police mandated that the film be banned in Paris (Buñuel).
With what specifically did they take issue in Bunuel's film?
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sought
seek
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other fellow
I think you could just choose one of these adjectives.
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the rigid social structure
Could you be a little more specific here? With what did Bunuel take issue in regards to this social structure?
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died out
This wording is a little awkward.
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shift.newco.co shift.newco.co
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A new batch of apps that allow users to create hidden graffiti using AR raises an important question about who is legally allowed to “tag” a place.
So basically all the discussions we have had within Hypothesis about rights to write over web pages will be had, but this time applied to the real world.
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loybioproject.wordpress.com loybioproject.wordpress.com
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The bio has a lot of great information, especially on Mina Loy. However, you could use some reorganization. There is information at the end that belongs earlier in the biography, and it's hard to see the focus and structure of the biography. You have a really great start here, and I can see that you've done a fair amount of research!
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Mina Loy compared the painting to Oelze saying she was waiting for it to light up at any moment.
Good!
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She said that his canvas, “Expectation” haunted her as there was speculation of an affair between the two.
You already talked about Expectation. Why is this so late in the bio?
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Mina Loy, according to, The Art World Online, became romantically involved with Oelze from 1932-193.
You need this information way earlier
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As Oelze dealt with starvation he was uncomfortable in his own body and therefore it is reflected in his art such as in “In one of the Fallowing Years” which, “depicts a female colossus staring at the viewer, small homunculus apparitions covering her body.”
This seems out of place. Revise this sentence
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Their relationship is discussed when talking about his mental illnesses including semi-starvation, poverty, and isolation.
Their relationship or his mental state? Confusing
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Loy wrote her daughter a description of Richard’s famous painting as a “gigantic back of a commonplace woman looking at the sky,” which shows that Loy had a different perception of this art than Oelze, who focused on all the people in the painting rather than solely the woman.
Connect this back to the painting in the novel
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ntimate details of Loy and Oelze are represented in her novel
what do you mean by intimate?
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which shows that Loy had a different perception of this art than Oelze, who focused on all the people in the painting rather than solely the woman.
I would separate the sentence here.
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Richard’s
I would say Oelze since you refer to him by his last name elsewhere
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In the novel, Jones reacts anxiously to one of Insel’s painting, one similar to Oelze’s “Expectation,” and then ships it to the United States, just as Loy shipped Oelze’s painting to the U.S
I would revise this sentence
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ainting
paintings
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character’s enactment of an embodied, unstable, and automatically conditioned subjectivity.”
explain this quote after you use it. I'm not quite sure what you're trying to say here
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rance
add a comma
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even
cut
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the characters are said to be a reflection of their relationship with each other.
Which characters? You also already said this.
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1930s in Paris
or you could say soon after meeting Oelze
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talent counting
I'm not sure what you mean by this
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with her two characters Mrs. Jones, a gallery director, and Insel, an artist.
but you have three characters listed here. I would revise this sentence
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d 1970s
add a comma after 1970's
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The pessimistic tenor of Oelze’s art represented his deep psychological issues that caused him to live a very isolated life after the war in Posteholz.
I think that they show and express rather than represent.
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who started in 1929 when he first encountered surrealist paintings from Max Ernst and René Magritte in Switzerland.
What was he before?
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Richard Oelze is a highly regarded German surrealist painter,
I would definitely include his DOB and DOD in the biography
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