Dałem trzem AI 300 złotych na inwestycje. Po miesiącu wynik mnie zaskoczył

Together, the vertical and horizontal juxtapositions are designed to help users identify both high-level commonalities and nuanced variations across structurally similar sentences.

Best AI Note Takers — 2026

no single architecture dominates; rather, effectiveness depends on aligning the memory structure with the specific workload bottleneck

It will be decided by who builds the best worlds for models to learn in, the best guardrails for them to operate within, and the best games to discover what they can actually do.

the way we communicate with them must evolve from loose conversation into something closer to structured collaboration.

we need arenas where models reveal themselves under pressure, with imperfect information, feedback loops, and consequences.

SK Hynix filed to raise up to 45.45 trillion won (~$29.4B) via a Nasdaq ADR listing

A gameplay clip is not merely pixels. It is pixels plus choices.

Frontier AI releases are starting to look less like software updates and more like controlled deployment of critical infrastructure.

Rinderknecht asked ChatGPT whether someone could be blamed for a fire if it was lit by their cigarette.

Anthropic unveils 'Claude Science' AI platform for scientific research

Then, we segment sentences within each aspect into grammarpreserving chunks (see prompt used in Appendix D.2). This results in grammatically coherent chunks that are the basis of structure patterns. After identifying chunk boundaries, we again prompt an LLM to generate labels for chunks in a human-in-the-loop approach: starting from an initial set of labels for chunk roles, when a new label is generated, a researcher from the research team examines the new label and merges it with existing labels if appropriate, controlling for the total number of labels.

After obtaining an expanded set of high-level chunk labels, we assign them to each of the sentence chunks by using LLMs in a multiclass classification few-shot learning task, with the initial labels and assignment as examples (see prompt used in Appendix D.3).

We process this data in a three-stage pipeline (Figure 6). In the first stage, Sentence Segmentation and Categorization, abstracts are split into individual sentences using the NLTK package, and each sentence is classified into one of the five pre-defined aspects as listed in Section 4.1.1. Classification is performed by prompting an LLM (see prompt used in Appendix D.1) with the sentence and its full abstract.

Then, we segment sentences within each aspect into grammar-preserving chunks (see prompt used in Appendix D.2). This results in grammatically coherent chunks that are the basis of structure patterns. After identifying chunk boundaries, we again prompt an LLM to generate labels for chunks in a human-in-the-loop approach: starting from an initial set of labels for chunk roles, when a new label is generated, a researcher from the research team examines the new label and merges it with existing labels if appropriate, controlling for the total number of labels.

We conducted a qualitative analysis of user study transcripts and survey responses using a Grounded Theory approach [8]. First, the lead researcher collected a list of participants' behaviors, approaches, reflections on their experience, and feedback about the interface. The researcher then systematically coded this data, revisiting the data multiples times and refining the codes to ensure consistency and coherence. Through this process, high-level themes were identified and organized using affinity diagramming. Once the thematic structure was finalized, the researcher gathered supporting evidence for each theme and synthesized the findings, which were reviewed by the research team to ensure agreement on the results.

Interviews were video and audio recorded. We transcribed the audio using OpenAI's Whisper automatic speech recognition system and anonymized the transcript before analysis.

Interviews were video and audio recorded. We transcribed the audio using OpenAI's Whisper automatic speech recognition system and anonymized the transcript before analysis. We analyzed the interview data using thematic analysis [1]. First, two members of the research team independently coded four (25% of collected data) randomly chosen participant data to generate low-level codes. The inter-coder reliability between the coders was 0.88 using Krippendorff's alpha [37]. The two coders then met together to cross-check, resolve coding conflicts, and consolidate the codes into a codebook across two sessions. Using the codebook, the two coders analyzed six randomly selected participant data each. The research team then met, discussed the analysis outcomes, and finalized themes over three sessions.

Future work could explore more seamless ways of preserving context, such as allowing users to navigate through every sentence of an abstract directly within the Cross-Sentence Relationship pane, fostering a more cohesive understanding of the content.

In this sense, AbstractExplorer enables dialectical activities that users may otherwise have found to be too tedious or difficult to engage with.

According to SMT, this generalization depends on most documents having some shared implicit structure.

Supporting a new corpus would require defining new corpus-appropriate predefined aspects and chunk role labels. Other components would likely be able to remain unchanged.

By definition, sensemaking and other dialectical activities necessitate engagement.

In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for exploring a large corpus of small documents by identifying roles at the phrasal and sentence levels, then slice on, reify, group, and/or align the text itself on those roles, with sentences left intact.

Our work demonstrates that designs informed by Structure-Mapping Theory can support users in navigating, making use of, and engaging with variation present in information. In this sense, AbstractExplorer enables dialectical activities that users may otherwise have found to be too tedious or difficult to engage with.

Like prior Structural Mapping Theory (SMT)-informed work in text corpora representation, AbstractExplorer's features have enabled some users to see more of both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

Like prior Structural Mapping Theory (SMT)-informed work in text corpora representation, AbstractExplorer's features have enabled some users to see more of both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

Dialectical activities cannot be done on a user's behalf by AI; with variation affordances, AI is supporting the user's engagement with the data themselves.

We posit that our approach can generalize to other domains such as journalism, code synthesis, and social media analytics where visual alignment of text can enable meaningful comparisons of underlying patterns to identify relational clarity.

In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for exploring a large corpus of small documents by identifying roles at the phrasal and sentence levels, then slice on, reify, group, and/or align the text itself on those roles, with sentences left intact.

Dialectical activities cannot be done on a user's behalf by AI; with variation affordances, AI is supporting the user's engagement with the data themselves.

Our work demonstrates that designs informed by Structure-Mapping Theory can support users in navigating, making use of, and engaging with variation present in information.

We posit that our approach can generalize to other domains such as journalism, code synthesis, and social media analytics where visual alignment of text can enable meaningful comparisons of underlying patterns to identify relational clarity.

We demonstrate how slicing sentences according to roles and visually aligning them can help readers perceive cross-document relationships in a coherent manner.

Our work demonstrates that designs informed by Structure-Mapping Theory can support users in navigating, making use of, and engaging with variation present in information.

pre-computing and reifying cross-document analogous relationships make it psychologically possible for users to engage—if they are willing to be guided by it. (Lower NFC users are more likely to fall into this category.)

These observations underscored the need for an improved UI design for authoring custom aspects, especially for those who are less familiar with the research corpus.

AbstractExplorer’s features have enabled some users to see more of both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

Activity log data, which revealed how participants actually used the interface, echoed the above findings. According to the log data, participants spent most of their reading time (66.31%) with vertical alignment on the second element in structure pairs, followed by alignment on the first element (29.19%), and left-justified alignment (5.13%). Highlighting usage showed a similar preference: 91.13% of time with all chunks highlighted, 8.25% with partial highlighting, and minimal time (0.63%) without highlights.

Immediately after the focused reading task, we conducted a short interview asking participants to reflect on their experience with both tasks (Appendix J.2), followed by a post-study survey (Appendix J.3).

In this section, we present findings on how AbstractExplorer supports comparative close reading at scale by integrating quantitative survey responses and log data with qualitative analysis of transcripts and open-ended responses. The qualitative analysis process is described in detail in Appendix H.

Throughout the two tasks, we also collected detailed interaction logs including counts of user-defined aspects created, duration of highlighting usage, and time allocation across the three possible alignment options.

Participants with lower NFC more frequently preferred and experienced less cognitive load when skimming with all the features enabled.

Using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U Test, we found that participants who reported their lowest perceived cognitive load when all three features were enabled had significantly lower NFC than participants who reported their lowest cognitive load level when skimming with no features enabled—in the baseline interface (p=0.03).

Both gaze data and the semi-structured interviews revealed that lower NFC participants were more willing to be guided by the three features and took advantage of them consciously.

To compute a participant's NFC score, we averaged their response to the six questions, each ranging from 1 to 7, after reversing the appropriate questions.

For simplicity of analysis, we denote participants with NFC scores above the overall participants' median NFC of 5.42 (IQR = 0.583) as higher NFC, and lower NFC otherwise.

The study concluded with a 15-minute semi-structured interview. During the interview, participants saw screenshots from the three conditions and were asked which they preferred and disliked, why, what they wished the interface had, what influenced their skimming, and how they normally skimmed texts.

These results suggest that these three features lose their effectiveness when not used together.

Lower NFC participants were generally guided by emergent visual patterns created by the interactions between features, especially blocks of color spanning multiple sentences created when all three features are turned on.

The raw NASA-TLX score is the sum of all 6 NASA-TLX questions after reversing the appropriate questions.

In this study, we allowed participants to experience views of same-aspect sentences (Section 4.1.1) with different combinations of highlighting, ordering, and alignment (as described in Section 4.1.2 and Section 4.1.4) enabled or not, in order to understand which and/or what combinations most effectively supported users' ability to skim and read laterally across documents.

We collected 80 sentences from our abstracts dataset labeled by our system as "Methodology/Contribution." Participants viewed the same 80 sentences in each condition—often with a different subset of sentences initially visible due to ordering changes—but only had two minutes to look at them in each condition.

To contrast participants' gaze patterns in each condition, we used a Tobii Pro Spark eye-tracker placed below the desktop monitor used by all subjects; Tobii Pro Lab software recorded each participant's gaze over time in each condition.

Structural mappings between objects are part of the cognitive process of comparison according to the Structure-Mapping Theory [17], and juxtaposition can facilitate humans in recognizing particular possible structural mappings between objects [75].

Inspired by GP-TSM [24], AbstractExplorer first segments sentences into grammar-preserving chunks—segments that respect grammatical boundaries, i.e., an LLM judges that the sentence can be truncated at that chunk boundary without breaking the grammatical integrity of the preceding text. Each chunk is then classified by an LLM as having one of nine pre-defined roles, each of which has its own assigned color.

We consider common sequences of chunk roles to be alignable structures that could be used to support users in identifying structural similarities and differences across sentences in different abstracts, in line with Structure-Mapping Theory [17].

This ordering prioritizes dominant structural patterns (largest groups first) while exposing fine-grained variations (via length-sorted triplets), mirroring how humans compare sentences, if SMT is an accurate description in this domain of comparative close reading.

In SMT terminology, rendering and arranging according to corresponding chunks reify "commonalities in structure," while variation within corresponding chunks are "alignable differences" that users are predicted to notice.

AbstractExplorer classifies sentences into five pre-defined aspects common in CHI abstracts: Problem Domain, Gaps in Prior Work, Methodology/Contribution, Results/Findings, and Discussion/Conclusion.

After the interviews, we analyzed the data using the process described in Appendix B

The prior SMT-informed tools in Section 2.3 for both code and natural language corpora suggest that the cognitive process of comparing texts may be no exception to the cognitive processes SMT predicts.

In the first part of the session, we asked participants about their strategies for selecting publication venues for their manuscript submissions, how they identify and synthesize information from venues, their approaches to writing manuscripts, and finally, the technology they have used to help with these processes, current technology shortcomings, and ideas for addressing these challenges.

In order to determine (1) the context in which we might offer novel views of scientific abstracts and (2) the intelligibility of various novel prototype designs for reifying cross-abstract relationships, we conducted a formative interview study with 12 active researchers (see Appendix A for participant information).

We used these mock-ups as design probes [31] to inspire ideation and elicit creative responses. Specifically, we asked participants to compare and contrast alternative mock-ups and reflect on how they could be used or improved to support their known or emerging synthesis and information-foraging goals.

The prior SMT-informed tools in Section 2.3 for both code and natural language corpora suggest that the cognitive process of comparing texts may be no exception to the cognitive processes SMT predicts.

After the interviews, we analyzed the data using the process described in Appendix B

In the second part of the session, we provided participants with mock-ups of possible reifications of cross-document relationships that might help them synthesize information across abstracts.

AbstractExplorer specifically leverages the shared structure in scientific abstracts to facilitate abstract corpus skimming and comparative reading at scale.

SMT provides a framework for understanding how humans compare two or more objects by finding common structural alignments between objects.

Sessions, which were held on Zoom, lasted 55 minutes on average. Participants were compensated with $15 USD.

The interview sessions were divided into two parts: an open-ended semi-structured interview about their backgrounds and practices, followed by feedback on a range of mock-ups, including novel reified relationships between analogous sentences in different abstracts (Figure 2).

SMT provides a framework for understanding how humans compare two or more objects by finding common structural alignments between objects.

The revealed variation within these analogous cross-document relationships can invite the user’s engagement.

This is the essence of comparative close reading, a dialectical activity that requires repeated deep engagement with the texts to reveal new insights.

Structural Mapping Theory (SMT) is a long-standing well-vetted theory from Cognitive Science that describes how humans attend to and try to compare objects by finding mental representations of them that can be structurally mapped to each other (analogies).

These examples of text-centric lossless techniques do not abstract away or summarize; they strategically re-organize and re-render the existing text to help enhance readers' own perceptual cognition, informed by Structural Mapping Theory (SMT) [17].

This SMT-informed approach, which AbstractExplorer shares, tries to give this mental machinery “a leg up,” letting users perhaps skip some steps by accepting reified cross-document relationships identified by the computer.

The human perceptual, comparative mental machinery that SMT describes is part of what enables humans to form more abstract structured mental models from concrete examples, among other critical knowledge tasks.

AbstractExplorer instantiates new minimally lossy2 SMT-informed techniques for skimming, reading, and reasoning about a corpus of similarly structured short documents: phrase-level role classification that drives sentence ordering, highlighting, and spatial alignment.

Theory (SMT) to facilitate seeing both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

With datasets like LOCUS we’re going to make the strange half-seen rules and laws that govern much of civic, local life be made accessible to AI systems, which may eventually allow them to better adapt themselves to hyperlocal purposes.

Gemini Omni and Nano Banana 2 Lite use [SynthID](https://deepmind.google/blog/identifying-ai-generated-images-with-synthid/) watermarking. You can verify AI content through the Gemini app, Gemini in Chrome or Search.

Markdown became the default AI output under three assumptions. All three made sense in 2022. None of them hold in 2026.

Premise 1: Humans hand-edit content. Markdown was designed for people who write and revise their own text. That’s how blogs, docs, and READMEs still work. But agent output is different. You send a prompt. The agent generates a 2,000-word analysis, a code review, a project plan. You read it, maybe share it. You almost never open it in an editor and start rewriting paragraphs. The format’s core value proposition — easy to edit by hand — no longer matches the use case.

Premise 3: Output is read-only. The old workflow was linear: prompt, generate, read, close. But the agent era is pushing toward something different. Users want to interact with the output: filter a table, adjust parameters, compare options side by side, export a subset, feed the result back into the next prompt. Markdown can’t carry interaction. It’s a one-way street.

From 8 years down to 6 months: How we built AI to split the monday.com monolith

For decades, code contributions have been how open source projects learned who to trust. People would show up, do the work, take responsibility for their changes, and stick around. Over time, trust emerged from the work itself. AI tools have changed the economics of this very quickly. We use them ourselves every day, but a pull request no longer tells us as much as it used to about the person submitting it. A substantial patch used to imply substantial effort, and that effort was a reasonable proxy for good faith. That assumption no longer holds. For a browser, this matters. A browser runs untrusted input from the entire internet on the user’s machine, and one well-disguised vulnerability is all an attacker needs. We have already seen patient, well-resourced campaigns in open source to earn maintainer trust and abuse it. What has changed is how much faster and cheaper it has become to produce work that looks like a serious contribution.

Both Scarlata and Gingras are concerned that papers by less prominent scientists have disappeared as well without anyone realizing. At a minimum, Gingras wants Planck’s papers restored. “Whoever did it, I don’t care,” he says, “just put them [back] in the database. Intellectually, it’s not acceptable.”

you can't produce the logic using the local files. The reasoning logs on your system are not accessible to you.

Getting the full thinking output requires an enterprise agreement.

Claude encrypts its reasoning into that signature. Anthropic holds the key. Your machine doesn't receive it.

SpaceX is reportedly in talks to merge with xAI

Orbital data centers are the most efficient way to meet the accelerating demand for AI computing power

Data access inhibits independent research into hiring algorithms

We conduct the largest empirical study of algorithmic hiring with data for 3.4 million real job applicants submitting 4 million applications to 156 employers across 11 market sectors.

Over 90% of U.S. employers rely on hiring algorithms to screen job applicants.

The functionality seamlessly supports everything from basic arithmetic to highly intricate calculations, simplifying what is traditionally a frustrating and time-consuming debugging process.

When you encounter a formula error, Gemini can analyze the surrounding data structure to help provide an easy-to-understand explanation of the core issue alongside a corrected version of the formula.

Serves as the first generative core for social world models, a foundation for next-generation AI-native social platforms.

The Maia 200 does beat the B300 in efficiency, however, a big win in a day where public opinion against AI's environmental effects is steadily mounting. The Maia 200 operates at almost half of B300's TDP (750W vs 1400W)

Recent events highlight how important open source is to the AI ecosystem, with more nations and enterprises recognizing the risks and costs associated with exclusively depending on closed models.

For SpaceX, the deal is another sign that compute itself has become strategic currency in the AI race.

Reflection has leaned directly into that pitch as the startup, last valued at $25 billion, is trying to build American open-source AI models that can compete with frontier systems from OpenAI, Anthropic and Google.

The deal shows how SpaceX is using its massive data center build-out after its record initial public offering.

The models are finally ready. Costs of inference are getting optimized with open models, and even on-device models.

we can finally invent new products that allow users to do things more naturally, using simple language to express their needs.

when I first experienced OpenClaw earlier this year, I had the epiphany that it isn't the models that matter, but the harnesses, loops, and context which will lead to so many new opportunities ahead.

Include AI-generated sexualized impersonation as a separate category in standard content reporting and appeal forms, distinct from 'harassment' or 'nudity.'

Meta said that when the content was flagged, the company had no indication that the individual depicted in the video was 'a real person' because they did not report the content.

The Board finds that AI-generated impersonation is non-consensual by default and should be added to the set of signals the company uses to establish lack of consent.

We would like to thank Deepseek-OCR, Deepseek-OCR-2, PaddleOCR for their valuable models and ideas.

The NVIDIA DSX reference design for AI factories has zero water consumption — we have eliminated massive amounts of power usage and pretty much all water usage.

Raw output quality is on par with top frontier models, but Fugu showed unusually strong persona stability across long sessions, holding its identity where other models drift.

Collective intelligence serves as the practical hedge against this concentration of power.

orchestration is no longer just a technical optimization; it has become a geopolitical and operational imperative.

the most powerful AI systems will not be isolated monoliths, but collaborative ecosystems.

AI may generate an insight, but people must still evaluate its significance and plausibility.

That was the moment that I felt like, okay, these models have now come to a point where they really, truly understand.

helps sustain progress across long-running projects

break ambitious goals into verifiable steps

determine when to delegate execution to Codex versus when human oversight is most valuable

How Codex helps work continue beyond a single prompt

Security engineers reviewed every finding before it reached a maintainer... While frontier AI models are highly capable of finding vulnerabilities and patching them, they also produce a high volume of false positives

Trail of Bits engineers found that, with limited guidance, GPT‑5.5‑Cyber made useful choices about where to expand coverage, which builds and entry points to probe, and which candidates were too weak to pursue.

Async agents are moving into everyday work. For an agent to be trustworthy and useful inside an organization, it needs real enterprise data: CRM records, repositories, inboxes, knowledge bases.

Models building their own software tools might have seemed outlandish not long ago, but it is happening. It would be unwise to rule out the same trajectory in hardware.

We are plausibly entering the early era of physical agentic AI.

This progress is not the result of a concerted effort to improve the robotics capabilities of our models. These improvements, like so many others in the history of LLM development, have emerged from much more general scaling.

Claude Opus 4.7—operating without human assistance—was about 20 times faster than the fastest human team at all tasks completed by our participants less than a year ago.

Claude can even automatically learn from _other_ Slack channels and data sources, if it's granted permission.

We now spend much more of our time delegating tasks to many Claudes in parallel.

Today, 65% of our product team's code is created by our internal version of Claude Tag.

Qualcomm Dragonfly AI300 joins the previously announced Qualcomm Dragonfly AI200 and AI250 in its data center solutions portfolio with an annual cadence AI accelerator roadmap

HBC is designed to enable efficient scaling of AI agents to meet the demands of continuous reasoning, memory bandwidth, and real-time responsiveness

AI300 with HBC Gen 2 is designed to enable another stepwise improvement with a 54x increase over AI200

HBC is designed to enable a 6x increase in bandwidth per watt versus HBM compared to competing published product specifications normalized at card-level

Memory prices have skyrocketed in the last couple years as AI chips eat up all the production capacity of the small crop of vendors.

The goal is to move beyond using models to find more vulnerabilities, towards a world of safer software and cyber resilience.

As AI makes it possible to find and patch more vulnerabilities faster, it also creates more work for maintainers, who need to sift through thousands of reports, many of which are low-quality false positives.

The bottleneck historically has been finding vulnerabilities, but now defenders are overwhelmed with the number of vulnerabilities found. Instead, the bottleneck is now patching vulnerabilities.

Public reaction on the ClaudeAI subreddit appears to be split into roughly three camps. The majority see the story as an indictment of the government's cybersecurity, citing its inability to hire the required level of talent and its history of leaks. A second large group is skeptical of the claim, considering it sensationalist or even an Anthropic marketing stunt.

The Financial Times reported earlier in June that roughly six Anthropic engineers are embedded directly inside the agency as forward-deployed staff, adapting and customizing Mythos for specific operational applications, with sources indicating the work could extend to infiltrating networks operated by countries including China and Iran.

Anthropic contends that the cited breach was a narrow jailbreak, one that rival models, including OpenAI's GPT-5.5, also exhibit. According to the company, the flagged behavior amounted to asking the model to analyze a codebase and fix identified issues, which revealed a few minor, already known bugs, rather than a genuine autonomous offensive intrusion.

The story sheds light on the June 12 U.S. government directive barring all foreign nationals, including Anthropic's own non-citizen employees, from accessing the Fable 5 and Mythos 5 models, citing national security concerns.

HappyHorse is built around a 15-billion-parameter unified self-attention Transformer that processes text, image, video, and audio tokens within a single token sequence. Unlike many competitors that stitch together separate models for video and audio

OpenAI's Sora web and app experiences were discontinued on April 26, with the Sora API set to follow on September 24. The shutdown came after the product proved financially untenable: Sora cost roughly $1 million per day to operate but generated only about $2.1 million in total revenue

Only the iPhone Air, iPhone 17 Pro, and the iPhone 17 Max will have all the fixings, like more varied voice options. As for the rest of the lineup: Every iPhone 16 and iPhone 17 model will be able to run the new Siri, while only the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max will be compatible.

At WWDC 2026, Apple repeatedly referenced its privacy-preserving approach to Siri AI. As part of the company's Private Cloud Compute, Apple claims it doesn't store data from users and only pulls from it when you ask Siri a question.

Unlike the ChatGPT or Claude app, Siri AI is woven right into the iPhone, so it's even more ready to go beyond answering questions and start automating more aspects of the user experience.

Do you feel that the risks to an event like this are seriously compounded with the progress being made towards fully functional quantum computing?

I have worked in AI on clinical research trials and can see (even from my area in biology based AI research) that the world must not have a Chernobyl moment.

The AI arms race between China and the US has researchers on both sides worried about a "Chernobyl moment."

The AI arms race between China and the US has researchers on both sides worried about a "Chernobyl moment."

The cutbacks take place not long after Accenture threatened that employees would 'risk losing out on promotions' if they didn't use AI, 404 writes.

The cost of tokens has thrown into doubt the AI business model — as evidenced by what's being called the 'AI selloff' which has battered some AI-dependent businesses the last few days, especially memory chip makers.

The AI industry has reached the stage where it can't just be exciting and new anymore. It has to prove its worth.

The cost of tokens has thrown into doubt the AI business model — as evidenced by what's being called the 'AI selloff' which has battered some AI-dependent businesses the last few days, especially memory chip makers.

We now appear to be entering the era of token rationing.

The letter lands two months after the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issued a memorandum that pledged to help AI companies detect and coordinate against industrial-scale distillation.

Anthropic said operators affiliated with Alibaba and its AI lab carried out 28.8 million exchanges with its models using roughly 25,000 fraudulent accounts between April 22 and June 5.

Anthropic sent a letter to U.S. officials accusing Alibaba of 'brazenly' and 'illicitly' attempting to extract its AI capabilities.

Last week, legendary AI researcher Noam Shazeer announced that he was leaving Google for OpenAI. Shazeer had been at Google since 2000, save for the three years he spent building his controversial chatbot startup, Character.AI.

Gemini already excels at function calling and using built-in tools like Search and Maps grounding. With built-in computer use capability, developers can now use 3.5 Flash to reliably build custom agents that can see, reason and take action across browser, mobile and desktop environments.

Previously only available as a standalone Gemini 2.5 computer use model, computer use is now integrated natively in the main Gemini Flash model.

Computer use is now a built-in tool supported in Gemini 3.5 Flash, delivering our best performance yet for agentic computer use tasks.

Researchers have done rich historical investigations of individual notations (e.g., [3, 70, 74, 76, 115]), but the more general mechanisms and patterns through which new notations are created and formalized are less understood.

We began with a diverse set of notations across five disciplines—music, dance, chemistry, physics, and computer programming—that had prior historical literature to draw upon in our initial analysis.

Since histories of specific notations tends to miss detailed, direct observations around the initial creation process, we complement this "macro" analysis with occasional references to experiment-based literature from experimental semiotics, communication theory, and cognitive science into how people use notations to ground communication, largely in lab studies.

we conducted a comparative historical analysis of the development of different notations which individually have been documented in prior literature. Specifically, we conduct a parallel comparative history which "seek[s] above all to demonstrate that a theory similarly holds good from case to case... [and where] differences among the cases are primarily contextual particularities against which to highlight the generality of the [theorized] processes"

Studying software teams, Cherubini et al. [34] found a "tendency to adopt informal, ad-hoc notations" and a "limited adherence to standards of any sort."

Studies are also conducted on various existing notating practices, usually in specific domains (e.g., how programmers draw diagrams to communicate ideas [34, 62, 63]).

What seem today as obvious notations often have relatively short histories: for instance, arrows in diagrams emerged around the 18th century.

Notations are deployed and embedded throughout the process of HCI and software development.

Almost everything we do with computers involves notations.

These informal interactions can then lead to formal representations, but depend upon pre-existing formalisms known to both humans and AI.

Seemingly 'obvious' notations to academics are also not obvious to everyone: e.g., about one-third of the U.S. and German populations have low literacy in reading data visualizations [51].

As current AI technologies rely upon, reproduce, and amplify established, dominant, already-formalized abstractions and notations in order to function

Many notations are culturally learned and inherited.

From our analysis, we derive a set of initial implications for the design of future systems that create new abstractions (Section 5), including that notations primarily originate through linking metaphors and most often in a social—rather than a technical—context, and that notation design decisions around what to include as "meaningful" (and thus what to exclude) are often left implicit by inventors, but could be made explicit and become manipulable objects through reification [10].

Our work contributes to a longstanding dream of dynamic abstractions in HCI, where users can dynamically communicate and express themselves through notations (interfaces) that they are most comfortable with at the moment of expression, beyond ones predefined by developers [96, 143, 144, 148, 149].

Here we present suggestions for system designers, with concrete examples inspired by our patterns. These are just some interesting ideas that came to mind, rather than an exhaustive list.

SDT broadly differentiates three types of motivation [157]: Intrinsic motivation denotes activity pursued for its inherently interesting or enjoyable qualities. Extrinsic motivation refers to activity pursued for a separable outcome. Amotivation denotes the absence of intentional motivation, where a person may no longer be aware why they pursue an activity.

Basic psychological needs theory (BPNT) posits three basic psychological needs that energise organismic processes: competence, the feeling of having an effect; autonomy, a sense that actions are self-endorsed and performed willingly; and relatedness, a sense of reciprocal care, value, and belonging in relation to other social figures and collectives [158].

SDT is broadly organised into six mini-theories, whose underlying concepts are continuously developed, critiqued, and revised (e.g., [186, 190, 191]).

At its core, SDT is a scientific theory [163], in that it contains a number of empirically-testable propositions [199] that generalise across varied contexts, which serve to explain and predict the impact of certain events on motivation and wellbeing.

SDT is a psychological macro-theory of human motivation, growth, and wellbeing [47, 48, 163] that characterises humans as fundamentally active organisms.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a major psychological theory of human motivation, has become increasingly popular in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research on games and play.

To our knowledge, the first SDT research involving videogames [18] was conducted shortly after Deci's original formulation of CET [129] and investigated whether extrinsic rewards would reduce intrinsic motivation even for 'highly intrinsically motivating' activities such as videogame play. Videogames' intrinsically motivating qualities were also examined in early research on learning [e.g., 351]; however, focused examination of other core SDT concepts such as need satisfaction largely began much later [365].

Research on games and play in HCI (henceforth HCI games research), however, has continued to employ broad psychological theories as foundational work [417, 556]. One prominent example can be seen in self-determination theory (SDT) [481, 483], an influential theory of human motivation, which has provided HCI games research with propositions and concepts that can help explain motivational and experiential qualities of games and game-adjacent systems (e.g., gamification).

Psychological concepts and models have long been employed in human–computer interaction (HCI) to theorise the human user [88]. However, early applications of cognitive psychological theory did not develop into a coherent foundation of knowledge about human factors [89, 109, 455]—circumstances that Rogers [456, p. 22] attribute to "the stark differences between a controlled lab setting and the messy real world setting" for which interactive artefacts and systems are designed. The deployment of broad theory in HCI has subsequently declined in the intervening years [455, 456], and this sporadic progress in theory development in domains such as usability and user experience (UX) has been identified as a cause for concern [249, 314].