1. Last 7 days
    1. pour qu’on ne puisse pas reconstruire l’ordre soumis par le précédent à partir de la position initiale.

      C'est aussi pour éviter le biais cognitif qui tend à préférer le premier choix

    1. mesocosms

      Definition of mesocosm: an experimental tool—a small-scale, enclosed, and controlled, outdoor or indoor system that models a natural ecosystem

    1. Principio de progresividad

      Este principio se me hace sumamente interesante, ya que como lo hemos venido viendo a lo largo del curso, las normas deben actualizarse conforme pasa el tiempo y se deben adaptar a las necesidades de la sociedad

    1. Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP): Supports socket communication over RDMA-enabled networks.

      SDP improves data transfer speed by enabling direct memory access communication. This reduces latency and increases performance. It is beneficial for high-speed and large-scale data operations.

    2. Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPCP): Allows a program to execute procedures in another address space (client-server interaction).

      RPCP enables communication between programs across different systems. This allows efficient client-server interaction. It improves system flexibility and distributed computing capabilities.

    3. AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP): Developed by Apple for LAN communication with self-configuration support.

      ADSP simplifies communication in local networks by enabling automatic configuration. This reduces manual setup and potential errors. It improves ease of use and efficiency in network communication.

    4. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP): Provides password-based user authentication in PPP connections.

      PAP ensures that only authorized users can access network resources. It verifies identity using simple password authentication. This adds a basic level of security to communication sessions.

    5. Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol (PPTP): Enables Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) over TCP/IP.

      PPTP allows secure communication over public networks by creating VPN tunnels. This protects sensitive data from unauthorized access. It improves privacy and security in data transmission.

    6. Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Provides QoS feedback for RTP-based multimedia sessions.

      RTCP enhances multimedia communication by monitoring quality of service parameters. This feedback helps systems adjust transmission for better performance. It ensures smoother and more reliable audio/video sessions.

    7. Ensures data integrity by reducing duplication or message loss.

      Reducing duplication and message loss helps maintain accurate and consistent data transfer. This ensures that the received data matches what was sent. It improves the reliability and correctness of communication.

    8. Inserts synchronization checkpoints for recovery from failures.

      Synchronization checkpoints allow communication to resume from a specific point after interruption. This minimizes data loss and avoids restarting the entire process. It enhances reliability in data transmission.

    9. Manages token-based dialogue control to avoid collisions.

      Token-based control ensures that only one device transmits data at a time. This reduces the chances of data collision and confusion during communication. It improves overall efficiency and clarity in data exchange.

    10. Resynchronization & Recovery: Recovers from failures using synchronization points.Session Termination: Gracefully ends communication after all data is exchanged.

      Proper session termination ensures that all data is successfully transmitted before closing the connection. It prevents incomplete transfers and data loss. This leads to a clean and reliable end to communication.

    11. Activity & Dialog Management: Controls turns, prevents collisions, and avoids duplication.

      Dialogue management ensures that only one device communicates at a time when required. This prevents data collisions and duplication issues. It improves clarity and efficiency in communication.

    12. xchange data in an organized manner and properly close the session when communication is complete.

      Checkpoints help maintain proper sequence and structure of data during transmission. They allow systems to resume communication from a specific point after failure. This reduces data loss and improves reliability.

    13. The Session Layer ensures that two communicating devices can establish a meaningful dialogue, exchange data in an organized manner and properly close the session when communication is complete.

      Session establishment ensures both devices agree on communication rules before data transfer begins. This reduces the chances of errors or mismatched configurations. It improves the efficiency and security of communication.

    14. It handles dialogue control, deciding whose turn it is to send or receive data.

      The concept of dialogue control implies that orderly communication between devices is necessary to prevent data collisions and confusion. By determining which device can send or receive data at a given time, the Session Layer ensures structured and efficient interaction. This suggests that without such control, simultaneous transmissions could lead to errors or data overlap. It can be hypothesized that dialogue control improves communication efficiency, particularly in systems where multiple interactions occur concurrently. Furthermore, this mechanism is crucial in half-duplex or structured communication systems where strict turn-taking is required. Overall, dialogue control enhances clarity, reduces transmission conflicts, and ensures smooth data exchange between devices.

    15. t provides mechanisms for session setup, management and termination.It ensures that communication remains synchronized and reliable, even during long or complex data transfers.

      The emphasis on synchronization and reliability indicates that the Session Layer plays a critical role in maintaining consistency during extended communication processes. In long or complex data transfers, interruptions or delays are more likely, and without proper synchronization, data integrity could be compromised. This suggests that the Session Layer helps divide communication into manageable checkpoints, allowing systems to resume efficiently in case of failure. It can be hypothesized that systems with strong session synchronization mechanisms experience fewer data inconsistencies and improved performance. Additionally, this function becomes especially important in applications such as video streaming or large file transfers, where continuous and stable communication is essential. Therefore, synchronization contributes directly to enhancing user experience and system dependability.

    16. The Session Layer is the 5th layer of the OSI model that establishes, manages, synchronizes, and terminates communication sessions between applications on different devices.Operates at Layer 5 (Session Layer) of the OSI modelManages session setup, maintenance, and terminationControls dialogue (who sends/receives and when)Provides synchronization and recovery mechanismsMany of its functions are integrated into Transport or Application layers in modern TCP/IP networks

      The inclusion of synchronization and recovery mechanisms in the Session Layer suggests that reliable communication between applications depends not only on data transmission but also on the ability to handle interruptions effectively. If a session is disrupted due to network failure or system issues, these mechanisms allow communication to resume from a known checkpoint rather than restarting entirely. This likely improves efficiency and reduces data loss in long-running interactions. It can be hypothesized that systems utilizing Session Layer synchronization are more robust in unstable network environments compared to those that rely solely on lower-layer protocols. Furthermore, even though modern TCP/IP models integrate these functions into other layers, the conceptual importance of session recovery remains critical for maintaining seamless user experiences.

    1. Figure 1. Culture as an Iceberg

      This is a great visual representation and I love the iceberg analogy being used here because it's true, there's so much more to culture than what meets the eye. Generations of ideas, behaviors, attitudes all work to form associations with these examples and how they are regarded and put into practice by a certain group of people.

    1. There isn’t just one definition of culture… because it is not an easy task to define culture.

      I'm glad this sentence was included. It's very true, culture is a very fluid and expansive thing that embodies a lot of different aspects of people, places, and practices and I think it would be doing a disservice to contain it to a set few examples.

    2. One of the most beautiful things about culture is that it impacts and is viewed by everyone differently.

      I appreciate this definition, I have seen a couple differing definitions of culture across my life and I have recently wondered if there was a "best" definition in this class. I suppose it will always be an ever changing and growing definition that will differ across different places and ideals. I think its cool.

    1. Do you feel like you were able to soak it all in? Perhaps you’ll need to reflect on what you’ve read a bit. After all, as you’ve learned, reflecting is a crucial part of the learning process.

      This was a great demonstration to me of how repetition helps me to learn. Being introduced to a concept, having some material to help expand upon it, and then being able to revisit it in summary and see it's application is one of the most effective ways I am able to commit something to memory and sustain the knowledge of it. I'm glad this last part of the chapter was added in because it gave me a chance to reflect on this.

    1. Having fun with others while learning

      This is such an underrated aspect of education. Being able to have fun, be inspired, and make positive connections with your experience makes a huge difference, even just from a scientific standpoint. Dopamine and serotonin are proven to help increase attention and improve memory retention. It's no wonder people tend to excel in classes, subjects, and environments they genuinely enjoy. It brings fulfillment to our bodies, literally.

    2. Learning strategies can be used deliberately as part of the metacognitive process,

      I feel like any learning strategy you decide works best for you should be implemented into anything you learn. It would greatly help you retain and use information if you are learning how you learn best.

    1. Keeping our task specific keeps our end result of the goal clear and focused.

      Having a specific goal is a much better approach when learning is so important because it gives purpose. I find it easy to overload my own brain and have trouble absorbing information when I'm not clear about the why and how to begin with. This advice is very helpful and makes me more mindful about not overwhelming myself with so many things. It's better to set clear, attainable, and direct goals that will continue to encourage me.

    2. SMART goals have us consider what exactly we want to achieve in the end and how we will achieve it. Even after we set the goal, we continue to reflect on our final result and the measures we are taking

      I feel like this way of thinking combines the pros from reflective and strategic as well as expanding upon them. this is a good way to think not just about learning but anything you want to achieve.

    1. Metacognition is not a linear process; It is a cycle that repeats itself. There isn’t a ceiling that qualifies the “absolute best” study habits or metacognitive abilities. Metacognition gives us the opportunity to constantly improve

      I really appreciate this quote being included because it's incredibly true. Metacognition is very much a process of continuous growth. Realizing that it's much more of a cycle than one linear process is very important in being able to apply this knowledge in different areas of study. In language learning specifically, it helps to evaluate where we're at, where we want to go, and have self awareness in our own process.

    2. n this stage, we will apply the strategies while considering our strengths and weaknesses, as well as monitor our progress. What is going well?

      I feel like noticing what is and inst going well has the opportunity to course correct. like this chapter said its not really a linear progress and often I find i dont have the chance to reflect until ive tried and erred a few times to get the thing finally right.

  2. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565

      This article on ableism explains that it's a form of discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. It highlights how ableism operates through stereotypes, assumptions, and society that limit opportunities and shape how disabled people are perceived and treated. It also shows that ableism exists at multiple levels, including individual attitudes, cultural beliefs, and institutional systems like education and healthcare. It's inherently embedded in society and affects many aspects of life for people with disabilities.

    2. Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07).

      This source grabs my attention simply because of how common it is in society, especially amongst men. I feel like the general idea of color blindness is so interestingly perceived but also having it holds back from many careers in life. This disability most commonly defines men.

    1. time delay

      Time Delay Example:

      After energizing relay, it takes time before power reaching other end.

      Essentially, delay from signal sent to signal received to output motion carried out.

    2. .

      Transfer Function is in polynomial form, traditionally to see poles in the CE, denominator.

      When it isn't given in polynomial form, it becomes hard to find poles.

    1. In this way of managing disabilities, the burden is put on the designers to make sure the environment works for everyone, though disabled people might need to go out of their way to access features of the environment.

      This part of the reading stood out to me, the contrast between putting the burden on individuals as well as the designers was interesting. The section on coping strategies made me realize how often people are forced to quietly adapt themselves to systems that were never designed with them in mind like students sitting in front of the classroom without knowing why they struggle to see. That idea felt frustrating because it just normalizes the expectations that individuals should adjust rather than questioning. I personally think the shift toward universal design and ability based design is more ethical and sustainable. It reminds me of discussions in UX design where we talk about designing for edge cases and benefitting for everyone as a whole. I feel that companies should just treat accessibility as a core requirement instead of an extra feature implemented.

    1. One very effective metacognitive strategy is being able to identify realistic, doable goals for yourself,

      Is this suggesting a heirarchy in these thinking strategies or are strategic and reflective both tied at better than aware and tacit. I feel like there are pros and cons to each for the "top 2", like strategic could be better for learning in a classroom and reflective could be better for implicit learning.

    1. See Vose (2008), Risk Analysis for a textbook treatment of correlated sampling in cost models, and Morgan & Henrion (1990), Uncertainty for foundational discussion of dependent uncertainties.

      Make this a tool tip

    1. CLINICAL FEATURES

      La mayoría de pacientes presentan alteraciones renales dentro de 6 a 36 meses después del diagnóstico y se manifiesta como un uroanálisis con proteínas y sedimento (hematuria, piuria, cilindros celulares). LA ELEVACIÓN DE LA CREATININA SÉRICA NO SIEMPRE ESTÁ PRESENTE, POR ESO ES IMPORTANTE SIEMPRE PEDIR UN UROANÁLISIS. En raras ocasiones, se puede presentar NL silente en donde hay anormalidades observadas en el riñón sin embargo no hay ninguna manifestación clínica presente.

    2. PATHOGENESIS

      La nefritis lúpica es la forma clásica de glomerulonefritis por inmunocomplejos, principalmente compuestos por anti-dsDNA o anti-DNA. Estos complejos se depositan en el mesangio y espacio subendotelial, activando el complemento y la quimiotaxis que atrae neutrófilos los cuales producen NETs. Se ha visto que pacientes con LES y NL tienen menor capacidad para degradar los NETs. También puede haber depósito en el espacio subepitelial llevando al daño en las células epiteliales. Todo esto termina manifestándose como proteinuria y sedimento activo, así como caída de la TFG

    3. EPIDEMIOLOGY

      La nefritis lúpica es una manifestación común del LES, que ocurre usualmente de forma temprana en la historia natural de la enfermedad. Puede llegar a afectar hasta la mitad de los pacientes con LES y suele ser más severa en pacientes de raza negra, hispanos y con nivel socioeconómico bajo

    1. “They found lithium,” said Winters. “I don’t know what to expect. I just don’t know a lot about lithium, except it’s supposed to bring in people and jobs.”

      litium bringing in jobs and people - would grow the economy

    2. Winters is one of the few residents left in her neighborhood. She decided to stay, clinging to the hope that things will eventually turn for the better.

      Donna Winter's optimicm keeping her there

    3. “The water level began to drop,” said Winters. “And then they found pollution. They put up posters to prohibit swimming and to stop dogs from drinking the water. Now everything is dry.”

      the fall of water, toxicity

    4. ​The Salton Sea in southern California is drying up. But below the surface is one of the largest lithium deposits in North America, and the race is on to bring it to market.

      the what is happening (future wise)

    1. Que vous découvriez la foi ou souhaitiez aller plus profond, nous avons un chemin pour vous.

      changer en : De la curiosité à l'engagement : trouvez votre prochain pas.

    2. BLOC : NOS EVENEMENTS ajouter de l'espace avant et après. trop serré Je suggère de ne pas mettre l'evénement de l'agenda car certaine fois il n'est pas à jour, certains n'ont pas de vignettes. Mais de mettre l'événement du mois (ce mois ci Dunamis)

    3. Des pasteurs engagés, formés et disponibles pour vous accompagner dans votre parcours de foi.

      Changer en : Nous serons heureux de vous accompagner dans votre parcours de foi

    4. BODY BLOC UNE EGLISE 1er bloc "une eglise pour vous et votre famille" doit avoir plus d'espace avant et après pour "respirer" (150/200px env)

      BODY : BLOC NOS MESSAGES 2è bloc Nos messages doit avoir plus d'espace avant et après (200p) . Il faut les aérer. Titre du visuel "' Romains Série "sinon vous allez le changer tous les dimanche. le lien devrait être une image cliquable qui tombe sur l'ensemble des vidéos de cette série et non un messag particulier de la série.

    5. Retrouvez nos dernières prédications et messages d’édification, disponibles chaque semaine.

      Changer en : retrouvez nos derniers messages disponibles chaque semaine.

    1. BLOC ALLER PLUS LOIN ? le bandeau "Aller plus loin" doit être plus gros et centré à la verticale sur le bloc. La police ne doit pas être en italic mais normale

      Pour le modèle de paragraphe et de texte : recopier celui utilisé dans la page "Je suis nouveau" .

    2. Le CEP est une communauté chrétienne de type évangélique protestante.Nous désirons être une église simple et authentique, qui est animée d'une vision : tout le monde y trouve une place et nous sommes unis par l'amour de Jésus-Christ et de notre prochain.

      garder 1 seule taille de police regrouper pour faire 1 seul bloc de paragraphe. taille de police à garder : la premuière phrase.

    3. Ce en quoi nous croyons“Moi, je suis venu afin que les brebis aient la vie, et qu'elles soient dans l'abondance.” – Jean 10.10

      centrer le sous titre et augmenter le titre. image de fond trop claire (augmenter le contraste)

    1. Claude: Implemented ~15 new annotations on /agenda (April 27): 1. S1 intro description updated: UJ/PQ/workshop intro, TEA overview by CM-expert participant 2. Aleksandra timing: '~10 min presentation + ~5 min comments/Q&A' 3. S1 Q&A slot: structured bullet list of proposed discussion topics (bioreactor scale, gene editing, etc.), note these are indicative not exhaustive 4. Timings note: overall session times fixed, within-session will be firmed up 5. Both break rows: '~5 min beliefs form orientation then ~10 min break' 6. S2 description: softer 'reduces barriers to frank exchange' framing; CDMO tooltip added 7. S2 discussion: CDMO bullet softened; push-back bullet expanded to emphasize ground-level knowledge 8. S2 opt-in sharing: clarified that others' comments need their approval too 9. S3 public/off-record: sharing rules labelled (S1 rules / S2 rules respectively) 10. S3 off-record text: revised away from 'what should UJ prioritize' to 'what follow-up is most valuable' 11. Post-workshop timing: made tentative ('still being finalized') 12. Attribution promise: softened to 'intended to remain confidential, policy still being worked out' 13. CM_12 discussion question rewritten (broader than just regulatory barriers); links to beliefs form CM_12 14. Process choice question: added 'which most likely at commercial scale' + model link tooltip 15. Cell line technology: added tooltip definition Still open: peHeekJx (cell line technology wording query), ttWCXkJx (RSVP check for European session — need form access), 68dkPEJx (additional structure/speakers for Q&A — needs David input).

    2. Individual responses are never publicly attributed. Aggr

      Let's be very careful about this. We don't want to promise something and not follow through on it. I don't recall where I explicitly said that we would never make this attribution, but if we promised it we should do it and we should think carefully about this. But it needs to be carefully considered and built into our process. What are the pros and cons of making it public/anonymous/optional anonymity if people want to be anonymous? If they are anonymous do we want them to give a tracking ID that allows us to connect responses to individual people by some sort of pseudonym to look at individual updates where people respond multiple times? Discuss this with Tommy and others

    3. fuller post-workshop beliefs survey goes out ~May 11–13, where you'll see your pre-workshop responses and can update them based on the discussion. The shift (or lack of shift) in beliefs is itself a useful data point.

      We're refining and finalizing the exact nature of what will be shared and when in terms of this belief elicitation and updating

    4. What should The Unjournal prioriti

      I don't think we should necessarily make this about the unjournal and what we should prioritize in a general sense. It would be helpful if this would inform our pivotal question work however, both helping us follow up from this workshop and the information gathered and in refining the questions were asking specialists and the research we're asking them evaluate and the purpose we would like to put that to how we will share and communicate it etc. but I don't want this discussion to be particularly unjournal-centered

    5. Off-record

      The first half of the session 3 will have the same sharing rules and guidelines as session1, the second half of session 3 will have the same rules of session too

    6. contributor explicitly asks us to.

      And then we will only share the explicit content they want shared, with any comments from others needing to be explicitly approved by the person who made the comment

    7. validate

      ... Either in terms of the likelihood and veracity of the claim stated or the importance of the implications of these for the viability of cultured meat and its cost, or the lack of importance. People on the ground may have a good sense of what things were focusing too much time on

    8. CDMO-anchored TEA framing: if CM's near-term production route is via CDMOs

      we don't want to focus the majority of the time on cdmo's but we wantb to consider it to some extent as it seems likely to be the environment for much / most of the production process over the next several years ( I should probably put this into the model as some sort of variant or switcher) but we probably want to focus most or at least half the time on thinking about the costs at scale with dedicated factories etc, because that would seem to be the viable successful end state case

    9. CDMO

      Provide tool tips and links to the model / learn section to quickly remind people what these abbreviations mean as well as other technical terms I suspect most people will be familiar but I doubt everyone will. Actually cdmo is more of a business term than a scientific one - give a quick explanation

    10. change the cost picture

      And which seemed more likely to be used - technological progress cost regulation etc... that said we should remember that this section is mostly about the engineering and science and the following session is a little bit more about real world costs on the ground so we can save some of that discussion for section 2 if and when it comes up. Yes section 1 should be more about understanding the processes what seems likely to be scientifically and technologically viable and things like understanding the units correctly in our overall modeling, informed by people with the right scientific and engineering background

    11. process choice

      Link the explainers here or perhaps put that link in a tooltip dash linking to that quote learn close quote section of the model page where this is explained in more detail

    12. them

      This section contains some of the discussion questions and technical pivotal questions and sub questions but not all of them for this category. We should make it clear that it is not comprehensive and other topics can come up. For example I believe the likely size of the bioreactors used was a potentially important factor and pivotal question, we had some questions about cost of capital, and there's a number of advancements that could potentially reduce the cost of growth factors which is either the top or the second biggest cost in most of the models we've looked at

    13. (CM_12)

      We probably want to link the relevant belief elicitation section here ( use the belief elicitation link within the workshop context to keep it from becoming too confusing ; if you need to link an outside resource perhaps better to make that a tooltip close parenthesis

    14. what are the regulatory barriers? (

      I don't think this was meant to focus only on the regulatory barriers. I think this was meant to be a discussion of what the state of the technology is trying to get a reasonable probability it will be successful a discussion of what the barriers are ( including regulatory ) and a sense of what the cost implications would be as well as how this fits into the overall production and cost model ( EG does it have implications for other costs like growth factors )

    15. Break · beliefs elicitation form orientation (brief overview + questions)

      Is it a break or a beliefs form orientation? We should have both maybe first a 5-minute beliefs form orientation and then a 10 minute break which people could use to try to work on the belief elicitation form or at least have a look at it and ask questions.

    16. 11:50–12:10 ET (17:50–18:10 CET): Open Q&A and discussion, including bioreactors, cell density, and gene-edited cell lines.

      I'd like to have somewhat more structure here. A few discussion points laid out as well as a few proposed discussions/speakers

    17. participants who cannot stay for the full afternoon. Expect a small group; introductions and early framing questions. Not recorded. Input carried forward.

      Let's check the RSVPs here to get a sense of who might be coming to the European session and maybe put in a tool tip

    18. Media costs, bioreactors, and cell line technology: the three main technical cost dri

      This abbreviation sentence is probably correct but I want to dig into what exactly was meant by these being the three major drivers and what do we mean hereby open quote cell line technology close quote

    19. Timings are approxima

      Timings are approximate for now but the overall session timings are aim to be precise so people can drop in for these particular sessions that are most relevant to them. We will try to firm up the timelines in the next days and weeks

    20. landscape overview.

      Start with an introduction to the unjournal pivotal questions this workshop what we're hoping to accomplish and who is here. Hopefully someone takes over from this with a few overview points on culture meeat Ideally it would be someone other than me with more understanding and experience of the biology engineering and economics of this talking through something like our shared template model. If no one else wants to do it I'll go through the breakdown of the different components of that model and explain how the different sessions fit into that giving a bit of a preview of the different sessions

    21. 11:30–11:50 ET (17:30–17:50 CET): Aleksandra Fuchs (ACIB) — Hydrolysates as full basal medium substitution + circular cell culture. Duration TBC (5–15 min depending on content

      She said 10 minutes but let's save extra 5 minutes for comments and questions

    22. Claude: Implemented 5 annotations on /agenda (April 27): 1. Recording & sharing policy is now a collapsible fold, closed by default 2. Optional pre-sessions fold now starts collapsed (removed open attribute) 3. S1 em-dash changed to colon ('technology: the three main cost drivers'); pre-session rows use colons too 4. Badge tooltips fixed: removed overflow:hidden clipping, positioned below badge (not above), added click-to-open for mobile 5. Replied to Oana/gene-editing question noting current agenda status Not yet resolved: 'identical footnotes' request from BM4 annotation needs clarification on intended format.

    1. Claude: Implemented 4 new annotations on /beliefs (April 27): 1. 'Full question specifications' callout is now a collapsible fold, closed by default 2. Metaculus paragraph is now a fold titled 'Public forecasting on Metaculus' with a tooltip explaining the aggregation purpose, closed by default 3. Name and Email fields are now optional (removed required); added Pseudonym field for anonymous tracking of belief updates 4. Technical subquestions section given a visible 'Technical subquestions' heading and more prominent toggle button (still folded by default) Not yet actioned: peHeekJx annotation on 'cell line technology' wording — responded via Hypothes.is.

    2. Technical

      Maybe this technical sub questions section should get a subheading ellipsis still a folding box and folded by default but I want to be a bit more prominent. Perhaps most people won't want to bother with these questions, but if they do it would probably be high value and I think interesting to participants.

    3. Name

      If we want this to allow anonymity we should make the name and email fields optional! We can also permit a pseudonym field if people want to be anonymous but enable us to track their belief updates. This is very important implement this

    4. The focal cost question is live on Metaculus: CM_01 — production cost per kg →. The expert-aggregation version is at CM_03 →. If you forecast on Metaculus, please share your username below so we can link your contributions

      Also make this a folding box folded by default. Call it something like " public forecasting on Metaculus ". Add a tool tip explaining that the Metaculus interface is provided to engage A broader set of forecasters, and at least one of the questions is going to be incorporated into the animal welfare forecasting tournament. Note that metabolous allows you to provide a more detailed belief distribution then the interfaces here

    1. A more diverse America The share of the U.S. population that is White (and not Hispanic) has dropped steadily since 1970, while the share of Hispanics has more than quadrupled. White Americans now make up around half or less of the populations in the South and West.

      This section is supposed to be about a more diverse populace so you focus only on...white people?

    1. In a time increasingly shaped by Taylorist factories and scientific materialism, Weber ultimately misread modernity, and his account of disenchantment confused modernity’s growing spiritual liberalism with large-scale secularisation. That is, Weber believed that the declining adherence to Christianity (which was unmistakable) signalled that the numinous had faded from modern life (which couldn’t have been further from the truth). Modernity and scientific materialism didn’t really get rid of spiritual practice as much as abstract it from an inherited, communal framework. What modernity had in fact created was a radical redistribution of belief, in which the rationalist currents presumed to have extinguished faith in powers and presences beyond oneself became the very means by which one could learn about these otherworldly forces from the privacy of one’s own home.

      Hm. I think this is sort of right but inadequately supported

    1. “The bannerof patriotism shall be held aloft, to educate the people in history; the spirit of the Chinese people shallbe promoted, to revitalize the motherland.”

      Patriotism and memory

    2. eeing the statements and actions of the Japaneserightists, it was truly unbearable, and we felt that we had a responsibility to relate our own experiencesduring the Nanjing Massacre to the younger generation.”

      Experience of personal memory

    3. original object of remembrance of the “Monument to Fellow Workers Who Died in theLine of Duty,” the Nanjing Massacre, was thus replaced by anti-American and anti-Nationalistrepresentations in the “Monument to Workers Who Died for Their Country”:

      Shift in victimization towards a more ideological and anti-nationalist basis

    1. Point Dume,

      Point Dume has amazing views and natural surroundings, but it also has a meaningful history. From the Chumash, Spanish religious, European expedition, and WWII. Everything complement the place history to make it a valuable area in Malibu since hundred of years ago. Now it is categorized as one of the best beaches/places to visit in Malibu and/or California.

    2. Point Dume would become a well known location within the film and television industry only increasing its distinguished presence.

      Even though Point Dume is very attractive for its beautiful views, kindly people and enjoyable activities, some people know the place only because of movies, films, etc.

    3. With its close proximity to Hollywood

      I wish a had the luck to see an artist when I went there. I did not see any famous or filming going on at Point Dume, but I visited Pepperdine University in Malibu, where was filmed one of my favorite Nickelodeon shows.

    4. hich would later turn into the multi-million dollar real-estate location it is today.

      Now, Point Dume is a wealthy residential area with major economic and high social class. If we are lucky, maybe we can see a famous artist walking out with his dog.

    5. a series of 21 religious outposts established between 1769 and 1883 up and down the California Coast.

      It shows the important historical period that changed indigenous life. From colonization to religious conrtrol.

    6. territory extended from San Joaquin Valley, to San Luis Obispo, to Malibu, as well as several of the Channel Islands.

      Point Dume was very important and significant part of a larger Chumash coastal civilization, connected by trade and ocean.

    7. oint Dume is well known for its iconic surf spots and beaches, appearances in T.V. and film, rock climbing and beautiful real estate

      Point Dume is seen as a beautiful beach with many activities to do outdoors in the nature.

    1. Specialization. Students in middle school and high school learn Spanish from one teacher, receive guidance from another, and are coached in sports by still others. Students shuffle between fifty-minute periods throughout the school day. As a result, no school official comes to know the child well.

      This passage stood out to me because I went to a relatively big high school and sometimes I felt pretty distant from my teachers. This shows how schools treat students like parts on something like an assembly line rather than actual people with specific needs that are different from one another. Going in between 50 min periods make it very hard for any teacher to really get to know a student. This makes me thing that we are losing our emotional support and personal connection with students by prioritizing that specialized knowledge.

    2. Socialization. Technologically simple societies look to families to teach skills and values and thus to transmit a way of life from one generation to the next. As societies gain more complex technology, they turn to trained teachers to pass on the more specialized knowledge that adults will need to take their place in the workforce.

      Our learning changes as society gets more advanced. In simple cultures, families teach everything, but in places like the United States, we mostly rely on special teachers to prepare us for work life. Relating this back to myself, it makes me realize that while my family has taught me basic values, I've had to learn specific skills by going to college (for my career).

  3. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. “Ah know dat too,” Jones said, “but, Sam, Joe Starks is too exact wid folks. All he got he done made it offa de rest of us. He didn’t have all dat when he come here.”

      They towns people start talking behind his back as they start be become afraid of him, as he climbs in power

  4. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. “You married? You ain’t hardly old enough to be weaned. Ah betcha you still craves sugar-tits, doncher?”

      This shows that Janie is still very young when she got married off.

  5. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
  6. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. She felt an answer seeking her, but where? When? How? She found herself at the kitchen door and stumbled inside. In the air of the room were flies tumbling and singing, marrying and giving in marriage.

      She finds herself seeking something she doesn't understand, like a revaluation on what she wants.

    1. (highland Papua New Guinea tribes, uncontacted Amazonian communities, Sentinelese, interior Maasai/Mongolian herders/Bedouin still on traditional raw dairy only)

      cut

    2. Analysed in aggregate, dairy shows no association: total dairy was null in the Ausimmune case-control (Dieu 2022, PMID 35645978) and total dairy was null in a UK MS-register analysis of disease activity (Temperley 2023, PMID 38130338

      repetition with slightly different meaning

    3. The signal appears only when milk form is stratified; aggregate-dairy measures yield inconsistent signals across cohorts (null in Ausimmune, protective in three Iranian case-controls, elevated in Sepčić Croatia) consistent with the weighted form-mix in each population

      Repeated below

    Annotators

    1. The third of the Klan principles is that Protestantism must be supreme; that Rome shall not rule America. The Klansman believes this is not merely because he is a Protestant, nor even because the Colonies that are now our nation were settled for the purpose of wresting America from the control of Rome and establishing a land free of conscience.

      I don't think this should be overlooked. While he's pointing out these notes in passing to bridge to his main point, we can see this reflected in radical conservatism today. "settled for the purpose of ...establishing a land free of conscience." This is a belief that is overtly present through the actions and values of radical conservatives in the country for CENTURIES, at this point. Even in those that are not in the KKK.

      1. What kinds of questions about slavery and southern society can the study of slave concubinage help us answer?
      2. What does the practice of slave concubinage tell us about the gendered nature of the slave experience?
      3. Which enslaved women were most likely to become concubines? Why? What patterns are apparent in concubinage practices? In addition to their sexual labor for their owners, what sorts of work did they typically do?
      4. How did slaveowners and other white men justify their claims to sexual access to enslaved women? In what ways did white women respond to concubine relationships? Why?
      5. How did former slaves perceive concubine relationships? How did the women in such relationships respond to them?
      6. Why did some enslaved women enter into concubinage relationships without being physically coerced?
      7. How were concubines perceived and treated by other slaves? How were the children of such relationships treated?
      1. What is Lussana’s overall argument in this essay? What are his key sources of evidence about the lives of male slaves?
      2. What benefits could arranged slave fights bring to their owners? To the slave participants? In what sense could such fights not only exploit but ‘liberate’ male slaves, and serve as a source of empowerment?
      3. What are the ‘three slave bodies’ identified by Stephanie Camp? What was the “reclaimed body”? In what way were male slave fighters reclaiming their bodies?
      4. Why, according to Lussana, was it significant that slave fights were public events? What insights does he derive from anthropologist David Gilmour?
      5. In what ways could enslaved fighters offer “direct resistance” (914) to white oppression? In what sense was the slave body potentially a “political entity” (915)?
      6. Why were slaveowners opposed to slave-organized bouts? What functions did such contests serve among the slaves themselves? What insights does Lussana derive from anthropologist Sigrid Paul? How did slave fights cement community bonds among slaves?

    Annotators

    1. DO NOT BE IMPETUOUS. iTWOULD BE A6AINSTDHARMA , WHICH ISDIVINE AND SUPERI ORTO liFE ITS EL F. IA0REED TO THESTAKES THOU0HI KNEW SHAKUNITO BE DISHONEST.

      Here, we see Yudhishthira both structurally and morally reinforcing dharma, which also serves to non-explicitly reinforce caste - a religious-political tool distinctly useful to a ruler such as himself.

      Dharma itself is presented in the Mahabharata, and more directly here in Draupadi, as the divine rule one must follow in life to be ethically integral. In the simplest terms, a ruler must rule, a warrior must fight, and a laborer must labor. As presented across the Mahabharata, to go against one’s dharma is a slight against the gods, family, and fellow man, while to follow dharma brings one happiness and enlightenment in life.

      This plays into caste, as, while Dharma outlines the ‘why’ for how one must keep to their place in life, caste is the system produced based off of these laws. Caste defines the rigid social strata into which one is born and cannot ascend or descent. It determines profession on a familial level.

      It is in no way surprising that Yudhishthira strongly supports Dharma because, as a ruler, the caste system it supports provides him with a populace split into strictly measured and predictable workforce groups. It propagates a religion in which his people are not simply secularly forced to heed his rule, but ethically and spiritually as well.

      [1] Narayanan, Vasudha. “Hinduism - Caste System, Dharma, Varna.” Britannica, 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/Castes.

    2. Draupadi sprang furl grown from the fire but noother heroine in Hindu mythology was as earthy asshe. .Her birth. sought by King Drupada presaged apurpose. Her steely will. which often gleams throughher hapless married life, was shaped by the powerand plenty that she knew as the beloved daughterof the wealthy king of Panchala. · But for this. hertale would have been as passive as that of any otherwoman of that era, which was less than kind towomen.' Even as she lived as a woman typical ofher times, her fiery personality lent a glow to everything that she did.Though won by Arjuna she had to be the wife toall the five Pandavas. Her success in this task wasnotable enough to bring Satyabhama . seekingcounsel on married happiness.When dragged into the assembly of gaming men, at _Hastinapura her query in jurisprudence left the graveelders there speechless.A dutiful wife, she followed her husbands in exileand kept house for them in the forest. An intelligentwoman, she plied Yudhishthira with questions onmorality.When Subhadra came in, as Arjuna's wife, Draupadiwas jealous. But she controlled it under her regalbearing.She knew that Keechaka was dead. But her livewrath would not be satisfied till she watched the. .corpse on its way to be burnt.Draupadi was the total woman; complex and yetfeminine.AMAR CHITRAKOver 366 tiTHA means good reading.les are novv on sale.© India Book House Pvt. Ltd .. Bombay 400 026.All rights reserved 1986Publishi>-d by H. G. Mlrchandanl for India Book HOUSi>- Pvt. Ltd., M",halaxml Chamber!22, Bhulabhal Desai Road, Bombay 400 026 and printed by him at ISH Printers. MarcNaka. Mat~uradas VISSanjl Road, Andherl (East). Bombay 400 059 .Edilor: Ananl Pai. Retold by: Kamlll Chandrilklnt Artwork: Pratilp Mulick

      test

    1. Agoddess made him, strongas a savage bull, none canwithstand his arms.

      In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is perceived as a hero due to his hypermasculine features, even when he is tyrannical because physical strength is what was valued in men. One could argue that the ideal man in any society would be one that is considered a hero, and in our modern concessions the best heroes cannot just be strong but must also be kind. Two of the most "ideal" heroes, Captain America and Superman, are men who along with being built like bodybuilders are also kind first and foremost, they stan for hope. This is how our modern conception has changed. Gilgamesh's tyranny is not seen as a good thing in the story, it is about he can change despite seemingly having everything. The difference is that many modern heroes start good. Still, other elements besides the strength stay the same, for example, these heroes also must have some kind of enhancement like Gilgamesh did. He was made by a goddess to be perfect just like Steve Rogers was made to be perfect by the super soldier serum, and Clark Kent was made to be superpowered by the sun.

    2. It makes me wonder what it would be like if this story took place in another part of the world. When his mother says "Enkidu, eat bread, it is the staff of life; drink the wine, it is the custom of the land." Imagine if this story took place in Asia for example. His mother might have told him to eat some kind of noodles and perhaps sake, the rice wine. It really shows how geography can shape a story.

  7. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Which abilities are expected of people, and therefore what things are considered disabilities, are socially defined [j1]. Different societies and groups of people make different assumptions about what people can do, and so what is considered a disability in one group, might just be “normal” in another.

      This was an extremely interesting comment to reflect on simply because it is so true. I don't think I've thought about it in that was before, in terms of the fact that anything in society can pose as an issue or plan someone into the "disability" category .

    1. https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18485599/facebook-instagram-passwords-plain-text-millions-users

      I think this is the good example for the case that SNS users should give up some privacy. Even though we didn't post that for public the people in SNS company, who is complete stranger, can have access with that.

    2. Right to privacy. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186826760. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_privacy&oldid=1186826760 (visited on 2023-12-05).

      Though this source discusses the right to privacy in the common sense, once social media is put into the equation, it seems as though the general right to privacy goes out the window for consumers. Most don't even mind though, seeing as it is so normalized.

  8. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. When we use social media platforms though, we at least partially give up some of our privacy.

      I think this is a dilemma for the SNS users. SNS is used for sharing each user's life. However, they also need private space to keep their privacy since it can be dangerous if everyone can access to see my information

    1. • First - displays the most recent sequence revisions. • Previous - displays the oldest sequence revisions. • Next • Last -

      First Page / Previous Page / Next Page / Last Page

    1. peasant class that had discovered how necessary their work was to social order led ultimately to a peasant's revolt in 1381 called Wat Tyler's Rebellion

      Without this event it is likely that many lower class workers would have been working in the poor conditions and with little pay for much longer. Even though the Black Death was a darker period of time for humans it still changed history forever and lead the lower classes to be acknowledged internal and external within all the social classes.

    1. ur free, flow-based, and steered MD simulations not only substantiated previous experimental findings but also revealed previously unrecognized mechanisms of VWF mechanomodulation, including dynamic interactions between the N′AIM and C′AIM regions and the A1 domain.

      Well supported. Good job!

    2. Insights from our flow simulations (Movie S4), which recapitulate the flow-induced unfurling of VWF and the uncoiling of N’AIM and C’AIM to expose the A1 domain (Fig. 3A), revealed that while O-linked glycans enhance steric shielding of A1 from GPIbα, they also modulate the stability of AIM–A1 interactions. Specifically, glycan-induced steric hindrance shortened the lifetimes of both N’AIM–A1 and C’AIM–A1 interactions (Fig. 3B), leading to earlier uncoiling events compared to the unglycosylated system (Fig. 3C). Importantly, the key residues mediating these interactions were conserved regardless of glycosylation status (Fig. 3D), indicating that the observed differences arise primarily from sterics 20.

      With what certainty/confidence? I see the blue/red shadows in 3B but no numerical bound.

    3. However, at sites of vascular injury, elevated shear stress acts as a mechanical cue that triggers VWF to unfurl into an extended, conformation exposing cryptic binding sites for the platelet surface receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα)5. Remarkably, the spatial organization of VWF is highly context dependent. Within the trans-Golgi network, VWF monomers assemble via head-to-head interactions through the D’D3 domains and tail-to-tail associations via their C-terminal regions, forming higher-order multimers with a characteristic bouquet-like architecture

      Good background tbh!

    1. Table 3.4: Human-human vs Human-LLM agreement by criterion (Krippendorff’s α)

      has this been adjusted for the fact that we're comparing the machine LLM ratings to the average of human ratings rather than to individual human ratings? If not, it's would be an unfair comparison relative to human-human (averages have less dispersion), and there's a specific way to adjust for that.

    1. This dual-masking formulation drives the model to learn robust representations by predicting masked values from complementary perspectives: r

      bro. In Dataset 1, they have 16 panels but the leave-one-panel-out drop is <8%. That's the better evidence for robustness.

      Then you claim pretraining drives "robust representations despite marker inconsistency" based on the KO task, where Dataset 2 has a completely consistent panel.

      Those two claims aren't using the same evidence base and shouldn't be merged into one conclusion.

    2. Notably, large-scale pretraining yielded considerable performance gains in small-data settings, attributable to robust cellular representations that recover biological signals despite marker inconsistency.

      If you're concluding this based on per-class AUC and markers are inconsistent isn't this claim sketchy at best?

    3. Dataset 1: Longitudinal mouse immunophenotype datasetAs part of a long-running mutagenesis project to investigate novel genetic causes of immune dysfunction [18], flow cytometry phenotypes for over forty thousand C57BL/6 mice were obtained at the Australian Phenomics Facility between 1995 and 2015. This data is comprised of predominantly eight-colour experiments with varying marker/antibody/fluorophore combinations, yet most samples include a backbone of six common markers (IgM, IgD, B220, CD44, CD4, CD3) (Supplementary Table 10 and 8).In the present analysis, we have chosen a subset of 14,014 flow cytometry samples (6,978 female, 7,036 male) with a consistent gender metadata label and mostly pan-leukocyte marker panels. Sexual dimorphism rarely produces landmark cell populations readily detectable by manual analysis of flow cytometry data. However, this has proven a tractable problem with application of neural networks [19], with discriminative signals usually subtle and dispersed across multiple cell populations.Dataset 2: Knockout Mouse Project immunophenotype datasetThe Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) [20] generated mouse strains harbouring gene knockouts for the majority of genes in the mouse genome, accompanied by phenotype data including flow cytometry information for a subset of mutant mouse lines. For our purposes, we focus on a subset of samples subjected to flow cytometry assay of a T cell immunophenotyping panel [21] (Supplementary Table 3). Despite containing nearly 7000 samples, this dataset poses a classic lack-of-data problem, as each knockout (KO) is represented by only 10 to 20 samples. As most knockouts in this dataset were found to lack discernible cellular phenotypes [21], we selected just 5 knock-out lines with clear mutant phenotypes characterised by the original study. This yields 72 samples (Supplementary Table 9) for a 5-class KO classification task.

      So you have 14k samples for dataset 1, a slight imbalance in male/female, but only 72 samples for dataset 2 because of selecting only 5 knockout lines? Also "most knockouts in this dataset were found to lack discernible cellular phenotypes"? Is that not concerning if you want to claim general ability/can build on for flow cytometry?

      Pre-training distribution has a significant impact on downstream utility.

    4. We evaluated the impact of cross-dataset pretraining on the model generalisation scenario using two configurations. The first model, the D1 encoder (Experiment A and B), was trained exclusively on Dataset 1. The second, the generic encoder (Experiments C), was pretrained on combined training data from Datasets 1 and 2 before downstream training on Dataset 1 only. Results in Fig. 2b (1) demonstrate that including even a small fraction of Dataset 2 in the pretraining phase significantly improved downstream generalisation to Dataset 2 testing samples.

      What exactly do the pre-training distributions look like? Whats the exact mix? Is dataset 1 sufficiently different from dataset 2, specifically as it relates to sample quality and number of samples?

    5. In this regard, GPCT can be interpreted through the attention mechanism used by the decoder: during inference, each attention head in the multi-head attention layer assigns a weight to every cell, representing its relative contribution to the decision-making process. These weights serve as a quantitative measure of per-cell “importance”, and while they are typically averaged across heads per layer for visualisation, each layer may capture distinct patterns that reflect the model’s internal processing steps.

      Interesting concept to make them cell level. Why not clusters of cells?

  9. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Employees at the company misusing their access, like Facebook employees using their database permissions to stalk women

      Though this feels invasive and unprofessional. it's unfortunately not that surprising and I find the initial phrasing of this quote to be directed towards men. Regardless of this accuracy, thats what most individuals minds go to.