They also cause them to ponder their relationship to “the end”

If identification with the object is ex-hilarating, it is also, at moments, fright-ening.

A more specific framework for ana-lyzing female scientists emerges when drawing on studies across fiction genres.

While previous scholarship gener-ally considers audiences’ reactions to the representations of scientists and ex-perts within non-fiction programming, the scholarship on their representations in fiction programming garners a little more depth of inquiry.

Scientists of all types—doctors, fo-rensics experts, chemists, biologists, physicists, and others—appear regularly throughout television programming.

The Big Bang Theory offers a unique moment to explore the representations of female scientists within the situa-tion comedy

Starting with the third and fourth sea-sons, The Big Bang Theory introduced more regular female characters as love interests for the main characters.

UNLIKE SCIENCE FICTION AND POLICE PROCEDURALS,the situation comedy genre historically has offered few, if any, represen-tations of female scientists.

Bernadette’s and Amy’s scientific careers set them up as suitable partners for their accomplished boyfriends, but these careers become fodder for the developments of their relationships.

While both Bernadette and Amy pos-sess achievements as scientists as part of their characters, sharp contrasts appear in those representations.

Both Bernadette and Amy earn rec-ognition for their achievements in their fields.

While discussions of work become one way to show their professional roles, another way lies in showing these characters performing their professional roles in a work setting.

Amy’s discussions of her expertise and her work appear more frequently throughout the show.

Because Bernadette and Amy work as scientists, they both have the potential to contribute to the discussions among the friends about their own work and to share their own observations based on scientific inquiry.

The professional aspirations for fe-male characters thus become an oppor-tunity for ridicule within situation com-edies.

A professional role refers to a char-acter’s job or occupation outside the home.

Unlike other television genres, the situation comedy offers the opportunity to push the boundaries of these repre-sentations in terms of female scientists through their professional roles, their gender roles, and their intelligence.

A hegemonic tension operates throughout situation comedies and pro-vides a flexible boundary along which these tensions humorously play out.

Among all these studies, few focus on scientists generally and female scien-tists specifically in situation comedies.

A third theme centers on work-life balance, in that female scientists strug-gle to find equilibrium (Long et al. 359).

The structure of the textbook was a map that Sarah could easily follow.

lesh, the engineering manager, and Dubusker drew on all of McDonnell's experience with shingled-skin structures around jet afterburners for heat protection.

Richard B. Freeman and colleagues [28] havecharacterized the problem as follows: ‘‘Research in the biosciences fits a tournamenteconomic structure. A tournament offers participants the chance of winning a bigprize—an independent research career, tenure, a named chair, scientific renown,awards—through competition.... It fosters intense competition by amplifying smalldifferences in productivity into large differences in recognition and reward. Well-structured tournaments stimulate competition. Because the differences in rewardsexceed the differences in output, there is a disproportionate incentive to ‘win’’’(p.2293). Research environments in which only small numbers of scientists have theopportunity to gain significant attention increase the competitive stakes: playing thegame may be a gamble, but the payoff for winning is significant [28,36]

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems (e.g., verse, rhythm, meter) and drama (e.g., casts of characters, settings, descriptions, dialogue, stage directions) when writing or speaking about a text.

Even the free flow of goods that constitutes a laissez-faire economyrests on an infrastructural base that organizes both market and society.

The girls unanimously agree that this is a constant problem in their work and they feel helpless to combat it.

the customer won't leave her alone and she must do her best to ignore him....

emphasizes the importance of the use of space in social interaction and posits a relationship between social status and space.

Architects continue to be fascinated with finding and describing parallels between symbolic structures and architectural forms.

regarding the interactions of the built environment with social organization and spatial behavior

Some combine structuralist interpretations of house form and culture with the metaphor of the human body

It was when my sister finally dragged me out of bed and took me to the beach, I looked up in the sky and saw birds flying around, I instantly knew that this was a call, from Trace, telling me that hes free at last.

,

that the ease of horizontal mobilization afforded by social networks is of limited help if it doesn’t generate more lasting political structures that can contest the military rule outside the squares

But at the level of the capability hierarchy where we wish to work, it seems useful to us to distinguish several different types of structuring--even though each type is fundamentally a structuring of the basic physical processes. Tentatively we have isolated five such types--although we are not sure how many we shall ultimately want to use in considering the problem of augmenting the human intellect, nor how we might divide and subdivide these different manifestations of physical-process structuring. We use the terms "mental structuring", "concept structuring", "symbol structuring", "process structuring," and "physical structuring."

The fundamental principle used in building sophisticated capabilities from the basic capabilities is structuring--the special type of structuring (which we have termed synergetic) in which the organization of a group of elements produces an effect greater than the mere addition of their individual effects. Perhaps "purposeful" structuring (or organization) would serve us as well, but since we aren't sure yet how the structuring concept must mature for our needs, we shall tentatively stick with the special modifier, "synergetic." We are developing a growing awareness of the significant and pervasive nature of such structure within every physical and conceptual thing we inspect, where the hierarchical form seems almost universally present as stemming from successive levels of such organization.

and the doctrine at issue here, the “first sale” doctrine (§109).

Sample Model Case Brief (Should be ONE page (Typed) MAXIMUM!):

Concurring/Dissenting Opinion: You don’t need to spend too much time on this part other than the pinpoint the concurring or dissenting judge’s main point of contention with the majority opinion and rationale. Concurring and dissenting opinions hold lots of law professor Socratic Method fodder, and you can be ready by including this part in your case brief.

Reasoning: This is the most important part of your brief as it describes why the court ruled the way it did; some law professors dwell on facts more than others, some more on procedural history, but all spend the most time on the court’s reasoning as it combines all parts of the case rolled in one, describing the application of the rule of law to the facts of the case, often citing other court’s opinions and reasoning or public policy considerations in order to answer the issue presented. This part of your brief traces the court’s reasoning step by step, so be sure that you record it without gaps in logic as well.

Rule of Law: In some cases this will be clearer than others, but basically you want to identify the principle of law on which the judge or justice is basing the resolution of the case. This is what you’ll often hear called “black letter law.”

Holding: The holding should directly respond to the question in the Issue Presented, begin with “yes” or “no,” and elaborate with “because…” from there. If the opinion says “We hold…” that’s the holding; some holdings aren’t so easy to pinpoint, though, so look for the lines in the opinion that answer your Issue Presented question.

Issue Presented: Formulate the main issue or issues in the case in the form of questions, preferably with a yes or no answer, which will help you more clearly state the holding in the next section of the case brief.

Procedural History: Record what has happened procedurally in the case up until this point. The dates of case filings, motions of summary judgment, court rulings, trials, and verdicts or judgments should be noted, but usually this isn’t an extremely important part of a case brief unless the court decision is heavily based in procedural rules—or unless you note that your professor loves to focus on procedural history.

Facts: Pinpoint the determinative facts of a case, i.e., those that make a difference in the outcome. Your goal here is to be able to tell the story of the case without missing any pertinent information but also not including too many extraneous facts either; it takes some practice to pick out the determinative facts, so don’t get discouraged if you miss the mark the first few times. Above all, make sure you have clearly marked the parties’ names and positions in the case (Plaintiff/Defendant or Appellee/Appellant).

Concurri ng and/or Diss enting Opinio ns. Concurring and dissenting opinions (a.k.a. “concu rrence s” and “dissents”) are opinions by judges w ho did not se e entire ly e ye -to-ey e with the other judges of the court, and wish to express a slightly or even dramatically diff erent view of the case. In g en er al , a co nc ur ri ng op in io n i s a n o pi ni on by a judge who would have reached the same result as the majority, but f or a different reason. Dissenting opinions are opinions by judges who disagree with the majority’s result entirely. I n most cases, dissenting opinions try to persuade the reader that the majority ’s decision was simply incorre ct.

Disposition : The dispo sition usua lly a ppears a t t he en d of the ma in opinion, and tells you what action the court is taking with the case. For example, an appeals court ma y affirm the lower court decision , upholding it; or it ma y reverse the decision, overturning it, and remand the case, sendi ng i t back to th e lower c ourt for further procee dings. F or now, y ou should k eep in mind that when a higher court affirms it means that the lower court had it right (in result, if not in reasoning). Words like reverse , remand , and vacate means that the higher court though the lower court had it wrong

Law of the Case

Facts of the Case

Author of t he Opinion

Case Citation

The Caption: The caption is the title of the case, such as Brown v. Board of Education , or Miranda v. Arizona . In most cases, the cap tio n refle cts the la st names o f the two p arties to the dispute, and it tells you who was involved in the case. If Ms . Smith sues Mr. Jones, t he case caption may be Smith v. Jones (or, depending on the court, Jones v. Smith ). In a criminal case , the government brings the case, a nd the government itself is listed as a party. I f the f ederal government charges Sam Jones with a crime, for example, the ca se capt ion would be United States v. Jones .

THE ELEMENTS OF BRIEFING Procedural History Legal Issue Facts of Case Statement of Rule Policy Dicta Reasoning Holding Concurrence Dissents

the parties, the procedural posture, the facts, the issue , the h olding, and the analysis.

H o w t o R e a d O p i n i o n s

Next, Quintilian's greater weakness concerns effects. For he put these forward in the topics of persons, yet here once again he repeats them as if they were now different.

It follows, then, that the only necessary parts of a speech are the Statement and the Argument. These are the essential features of a speech; and it cannot in any case have more than Introduction, Statement, Argument, and Epilogue.