Behavior change gener-ally refers to observing a permanent change in a person’s actions.

Generally, repair strategies show sensitivity to the partner’s actual or assumed communicationabilities. A wealth of repair techniques has been identified, including clarification prompts such as“huh?” or “what?”

The current understanding is that users form internal models that predict how their actions produce perceived outputs, and they learn to minimize prediction errors. This explains why people explore interfaces (to develop better internal models) and why, eventually, they no longer need to compare outcomes against goals.

Mixed-initiative interaction is the idea of organizing interaction in dialogue where both the computer and the human can take initiative. Unlike in the case of an FSM, the computing system can take action without a command from the user; the initiative is mixed.

Code-switching refers to a switch in language to match the capabilities of the communication partner.

A mode refers to the variation in the interpretation of a user's input according to an internal state. In a modeless dialogue, all inputs are possible in all states and their interpretation is always the same.

Formally, an FSM is a tuple (Σ, S,s0, δ, F), where: Σ is the input, that is, a finite set of symbols; S is a finite set of states or modes; s0 ∈ S is the initial state; δ is the state transition function δ : S × Σ→S; F is the set of final states, that is, a subset of S.

Gulf of evaluation: This gulf refers to knowing how a perceived change in the computer has moved it closer to the intended goal state. For example, imagine setting the temperature of an intelligent thermostat and not perceiving an immediate effect. How can you tell if your command had the desired effect on the system?

Gulf of execution: This gulf is about knowing what to do to bring about a desired state change in the computer. For example, what should you do to get a piece of text copied to the clipboard and pasted in a specific location?

The key idea in the dialogue view of interaction is the organization of communication as a series of turns. Dialogue evolves through communication turns between two or more partners. In one turn, an appropriate communication act is made by one partner based on the communication context. The act aims to get the other partner to do or understand something. This understanding then forms the context within which the other partner takes their turn.

TAM posits that the intention to adopt a particular technology is driven by two kinds of perceptions: (1) how easy it is to use a system and (2) how useful it will be to use it [180]. Furthermore, the perceived ease of use affects the perceived usefulness: If technology is hard to use, it is less useful.

it is perfectly possible to have a program which is structured, modular, readable, flexible, self-documenting, maintainable, which performs its specified function, and which is a source of constant frustration and irritation to its users.

The theory of task–technology fit (TTF) can illuminate what users consider useful and how this affects their decision to adopt a particular technology. TTF refers to the ability of technology to support a task [197]. The capabilities of the technology should match the demands of the task and the skills of the individual; in this case, the fit is perfect.

Users actively repurpose tools to make them more personally usable and relevant. Design should support such repurposing. For example, Renom et al. [696] conducted a study on text editing using a novel user interface. They found that exploration and technical reasoning facilitate creative tool use.

One prominent definition of accessibility is given by ISO 9241-171, which defines it as 'the usability of a product, service, environment or facility by people with the widest range of capabilities.'

The second dimension, social acceptability, concerns whether interactions map well to the social norms and roles in the settings where they occur.

Acceptability has two main dimensions [591]. The first dimension, practical acceptability, includes costs, the reliability of the interactive system, and its compatibility with other systems. The perceptions of utility and usability may also influence the judgment of practical acceptability.

usability is multidimensional. This means that in most settings, a valid characterization of usability will need to employ several dimensions and measures.

usability is measurable, that is, it is possible to quantify usability based on users' behaviors or opinions.

usability is relational; it arises as an interplay between people, tasks (problems), and interactive systems (tools)

ISO 9241-11 definition... defines usability as the 'extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.'

One shorthand way of expressing this is that utility is 'whether the functionality of a system in principle can do what is needed' [591, p. 25]. In practice, whether people can do anything concerns—among other things—usability.

The utility of an interactive system concerns its match with the tasks of users. If the match is good, the tool has high utility; if the tasks that users want to do are not supported by the tool, the tool has low utility.

Usability concerns how easily computer-based tools may be operated by users trying to accomplish a task. Usability differs from utility. Usability concerns whether users can use the product in a way that makes it possible to realize its utility; utility is about whether the goal is important to the user. Ideally, the user can use the tool without unnecessary effort so that the use is direct, transparent, and unnoticeable.

Usability is one of the best predictors of users' willingness to adopt software. For example, the User Burden Scale is a questionnaire for measuring the felt burden in software use [806]. It consists of six subscales: difficulty of use, physical burden, time and social burden, mental and emotional burden, privacy burden, and financial burden.

the answer is you can know it, but but you know it when you let go of all concepts and you don't try. If you're trying to get there, then you don't see what you already are.

He frequently used the trope of "magic" to describe the technologies and practices he did not fully understand. This trope was common in West African encounters with European colonizers, who were often seen as possessing mysterious powers and magical properties. Throughout his journal, Dikko emphasizes the importance of personal observation and experience. He often states that certain things are "difficult to describe" or "very difficult to describe," implying that his readers would need to see these wonders for themselves to fully appreciate them. This narrative strategy allowed Dikko to maintain his authority as a traveler and observer, while also encouraging his readers to imagine and fantasize about the wonders of Britain.

It takes machine learning to discover and grammatize higher-order motion primitives that exploit the full mobility envelope of a given machine.

while concepts help us understand reality, they aren’t reality itself

This refers to thelonger-term objective of this product, normally 2–10 years out.It is how we as a product organization intend to deliver on thecompany’s mission.

This is the smallest possible actual product that meets the needs ofa specific market of customers.

The purpose of product delivery is to build and deliver theseproduction-quality technology products, something you can sell andrun a business on.

A prototype isnot something that’s ready for prime time and certainly not some-thing your company would try to sell and stand behind. But they’reimmensely useful, as they’re all about learning fast and cheap.

Discovery is very much about the intense collaboration of productmanagement, user experience design, and engineering. In discovery,we are tackling the various risks before we write even one line ofproduction software.The purpose of product discovery is to quickly separate the goodideas from the bad. The output of product discovery is a validatedproduct backlog.

This certainly includes the functionality—the features.But it also includes the technology that enables this functionality.It also includes the user experience design that presents thisfunctionality.And it includes how we monetize this functionality.It includes how we attract and acquire users and customers.And it can also include offline experiences as well that are essentialto delivering the product’s value.

Don't worry about performance too early though - it's more important to get the design right, and "right" in this case means using the database the way a database is meant to be used, as a transactional system.

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Concepts, Constructs, and Variables Last updated Aug 21, 2021 Save as PDF 2.1: Unit of Analysis 2.3: Propositions and Hypotheses picture_as_pdfFull BookPageDownloadsFull PDFImport into LMSIndividual ZIPBuy Print CopyPrint Book FilesSubmit Adoption ReportPeer ReviewDonate /*<![CDATA[*/ window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { "showHighlights": false }; }; //localStorage.setItem('darkMode', 'false'); window.beelineEnabled = true; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].prepend(document.getElementById('mt-screen-css'),document.getElementById('mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-screen-css'));/*]]>*/ Page ID26212 /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', ()=>LibreTexts.TOC(undefined, undefined, true));/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ //CORS override LibreTexts.getKeys().then(()=>{ if(!$.ajaxOld){ $.ajaxOld = $.ajax; $.ajax = (url, options)=> { if(url.url && url.url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')) { let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; url.headers = Object.assign(url.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } else if (typeof url === 'string' && url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')){ let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; options.headers = Object.assign(options.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } return $.ajaxOld(url, options); } } });/*]]>*/ Anol BhattacherjeeUniversity of South Florida via Global Text Project

centripetal

Surprisingly often, protocols herd collective problem-solving behaviors away from tragedies of commons into regimes of serendipity.

“wicked.

rrélation cerveau-environnement

lacognition distribuée et les Acao (Apprentissages Collectifs Assistés par Ordinateur,Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, CSCL, dans la terminologieanglophone)

bridge betweengaming theory for learning and TBLT.

“technology-mediated TBLT”

Web 2.0 technologies, defined as technologies that allow users to transform infor-mation and “harness collective intelligence” (O’Reilly 2005: p. 2)

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The very shift from bounded objects to boundary-forming processes became a new playground and my whole perspective gained anextra dimension of freedom.

I want an hour of reward

9.2. Describe general cell signaling strategies and explore the different types of cell surface receptors and singling molecules.

The adapter is where authentication, policy checks, and eventually your domain logic happen. All termini of the protocol’s activity are standardized end events - that’s how protocol and adapter communicate.

Trailblazer offers you a new, more intuitive file layout in applications.

Instead of grouping by technology, classes and views are structured by concept, and then by technology. A concept can relate to a model, or can be a completely abstract concern such as invoicing.

Concepts over Technology

While Trailblazer offers you abstraction layers for all aspects of Ruby On Rails, it does not missionize you. Wherever you want, you may fall back to the "Rails Way" with fat models, monolithic controllers, global helpers, etc. This is not a bad thing, but allows you to step-wise introduce Trailblazer's encapsulation in your app without having to rewrite it.

An invisible hand process is at work if individual human action results in some sort of order that was not specifically designed by those individuals pursuing their own ends. But in order for the invisible hand to operate well, institutions need to be in place for otherwise the human action at play could result in chaos (no order at all).

and institutional structures (street layout, fire prevention measures, moral codes etc) ensure that some sort of order prevails. The hand behind the invisible hand is visible.

more positive-sounding term spontaneous order than the more mystical-sounding invisible hand. Others, however, prefer to use another term. ‘I prefer the term “unintended order” to the more familiar “spontaneous order” because the former conveys that the system of order was not anyone’s intentional design without suggesting, as “spontaneous” might, that there is no way to account for the creation of the system’ (Otteson 2002, 6; see also Otteson 2007, 21).

Hayek is thus informing us that the framework of our analysis should include institutions that are ‘The results of Human Action but not of Human Design’.

Hayek notes that if we confine our arguments to the natural and artificial realms confusion is bound to ensure: ‘... one would describe a social institution as “natural” because it had never been deliberately designed, while another would describe the same institution as “artificial” because it resulted from human action’ (Hayek 1967, 130)

Suppose we identify an order in human affairs. On further investigation we ascertain that although the regularity came about as a result of human action, it did not arise from human deliberation.

awt

static methods

java.lang package

A GIMP image may be quite a complicated thing. Instead of thinking of it as a sheet of paper with a picture on it, think of it as more like a stack of sheets, called “layers”. In addition to a stack of layers, a GIMP image may contain a selection mask, a set of channels, and a set of paths. In fact, GIMP provides a mechanism for attaching arbitrary pieces of data, called “parasites”, to an image.

Learning Domains

If I use the word God or the word Christ, the word Jesus, the word Lord, and in any way it conveys the sense of an existent someone or something outside of yourself, you have the wrong concept of God or Christ.

Context notes are used as a map to a series of notes. A context note that outlines a more complex concept or broader subject, using links to other notes in the process. For example, while I’m reading a book, I build an outline of the things I find relevant, based on my highlights and notes of the book. Each of the outline’s items links to a separate note explaining the idea in more detail, and usually contains the highlighted text of the book.

concepts in their raw, unverbalized form

Educational Technology Leadership and Practice in Higher Education: The Emergence of Threshold Concepts

and its distance to all points on its left willincreasebyδ

tor of 2 is NP-hard, and is therefore as hard as solving the problemexactly

The differentiation of the face of the earth is what John K. Wright called “geodiversity.

“A threshold concept can be considered as akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something.” (p. 1)

They proposed the idea based on a round of interviews with economics faculty members.

Python supports the object-oriented programming paradigm

It is causing you discomfort and uneasiness, because what we are discussing is flying right in the face of many well-established concepts which you have entertained and employed in your lifetime. This feeling may well be the last whimpers of your inclination to utilize them. I would allow them, if I were you, to simply do their whimpering, since they will spontaneously fade out. Do not give them credit, and do not act upon them.

Mental structuring is what we call the internal organization of conscious and unconscious mental images, associations, or concepts (or whatever it is that is organized within the human mind) that somehow manages to provide the human with understanding and the basis for such as judgment, intuition, inference, and meaningful action with respect to his environment.

Here one may certainly admire man as a mighty genius of construction, who succeeds in piling an infinitely complicated dome of concepts upon an unstable foundation, and, as it were, on running water.

Truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions- they are metaphors that have become worn out and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins.

This awakens the idea that, in addition to the leaves, there exists in nature the "leaf": the original model according to which all the leaves were perhaps woven,

cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal. Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things.

it will now be guided by intuitions rather than by concepts.

spider