10.31234/osf.io/bdcwe

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound impact on the global population. The pandemic may raise additional, unique challenges for individuals with experience of eating disorders. Many factors have potential for detrimental impacts on psychological wellbeing and eating disorder recovery, including: Disruption to living situations, ‘social distancing’ restrictions, difficult access to healthcare, and societal changes to food behaviours and technology usage. To date, little is known on the impact of the pandemic on this population. Method: A mixed-methods online survey was used to gather data from individuals currently experiencing, or in recovery from, an eating disorder during the early stages of the UK pandemic lockdown. Results: Findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic is having a profound, negative impact upon individuals with experience of eating disorders. 7 key themes are identified: Disruption to living situation, increased social isolation and reduced access to usual support networks, changes to physical activity rates, reduced access to healthcare services, disruption to routine and perceived control, changes to relationship with food, and increased exposure to triggering public messages. The results suggest detrimental impacts on psychological wellbeing including decreased feelings of control, increased feelings of social isolation, increased rumination about disordered eating, and low feelings of social support. Conclusions: This research demonstrates how the ED population is at significant risk of negative impacts of pandemics. There is a vital need for interventions to support this population during such events. Inequalities in healthcare provision were also identified, emphasising a need for a more cohesive approach to remote ED treatment across UK healthcare services. Positive aspects of technology use were identified but the results suggest a need to address and/or limit the potential for negative impacts of public messages around food and exercise behaviours, and to co-design technologies with people with EDs to facilitate effective treatment.

Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and UK lockdown on individuals with experience of eating disorders

10.31234/osf.io/vr8km

Preprint DOI 10.31234/osf.io/ctxkf

In the wake of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, US organizations that provide applied behavior analysis (ABA) programs to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have implemented a variety of safety precautions to minimize the spread of the virus, often shifting center-based services to the home or telehealth. Considered essential workers, ABA providers are exempt from government directives to close, so they have both the freedom and heavy responsibility to make their own decisions about how best to keep their clients safe while continuing to provide medically necessary services. In the coming weeks and months, ABA providers will be faced with the decision about whether to reopen centers. This article does not address that decision, except to acknowledge the urgency to reopen, both to help clients and remain solvent. Political rhetoric and contradictory public information further complicate this daunting decision. Because ABA providers do not have legal guidance to shift the burden of such decisions to local and state regulators, the burden is theirs alone. The unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic means that no decision is clearly wrong or right, and every decision has consequences. Although ABA providers do not have their own state guidance, many states have issued guidelines for childcare providers whose operations have continued throughout the pandemic. This article analyzes that guidance, identifies common variables potentially relevant to ABA organizations,, highlights clinical considerations and procedural compliance, and provides ABA organizations with the tools to make the best decision for their clients, in their community, and on their timeline.

Reopening the Doors to Center-Based ABA Services: Clinical and Safety Protocols during COVID-19

10.31234/osf.io/znj7h

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected people’s lives across the globe. To investigate how the pandemic impacts well-being, we compiled a large and comprehensive data-set of 2231 working adults covering454 counties across 48 states in the U.S. from social media using machine learning tools. We found that pandemic severityinfluencedworking adults’ negative affect rather than positive affect. However, the relationship between pandemic severity and the negative affect wasmoderated by personality (i.e., openness and conscientiousness) and family connectedness. Specifically, pandemic severitydidnot influence the well-being of those who wereopen to new experiences, who wereconscientious, and those who wereconnected to family. We didnot find the moderation effect of age, some other personality traits (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), faith, friend connectedness, or having kids on the relationship between pandemic severity and working adults’ negative affect.

The Influence of COVID-19 on Well-Being

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2In press, TICSABSTRACTCognitive scientists have ramped up online testing in response to the coronaviruspandemic. Although research conducted online solves the problem of data collection, a lackof internet access among low-income and minority communities may reduce the diversityof study samples and, thus, impact the generalizability of scientific findings

No Participant Left Behind: Conducting Science During COVID-19

PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORAND ADOLESCENT HEALTH2AbstractThisstudy examined adolescents’prosocial experiencesas both actors and recipients during COVID-19andassessed whether these experiences wereassociatedwith their mental health and community attachments. Adolescents (N=437; 78% female)wererecruited across the USusing social mediaand reported on theirCOVID-19 prosocial experiences (giving, receiving help), mental health (depressive symptoms, anxietysymptoms, burdensomeness, belongingness),and community attachments(social responsibility, socialtrust, self-interest). Greater engagement in COVID-19prosocial behavior was associated with greater anxiety symptoms, burdensomeness, andsocial responsibility. Receiving moreCOVID-19 helpwas associated with lower depressive symptomsandhigherbelongingness, social trust, andself-interest. Findings highlight the importance of furthering our understanding of these connections in adolescence to help inform post-pandemic recovery and relief efforts.

Adolescents’ Prosocial Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with Mental Health and Community Attachments

10.31234/osf.io/kr9ya

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Latin American countries have been profoundly affected by COVID-19. Due to the alarming incidence of identified cases, we intended to explore which psycho-social elements may be influencing the poor adherence toward the mandatory control measures amongthe population. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and vulnerability perception of Peruvians during the coronavirus outbreak.METHOD: Using a web-based cross-sectional survey, we collected data from 225 self-selectedparticipants, evaluating demographic information. The overall respondents were between 18 and29 years old (56.8%), being female (n = 134), belonging to educated groups, and graduated professionals (69.3%), the majority of them. RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that knowledge is highly correlated with education (p=0.031), occupation (p=0.002), and age (p= 0.016). Our study identified that, although peoplereported adequate knowledge by identifying expected symptoms and virus transmission ways inCOVID-19 disease. There is a significant perceived susceptibility to contract the mentioning virus, displaying stigmatized behavior (59.1%) and fear of contracting the virus from others (70.2%). Additionally, it is reported to lack people's confidence to health national authorities onthe sanitary responses (62.7%), preparedness for the disease (76.9%) and the lack of adequate measures to deal with it (51.1%). CONCLUSION: We suggest that public policies consider guidelines on knowledge translation and risk communication strategies for both containing psychological responses in a timely manner and ensuring compliance with public control measures by the population.

Knowledge, perception and attitudes in Regard to COVID-19Pandemic in Peruvian Population

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We conducted a rapid review and quantitative summary of meta-analyses that have examined interventions which can be used by individuals during quarantine and social distancing to manage anxiety, depression, stress and subjective well-being. A literature search yielded 34 meta-analyses (total number of studies k = 1,390, n = 145,744) that were summarized. Overall, self-guided interventions showed small to medium effects in comparison to control groups demonstrating their effectiveness. In particular, third-wave therapeutic approaches (including cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, and acceptance-based interventions), selected positive psychology interventions, and multi-component and activity based interventions (music, physicalexercise) showed promising evidence for effectiveness. Many of these interventions are available in online or smartphone app form. At the same time, self-guided interventions on average did not show the same degree of effectiveness as traditional guided individual or group therapies. The review points to activities and practices that can be adapted by individuals as a first step to manage their mental health during social distancing and quarantines. Further research is clearly needed on activities helping individuals to interact and live in constrained living conditions (e.g, improving social interactions during quarantine) and the relative effectiveness of self-guided interventions across cultural boundaries

Rapid review and meta-meta-analysis of self-guided interventions to address anxiety, depression and stress during COVID-19 social distancing

10.31234/osf.io/hgzj9

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into a crisis. Tocontain the crisis, it is essential to build full cooperation between the government andthe public. However, it is unclear which governmental and individual factors are thedeterminants and how they interact on protective behaviors against COVID-19. Toresolve this issue, this study built a multiple mediation model and found governmentemergency management as information transparency and positive propaganda hadmore important impacts on protective behaviors than refuting rumors and supplies.Moreover, governmental factors could indirectly affect protective behaviors throughindividual factors such as perceived control, positive emotions, and risk perception.These findings suggest that systematic intervention programs for governmentalfactors need to be integrated with individual factors to finally achieve effectiveprevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic among the public

The effects of governmental and individual predictors on COVID-19 protective behaviors in China: a path analysis model

10.31234/osf.io/7a3kg

What drives people’s perceptions of risks and benefits associated with novel technologies? Al-though various psychological models of risk perception have been proposed, it has not yet beensystematically tested how well such models can account forinterindividualdierences in largepopulation samples, as well as forintraindividualvariability that may occur across time. Thisarticle capitalizes on the current deployment of5G—the latest generation of cellular networktechnology—as a topical case study to model the psychological drivers of risk perception andits associations with policy-related attitudes (e.g., voting intention). Study 1 collected a rep-resentative population sample (N=2;919) to directly compare three psychological models ofrisk perception, finding that predictors such as trust, feelings of dread, and objective knowledgeprovide a good account for interindividual dierences in perceived risk and benefit, which inturn were strongly associated with policy-related attitudes. Study 2 corroborated these findingsin a cross-sectional sample (N=960); moreover, in a longitudinal sample (N=780), varia-tions in the same psychological drivers were also systematically associated with intraindividualchanges in perceived risk and benefit—and consequently, with policy-related attitudes. In sum,this article provides a systematic investigation of the drivers of risk perception at the levelof individual participants, and corroborates the important role of risk perception in shapingpolicy-related attitudes.

Psychological drivers of inter- and intraindividual differences in risk perception: A systematic case study on 5G

10.31234/osf.io/vpu5q

During the pandemic, people may experience various mental health problems. Psychological strengths may help them to cope with emerging challenges and foster mental health and well-being. This study examined the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19.A total of 220 participants from general public participated this study completing a battery of measures(134 men [Mage= 42.36 years, SD= 8.99, range = 18 to 60] and 86 women [Mage= 36.73 years, SD= 7.44, range = 18 to 51]).This cross-section study indicated that resilience mediated the relationship between hope and psychological health and subjective well-being. Resultsalsoshowed an indirect effect of resilience in the relationship between hope, subjective well-being and psychological health as well as an indirect effect of subjective well-being in the relationship between hope and psychological health. Additionally, hope, subjective well-being, and resilience had significant direct effects on psychological health, and hope and resilience had direct effects on subjective well-being. The results suggest that we should pay attention to hope and resilience for the development and improvement of well-being and psychological health during the times of crisis.

Exploring the Associations Between Resilience, Dispositional Hope, Subjective Well-Being, and Psychological Health Among Adults During Early Stage of COVID-19

10.31234/osf.io/qdh25

As continued COVID-19 disruption looks likely across the world, perhaps until 2021, contingency plans are evolving in case of further disruption in the 2020-2021 academic year. This includes delivering face-to-face programmes fully-online for at least part of the upcoming academic year for new and continuing cohorts This temporary pivot will necessitate distance teaching and learning across almost every conceivable pedagogy, from fundamental degrees to professionally accredited ones. Each institution, programme, and course will have its own myriad of individualised needs , however, there is a common question that unites us all: how do we provide teaching and assessment to students in a manner that is accessible, fair, equitable, and provides the best learning whilst acknowledging the temporary nature of the Pivot? No ‘one size fits all’ solution exists and many of the choices that need to be made will be far from simple, however, this paper provides a starting point and basic principles to facilitate discussions taking place around the globe by balancing what we know from the pedagogy of online learning with the practicalities imposed by this crisis.

10 simple rules for supporting a temporary online pivot in higher education

10.31234/osf.io/sevkf

1AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic presents a critical need to identify best practices for communicatinghealth information to the global public. It also provides an opportunity to test theories about riskcommunication. As part of a larger Psychological Science Accelerator COVID-19 Rapid Project,a global consortium of researchers will experimentally test competing hypotheses regarding theeffects of framing messages in terms of losses versus gains. We will examine effects on threeprimary outcomes: intentions to adhere to policies designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19,opinions about such policies, and the likelihood that participants seek additional policyinformation. Whereas research on negativity bias and loss aversion predicts that loss-framingwill have greater impact, research on encouraging the adoption of protective health behavioursuggests the opposite (i.e., gain-framing will be more persuasive). We will also assess effects onexperienced anxiety. Given the potentially low cost and the scalable nature of framinginterventions, results could be valuable to health organizations, policymakers, and news sourcesglobally.

Aglobaltestofmessageframingonbehaviouralintentions,policysupport,informationseeking,andexperiencedanxietyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic

10.31234/osf.io/rqhgj

A recent trial assessed the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). 1 The results showed that “On day 7, COVID-19 nucleic acid of throat swabs was negative in 13 (86.7%) cases [of out 15] in the HCQ group and 14 (93.3%) cases [out of 15] in the control group (P>0.05). Here we

Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19 (Chen et al., 2020): Absence of Evidence, Not Evidence of Absence

10.31234/osf.io/zg7s4

COVID-19 PANDEMIC CONSERVATISM2AbstractThe first months of 2020 threw peopleintoaperiod ofsocietal turmoil andpathogen threatwith thenovel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.By promoting epistemic and existential motivational processes and activating people’s behavioral immune systems, this pandemicmay have changedsocial and political attitudes.The current research specifically askedthe following question:As COVID-19became pronounced in the United States during March-April2020, did peopleliving therebecome more socially conservative?Wepresent a longitudinal study(N=695)that assessed political ideology, gender role conformity, and gender stereotypesamongU.S. adultsbefore (two months preceding) versusduring the pandemic. During the pandemic, participants reported conforming more strongly to traditional gender roles and believing more strongly in traditional gender stereotypesthan they did before the pandemic.Political ideology remained constant from before to during the pandemic.These findings suggest thata pandemic maypromote preferencefortraditional gender roles

Can a Pandemic Make People More Socially Conservative? Longitudinal Evidence from COVID-19

10.31234/osf.io/rg2x9

Addressingpublicgoodproblemstypicalrequirespeopletoadoptbehaviorsthatarepersonallyburdensomebutbeneficialforsociety.Forinstance,duringtheCOVID-19pandemic,peoplehavebeenaskedtostayhomeexceptinextenuatingcircumstances,maintainsocialdistance,andwashtheirhandsfrequently.Whatisthebestwaytophraseone’srequeststoensurethatpeoplearemaximallymotivatedtoadhere?Wedistillthreekeyinsightsfromthebehavioralscienceliteratureonsocialnormstocreateasimplemessagingchecklist:communicatethebenefittothecommunity;maketheaskunambiguous,categorical,andconcise;andgeneratetheimpressionthatothersexpectcompliance.Wejustifythisguidanceandillustrateitusingpracticalexamples,withafocusonCOVID-19preventionbehaviors

A checklist for prosocial messaging campaigns such as COVID-19 prevention appeals

10.31234/osf.io/pyhce

We tested if challenges to basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) during the COVID-19 pandemic undermines people’s mental well-being. Furthermore, we tested if an intervention, affirmation of these psychological needs, counteracts this negative impact. Results of Study 1 (N = 153) showed that higher levels of satisfaction of basic psychological needs was related to higher mental well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. In Study 2 (N = 215) we employed an online intervention enhancing these basic psychologicalneeds. We found increased mental well-being through bolstered relatedness in particular. The intervention also decreased perceived stress. Both studies showed that mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic is positively related to the ability to work as usual and the number of people contacted via phone or Internet, but not in person.

10.31234/osf.io/3kfmh

We conducted a large-scale survey covering 58 countries and over 100,000 re-spondents between late March and early April 2020 to study beliefs and at-titudes towards citizens’ and governments’ responses to the COVID-19 pan-demic. Most respondents reacted strongly to the crisis: they report engagingin social distancing and hygiene behaviors, and believe that strong policy mea-sures, such as shop closures and curfews, are necessary. They also believe thattheir government and their country’s citizens are not doing enough and under-estimate the degree to which others in their country support strong behavioraland policy responses to the pandemic. The perception of a weak governmentand public response is associated with higher levels of worries and depression.Using both cross-country panel data and an event-study, we additionally showthat strong government reactions correct misperceptions, and reduce worriesand depression. Our findings highlight that policy-makers not only need toconsider how their decisions affect the spread of COVID-19, but also how suchchoices influence the mental health of their population

Global Behaviors and Perceptions in the COVID-19 Pandemic

The current studyassessesanxiety and predictors of anxiety associated with quarantine due to COVID-19 exposureamong the first community to be quarantinedin the US. Further, potential areas of intervention are identified in order to reduce distress and minimize psychological and physiological sequelae associated with heightened and sustained anxiety.303 individuals from the first communities in the NYC area where a quarantine was ordered during the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, responded to an anonymous online survey. We measured anxiety as well as behavioral, psychological, situational, and informational factors thatmay be associated with anxiety. Mean levels of anxiety in the sample were heightened and sustained, with 69.0% of the sample reporting moderate to severe levels of anxiety. Mutable behavioral factors were better predictors of anxiety than psychological, situational or informational factors, but all were significant.In order to mitigate anxiety while in quarantine, as well as the long term physical and psychological effects of sustained anxiety, expanding access to professional mental health care as well as behavioral interventions should be prioritized. Additionally, clear guidelines should be shared to promote healthy sleep and curtail media use.

Anxiety and distress among the first community quarantined in the U.S due to COVID-19: Psychological implications for the unfolding crisis

10.31234/osf.io/x976j

The Psychological Science Accelerator's Rapid-Response COVID-19 Project (PSACR) is a project to rapidly select and conduct rigorous, multi-site, and multinational research to understand the psychological and behavioral aspects of the COVID-19 crisis. Here we describe the process we used to select our projects and our general methods for implementing them. We will update this document periodically throughout the project's lifecycle.

PSACRThe Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 Rapid-Response Project

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COVID-19 Outbreak Enhances MakingMeaning in Negative Experiences:Evidence from China

10.31234/osf.io/mq4fg

Psychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis and confinement in the population of Spain

Abstract Background: The outbreak and spread of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to a confinement situation in many countries worldwide. Our objective was to analyze the short-term psychological effects of the COVID-19 crisis and the quarantine on the population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A survey was completed by 3550 adults from Spain. Symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were analyzed using the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were analyzed using the Impact of Event Scale.Results: Symptomatic scoresof anxiety, depression, stress were observed in 32.4%, 44.1%and37.0% of respondents, respectively.Also, symptomatic scores indicating psychological stresswere found in 88.6% of respondents.Increased prevalence of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms was associated with female sex, younger age, self-reported COVID-19 symptoms, previous psychological or psychiatric treatment, intake of psychoactive medication and negative effect on social relationships and relationships with people living in the same place. Higher scores related tosymptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder was associated with most of those factors, and also with the acquaintance with a COVID-19 patient.Conclusion:Animportant emotional impact of confinementrelated to COVID-19hasbeen foundin Spanish population. Considering a possible long period of confinement, the evolution of the psychological effects should be controlledto prevent severe mental health disorders.

Preprint, data & code at: https://osf.io/mvdpe2AbstractStudents are at elevated risk for mental health problems. The COVID-19pandemicand public health responses such as school and university closures caused once-in-a-lifetime disruptions of daily lifeformost students. In March 2020, during the beginning of the outbreak in the Netherlands, we used Ecological Momentary Assessment to follow80 bachelor students4 times a day for 2 weeks. Despite rapidly increasing rates of infectionsand deaths, short-term dynamics revealedslight decreases of mental health problems, COVID-19related concerns,and loneliness, especially in the first fewdays of the study.Students showed no changes in the frequency of in-personsocial activities. Dynamic network models indicatedthatsocialactivities were negativelyrelated to being at home,and identifiedreinforcing vicious cycles among mental health problemsand being alone, which in turn predicted concerns about COVID-19. Findings and implications are discussed in detail.

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Mental Health and Social Contact During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study