In a broader sense, taxonomy also applies to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies, such as network structures. Taxonomies may then include a single child with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms"

Taxonomies are often represented as is-a hierarchies where each level is more specific (in mathematical language "a subset of") the level above it. For example, a basic biology taxonomy would have concepts such as mammal, which is a subset of animal, and dogs and cats, which are subsets of mammal. This kind of taxonomy is called an is-a model because the specific objects are considered as instances of a concept. For example, Fido is-an instance of the concept dog and Fluffy is-a cat.

Mutually exclusive categories can be beneficial. If categories appear several places, it's called cross-listing or polyhierarchical. The hierarchy will lose its value if cross-listing appears too often. Cross-listing often appears when working with ambiguous categories that fits more than one place.

Researchers reported that large populations consistently develop highly similar category systems. This may be relevant to lexical aspects of large communication networks and cultures such as folksonomies and language or human communication, and sense-making in general.

In the simple biology example, dog is a hypernym and Fido is one of its hyponyms. A word can be both a hyponym and a hypernym. For example, dog is a hyponym of mammal and also a hypernym of Fido.

words that are examples of categories are hyponyms

Two of the predominant types of relationships in knowledge-representation systems are predication and the universally quantified conditional.

Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects.

Taxonomy is different from meronomy, which is dealing with the categorisation of parts of a whole.

Tree (data structure)

Tree structure

In computer science, a tree is a widely used abstract data type that simulates a hierarchical tree structure

Not to be confused with tree (graph theory), a specific type of mathematical object.

Not to be confused with trie, a specific type of tree data structure. Not to be confused with tree (graph theory), a specific type of mathematical object.

graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects

A semantic class contains words that share a semantic feature.

For example within nouns there are two sub classes, concrete nouns and abstract nouns.

The concrete nouns include people, plants, animals, materials and objects while the abstract nouns refer to concepts such as qualities, actions, and processes.

Semantic classes may intersect. The intersection of female and young can be girl.

Model theory recognizes and is intimately concerned with a duality: it examines semantical elements (meaning and truth) by means of syntactical elements (formulas and proofs) of a corresponding language

Roughly speaking, a category may be thought of as a type theory shorn of its syntax.

In fact categories can themselves be viewed as type theories of a certain kind

Some types exist as descriptions of objects, but not as tangible physical objects. One can show someone a particular bicycle, but cannot show someone, explicitly, the type "bicycle", as in "the bicycle is popular."

Property types (e.g. "height in metres" or "thorny") are often understood ontologically as concepts. Property instances (e.g. height = 1.74) are sometimes understood as measured values, and sometimes understood as sensations or observations of reality.

The words type, concept, property, quality, feature and attribute (all used in describing things) tend to be used with different verbs. E.g. Suppose a rose bush is defined as a plant that is "thorny", "flowering" and "bushy". You might say a rose bush instantiates these three types, or embodies these three concepts, or exhibits these three properties, or possesses these three qualities, features or attributes.

The distinction in computer programming between classes and objects is related, though in this context, "class" sometimes refers to a set of objects (with class-level attribute or operations) rather than a description of an object in the set, as "type" would.

The distinction is important in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming.

The sentence "they drive the same car" is ambiguous. Do they drive the same type of car (the same model) or the same instance of a car type (a single vehicle)?

A semantic similarity network (SSN) is a special form of semantic network.[1] designed to represent concepts and their semantic similarity. Its main contribution is reducing the complexity of calculating semantic distances.

There is obvious connections between the flow paths of a use case and its test cases. Deriving functional test cases from a use case through its scenarios (running instances of a use case) is straightforward.

With content based upon an action or event flow structure, a model of well-written use cases also serves as an excellent groundwork and valuable guidelines for the design of test cases

Originally he had used the terms usage scenarios and usage case – the latter a direct translation of his Swedish term användningsfall – but found that neither of these terms sounded natural in English, and eventually he settled on use case.

Use cases are not only texts, but also diagrams, if needed.

Title: "goal the use case is trying to satisfy"[23]:101 Main Success Scenario: numbered list of steps[23]:101 Step: "a simple statement of the interaction between the actor and a system"[23]:101 Extensions: separately numbered lists, one per Extension[23]:101 Extension: "a condition that results in different interactions from .. the main success scenario". An extension from main step 3 is numbered 3a, etc.

the phrase use case is a polyseme with two senses

The is-a relationship may also be contrasted with the instance-of relationship between objects (instances) and types (classes): see Type–token distinction.

In autoepistemic logic, which rejects the law of excluded middle, predicates may be true, false, or simply unknown

The precise semantic interpretation of an atomic formula and an atomic sentence will vary from theory to theory.

A predicate whose quantifiers all apply to individual elements, and not to sets or predicates, is called a first-order predicate.

While propositional logic can only express facts, autoepistemic logic can express knowledge and lack of knowledge about facts.

The autoepistemic logic is a formal logic for the representation and reasoning of knowledge about knowledge.

'female' + 'performer' = 'actress'

An individual semantic feature constitutes one component of a word's intention, which is the inherent sense or concept evoked.

The semantic features of a word can be notated using a binary feature notation common to the framework of componential analysis.[11] A semantic property is specified in square brackets and a plus or minus sign indicates the existence or non-existence of that property.

a class is an implementation‍—‌a concrete data structure and collection of subroutines‍—‌while a type is an interface

but narrowly speaking objects have type

In casual use, people often refer to the "class" of an object

Semantic class

semantic fields are constantly flowing into each other

The English word "man" used to mean "human being" exclusively, while today it predominantly means "adult male," but its semantic field still extends in some uses to the generic "human"

Synonymy requires the sharing of a sememe or seme, but the semantic field is a larger area surrounding those.

A general and intuitive description is that words in a semantic field are not necessarily synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon.

A semantic field denotes a segment of reality symbolized by a set of related words. The words in a semantic field share a common semantic property

grouped semantically (by meaning)

Elin K. Jacob found that classification and categorization are different processes

There may only be historical reasons that, for example, the periodic table is called a classification rather than a taxonomy

Taxonomy was first used in biology, but the term has spread to other domains.

Categorization is, for example, mostly used by cognitive psychologists for what other call classification

Synonyms and near-synonyms for the term classification

(linguistics) A term whose meaning is similar, but not identical, to that of another term.

Categorization is sometimes considered synonymous with classification

Categorization is grounded in the features that distinguish the category's members from nonmembers.

Categorization is the human ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type),[1][2] on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria.

place

semantic domain or semantic field

For instance English has a domain ‘Rain’, which includes words such as rain, drizzle, downpour, raindrop, puddle.

For instance, in basketball there are many words that are specific to the sport. Free throw, court, half court, three pointer, and point guard are all terms that are specific to the sport of basketball. These words make very little sense when used outside of the semantic domain of basketball.

In lexicography a semantic domain or semantic field is defined as "an area of meaning and the words used to talk about it

Semantic domains are the foundational concept for initial stages of vernacular dictionary building projects.

This uses techniques such as SIL International's Dictionary Development Process (DDP),[4][5] RapidWords, or software such as WeSay[6] or FLEx. These techniques rely on extensive lists of semantic domains that are relevant to vernacular languages.

Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but properly speaking, only lexicologists who write dictionaries are lexicographers.

Some consider this a distinction of theory vs. practice.

An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words, but primarily in relation with dictionaries – it is concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon

Not to be confused with lexicography.

can you break this, thouugh? like can you override kind_of? but not is_a?

You can override an alias without overriding the aliased function. So yes, you can override kind_of? without overriding is_a?

It just reads better sometimes. Think @honda.kind_of? Car and @person.is_a? Administrator, Ruby's all about the aesthetics.

It's not really about avoiding that association; in many situations only one or the other is correct and you can't substitute willy-nilly

As to why both is_a? and kind_of? exist: I suppose it's part of Ruby's design philosophy. Python would say there should only be one way to do something; Ruby often has synonymous methods so you can use the one that sounds better. It's a matter of preference.

it has more to do with semantics than euphony

A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym.

A hyponym refers to a type. A meronym refers to a part. For example, a hyponym of tree is pine tree or oak tree (a type of tree), but a meronym of tree is bark or leaf (a part of tree).

For example, in the Dyirbal language, the morpheme balam marks each entity in its noun class with the semantic property of edibility,[8] and Burmese encodes the semantic property for the ability to cut or pierce. Encoding the functional property for transportation, housing, and speech are also attested in world languages.

meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning

Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning

those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as a morpheme, word, or sentence,

Every woman talked to a student. This has two interpretations. Under one reading, every woman talked to the same student (the class president, for example), and here the noun phrase a student is specific. Under the second reading, various students were talked to. In this case, a student is non-specific.

a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action

Semantics: deals with the formal properties and interrelation of signs and symbols, without regard to meaning.

any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning. A sign is anything that communicates a meaning, that is not the sign itself, to the interpreter of the sign. The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or taste.

Probation status only applies when the database has both a GRAY record and a BLUE or RED or YELLOW record.

However, if the distinctions between the two concepts appear to be superficial, intentional conflation may be desirable for the sake of conciseness and recall

All bats are animals. Some wooden objects are bats. Therefore, some wooden objects are animals.

Using words with different meanings can help clarify, or can cause real confusion.

often in error

In logic, it is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one, which produces errors or misunderstandings as a fusion of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts

Function (computer science) Function (engineering) Function (mathematics)

Analysis involves reaching a richer and more precise understanding of each requirement and representing sets of requirements in multiple, complementary ways.

Use cases, user stories, functional requirements, and visual analysis models are popular choices for requirements specification.

Requirements Triage or prioritization of requirements is another activity which often follows analysis.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses.

is the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field.

Dictionary writers list polysemes under the same entry; homonyms are defined separately.

Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not.

Totally unnecessary abbreviating that.

"Entourage chart"--does that show the organizational structure of your posse?

Currently, I’m working on designing the interfaces and it’s real fun!

TRAILBLAZER-STORY will follow as it turned out to be inevitable for setting up application state for tests. Instead of fumbling around with factories and traits in your tests, you “tell a story” about what to create in which order, easily customizable, and all written using activities.

definitely less rough to work with than Devise

I’ve been promising for many years and it turned out I couldn’t have fully designed it without the tools we do have now.

Optimization in this case is nothing crazy, just something I neglected while designing the framework.

With all this “monetization” happening around Trailblazer, we will also make sure that all free and paid parts of the project grow adult and maintan an LTS - or long-term support - status. Those are good news to all you users out there having been scared to use gems of this project, not knowing whether or not they’re being maintained, breaking code in the future or making your developers addicted to and then cutting off the supply chain. Trailblazer 2.1 onwards is LTS, and the last 1 ½ years of collaboration have proven that.

Using operations as test factories is a fundamental concept of Trailblazer to remove buggy redundancy in tests and manual factories.

It is absolutely advisable to use factory in combination with let. let(:song) { factory( Song::Create, { title: "Timebomb", band: "Rancid" } ) }

You should always use operations as factories in tests.

There are several helpers to deal with operation tests and operations used as factories.

Pluggability uses the Loggability library. Just set the log level to 'debug' and it'll explain what's going on:

For pluggability, an endpoint is split into a Protocol and an Adapter part. This separates generic logic from environment-dependent code.

Note how a handful of default steps lead into six standardized termini, allowing to plug protocols into different adapters. Imagine replacing your self-written API adapter with a canonical JSON-API adapter, for example.

Most “legacy” operations don’t have this output, yet. However, the Model() macro now supports this terminus.

Alternatively, you could add a decider step after your domain activity that connects to the not_found terminus if ctx[:model] is empty.

This could be an operation, a workflow, or hand-baked Ruby code completely unrelated to Trailblazer.

endpoint Diagram::Operation::Create do |ctx, **| redirect_to diagram_path(ctx[:diagram].id) end.Or do |ctx, **| render :form end

I don't know where the positive reviews come from, but I can't drive one lap... It doesn't work on Steam Link and on my PC the controls don't work. Too bad, it looks promising.

The positive reviews are trolls. This game is shovelware.The controls are floaty and finicky and there's a lack of tracks and karts.

It’s a visual novel, there’s a dialogue box with a nameplate on to indicate who is talking, why the hell do we need the constant ‘she ordered’, ‘he says’, ‘he exclaims’ etc? The box already identifies the speaker. The art is supposed to convey the emotion, the authority or surprise etc. What we have here is a novel where the various parts that make it a visual novel don’t work in tandem with each other, which is the ultimate sin for a visual novel in my opinion. That could be salvaged by storytelling, and indeed, there’s an interesting, if basic sci-fi story here, but the method of telling it is far too amateur, breaking every rule in the rulebook of storytelling, including telling rather than showing. One to avoid.

This is yet another one of the sad, sad list of excellent games that Asmodee contracted someone to digitize for the least amount of money possible, and it shows. It's a pity, because they're excellent games, but if you don't have the patience for them, it's infuriating to go through all those hoops. Any user doing a QA session for 10 minutes would have told them most of these.

Requires a lot of patience, which I don't have. Also, progress is not saved, there is no way to select levels, which is unacceptable.

click the images below

At least half of the reviews are fake, probably alt accounts by the creator or his friends (notice how they are all from Brazil and they have "played" for tons of hours but haven't even earned a single achievement...) This game will take you one or two hours at most to finish and the levels aren't "increasingly challenging" as stated in the description because you'll find that often the levels get easier as you progress and many levels just feel like "fillers" to artificially inflate the level count. Overall it's not a bad game and it's pretty cheap but I cannot recommend it due to the fake reviews which shows the creator's lack of integrity.

antiphrasis, which refers to the usually ironic or humorous use of words in senses opposite to the generally accepted meanings, such as in a phrase like "an ancient creature 2 days old."

Just? The meaning of the word is the reason we used the word.

It means "You're about to talk about words, but words don't matter."

Antonyms for arbitrary methodical (also methodic), nonrandom, orderly, organized, regular, systematic, systematized

the beginning of qbittorrent.desktop is:

if i command xdg-mime query default x-scheme-handler/magnet i get qbittorrent.desktop result.

sudo mkdir -p /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/ && echo '{ "URLWhitelist": ["magnet://*"] }' |sudo tee /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/whitelist.json

#!/usr/bin/env ruby txmt_param = ARGV[0] txmt_path = txmt_param.match("%2F.*&").to_s txmt_path = txmt_path [0...-1] txmt_path_slashed = txmt_path.gsub("%2F","/") txmt_line = txmt_param.match("&line=.*").to_s txmt_line = txmt_line [6..txmt_line.length] vim_params = Array.new vim_params = "--remote-tab-silent" vim_params << " +#{txmt_line}" if txmt_line vim_params << " #{txmt_path_slashed}"

It does this by creating links to specially crafted URLs using custom schemes (ie. "txmt", "subl", "mvim"). I prefer to use standard CLI vim in iTerm.