Understanding the Passage:

From the description, what kind of a man is Passepartout? [Infer character trait]

Good to have bounty on your own head

PSI "situation image"

Understanding the Passage:

What impact does the description of her hair in the wind has on mood of the setting? (Identify language use)

As I read this, a thought popped up in my head that Montessori techniques and tools such as the Spindle Box would be really effective in this area.

This one of many dirty jokes in the story and Bottom head being turned to a donkey which makes him an ass head in the eyes of others. Oberon want to make Titania suffer, and he sees to do this by having Titania fall heavenly in love with something hideous.

Here we see Demetrius making the reference to cuckolds, implying that the Moonshine actor is one. This, besides being a joke to the audience, also demonstrates Shakespeare's wit by having Demetrius play off Theseus's statement about the "horned moon".

There is a lot of jokes that go into his name being "Bottom" as well as having the head of an ass. Not only is he the butt of many of Shakespeare's jokes, but he is blatantly unaware of the irony or humor in his own jokes. In this quote he is observing that his friends are running away from him after observing that he now has the head of an ass. He comments, suggesting that they are only doing so to "make an ass" out of him/making fun of him, while he doesn't notice his own transformation and their fear. This naïve mentality is maintained for his entirety of having the head of an ass, especially when he believes Titania is truly in love with him.

This remark by Oberon could be seen as another example of Shakespeare demeaning the lower class, as Oberon suggest that Titania will fall for some beastly animal. When Titania falls in love with Bottom, it could be argued that this is implying that Bottom is the Beast and with his donkey head, he certainly looks the part. The parallel of Bottom to an animal places him in an inferior position and mocks the less sophisticated nature of the rustics.

Demetrius's line mocks the intelligence of these rustics by calling them asses, the very same reason Puck gave Bottom the head of an ass, to indicate his foolishness. The comparison of the workingmen to animals also reflects their perceived inferiority, as on the Ladder of Intelligence, animals are placed beneath humans in the same way that these rich people view themselves as above the rustics.

These photos are so powerful, they really help me wrap my head around the current situations Natives face on reservations. There is such a contrast between the beauty of the pride and deep routed history that these photos portray, and the poverty, loss and suffering they show. I really liked the image of the two photographs in one frame. I also really appreciated the image of the man on the horse in the basketball court; it really brings together the past and present.

This also doesn't seem fair; they are allowing themselves to infringe in the little land tribes have, and then offering a small sum of money as if that makes up for it

So interesting that the US assistance was based on the fact if the land was being farmed and the soil bein used to grow crops.

Virginia is using "an avalanche of opinion" to describe the amount of opnions about women, which she says "are as discolored as dishwater": murky and false

I believe this shows the struggles for finding the real truth for women. Women only seem to get hit with negative opinions, and disadvantages. Caving into the reality that it is near impossible to receive the truth without negativity

Reviewer #3:

The manuscript by Dr. Vlachos group has demonstrated many important features as well as mechanisms of RA-induced synaptic plasticity. For example, they demonstrated that RA-induced plasticity happens in human neurons as well as in rodent neurons in vivo; discovery that synapodin as a critical mediator of RA plasticity as well as RA effect on the size of spine head, synaptopodin cluster and spine apparatus. Moreover, the effect of RA on in vivo LTP plasticity is very interesting. The data looks solid and supports the authors' conclusions.

However the manuscript can be significantly improved by discussion of their results, in the context with literature data as well as explaining the possible mechanism of their results.

1) RA effect on AMPAR upregulation has been reported to not share the same SNARE mechanisms as electrical LTP (Synt1/7 independent vs dependent). How does RA have the extra effect on the LTP amplitude? Moreover, RA plasticity is recognized as a form of homeostatic synaptic plasticity, i.e., the effect takes hours to develop as shown by the authors of RA incubation of many hours in their experiment on human neurons. How does this compare with their RA manipulations in LTP exp (Is TA injected shortly before LTP stimulus? What do the author think that LTP stimulus does to RA signaling?)?

What about metaplasticity involves RA? any connections to the present study?

2) The authors conclude that RA have effects on spines with or without spine apparatus, however, the authors' data suggest that RA-plasticity is blocked when spine apparatus is eliminated (with synaptopodin KO). Moreover, there is significant overlap of spine size for spines with or without spine apparatus... How do the authors interpret their results here? Is spine apparatus dynamic? can floating between spines quickly? Any literature on this? The authors need to discuss more on the possible ways, with supporting literature data, of how this spine apparatus can affect RA function.

In short, a discussion of the above points will add significance to the study.

The repetition of this opening has always felt like loop de loops to me, or like a basic sine wave--movement that returns (home?, for the reader at least). Hopefully, this ties in with the isomorphism talk in other annotations. Does the repetition of the early morning indicate simultaneity or new days? It's getting caught between these temporalities that leads me to thinking about a waveform. I think about how sound waves could keep a constant pitch but still be moving. It helps me begin to conceptualize how harmonious Césaire's paradoxes and ironies are here.

There is too something here relating to jazz, the way so much variety can happen in a song before returning to the head/melody of the piece. Reading Notes feels much like a jazz tune to me in this way, where we can get pretty far out, and yet return to the comfort of the same melody, only it sounds a bit different this time with all that's come before. In the spirit of thinking of relevant post-production sources, I think we could think about the kind of sampling that is done in hip hop as well. And maybe the kind of expansive take of/on sampling done by Weheliye's Phonographies.

Excited to hear others' thoughts on this!

Seems like the purge to me. periodt

Vestibular-ocular reflex

the ocean's are dying trying to keep the earth cool. what happens to the oceans if we dont change? what happens to earth once the oceans are destroyed?

The war slowly gets worse, to the point that Saeed's mother gets killed while doing an ordinary action in her own private house.

Tension: Who is Hassan? Why did Hassan come to the narrator's mind immediately after seeing the kite?

Author's technique: Hooks the audience by making them wonder about who Hassan is, how he is related to the narrator and why he is remembered by the narrator all of a sudden? These are some questions that the author wants his readers to think about while they progress through the next chapters.

I know that this maybe something that was supposed to make me feel sympathy for Claudio's broken heart but the only thing that went through my head is "this is what you get for not communicating with your wife to be and taking the word of people who didn't know what they were talking about" The shaming of Hero could've been avoided if people had just talked to one another! It's like this is the comedy version of Othello.

Even as Benedick says that they are both too smart to fall into the trappings of a traditional courtship, Beatrice turns this on it's head, stating that anyone who says they are wise is not. Rather, she is saying that truthfully, neither will attempt to court each other in a normal manner because they are both too prideful and foolish to allow themselves to fall in love and admit their attractions.

Don Pedro seems to think that even the wildest men will eventually settle down and decide to get married. Benedick disagrees very strongly and refuses to believe Don Pedro, mocking his saying. He rationalizes that a"sensible" Benedick is a person much too intelligent to fall into the irrational ways of love. He imagines a scene with a bull's horns on his head, reflective of how cuckolds (men whose wives have committed adultery) looked in the Renaissance, suggesting that he thinks whatever woman he would marry would surely cheat on him.

She has a strange sense of humor. I think that's what she is trying to do humor him. I like the religious tones of this joke.

Reviewer #2:

This is a longitudinal aging study of the physiological changes in a specific Drosophila neural circuit that participates in flight and escape responses. To date there have been few examples of longitudinal aging studies looking at the vulnerability or resilience of neurophysiology at the resolution presented in this study. The analyses have revealed different trajectories for individual neural components of the studied behaviors during aging. The study also reveals different sensitivities of neural components to stressors that are known to alter lifespan (temperature, oxidative stress). The study is well-written and the experiments are performed at a high level. A concern is that the study is highly descriptive and provides very little mechanism to explain the differences in the vulnerability or resilience of neural functions observed. In addition, the authors present little evidence other than lifespan to support their interpretation of the effects of the experimental conditions at the cellular level.

Major Critiques:

1) Overall, the study is highly descriptive and there is a lack of experiments aimed at understanding the cellular effects of aging on neural function.

2) There is a lack of supporting data or discussion about the expected cellular mechanisms of the high temperature manipulations or SOD mutants. While it is true that both of these manipulations shorten lifespan, their relationship in the natural process of aging remains controversial. The ability to extend the resilience of the neural components studied by a manipulation that extends lifespan would be very supportive (i.e. diet, insulin signaling mutants).

3) The data from the current study demonstrates that the major effect of SOD mutants on neural function and mortality exists in newly eclosed animals suggesting significant issues during development in SOD mutants. This complicates the comparison of this condition to the other conditions or even considering it a manipulation of aging. The authors should also consider showing that the effects on neural function by SOD mutants is mimicked by other conditions that alter ROS more acutely such as paraquat exposure or test mutations in insulin signaling (i.e. chico) which have been shown to increase antioxidant expression.

4) The authors contend that the changes in neural function, particularly in regards to seizure susceptibility, provide indices for age progression. It is unclear to this author how these neural functions described in this study, including the appearance of seizures, contribute to lifespan of the flies. One could imagine that changes in flight distance or escape response could contribute to lifespan in the wild, but do changes in flight, jump response, or seizure susceptibility have any bearing on the lifespan of flies in vials? Why would seizure susceptibility be predictive of mortality? In addition, the assays presented here utilize experimental conditions (intense whole head stimulation) that are seemingly non-physiological so it is unclear what the declines represent in a normal aging fly. The authors need to discuss this.

5) There are no experiments aimed at understanding the cellular or molecular nature of the functional declines presented.

very interesting to see the differences between the Egyptian sphinx and greek Sphinx. Egyptian sphinx has a head usually of the pharaoh but greek sphinx has a breast and head of a women. However they are both a symbol of protection if I'm not mistaken. Very interesting to see that Egyptian myths and greek myths are somehow intertwined (it's like seeing an Easter egg in a game lol)

This seriously reminds me of colonization. I guess it makes sense that there were people around before that were considered the "original settlements/ indigenous" and then there were "foreigners" that came and invaded. Therefore, I guess both of them partook in creating a settlement, and thats why the origins of cities may have two foundation stories.

she's acting a little flirty on purpose hoping that Winterbourne agrees with her

i like how descriptive it is, i can almost imagine how the hotel looks in my head.

final resign

This doesn't surprise me didn't get it with the useless movements. I would like though he would do the same exact thing as before, run around it put his head down and lift up. For humans, i think it would be known that i opened it by hitting the latch on accident let me try hitting the latch again. I think this comes down to common intelligence maybe.

Interesting never heard of thing!

In what way is this compatible with the mandate of a "neutral" testing environment???

The view of teaching as transmission is seen as “the act of transmitting knowledge from Point A (teacher’s head) to Point B (students’ heads).” Within this teacher-centred approach the instructor is the “dispenser of knowledge, the arbitrator of truth, and the final evaluator of learning” (Johnson, 2010, p.1).

The intermittent packet approach makes you more resilient towards interruptions

Because you're not loading an entire project in your mind at once, you're not losing as much context when you get interrupted.

With this study, Munsterberg did what in our times is known as The Monkey Business Illusion where some kids play with a basketball, a person dressed in a gorilla suit crosses behind them but the viewer does not notice because we have been told to keep an eye on the ball. The instruction to concentrate on part of the video produces inattentional blindness. Munsterberg was experimenting with that phenomenon.

This shows that a lot of upper class Romans were very Italy centric and even viewed non-Italian Roman citizens as essentially barbarians.

This whole story is crazy! So are they saying "pierce-head" is the devil they are scared of?

This description is very evocative of religious ecstasy, but its subject is the girl. I feel Joyce often uses this device: flipping religious devotion on its head by making it secular

Joyce does some very interesting things with sentence structure here and in general. In this case, the alternation of staccato and longer sentences creates a rhythmic feeling to the reading process. His use of fragmented sentences, as well, also seems ripe for analysis. I wonder, in this story, if there is a relationship between the appearance of sentence fragments and the narrators emotional distress.

This bit of "Christmas" sticks out. Like he's trying, perhaps even pathetically, to hold on to some positive notion of his own christianity.

"Even as he raised his large trembling hand to his nose little clouds of smoke dribbled through his fingers over the front of his coat." The descriptions of Father James make him stand out in my mind as some sort of big ugly dragon slug--covetous of his esoteric knowledge--Who looms over the story and the young man as a larger than life figure--"his massive face"--"huge hands". The way he nods "his head twice or thrice", or how "When he smiled he used to uncover his big discoloured teeth and let his tongue lie upon his lower lip", or the fact that the young man knows that if he were still alive, he would be in the back of the shop near the fire place, as if everything the Father is and does was wrought from some inhuman fundament.

What exactly does James know that everyone else does not? He knows the mysteries of the church and also, knows his death is coming. This makes him a mystical figure, and his actions are now construed with different meaning. In this context, his words do not reflect his life so much as glimpsing the world to come. If he was aware of his impending demise, what does he say and do that no other character does?

1

In the Golden Age Of Spanish theater the volume of plays is amazing. Crash Course stated that there were around 30,000 plays. To have Life is a Dream stand out so reflects the true beauty of the play. I found the theme most interesting in that it had a number of sup plots that kept it interesting. the ending had a nice mix of 'happy ending' and the over throw of the existing rule. I would like to explore whether there are parallels with a Greek play. Jerry B

I wonder whether or not humans offload cognitive tasks to their bodies / through somatic memory

I would be careful quoting at length or stringing together quotations: you may lose control/ownership over this draft.

🎉

In my opinion, directly calling them out is the best way to get the justice. When facing a situation like this head on, people feel more pressure to change.

So they thought the person best suited to handle Indian Affairs was a man who was in charge of the incarceration an entire race in the US?

Reviewer #3:

This work provides a computational model to explain the change of grid cell firing field structure due to changes in environmental features. It starts from a framework in which self-motion information and those related to external sensory cues are integrated for position estimation. To implement this theoretical modeling framework, it examines grid cell firing as a position estimate, which is derived from place cell firing representing sensory inputs and noisy, self-motion inputs. Then, it adapts this model to explain experimental findings in which the environment partially changed. For example, the rescaling of an environment leads to a disruption of this estimation because the sensory cue and self-motion information misalign. Accordingly, the model describes mechanisms through which the grid cell position estimate is updated when self-motion and hippocampal sensory inputs misalign in this situation. The work also suggests that coordinated replay between hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells provide means to realign the sensory and self-motion cues for accurate position prediction. Probably the strongest achievement of this work is that it developed a biology-based Bayesian inference approach to optimally use both sensory and self-motion information for accurate position estimation. Accordingly, these findings could be useful in related machine learning fields.

Major comment:

The work seems to provide a significant advance in computational neuroscience with possible implications to machine learning using brain-derived principles. The major weakness, however, is that it is not written in a way that the majority of neuroscientists (who do not work in this immediate computational field) could benefit from. It often does not explain why/how it came to some conclusions or what those conclusions actually mean - for example, right in the introduction, "This process can also be viewed as an embedding of sensory experience within a low-dimensional manifold (in this case, 2D space), as observed of place cells during sleep". It also does not provide a sufficiently detailed qualitative explanation of the mathematical formulations or what the model actually does at a given condition. So my recommendation would be to carefully rewrite the work to make it readable for a wider audience. I also fear that the work also assumes significant a priori neuroscience information, so people in machine learning fields would not benefit from this work in its current form either.

It is not clear why place cell input was chosen as sensory input. Place cells also alter their firing with geometry, sensory and contextual changes. Although grid cells require place cell input, place cell firing represents more than just sensory inputs. In fact, they may be more sensitive to non-sensory behavioral, contextual changes than grid cells. Moreover, like grid cells, they are sensitive to self-motion inputs, e.g., speed-sensitivity and, at least in virtual environments, head-direction sensitivity. This point would deserve a detailed discussion.

Women are also dying in wars, but often forgotten

Othello is very passionate about his relationship with Desdemona. He may not show it (Except for here), but he is truly in love with Desdemona. Will anything ever split the two apart?

They are getting the signal"/alarm" to head into dinner.

I think as teachers we need to be reflective and understand that we are lifelong learners as well. In order to best serve the kids in front of us we need to reflect on our practice constantly.

This is one of my favorite things about history classes, personally I find it really easy and helpful even to imagine myself as the people I learn about. It's much easier to sit through lectures when you feel like you're in a magic treehouse book.

This bit in the short story ties into our metaphoric journal entry in my eyes. With every part of the "elephant" that was touched, was a different experience for the villagers. One may experience a similar or even exact situation in life, such as the death of a mother, but one does not experience/express hiss emotions or feelings the same as the next.

Again, the author takes something so foreign and unorthodox and makes it relatable today. Our ability to form connections and our selfish natures allow us to internalize even the most wild passages and absorb them like a meal into the zeitgeist of us. Perhaps we're all grasping at different parts of the same animal, speculating incorrectly at the part thinking it's the whole with know way of knowing better.

Psalm 27 verse 4 - 6

Is there any evidence that Wright was thinking about all that? What other choices and refinements has Wright designed into this chair and why do you think they are there?

This story was a good opening, it has me engaged with what he wants to say. Also, disgusted but this is a clear example of a hate crime.

lol

Summary: Didychuk et al. report crystal and cryo-EM structures of the ORF68 protein from KSHV/HHV-8, plus the cryo-EM structure of its homologue BFLF1 from EBV/HHV-4. These structures, along with biochemical data presented in this paper and the group's previous work, demonstrate convincingly that ORF68 is a DNA-binding protein involved in genome packaging. Importantly, the authors show that the conserved cysteine residues in ORF68 mediate zinc ligation, suggesting that they play a structural role rather than a role in intracellular disulfide bond regulation (as had been hypothesised for the HSV-1/HHV-1 homologue pUL32). The work is methodologically sound and provides a structural framework for probing the function of ORF68 and homologues in virus assembly.

Reviewer #1:

The genome packaging machinery of herpesviruses is composed of 6 proteins. The functions of 5 of these have been relatively well characterized, but little is known about the 6th component, the conserved protein termed ORF68 in KSHV. Here, by obtaining a high-resolution structure of ORF68 (and its homolog from a closely related EBV), authors show that it forms a pentameric ring with a positively charged pore that could accommodate dsDNA. Authors further show that the basic residues lining the pore are essential for DNA binding, genome packaging, and viral replication. These data for the first time suggest that ORF68 binds the dsDNA genome and may, in some manner, act as an adaptor bringing the genome and the genome-packaging terminase motor to the capsid portal. Structural analysis suggests that all ORF68 homologs share similar architecture, providing templates for the future mechanistic exploration. The study is well executed, and the manuscript was a pleasure to read. The concerns are minor except for the following.

The functional importance of basic residues lining the pore leaves little doubt that some sort of a quaternary structure with a pore that would accommodate dsDNA is formed in vivo. However, the authors do not formally show that the pentameric assembly observed in vitro is functionally relevant nor consider the possibility that a functionally relevant assembly could be something other than a pentamer. If ORF68 acts as an adaptor that tethers the hexameric terminase motor to the dodecameric capsid portal, it could very well be a hexamer. In principle, it could even form a spiral rather than a ring. Understandably, obtaining additional structures may be beyond the scope of this manuscript whereas mutagenesis of the pentameric interface would not rule out hexamers (pentameric and hexameric interfaces may be quite similar). Nonetheless, the authors could, at least, acknowledge the possibility of alternative oligomeric states.

Reviewer #2:

Didychuk et al. report crystal and cryo-EM structures of the ORF68 protein from KSHV/HHV-8, plus the cryo-EM structure of its homologue BFLF1 from EBV/HHV-4. These structures, along with biochemical data presented in this paper and the group's previous work, demonstrate convincingly that ORF68 is a DNA-binding protein involved in genome packaging. Importantly, the authors show that the conserved cysteine residues in ORF68 mediate zinc ligation, suggesting that they play a structural role rather than a role in intracellular disulfide bond regulation (as had been hypothesised for the HSV-1/HHV-1 homologue pUL32). The work is methodologically sound and provides a structural framework for probing the function of ORF68 and homologues in virus assembly.

Limitations of the study are that it does not identify any specific interactions with other members of the terminase/packaging complex, so the exact role of ORF68 and homologues remains enigmatic. However, several compelling hypotheses are presented in Figure 6 and this work will undoubtedly stimulate further investigations to unravel the precise function of ORF68.

Substantive issues:

1) The authors assert that ORF68, BFLF1 and UL32 all form pentamers, and that this is the active form of these proteins. While this is supported by the EM analysis of ORF68 and UL32, the assertion that BFLF1 is also most likely active as a pentamer (lines 166-7) is not supported by data. Ideally the authors would use analytical ultracentrifugation or MALS to define the oligomeric state of the particles in solution, but analytical size exclusion chromatography would be sufficient to confirm that ORF68, BFLF1 and UL32 all form similarly sized particles in solution.

2) The structural work presented in this manuscript show compellingly that ORF68 and BFLF1 share the same fold, and sequence conservation suggests that this fold will be conserved across alpha- and beta-herpesvirus homologues, UL32 and UL52 (respectively). However, building a homology model of UL32 and UL52 using ORF68 as a template structure does not provide additional support to this hypothesis - by definition a homology model will always look similar to its template structure. Figures 3(c,d) and discussion of the homology models should be removed in favour of a discussion of sequence conservation (Figure S4).

3) The authors use EMSAs to probe the affinity ORF68 for 'cognate' (GC-rich) or scrambled DNA. While the similar binding affinity can be easily seen, the estimated dissociation constant (Kd) is likely significantly wrong because the Langmuir-Hill equation used by the authors does not take into account ligand depletion and the assumption that the [ORF68]total equals [ORF68]free is not valid when using nM concentrations of both fluorescent DNA probe and ORF68. The authors should either quote the effective binding affinity in their assay (EC50) or fit their data to a model that takes into account ligand depletion.

Reviewer #3:

This paper by Didychuk et al. focused on determining the structure and possible functions of the proteins encoded by the KSHV (orf68) and EBV (BFLF1) that are required for genome packaging. The cleavage and packaging of herpesvirus genomes involves a number of viral proteins. These homologous proteins form pentameric rings with channels that bind dsDNA. The authors present a number of structural and biochemical studies focused on determining the role of these proteins in the cleavage and packaging of the herpesvirus genomes. The work answers questions of significance regarding the novel biochemical activities of ORF68 protein and several models are proposed on how these proteins may function in the packaging of the herpesvirus genomes. The paper is well written, very concisely presented considering the large amount of data, and will be important to those studying DNA packaging of herpesviruses as well as other DNA viruses. Although there are a large number of experiments they all contribute to a very extensive analysis of this very interesting protein whose role in DNA packaging has been unknown.

Specific Points:

1) p. 18. Lines 335-339. The authors might want to point out that HSV-1 DNA replication produces branched, head-to-tail concatemers of viral genomes that must be cleaved and packaged into capsids as individual, unit-length monomers. PFGE studies have shown that in HSV infected cells the replicated viral genome produces concatemers that are cleaved only at the UL-end of the viral genome (PMID: 9222355). A number of studies with HSV mutants indicated that all of the cleavage packaging proteins (except UL25) along with capsid proteins are required for this initial cleavage reaction. Also the portal protein has been shown to interact with replicating HSV genomes and the role of UL32 and its homologs may facilitate the first cleavage as part complex (PMID: 28095497). Also of interest, these studies (iPOND/aniPOND) did not detect a DNA interaction of UL32.

2) Discussion: In contrast to the KSHV and HSV proteins the EBV BFLF1 protein forms a decameric ring. What might be the significance of this and why would this not be the case for the other two proteins?

Question for Trump about the time the vaccine is released

what was left in the will

Hitting women is very frowned upon in religion. It’s something that we must not do if we wish to be followers of God.

Satire saying Obama has never held a meeting as head of an organzation.

While this appeals to many, it’s a tactic that implores you to use your head to make logical decisions. In order to truly persuade, influence, and engage an audience you need to win both heads and hearts.

By 2018 this was viable because of the Web 2.0. Web 2.0 provided an era of the internet that offered user-generated content and the gig economy. User-generated content is content that users produce and post on social media platforms that emphasizes the idea of users coming together and interacting. The gig economy is technology-enabled work where individuals are paid per gig and tend to have some freedom over their work. An example of a worker in the gig economy is a YouTuber. In this passage, the gig economy makes it possible for YouTubers to create their own businesses and user-generated content helps users create connections and interactions with others.

Being a depressed kid alone in your room is not what it used to be because of the internet. In this day and age, the internet provides individuals with unlimited access to cyberspace where they are able to log on, escape, and be whoever they want to be. Cyberspace is an imagined space provided by the internet that is separate from our physical bodies. Cyberspace gives users the ability to explore their identities in various forms and ways, as demonstrated by Antonio Garza. Garza shares her experiences with different feelings and identities with her followers and takes on this persona where she can be completely herself. She makes a comment about how the things she posts online would never be said to people in her real offline life, however she has no issue sharing these things with her online following. This is largely due to the fact that users feel like cyberspace is different from real life. It feels like a separate place; a better place where identity can be explored freely without judgement. Cyberspace has become a way to help users cope with stressful events going on in their lives. Of course, there is speculation about the extent to which this is true, so this article touches more on how cyberspace can make a depressed kid alone in their room feel a little better. https://www.verywellfamily.com/benefits-of-social-media-4067431

Reference:

Gordon, S. (2020, May 4). Why social media is more than a vehicle for cyberbullying with teens. VeryWellFamily. https://www.verywellfamily.com/benefits-of-social-media-4067431

The chattel principle is still visible here. There is always a price on the head of a slave, even when not under the order of a master.

You specifed that he was black at least twice . . . was there anyone else in the "mutineers" black or did you specify this for a purpose?

Can't breath and feeling oppressed -- bad combination.

this is a topic I would like to research as to how the WNIA indoctrinated or attempted to at least Native peoples homes and reinforcing gender roles for my I search paper.

This is heartbreaking to read and is just more horrid when you think it was one of many incidents that these kids had to endure

"carry the plant out into the light" the white savior mentality

as if they had any interest in herding cattle and or eating beef.

The luring of Connie out of the safety of her home is a direct reference to the Pied Piper and his almost mystical ability to lure the victims to their death.

I think it's interesting how Oates sets up there to be more tension than in the True Crime piece regarding Alleen and her family situation. I don't have my True Crime book on me at the moment, but I don't remember there being any mention of Alleen's father, and I think it was implied that he wasn't around. Also, I remember Alleen's mother not liking Schmid, but I don't remember Alleen wishing her mother "was dead."

wow! The war on COFFEE was similar to the war on DRUGS

that would definitely wake you up more than a coffee

some child care programs are simply unreliable

Kant

i grow tired of the author bellyaching about big addresses being hard. the switch from . separated to colon separated at least has some grounds for head scratching, but the complaints about long addresses, about long rDNS? please. it's not the prettiest, yes. but it doesn't strike me as bad, or a nightmare. there's critiques on ipv6, but this aint it. this is small.

Inside the hidden .git folder, you may find:

1. The current state of HEAD:

$ cat .git/HEAD ref: refs/heads/master

1. Potentially a description of your repo:

$ cat .git/description

the "voice" in your head telling you not to do something or making you feel guilty could just be a seperate neurological process that counteracts the first one

This shows that many people goes through many things and there are some things that can't be understood by someone who has not experienced the same thing.

Yes, absolutely -- you've hit the nail on the head. So, you don't read any given text for a single ideological message, but for how it blends and weaves together multiple ideologies, social configurations, and modes of production.

Example annotation

Reviewer #3:

This manuscript reports results from an eye tracking study of humans walking in natural terrain. These eye movements together with images simultaneously obtained by a head-fixed camera are used to calculate optic flow fields as seen by the retina and as seen by the head-fixed camera. Next, the structure of these flow fields is described. It is noted that this structure is somewhat stable in the retinal image, due to compensatory gaze stabilisation reflexes, but varies wildly in the head-centric image. Then, the authors estimate the focus of expansion in the head-centric flow and argue that it cannot be used for locomotor control, because it also varies wildly during walking. In a second, more theoretical section of the manuscript, they calculate retinal flow for a movement over an artificial ground plane, given the locomotor and eye movements recorded previously. They describe the structure of the retinal flow and compute the distribution of curl and divergence across the retina as well as in a projection onto the ground plane. They argue that curl around the fovea and the location of the maximum of divergence can be used to estimate the direction of walking relative to the direction of gaze and in relation to the ground plane.

I really like the experimental part of the study. However, I see fundamental issues in the theoretical part, in the general framing of the presentation, and in misrepresentations of previous literature.

The simultaneous measurement of head-centric image and gaze with sufficient temporal resolution to calculate retinal flow during natural walking provides a beautiful demonstration of retinal flow fields, and confirms many known aspects of retinal flow. The calculation of head-centric flow from the head camera images provides a compelling, though not unexpected, demonstration that the FOE in head-centric flow is not useful for locomotor control. It is not unexpected since one of the most well-known issues in optic flow is that the FoE is destroyed when self-motion contains rotational components (Regan and Beverley, 1982, Warren and Hannon, 1990, Lappe et al. 1999). Although this is often presented as an issue of eye movements in retinal flow, it applies to all rotations and combinations of rotations that exist on top of any translational motion of the observer. Thus, the oscillatory bounce and sway motion of the head during walking is expected to render any use of the FOE in a head-centric image futile.

Yet, the first part of the manuscript is very much framed as a critique of the idea of a stable FoE in head-centric flow, presuming that this is what previous researchers commonly believed. This argument contains a logical fallacy. Previous research argued that there is no FoE in retinal flow because of eye rotations (e.g. Warren and Hannon, 1990). This does not predict, inversely, that there is an FoE in head-centric flow. In fact, it does not provide any prediction on head-centric flow. The authors often suggest that a stable FoE in head-centric flow is tacitly implied, commonly believed, etc without providing reference. In fact, the only paper I know that specifically proposed a head-centric representation of heading is by van den Berg and Beintema (1997).

Instead, the fundamental problem of heading perception is to estimate self-motion from retinal flow when the self-motion that generates retinal flow combines all kinds of translations and rotations. The present study shows, consistent with much of the prior literature, that the patterns of retinal flow are sufficiently stable and informative to obtain the direction of one's travel in a retinal frame of reference, and, via projection, with respect to the ground plane. This is due to the stabilising gaze reflexes that keep motion small near the fovea and produce (in case of a ground plane) a spiralling pattern of retinal flow. This is well known from theoretical and lab studies (e.g. Warren and Hannon, 1990, Lappe et al., 1998, Niemann et al., 1999, Lappe et al. 1999) and, to repeat, beautifully shown for the natural situation in the present data. The presentation should link back to this work rather than trying to shoot down purported mechanisms that are obviously invalid.

The second part of the manuscript presents a theoretical analysis of the retinal flow for locomotion across a ground plane under gaze stabilisation. This has two components: (a) the structure of the retinal flow and the utility of gaze stabilisation, and (b) ways to recover information about self-motion from the retinal flow. Both aspects have a long history of research that is neglected in the present manuscript. The essential circular structure of the retinal flow during gaze stabilisation is long known (Warren and Hannon, 1990, van den Berg, 1996, Lappe et al., 1998, Lappe et al. 1999). Detailed analyses of the statistical structure of retinal flow during gaze stabilisation have shown the impact and utility of gaze stabilisation (Calow et al., 2004; Calow and Lappe, 2007; Roth and Black, 2007) and provided links to properties of neurons in the visual system (Calow and Lappe, 2008). These studies included simulated motions of the head during walking, as in the current manuscript, and extended to natural scenes other than a simple ground plane.

Given the structure of the retinal flow during gaze stabilisation the central question is how to recover information about self-motion from it. The authors investigate a proposal originally made by Koenderink and van Doorn (1976; 1984) that relies on estimates of curl and divergence in the visual field. They propose that locomotor heading may be determined directly in retinotopic coordinates (l. 314). This is true, but it fails to mention that other models of heading perception during gaze stabilisation similarly determine heading in retinotopic coordinates (e.g. Lappe and Rauschecker, 1993; Perrone and Stone, 1994; Royden, 1997). In fact, as outlined above, the mathematical problem of self-motion estimation is typically presented in retinal (or camera) coordinates (e.g. Longuet-Higgins and Prazdny, 1980). The problem with the divergence model in comparison to the other models above is threefold. First, it really only works for a plane, not in other environments. Second, it requires a local estimate of divergence at each position in the visual field. The alternative models above combine information across the visual field and are therefore much more robust against noise in the flow. One would need to see whether the estimate of the divergence distribution is sufficient to work with the natural flow fields. Third, being a local measure it requires a dense flow field while heading estimation from retinal flow is known to work with sparse flow fields (Warren and Hannon, 1990). Thus, the theoretical part of the manuscript should either provide proof that the maximum of divergence is superior to these other models or broaden the view to include these models as possibilities to estimate self motion from retinal flow.

The case is similar for the use of curl. It is true that the rotational or spiral pattern around the fovea in retinal flow provides information about the direction of self motion with respect to the direction of gaze, as has been noted many times before. This structure is used by many models of heading estimation. However, curl is, like divergence, a local property and thus not as robust as models that use the entire flow field. It may be interesting to note that neurons in optic flow responsive areas of the monkey brain can pick up this rotational pattern and respond to it in consistency with their preference for self-motion across a plane (Bremmer et al., 2010; Kaminiarz et al. 2014).

I think what the authors may want to draw more attention to is the dynamics of the retinal flow and the associated self-motion in retinal (or plane projection) coordinates. The movies provide compelling illustrations of how the direction of heading (or the divergence maximum, if you want to focus on that) sways back and forth on the retina and on the plane with each step. This requires that the analysis of retinal flow (and the estimation of self-motion) has to be fast and dynamic, or maybe should include some form of temporal prediction or filtering. Work on the dynamics of retinal flow perception has indeed shown that heading estimation can work with very brief flow fields (Bremmer et al. 2017), that the brain focuses on instantaneous flow fields (Paolini et al. 2000) and that short presentations sometime provide better heading estimates than long presentations (Grigo and Lappe, 1999). The temporal dynamics of retinal flow is an underappreciated problem that could be more in the focus of the present study.

Additional specific comments:

Footnote on page 2: It is not only VOR but also OKN (Lappe et al., 1998, Niemann et al., 1999) that stabilises gaze in optic flow fields.

Line 55: Natural translation and acceleration patterns of the head have been considered by (Cutting et al., 1992; Palmisano et al. 2000; Calow and Lappe, 2007, 2008; Bossard et al., 2016)

Line 59: The statement is misleading that the key assumption behind work on the rotation problem is that the removal of the rotational component of flow will return a translational flow field with a stable FoE. Only one class of models, those using differential motion parallax (Rieger and Lawton, 1985, Royden, 1997) explicitly constructs a translational flow field and aims to locate the FoE in that field. Other models (Koenderink and van Doorn, 1976, 1984; Lappe and Rauschecker, 1993; Perrone and Stone, 1994) do not subtract the rotation but estimate heading in retinal coordinates from the combined retinal flow. This also applies to line 109.

Last paragraph on page 5: Measures of eye movement during walking in natural terrain were also taken by Calow and Lappe (2008) and 't Hart and Einhäuser (2012).

Lines 140 to 163: This paragraph is problematic and misleading as pointed out before.

Line 193: The lack of stability is expected, as outlined above. The use of a straight line motion in psychophysical experiments reflects an experimental choice to investigate the rotation problem in retinal flow, not an implicit assumption that bodily motion is usually along a straight line.

Line 200: That gaze stabilization may be an important component in understanding the use of optic flow patterns has also long been assumed (Lappe and Rauschecker, 1993; 1994; 1995; Perrone and Stone, 1994; Glennerster et al. 2001; Angelaki and Hess, 2005; Pauwels et al., 2007).

Line 314: Locomotor heading may be determined directly in retinotopic coordinates. Yes, and this is precisely what the above mentioned models do.

Line 334: What is meant by "robust" here? The videos seem to show simulated flow for a ground plane, not the real flow from any of the terrains. It is not clear whether the features can be extracted from the real terrain retinal flow.

First paragraph on page 15: This is an important discussion about the dynamics of retinal flow in conjunction with the dynamics of the gait cycle. It should be expanded and better balanced with respect to previous work and other models. It is true that any simple inference of an FoE would not work. However, models that estimate heading (not FoE) in the retinal reference frame would be consistent with the discussion. Oscillations of the head during walking affect the location of the divergence maximum and curl as much as the direction of heading in retinal coordinates. In fact, the videos nicely show how these variables oscillate with each step. This applies to all retinal flow analyses, and is a problem for any model. It requires a dynamical analysis. The speed of neural computations is an issue, of course, but it applies to divergence and curl in the same way as to other models. There is some indication, however, that neural computations on optic flow are fast, deal with instantaneous flow fields, and respond consistently to natural (spiral) retinal flow, as described above.

Line 393: This paragraph is misleading in suggesting that naturally occurring flow fields have not been used in psychophysical and electrophysiological experiments.

Line 516: This has been done by Bremmer et al. (2010) and Kaminiarz et al. (2014). Their results are consistent with computing heading directly in a retinal reference frame as predicted by several models of retinal flow analysis (e.g. Lappe et al. 1999).

References:

Angelaki, D. E. and Hess, B. J. M. (2005). Self-motion-induced eye movements: effects an visual acuity and navigation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 6:966-976.

Bossard, M., Goulon, C., and Mestre, D. R. (2016). Viewpoint oscillation improves the perception of distance travelled based on optic flow. J Vis, 16(15):4.

Bremmer, F., Kubischik, M., Pekel, M., Hoffmann, K. P., and Lappe, M. (2010). Visual selectivity for heading in monkey area MST. Exp. Brain Res., 200(1):51-60.

Calow, D., Krüger, N., Wörgötter, F., and Lappe, M. (2004). Statistics of optic flow for self-motion through natural scenes. In Ilg, U., Bülthoff, H. H., and Mallot, H. A., editors, Dynamic Perception, Workshop of the GI Section 'Computer Vision', pages 133-138, Berlin. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Aka GmbH.

Calow, D. and Lappe, M. (2007). Local statistics of retinal optic flow for self- motion through natural sceneries. Network, 18(4):343-374.

Calow, D. and Lappe, M. (2008). Efficient encoding of natural optic flow. Network Comput. Neural Syst., 19(3):183-212.

Cutting, J. E., Springer, K., Braren, P. A., and Johnson, S. H. (1992). Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 121(1):41-72.

Grigo, A. and Lappe, M. (1999). Dynamical use of different sources of information in heading judgments from retinal flow. JOSA A, 16(9):2079-2091.

't Hart, B. M. and Einhäuser, W. (2012). Mind the step: complementary effects of an implicit task on eye and head movements in real-life gaze allocation. Exp. Brain Res., 223(2):233-249.

Kaminiarz, A., Schlack, A., Hoffmann, K.-P., Lappe, M., and Bremmer, F. (2014). Visual selectivity for heading in the macaque ventral intraparietal area. J. Neurophys. 112(10):2470-80

Lappe, M., Pekel, M., and Hoffmann, K. P. (1998). Optokinetic eye movements elicited by radial optic flow in the macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 79(3):1461-1480.

Lappe, M. and Rauschecker, J. P. (1993). A neural network for the processing of optic flow from ego-motion in man and higher mammals. Neural Comp., 5(3):374-391.

Lappe, M. and Rauschecker, J. P. (1994). Heading detection from optic flow. Nature, 369(6483):712-713.

Lappe, M. and Rauschecker, J. P. (1995). Motion anisotropies and heading detection. Biol. Cybern., 72(3):261-277.

Niemann, T., Lappe, M., Büscher, A., and Hoffmann, K. P. (1999). Ocular responses to radial optic flow and single accelerated targets in humans. Vision Res., 39(7):1359-1371.

Pauwels, K., Lappe, M., and Hulle, M. M. (2007). Fixation as a mechanism for stabilization of short image sequences. Int. J. Comp. Vis., 72(1):67-78.

Perrone, J. A. and Stone, L. S. (1994). A model of self-motion estimation within primate extrastriate visual cortex. Vision Res., 34(21):2917-2938.

Regan, D. and Beverley, K. I. (1982). How do we avoid confounding the direction we are looking and the direction we are moving? Science, 215:194-196.

Rieger, J. H. and Lawton, D. T. (1985). Processing differential image motion. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2(2):354-360.

Roth, S. and Black, M. J. (2007). On the spatial statistics of optical flow. Int. J. Comp. Vis., 74(1):33-50.

Royden, C. S. (1997). Mathematical analysis of motion-opponent mechanisms used in the determination of heading and depth. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 14(9):2128-2143.

van den Berg, A. V. (1996). Judgements of heading. Vision Res., 36(15):2337-2350.

van den Berg, A. V. and Beintema, J. A. (1997). Motion templates with eye velocity gain fields for transformation of retinal to head centric flow. NeuroReport, 8(4):835-840.

Reviewer #2:

The manuscript by Matthis et. al. nicely measures both the visual scene and eye, body, and head kinematics during natural locomotion. The authors propose that certain features of optic flow as observed at the retina might be useful to guide locomotion. The data are a natural follow-up to earlier work from the same group that examined patterns of gaze during locomotion across different terrains. Taken together, the work here is a fine extension of the earlier paper, suggesting an interesting perspective on the way visual information could be processed to facilitate locomotion. Unfortunately, these findings are framed in the manuscript as if they overturn a dogma about the use of the head-centered Focus of Expansion (192-195, 397-399, 440). I found this argument to be quite confusing and insufficiently supported. As a result it was hard to evaluate the impact of this work.

The authors find that one cannot extract a useful flow-field from a head-mounted camera (section 2,153-159). The literature cited doesn't claim that it would be, and given the familiarity with the VOR, I wouldn't expect it to. I was further confused by the fact that the authors could extract a useful FoE from drone video -- a clever calibration of their analysis! As a (mediocre) drone pilot, I know that the gimbal uses pitch/yaw/roll acceleration to stabilize a camera relative to the drone body at an angle defined by the user. If the authors can extract an FoE from such footage then certainly when the VOR does the same stabilization for the eye a similar computation ought obtain (contra 52-53). Furthermore, it is well-established that the oculomotor system provides a veridical estimate of eye-in-orbit to the rest of the brain: wouldn't this be the final component necessary to transform retinal flow into "head-centered FoE." There is considerable work that proposes solutions to understand the transformation from retinal coordinates to body-centered coordinates. The manuscript would benefit from consideration of these issues.

None of this is to say that curl as computed at the fovea isn't useful for locomotion. To that point, the authors might find Oteiza et. al. Nature 2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5873946/ interesting as an example of another sensory system that uses curl as a cue for navigation. Notably, though, the manuscript doesn't even establish that it is, only that it might be. Optic flow fields generate a strong percept of self-motion, and they have been used to study perception or the neural correlates thereof. It isn't clear that the work here truly speaks to those findings, much less overturn their foundation.

Reviewer #1:

The study of how optic flow guides perception and action dated back to the 1950s and drew inspiration from pilots flying planes and birds gliding in the sky. These relatively constant-speed translational motions are different from what humans do every day, which is walking. Nevertheless, it is often assumed that laboratory findings using stimuli simulating smooth translational self-motion can be generalized to locomotive optic flow processing. In this paper, the authors directly challenge this assumption by investigating the structure of flow during natural locomotion, using simultaneous recordings of eye and body movements and the participants' view during walking. Their findings call for attention to reconsider assumptions about optic flow processing during natural locomotion, including the role of stabilizing eye movements.

One of the most substantial contributions this paper makes is the careful characterization of the structure of flow in a naturalistic context, in terms of both the behavior involved and the environment in which the behavior occurs. The dataset is rich, challenging to come by, and complex to process. I applaud the authors' efforts to describe and contextualize the observed patterns. I am convinced about most claims made in the paper, with specific concerns and ideas to strengthen them as elaborated below. This work can have a significant impact as it is relevant not only to researchers studying vision and action in naturalistic contexts but also to researchers who translate basic science knowledge to advance real-life simulation (e.g., virtual reality, simulators, rehabilitation).

Major Comments:

1) A key finding from this paper is that the focus-of-expansion (FoE), a cue to heading direction, is highly variable in head-centered flow without considering eye movements. Although I am convinced about the variability of FoE velocity in head-centered optic flow based on the results reported by the authors, I see the potentials to strengthen the interpretation of this finding. The authors attribute the instability of the FoE to head motion during natural locomotion by showing the distribution of FoE velocities (Fig. 2) and the changes in head velocity as a function of % step (from one heel strike to the next, Fig. 3), respectively. More direct evidence to show this link would be that the FOE velocity changes as a function of % step, resembling patterns shown in Figure 3. Is this the case? I believe this result, if true, will strengthen the authors' claim.

2) The instability of the FoE is contrasted against the stability of the retinal flow, as illustrated in Figure 2. The authors did not characterize eye movements used to achieve this stabilization and only briefly introduced vestibular ocular reflex (p. 2, line 21; Fig. 1 caption). While it might be beyond the scope of this paper to characterize these eye movements, it will be appropriate to include literature on how eye movements respond to laboratory optic flow stimulus (e.g., Knöll, Pillow & Huk, 2018; Niemann, Lappe, Büscher & Hoffmann, 1999). This literature provides a link between the eyes-fixed laboratory studies cited by the authors and the eyes-free naturalistic setting adopted in this paper.

3) The other key finding is that retinal flow contains simple geometric features (curl, divergence) corresponding with the direction of heading relative to the fovea. The authors proposed that these cues could be used to determine the heading direction. This idea that there are visual cues alternative to FoE for heading direction guiding and perception is not new, as the authors have adequately cited previous studies suggesting so. Nonetheless, it is crucial to distinguish between speculation and empirical evidence showing the role of these cues. This paper has not demonstrated that participants can determine heading direction using these cues alone, or that the curl/divergence cues affect participants' behavior. The lack of an empirical test for these cues is concerning when combined with some statements that can be interpreted as it has been done. For example, on p.5 lines 105-110, the authors wrote: 'We show that this structure of fixation-mediated retinal optic flow provides a rich and robust source of information that is directly relevant to locomotor control without the need to subtract out or correct for the effects of eye rotations' and on p. 14 lines 347-349: 'We found that a walker can determine whether they will pass to the left or right of their fixation point by observing the sign and magnitude of the curl of the flow field at the fovea.' If the roles of these cues on behavior can be demonstrated from the data (e.g., by correlating simulated retinal flow cues and kinematic data), I recommend adding this analysis to support the authors' claim. Otherwise, I think all statements related to this claim (not exclusive to ones listed here) should be checked and altered.

References:

Knöll, J., Pillow, J. W., & Huk, A. C. (2018). Lawful tracking of visual motion in humans, macaques, and marmosets in a naturalistic, continuous, and untrained behavioral context. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(44), E10486-E10494. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807192115

Niemann, T., Lappe, M., Büscher, A., & Hoffmann, K.-P. (1999). Ocular responses to radial optic flow and single accelerated targets in humans. Vision Research, 39(7), 1359-1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00236-3

Preprint Review

This preprint was reviewed using eLife’s Preprint Review service, which provides public peer reviews of manuscripts posted on bioRxiv for the benefit of the authors, readers, potential readers, and others interested in our assessment of the work. This review applies only to version 4 of the manuscript. Miriam Spering (University of British Columbia) served as the Reviewing Editor for this submission.

Summary:

Your work is based on a fascinating and rich dataset with great potential. There was general agreement on the value of these data, and on the thoroughness with which the data were collected and preprocessed. Your approach of exploring how gait-induced instabilities of the head and terrain-dependent eye movements during natural locomotion will shape retinal optic flow is important and addresses an obvious gap in the literature. It also has the potential to merge knowledge across subfields (motion processing, eye movements, locomotion). However, there are several theoretical limitations that we believe cannot be fully addressed with the current dataset, even if the manuscript was rewritten entirely, as highlighted in the reviews below.

1) The suggestion to use curl and divergence of the retinal flow for the control of self-motion is interesting, but it is insufficiently demonstrated as a valid strategy for the visual system (and alternatives are not considered). The reviewers briefly discussed whether conducting a correlational analysis between the sign/magnitude of cues and the participants' movement at a future timepoint based on the existing data might address this issue, but the more general concern here is that any such analysis might perpetuate the (wrong) idea that these cues are used in the visual system. The seminal paper by Warren and Hannon (1990) has taken a good look at this proposal and essentially refuted it on the grounds mentioned by Reviewer 3. Their arguments still stand and not much has been made of the divergence maximum since. A more encompassing view is needed to look in general at cues that predict instantaneous heading in the retinal reference frame. Another solution could be an analysis of the dynamics of retinal heading as produced by the locomotor cycle. Then, it might be possible to provide some constraints on necessary dynamics of any of the possible algorithms for retinal flow analysis.

2) The case against the use of the head-centric FoE is valid but presented in a confusing (and possibly misleading/exaggerated) fashion. The data presented do not appear to provide sufficient evidence to overturn the idea that the FoE is not used to control heading during locomotion.

3) The role of stabilizing eye movements on retinal flow is insufficiently discussed. Along the same lines, the purpose of the different experimental manipulations that presumably trigger significantly different eye movement patterns is never fully elaborated. It seems that there is a missed opportunity here to take a more hypothesis-guided rather than exploratory approach.

An issue in tribal sovereignty. The various tribes affected by this treaty were regarded as one people, however the tribes were culturally, ethnically, and socially, and linguistically diverse. For example, the Nisqually people and the Pallayup people to be regarded as “one people” by this treaty did not speak the language, nor were they even in the same language speaking group. These facts indicate how chaotic and involuntary these treaties must have been for the Natives.

I do not like this concept because if people become synonymous with pattern identity rather than body identity, humans will lose their motivation to live their best life because they will no longer have to worry about the condition of their one body.

People knowing that they have to take care of their body because it is the only one they get forces them to try to practice self-love, practice self-acceptance, and have motivation to keep themselves healthy in an effort to live a long life. If we could just transfer our consciousness between different things, then there is no reason to have discipline or practice a healthy lifestyle; you would always have do-overs/could live forever so what is the point.

You can see now how Victor in a sense has become like the creature in his life: Full of suffering, pain, and absence of companionship.

If the creature's main goal was to make Frankenstein like him, well he succeeded.

white is sus

These definitely don't sound very good to eat compared to the food we can make today.

Interesting how they will also take away Native rights in order to develop land, fragment the ecosystem with trains/roads/highways, and mine, but no Lorax pops his head out then!

This had to be so difficult for Natives due to the lack of records, proof, organization of family etc. totally unfair and how were they navigating their way through the document its self.

It may be the coffee, but my head is spinning at this point. I feel that this mirrors the parable of the Blind Men and the Elephant.

Psalm 3 verse 3 - 5

I'm going to have to let this idea roam around in my head for a bit. It's such a compelling quote.

Empowerment through capitalism. To beat the system, you have to become part of it?

To go this extreme in order to gain some wealth. Yet the Natives were the "barbaric" ones.

This shows just how wrong things can go.....this is jsut awful.

i wonder if there is a way to highlight these "imagine" or "think about" parts of the chapter to emphasize that you are inviting readers into a conversation, to signal that you are engaging them here and in earlier spots in the chapter?

Good stasis question! When I first heard the Big 10 decision this was the first question that ran through my head.

This text represents the Native's greed to be compensated in order to return Rowlandson to her husband.

Evidence:https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/2-kings-6-25.html

She is being extremely cocky in the sense that she is willing to put her very life on the line all while keeping her faith and referring to the Bible as she's confronting the men threatening to kill her. I believe this is the ultimate testament of her faith in a situation like this.

In other words, give us our people first then we will give you your back.

funny how incredibly specific this is. But there are no addresses.

Still talking about people as property I see. Something that can be used and restored as a part of a treaty. So sad.

The wording of "arise" in this context means to get up and to grow. However, Shakespeare enjoyed writing crude slang into his plays that could have more than one meaning. So, thinking about the context that Shakespeare was writing in it also means having an erection. Titania fell in love with Bottom (and his donkey head) and is now having her fairies help her to have sex with him. This use of wording is really common in Shakespeare's plays. And especially the use of "arise" is very common because it is so easy to make it have more than one meaning (as seen in this example).

From our discussion of bawdy language and double meanings, i am going to say that this could have a double meaning. Considering this character's name is Bottom, he has the head of an ass, I do not think it so farfetched to think that when Titania talks about his cheeks that could be a joke to mean his butt. I also feel like the word "coy" as well had some sort of phallic or sexual meaning from our reading of that article.

This commentary by Theseus reminds the audience of the past events of the play. For a while, Bottom was transformed by Puck to have an ass' head and Titania fell in love with him. This line of Theseus taking the piss out of the play is ironic and serves as a sort of wink-wink moment for the audience to understand a joke/reference that the characters would not be aware of.

She's confusing his love to him. I also love the Greek and Roman mythology references in this. I think we will be seeing lots of these because Shakespeare likes to references mythology.

This play has a lot of rhyming sections to it, mainly from the character Puck. This section though is spoken by Titania and I think is meant to add to the comedy of the situation. She is speaking in rhyme about her love for this man who has a donkey head. I think that this scene would not be as effective in terms of its comedy if Titania wasn't so totally over the top in her devotion to Bottom in this scene, so the rhyme scheme is incredibly important for that effect.

Neoliberalism and the Iraq War

Nikole Hannah asks this question to intrigue the reader and put the burning question in your head why are African Americans get treated like this? The use of questions draws in the reader and also helps the reader get a better understanding of what the problem is.

Essentially, the King is just a political figurehead, and the Mayor does the actual work. Perhaps even a regent-like position?

Here we see how the teacher and head monk is being called abbot. This is similar to the name of Abba that was used by the Jews in reference to their teachers as well as what Jesus was called.

Yes, this is a very good application of material from the chapter.

I found it quite difficult to wrap my head around what was going on here, but the visuals that go along with Sal Khan's explanations on his website are very enlightening. He also does a good job of explaining the actual mathematics behind these type of optimization problems. I would definitely recommend watching the whole series in the link I am attaching below, as they were very beneficial to me. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/applications-of-multivariable-derivatives/lagrange-multipliers-and-constrained-optimization/v/constrained-optimization-introduction

He is taking both of his worlds and learning from them. He is not from here but being in America has showed him how hard he has to work but he also has his memories from back home. These two worlds will help him in the future.

Woolf’s style consists of long flowing phrases, often prepositional or adjectival, attached by commas or conjunctions. The opening sentence is begun with a two-place transitive (vc) verb then a prepositional phrase, two past participial phrases, another prepositional phrase, a ‘be’ verb, and two connected prepositional phrases. The overall effect of this mode of writing is to cause the cadence to become garbled, like a stream of consciousness. The thoughts are nearly disjointed, yet occasionally, interrelated (the prepositional phrases acting as adverbs or adjectives) and seem to come quickly due to the lack of a period. The reader feels as if they are inside the boy’s head, thinking the thoughts in real time. Woolf’s style achieves a youthful and energetic tone through these grammatical structures.

It seems like the harder and more limited an object is to obtain (the more exclusive it is), the more desirable it is. This ties with the previous claim that the whole point is to impress others by showing them you can have something they can't. This artificial hierarchy of personal possession shapes a person's social status in the virtual and real world where they feel of higher value when more people have them as a thought (weather good or bad) in their head. It seems like they feed their self ego and belief of self worth through being discussed or thought about.

These are such large numbers that first it is hard to fathom that amount of dogs simply roaming around. also even if one can wrap their head around such a large number, what can be done, it is so big that it is hard to find a resorbable solution.

Jesus fucking Christ

He doesn't try to find a hint of that old fever dream, for fear that it might return soon

There's something super paradoxical and indicative of the absurdist genre that comes from calling the play Rhinoceros, including Rhinoceroses in the stage directions, etc but then only using heads to portray them here. When I think of a rhinoceros, a huge part of what I consider is its massive, lumbering frame. They have huge, heavy paw-like feet, they have many wrinkles and crinkles of grey skin. To take all of this away and reduce it to just the rhino's head, is to adjust the definition of "rhino" in the context of this play. The rhino has less dignity in this context; it's more of an object and less of a creature.

I will not have this hot chocolate slander. But really, she's upset she got kicked out of the casino and effectively has to spend the day at the kid's table. She's above sweet things, typically associated with children and being young, something we see by Hennie diving head first into his glass. At the same time though she's totally loving this, doing the whole "I guess I'll have one too but not because I wanted one or anything." It's interesting in comparison with how in The Garden Party the food from the party given as a gift was a reflection of class, and here while still clearly food of the upper class, it's also associated with age.

This mirrors the song Jose sang earlier.. but what a shocking passage

I wonder if Laura's amazement at the body and finding beauty in it is meant to show the beauty of death and how it allows an escape from the rigidly socioeconomically divided world of the living, or that's another sign of how disconnected from the lives of these people she and her family are, that she sees the loss of life as some romantic portrait laid out before her and not the reality of the loss his family feels and the economic struggles they'll come to face having lost the head of the household. Maybe it's both? Who knows...

What does it mean for a party to be successful in this context? Obviously the party went well, it was enjoyable, but this section implies something more. The way this paragraph is framed it sounds like she means the party was successful at pushing the thought of the man dying out of her head, and that she's still so high off of the party she can't be brought down by any harsh realities of the world. So in that sense, are parties, or at least is this party, meant to be a sort of vaccine against awaking to the harsh reality we live in?

"The hat" seems to symbolize authority since it's worn in the head like a crown—a status symbol that an individual proudly wears. In this scene, however, it functions as a symbol of shame. I think it's worth noting how Mansfield utilizes the duality of the symbolism of "the hat."

I will make sure to keep the webinar graphic and insert images that will stick in peoples head and do research on what kind of images are better captured in our brains so that they work as a photographic memories.

I have to admit, this is exactly what goes through my head when I have to peer review someone's paper.

Reviewer #3:

The manuscript "EFF-1 promotes muscle fusion, paralysis and retargets infection by AFF-1-coated viruses in C. elegans" describes the ability to VSV virus coated with AFF-1 fusogen can be targeted to specific cells in vivo using C. elegans. Using this technique, the authors elegantly show that AFF-1 viruses show tissue/cellular tropism in vivo that largely match known AFF-1 or EFF-1 receptor expression, which they verify through genetic mutation and ectopic expression. Overall, I would like to commend the authors on a fascinating and scientifically thorough manuscript that would be of interest to a broad range of scientists, from C. elegans researchers to viral engineers. However, while there are several lines of evidence that suggest cell-to-cell fusion in the muscle upon EFF-1 ectopic expression, they are all circumstantial. So I suggest the authors tone down the strong language used throughout the manuscript that outright state EFF-1 induces muscle fusion, including in the title, unless they use EM or photoconvertible fluorescent markers that show actual shared cytoplasm between cells.

Major issues:

1) The authors have not clearly shown that EFF-1 and VSV-EFF-1 cause muscle cell fusion. Nuclei count is not evidence of cell-cell fusion (Fig. 4I) and it is not clear from the images how the authors can distinguish the plasma membrane of muscle cells in order to count nuclei per cell in Fig 4I and Fig 7O-P. Furthermore, the authors claim muscle cell fusion in the myo-3p::eff-1 strain based on indistinguishable membranes expressing membrane-bound YFP and even distribution of mCherry (Fig 5). But loss of membrane bound YFP and distribution of mCherry are not clear evidence of cell fusion, especially when qualified and not quantified. Definitive evidence of cell-cell fusion in the muscle can be shown with EM or using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein which could show actual sharing of cytoplasm between cells. So claims like the following (and many others including the title) are too strong given the data in the manuscript:

a) "EFF-1 expression in BWMs induces their fusion" (Line 331)

b) "evenly distributed cytoplasmic myo-3p::mCherry indicating fusion and content mixing between these cells during development" (lines 297-299)

c) EFF-1 expression in fused BWMs enables VSV∆G-AFF-1 and VSV∆G-G spreading (line 349)

2) Figure 3 does not convincingly show key data to fit with their hypothesis that VSV-AFF-1 infection would increase upon EFF-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Based off of Figure 3, the authors conclude that "hypodermal infection by VSV∆G-AFF-1 increases with conditional induction of eff-1." (Lines 229-230). But they use an assay counting GFP-positive nuclei. So the result showing a decrease in GFP+ nuclei as eff-1 levels decrease is likely due to a loss of natural syncytium formation in the hypodermis rather than due decreased infection by VSV-AFF-1. As they stated in lines 199-200, GFP+ nuclei in the hypodermis are localized closer to the injection region of the head in eff-1 mutants. So higher eff-1 expression would lead to both a larger hypodermal target for viral infection and more posterior nuclei within that target for the virus to spread towards, showing GFP expression when the syncytium becomes infected. To control for this, the authors could infect the eff-1-ts mutant with VSV-G and show no dose dependent effect.

Reviewer #1:

Summary:

Wang et al. utilize in their manuscript two trangenic lines to tissue-specifically knockout the rac2 gene in neutrophils. While technically CRIPSR-Cas9 has been well established, tissue-specific knockouts in zebrafish are missing in the field. Therefore, the manuscript of Wang et al. is highly timely and would help advance the field further; however, the manuscript and figures would greatly benefit from thorough editing and rewriting as outlined below.

Major comments:

Wang et al. base all their conclusions on observations of the targeted cells, and do not show any sequenced alleles of the neutrophil cells to verify that indels occurred. To go forward with the results, including sequences of the targeted alleles is crucial. Therefore, the manuscript would greatly benefit from including these basic allele confirmations, before drawing scientific conclusions about the efficacy of the system.

1) Line 100 onwards. "To test the efficiency of the gene knockout using this system, we injected the F2 embryos of the Tg(lyzC:cas9, cry:GFP) pu26 101 line with the plasmids carrying rac2 sgRNAs or ctrl sgRNAs 102 for transient gene inactivation. The sequences of the sgRNAs are described in Fig. 1C, D. A 103 longer sequence with no predicted binding sites in the zebrafish genome was used as a control 104 sgRNA (Fig. 1D). As expected, we observed significantly decreased neutrophil motility in larvae of Tg(lyzC:cas9, cry:GFP) pu26 105 fish transiently expressing sgRNAs targeting rac2 (Fig. 106 1E, F and Movie S1), indicating that sufficient disruption of the rac2 gene had been achieved."

Please include sequenced alleles from rac2 in neutrophil cells. "Significantly decreased neutrophil motility" is not an indicator that rac2 in neutrophil cells is mutated. Only sequenced alleles are.

2) Line 107 onwards. "To test the knockout efficiency in stable lines, we generated transgenic lines of Tg(U6a/c: ctrl sgRNAs, lyzC:GFP) pu27 or Tg(U6a/c: rac2 sgRNAs, lyzC:GFP) pu28 108 , crossed the F1 fish with Tg(lyzC:cas9, cry:GFP) pu26 109 and quantified the velocity of neutrophils in the head mesenchyme 110 of embryos at 3 dpf. A significant decrease of motility was observed in the neutrophils 111 expressing Cas9 protein and rac2 sgRNAs (Fig. 1G, H and Movie S2)."

Also here, "a significant decrease of motility" doesn't mean the rac2 gene in neutrophils is mutated. See point 1.

Summarizing, the authors are advised to include this basic, but necessary and very important information in their manuscript instead of drawing conclusions from their observations. Otherwise, it stays unclear if everything Wang et al. observe is really due to indels in the rac2 gene, and not some other side effect of the system.

can someone beat this into my head please

this is my second annotation.

These results from their interview answers their initial question on whether further conditioning measures would need to be taken on the fear that he experienced with other similar objects. Due to him not demonstrating signs of fear, the researchers can be confident that Peter does not need further conditioning measures for the other similar stimuli. It also showed that Peter's feelings of positive affect for the rabbit was not generalized to the other similar objects, which had been the initial case with his fear. This case was able to expand on Watson's and answer questions that Watson was unable to due to Albert not being involved in his study any longer.

I really appreciate the wording of this. Instead of teacher and assistant teacher because I think sometimes power roles come into play when it is head teacher and an assistant, from experience you get treated very differently.

The mix of beauty and sublime shows how 2-faced the environment is in depicting the events to behold: There's a shred of beauty in the experiences the characters have but a large amount of subline that rears its head to force tragedy upon its victims.

This represents an idea of when your goals turn against you; How the Feeling of ambition will turn it's ugly head against you

mm

Again with the pet names! I am just so intrigued by them. These days, you really don't see heterosexual men calling each other "baby" or "honey" unless they're joking, but these seem to be somewhat sincere terms when it comes to Dick. Could this just be a quirk of the era that's going over my head? That seems like the most reasonable explanation to me.

To me, this is foreshadowing how Perry may crack. Earlier, the police investigators discussed how the crime scene was interesting in the way that the killer(s) had shown some softness toward the Clutters, such as propping Kenyon's head up and laying Mr. Clutter on the mattress frame. The fact that Perry isn't eating while Dick is eating more than usual shows how Perry is undergoing anxiety both mentally and physically.

it seems to me as if the Thyrsus is a phallic symbol which would be fitting for Dionysus as he is a fertility god.

effectuation

The last sentence highlighted here is especially poignant: "You learned to obey". The children were in constant fear of being targeted, being the one to be beaten, and shamed. Targeted simply for existing, for being who they are. I can't imagine a child feeling fear in every breath and movement they took. They don't know what they are doing wrong, because everything is wrong.