positively charged reactive intermediate in a reaction, with carbon atom with only six valence electrons in its valence shell

Acyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom are derived from non-aromatic carbon chains

a free radical mechanism by which bromine is introduced under conditions of heat or light

A C-H bond located on a carbon directly attached to a benzene ring

a carbon atom that has four different groups connected to it

a carbon atom that is connected to three other carbon atoms and a hydrogen atom

a -CH2 carbon

Usually involves a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, visible or UV light source and polar aprotic solvents.

These conditions are palladium catalysts, strong bases, polar aprotic solvents and elevated temperatures.

A reaction that extends the carbon chain of a molecule

A reaction that introduces a vinyl group into a molecule

A chemical reaction where aryl group is introduced in a molecule

A reaction that introduces halogen(s) into a molecule

A reaction that introduces an amino group into a molecule

A reaction that involves loss of electrons

A carbon-hydrogen bond in a cyclohexane ring that is parallel to the ring axis, pointing straight up or down.

A reaction that preferentially forms a diastereomer over others

Derived from ammonia, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or acyl groups

An organic compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol with carbamic acid

saturated hydrocarbon with a straight chain structure

A chemical reaction in which a single reactant is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, forming two different products with distinct oxidation states.

Chemical groups where an alkyl chain is attached to a boronate functional group

A chemical reaction in which the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of a single reactant.

cycloalkane with eight carbons

cycloalkane with six carbons

saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure

A linear alkane hydrocarbon with 12 carbon atoms

A solvent that does not react with any reactant or product and functions only as medium for the reaction to occur.

Refers to a location on a molecule that is farthest from a reference point

A molecule that binds to a central metal atom, by donating one or more electrons through coordinate covalent bonds

Two positions away from the reference point

cyclic compounds consisting of carbon atoms

specific group of atoms in an organic compound that are responsible for the compound's physical and chemical properties

an organic compound where boron is bonded to two alkoxy groups.

Hindrance to movement and/or chemical reaction of a molecule due to the position of bulky groups

A reactive neutral intermediate

omega position refers to the terminal position, the farthest position from the reference point.

An atom or a functional group that withdraws electron density from the rest of the molecule.

Restriction to movement or a chemical reaction caused by spatial arrangement of bulky groups.

An organic compound when two equivalents of alcohol reacts with an aldehyde

An organic compound where two carbonyl groups are bonded to a single nitrogen atom.

A five membered aromatic heterocycle

A C-H bond located on the benzene ring, at a position that is two carbons away from a reference substituent.

An aromatic compound consisting of a benzene ring with two isopropyl groups at 1 and 4 positions.

Aromatic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.

An organic compound formed when a ketone reacts with two equivalents of an alcohol.

A reactive species formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane

Position of a carbon atom adjacent to a heteroatom

Negatively charged hydrogen atom

Biological catalyst

A chemical substance that speeds up a reaction.

A functional group derived from an aromatic ring

A hydrogen atom attached to a secondary carbon, which is a carbon connected to two other carbon atoms. A hydrogen atom attached to a tertiary carbon, which is a carbon connected to three other carbon atoms.

A hydrogen atom attached to a primary carbon, which is a carbon connected to only one other carbon.

Position of a carbon atom that is adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond

Position of a carbon atom that is directly attached to a benzene ring

An atom in an organic molecule other than carbon and hydrogen

A reactant that is first completely consumed in a reaction, thereby, limiting the amount of product formed.

A term used to describe the attachment of a ligand to a metal center.

The component present in larger amount and serves as the medium for the chemical reaction to occur.

A compound that undergoes a chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction that involves the introduction of a boron containing group into an organic molecule.

convergent thinking refers to working through proposed ideas and finding the best option; divergent thinking refers to throwing any and all ideas to the wall to see what sticks.

refers to the movement to consider broader impacts of design work on the world; to redefine design as an active and investigative process that addresses social issues and reflects both personal and cultural contexts.

Critical Fabulations

refers to how social theories and scientific approaches can enhance one another, leading to a more nuanced understanding of both.

Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter

related to how connections and dependencies between people shift over time due to changes in social structures, contexts change; also see Thiele, K. Figuration.

Springer Reference

the study of knowledge; a matter of understanding what knowledge is, and how to distinguish between cases in which someone knows something and cases in which someone doesn't know something. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

to generate new ideas, make associations, combine concepts in relation to ideation activities.

to engage with physical knowledge gained through experience and the material world around us.

loosely organized approach to the study of knowledge stemming from feminist theory about gender and traditional epistemology (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy); here, the author utilizes this framework as a tool to challenge common assumptions that knowledge, or definitions of creativity, are entirely objective, as social factors like gender, race, and class tend to inform who is seen as a "knower".

one's perception and interpretation of their own (or others') attributes or behavior.

APA Dictionary of Psychology

refers to pluralism; the idea that any one thing has many facets, causes, or meanings.

APA Dictionary of Psychology

pertaining to a particular standard of comparison for a person or group of people, especially when thinking of cultural ideas.

APA Dictionary of Psychology

there are many tensions, or issues, that come up when technology intersects with politics in the creative field; in doing this research, the authors hope to bring clarity or understanding to the intersection;

in this context, political dimensions refer to the ways societal norms and power impact creative technology.

it should be noted that feminist values is a broad topic; in this context, the author refers to the feminist school of thought that knowledge is not universal, objective, value-free, or context-independent; knowledge is influenced by what one wants, cares about, and believes.

deep understanding of a particular subject, including complexities and nuances.

system of naming things in a particular field

to perform creative tasks as mediated by tools in which you can develop expertise, e.g graphic design.

for - Brehon Laws - of early Ireland - etymology - glossary - reading between the lines - adjacency - Brehon Laws - Indyweb - reading between the lines - glossary

adjacency - between - Brehon Laws - Indyweb - reading between the lines - etymology - glossary - adjacency relationship - Brehon Laws of early Ireland emerged from the people themselves over many generations - and were not imposed by some authority - For a long time, these laws were orally transmitted and memorized - When writing emerged, the style of writing used by the early Irish was to write with many gaps in between written verses of text - for the purpose of readers to be able to be writers and contribute to the text with their own perspectives - In other words, they were early annotators! - The etymology of the world glossary comes from "gloss" from the practice of writing meaning between the lines - "Glosses were common in the Middle Ages, usually rendering Hebrew, Greek, or Latin words into vernacular Germanic, Celtic, or Romanic. Originally written between the lines, later in the margins." ( https://www.etymonline.com/word/glossary)

source - Zoom meeting this evening with Paul and Trace, as Paul introduced from his understanding of his Irish roots

Referring to a targeted space over a period of time. In the context of the study, it emphasizes the importance of both the timing and location of nerve cooling for managing neuropathic pain.

Spared nerve injury is a type of nerve injury model used in research to simulate neuropathic pain conditions. Two of the three sciatic nerves are specifically targeted and injured (peroneal and tibial nerves), while the third nerve, the sural nerve, remains intact. This allows researchers to study neuropathic pain mechanisms and test potential treatments in animals.

Combined electrical activity generated by a group of nerve fibers when they are stimulated together.

Describes the sharp temperature contrast between the actively cooled regions of the cuff, which directly contact the nerve tissue, and the passive regions that do not. This indicates effective localized cooling, with the actively cooled areas being significantly cooler than the passive ones.

Other or opposite side of the body.

Tests simulated to study the animal's mechanical responses of the nervous system from painful stimuli.

It refers to the uniform formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid form of PFP, leading to the phase transition from liquid to vapor.

PFP is used as the gas phase that helps to spray the medication out of the inhaler when it is pressed.

Refers to the shape, structure, form and size of a bacterial cell. Here it is important for the function and behavior of a bacterial cell, as it affects how they grow, reproduce, obtain nutrients, and move.

A microchemostat is a type of bioreactor that maintains a continuous culture of microorganisms under controlled conditions. This was used throughout the experiment and allowed the authors to study the microbial populations and their dynamics in a controlled environment.

Sterile medium is a growth medium which is free of all life forms. This was used to measure cell growth from zero cell growth.

Biofilm formation is the process by which microorganisms attach to a surface and create a community. Here, bacterial cell is transition from planktonic (free-swimming) to the biofilm mode of growth, using innovative microfluidic techniques.

Mutation rate is defined as the frequency of new mutations occurring in a single gene of bacteria over time. Here, mutation rates influence bacterial responses to challenges, including host immune defenses and antibiotic treatments.

The dilution rate represents the flow of medium per unit of time over the volume of culture in the bioreactor. Here, it is a key controlling factor that determines the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium.

Synthetic promoters act as genetic switches, allowing precise manipulation of bacterial behavior through of control gene expression. Here, the authors used synthetic promoters to build a population-control circuit in bacteria, enabling precise regulation of cell density through quorum sensing mechanisms.

The variability in observable characteristics among individual bacterial cells that contribute to the overall regulation and behavior of the bacterial population.

A lysis buffer is a solution used to break open bacterial cells and release their contents, particularly for extracting genetic material for various laboratory analyses. Here, they use it to get rid of all cells within the segment.

In a chemostat, fresh medium periodically replaces a portion of the bacterial culture, removing some bacteria. However, if biofilms develop, they protect bacteria from washout, leading to domination of the culture by biofilm-derived bacteria over time.

Sustained oscillations is a phenomenon where bacterial populations exhibit repetitive fluctuations in their growth rate over time. Understanding sustained oscillations in bacterial populations helps authors/researchers to connect morphology of individual cells to population-level changes.

AKA E. Coli. A species of bacteria that is commonly used in research due to its well-studied genetics and ease of cultivation.

Synthetic circuit is engineered genetic circuits to manipulate bacterial populations. These circuits enable cells to perform specific functions, sense their environment, regulate gene expression, and coordinate with other cells.

Medical treatment that cools the body temperature of a patient for a specific period of time. It is used in certain types of brain injury to help reduce the risk of brain damage.

A sensor for measuring temperature.

Surgical stitches that close and hold a wound together while it heals

Characteristic of a material that has elastic properties and can reform original shape after removing applied forces.

Transplant of nerve tissue to help repair damaged nerves.

Referring to time or timing of events.

Refers to a large-scale or bulk experiment conducted to study the long-term dynamics of bacterial populations that are undergoing programmed population control in a microchemostat.

A peristaltic pump can be used to transfer liquids, such as nutrients, media, or other fluids into the bioreactor vessel without exposing the fluid to the pump components. This approach is essential for preserving a sterile and controlled environment, which is crucial for the biological processes taking place within the bioreactor.

The offspring or descendants produced by bacterial cells through the process of reproduction.

A microbial biofilm is a complex and organized community of bacteria that adhere to a surface and are surrounded by a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.

A process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly.

Bacterial growth medium which provides the necessary nutrients for the cultivation of bacteria in laboratory conditions, facilitating their growth and enabling researchers to conduct experiments.

Chemostats are continuously operated bioreactors where growing cells reach a steady state condition at which specific growth rate, as well as biomass, substrate and the product concentrations remain constant.

A microfluidic bioreactor is a device designed for the cultivation and study of bacteria cells in a controlled and tiny fluidic environment. It allows researchers to studying cellular behavior in conditions that closely mimic the natural environment.

Surgery that is performed on the spine to relieve compressed nerves and reduce pressure on the spine and nerves. More space is created through this surgery to allow better movement of the nerves and help relieve pain.

Pain that is experienced immediately after surgery and can last up to a week.

Loss of sensitivity to pain in a specified area.

This refers to any nerve in the peripheral nervous system, which is comprised of the nerves in the body that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.

Meaning the drug or substance is not an opioid and contains no opioids.

Type of opioid that contains natural substances extracted from poppy plants. They are referred to as the natural opioids.

These are a class of drugs prescribed to treat severe pain.

Relating to medical procedures that involve cutting into the body and doing procedures typically deeper than surface level.

The capability of being absorbed or degraded into the body over time after it has been implanted.

Referring to an item that can be surgically put into and function within the body.

A term referring to drugs that are used to relieve pain.

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Z世代用語

Z世代用語

Atg8 protein is a marker protein to observe autophagosome formation. When Atg8 protein engineered with the red florescence protein (RFP), RFP-Atg8, RFP-Atg8 protein will be conjugated to the lipids and enable the membrane fusion to localize on the autophagosome.

Pep4, a vacuolar protease required for function of multiple hydrolases, is required for autophagic cargo degradation

Bulk autophagy also called non-selective macroautophagy. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles resulting in the degradation of the cargo.

While during selective autophagy, the cargo is distinguished (mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, peroxisomes and etc.) and recognized by specific cargo receptors, or selective autophagy receptors, to connect with the autophagosome for degradation.

Here are two videos for more an explanation: 1) The mechanism of autophagy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc9gx33GvF0&t=2s

2) Self-Eating Cell Research Wins Nobel in Medicine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws0mOmfC9EU

Misfolded protein are retained in the ER and subjected for proteosomal degradation which occurs in the cytosol.

Learning from the youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEEbyYjXNUU&t=1s

When newly synthesized protein is not properly folded into their correct orientation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER now is under the stress to degrade the misfolded protein. To degrade the misfolded proteins and maintain the ER homeostasis, the cellular signaling will turn on the unfolded protein response to help the cell deals with problematic proteins for recycle and degradation.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vy4m-fUOn9o

Genes are commonly generate isoforms from the same locus to produce different mRNA and thus give rise to different length of amino acid with similar protein functions.

Lst1 and SEC24C, are homologous gene in yeast and mammalian respectively. The protein or DNA sequence of these genes, Lst1 and SEC24C, are highly similar and evolutionary share the common ancestor, termed as homolog.

ER is a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell composed of network of tubules and sheet-like area adjacent with the nuclear envelope and stretches out to the cell periphery.

Learning corner with video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc9gx33GvF0&t=2s glossary

A series of interconnected protein and carbohydrate networks that surround and support cells in 3 dimensions. The ECM is also a highway of biological signals for cells, often carrying the information needed to begin cell differentiation

Immune response when tissues react to foreign materials (like silica) and become damaged and swollen

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells. When a person sustains an injury or experiences bacterial or viral infections, TNF-aplha creates inflammation to protect the area and allow it to heal. TNF alpha does this by triggering the production of several immune system molecules.

ECM refers to Extracellular Matrix, connective tissues used for (but not limited to) anchoring cells. Here, the authors used Fibronectin ( that helps connect cells to the ECM) and Collagen (that is the main structural proteins in connective tissue) to help culture cells on both sides of the thin polymeric membrane.

The most common type of white blood cell in humans (40-70%), whose function varies between animal to animal. In humans they are the first responders to combat the intruder while signaling to other immune cells for more help.

An unstable molecule containing oxygen that easily reacts to other cell molecules and can be toxic.

Nanoscopic fluorescent particles used to track and quantify membrane stretching

To cause, or to undergo retrotranslocation.

Retrotranslocation is the reverse process of translocation.

Translocation is a transfer of a chromosomal segment to a new position, especially on a nonhomologous chromosome; the segment so transferred.

Vesicles are compartments formed by a lipid bilayer separating its contents from the cytoplasm or a fluid-based extracellular environment. They can contain either liquids or gases and have a wide range of functions in cells across the living world from regulating buoyancy to secreting hormones.

The word ‘vesicle’ derives from the Latin word vesicula meaning ‘small bladder’

"Demure" means reserved, modest, and shy.

"Ensnared" means trapped. Here, Prose writes that because the concept of "beauty" is so complex and difficult to define, many academics and artists agree not to use the word. I think one could also argue that the word's meaning is so vast and overarching that it has little to no communicative value. What is yall's opinion on the word "beauty"? Do you think it can be adequately defined? If so, how would you define it?

ICAM-1 is a special glycoprotein found on the surface of endothelial cells. ICAM-1 directly contributes to inflammatory responses within the blood vessel wall by increasing endothelial cell activation. ICAM-1 basically calls the immune cells to the rescue!

drawing in breath/ breathing in

White blood cells that help you fight infections when exposed to a sickness. Helper T cells that recognize pathogens and help organize the immune response, neutrophils that chew up bacteria, and monocytes (macrophages) that recycle old cells and engulf pathogens are some examples

Referring to the ability of the alveolar cell monolayers to selectively accept/retain nutrients and reject/eject wastes in the lungs

Referring to the mimicked inhaling and exhaling of the lungs over long periods of time. The human lungs experience 672,768,000+ breaths in a lifetime and can regenerate themselves as you age. The lung-on-a-chip must be able to handle the tissue stretching associated with normal breathing if it is to be considered a true "biomimicked lung device"

Small particles of silicon dioxide, which when inhaled can cause pulmonary damage and even lung cancer

Deformation of a body caused by an outside force in one direction.

This phrase, when translated into English, means "Talk to me in Spanish."

In English, this phrase would be translated as "calm down, calm down."

Atg8 protein is a marker protein to observe autophagosome formation. When Atg8 protein engineered with the red florescence protein (RFP), RFP-Atg8, RFP-Atg8 protein will be conjugated to the lipids and enable the membrane fusion to localize on the autophagosome.

In short, GFP-ATG8. GFP is a protein in the jellyfish Aequorea Victori that exhibits bright green fluorescence when excited at a wavelength of 488nm and has an emission peak at about 507nm ( blue to ultraviolet range).

GFP is served as biological marker for monitoring physiological processes, visualizing protein localization, and detecting transgenic expression.

GFP consists of 238 amino acid with 27 kilo Dalton of the protein size. When ATG8 fused to GFP (GFP-ATG8), the ATG8 here as a protein of interest (ATG8 is a ubiquitin-like protein required for the formation of autophagosomal membranes) to carry the GFP which used as a reporter and exhibit green signal.

GFP-ATG8 will serve as a protein visualized marker gene which localized on the double membrane vesicle, the autophosome.

Bubble-shape like membrane bound transport vesicles that are made from the reticulum endoplasmic (ER) membrane, functions to carry the proteins (wanted or unwanted) and move from ER to Golgi apparatus before going to their destination, which is lysosome, peroxisomes or vacuole for degradation or recycle.

Here, refer to bubble-shaped membrane-bound transport vesicle that buddling from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, functions to transport proteins from ER and fuse to golgi apparatus.

A hormone is a chemical produced by organisms to regulate activities such as growth, development and resposes to the environment.

Computed tomography is a technique that uses X-ray and computational tools to generate images.

A transcription factor is a protein that facilitates transcription, a process that makes RNA from DNA.

This is a type of rice plant in which EIL1 (EIN3-like 1) gene is not functional.

"Os" represents Oryza sativa, which is the name for rice in a scientific naming system.

This is a type of rice plant in which EIN2 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2) gene is not functional.

Cortical cell is a layer of cells lying underneath the epidermal cells.

Epidermal cells are the cells on the surface of plants.

Anatomy is a branch of biology focusing on the structure of organisms or a certain part of organisms.

Anatomical analysis is the analysis in such field. Here, the authors focus on the stucture of root cells.

Phenocopy means the plants grown under a certain condition have similar characteristics to the plants grown under a different condition.

RAP2.12 (RELATED TO AP2 12) is a protein, of which the level increases when plants are under hypoxia condition. RAP2.12-GFP is a protein made by fusing RAP2.12 protein with GFP and is used to indicate whether hypoxia response is triggered in plants.

This is a GFP-based reporter indicating whether hypoxia response is activated in plants. The presence of green signals in roots means hypoxia response is activated.

pPCO1 means the promoter region of the gene PCO1 (PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASE 1), which is required to turn PCO1 on. PCO1 gene is turned on under hypoxia condition, which is a indicator of hypoxia response in plants.

Here, pPCO1 is fused with DNA sequences encodes GFP and GUS. Under hypoxia condition, pPCO1 turns on the production of GFP so scientists can determine if hypoxia response is activated in plants by visualizing GFP.

Hypoxia means a condition with not enough oxygen.

Root elongation zone is a zone of roots where root cells are expanding.

Green fluorescent protein is a protein that emits green light after absorbing light at a different wavelength. EIN3 (Ethylene-insensitive 3) is a protein, of which the level increases when plants' response to ethylene is triggered. EIN3-GFP is a protein made by fusing EIN3 protein with GFP and is used to indicate whether ethylene response is triggered in plants.

Bulk density indicates the degree of soil compaction. it is calculated as the dry weight of soil per unit soil volume. The soil volume includes the volume of soil particles and the volume of soil pore space among particles.

Rhizosphere is defined as the section of of soil surrounding plant roots, which contains chemicals released from plant roots and a population of microorganisms.

Wild-type refers to individuals of a species that are in the typical form of that species and occur in nature.

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is a plant species that is widely used as a model organism in plant research.

Mutants refer to individual organisms of a certain species that are considered "abnormal" when compared to normal individuals of the same species that occur in nature. Usually, in a mutant, at least one gene is artificially disrupted and does not function normally. Mutants are powerful tools to study the function of a gene.

Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that regulates many plant activities such as fruit ripening, leaf development, responses to environmental stresses etc.

The process where a cell engulfs a smaller particle (bacteria, smaller cells, etc) where it is trapped and subsequently defused.

Pressure associated within the pleural cavity, the space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

the study of adverse health effects of nanoscale (with sizes on the order of 10^-9 meters) particles.

where exchange of gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the tiny air sacs in lung (alveolus) and capillaries.

A very small device, whose dimensions are on the micro scale (under 1mm). Often referenced in the context of biomechanical-electric system (bioMEM)

The human body has lots of moving internal parts. Repeated and regular contractions caused by the movement of food through the intestines puts pressure on surrounding tissues. Another example is the human lungs expanding and contracting during breathing.