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ict-user.demo.d-book.mobi ict-user.demo.d-book.mobiわいわい文庫2
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yieldcode.blog yieldcode.blog
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HTML, which is not a programming language
Sure it is:
It's not really a debate, HTML is a markup language [1], not a programming language
This is a false dichotomy, and untrue on two points (a) that HTML is "not a programming language", and (b) that the stance you have taken is not up for debate.
You're using the term "programming language" as shorthand to refer to the subset of languages more rigorously referred to as Turing-complete general-purpose programming languages.* There are programming languages outside this subset that no less have set membership with the larger "programming language" superset.
A programming language is a programming language in the sense that they have come to exist with the advent of the stored program computer. Though HTML and other markup languages are not** Turing-complete general-purpose programming languages, they are used every bit as much to describe a stored program as a language you might encounter when opening a file containing G-code "instructions" for controlling a CNC machine.
* We had a similar (but not the same) silly recurring argument in the 90s where people, at a loss for words to accurately capture their thoughts and grasping at whatever came to mind, argued that there were two distinct classes: "programming languages" and "scripting languages"—a category error arising from the same phenomenon of mistaking loose, off-the-cuff shorthand for The Real Idea Behind the Thing That's Involved Here
** No overlooking the fact that HTML is a proper superset of CSS, a provably Turing-complete (though not general-purpose) programming language—and JS, which is, of course, a true general-purpose programming language
(Originally drafted in response to https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46747778)
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accessmedicine.mhmedical.com accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
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Healing responses may include turning to music, art, religion, literature, nature, humor, or psychotherapy for solace and understanding. Spiritual questions of purpose and meaning in life become more immediate in the face of impending death.
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Under the Medicare Hospice Benefit, hospices provide bereavement support for at least a year to families of patients they have served. They also provide bereavement services to partners and close friends. Often, hospices provide this support to people in their community even if the death did not occur with hospice care.
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Physicians and nurses may want to call in clergy and social workers; each may have something to offer a family that is trying to integrate the shock and loss.
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If patients have lost the capacity to express their wishes and family members are in conflict about a certain plan, it is best to focus on what the patient would have wanted, applying the ethical principle of substituted judgment.
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The clinician needs to communicate clearly with the family members regarding plans for care, prognosis, complications, and who will make decisions should the patient be unable.
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The search for love, a connection to others, and a sense of meaning are essential in helping patients through the dying process.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 9 A 64-year-old veterinarian, Richard, develops headaches so severe that he can no longer carry on his surgical practice.
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Guidelines for assisted suicide have been published, and clinicians confronted with a reasonable request to end life should refer to these, as well as to colleagues experienced in palliative care, for help. In almost all cases, legally permissible and clinically preferable alternatives can be found.
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A patient’s request to hasten death should be explored in detail. At first, it should be considered a cry for help. It may represent the wish to escape from depression, anxiety, uncontrolled physical pain, shame of dependency, and other psychosocial issues.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 8 Sara, a bedridden 84-year-old woman with end-stage congestive heart failure, is seen on rounds.
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In assisted suicide, the physician provides the means (such as a prescription for barbiturates) at the request of the patient, but the patient must eventually take (or not take) the potentially lethal medication by his or her own hand.
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Voluntary active euthanasia is the act of intentionally intervening to cause the patient’s death, at the explicit request of, and with the full informed consent of, the competent patient.
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Table 42-2.Last resort interventions: definitions.
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Withdrawing life-sustaining but burdensome treatments, even though the withdrawal leads to death, is also an accepted part of practice based on the patient’s right to bodily integrity.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 7 Marvin is a 63-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who has been on a respirator at home for one year.
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Patients who recover from delirium and coma sometimes report experiences that range from nightmarish, terrifying visions, on the one hand, to very pleasant out-of-body travel or visions of light and angelic beings on the other. Some may not be able to remember anything about the experience. Occasionally, the disorientation becomes profound and the sense of the world is lost. ++
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 6 Caleb, a 101-year-old rugged dairy farmer, has become partly deaf and then blind in the last 5 years of his life but remains alert and communicative.
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Patients have the right to forgo therapies such as intravenous fluids, nasogastric feeding, and supplemental oxygen, among others. Documentation of these choices is vital if the patient does not wish to undergo treatments and can be done on the MOLST form.
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The notion that being resuscitated from cardiopulmonary arrest will not add appreciably to the quality and/or quantity of life is an open acknowledgment that death might be near—and that reversing the dying process is not within the power of medicine.
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The “do-not-resuscitate” (DNR) order refers to the withholding of CPR, specifically closed-chest cardiac massage, defibrillation, and artificially supplied respiratory support. For most patients with a terminal disease, CPR is ineffective, and its harshness makes it a cruel, expensive, technological death ritual. Many studies have shown that CPR provides no increase in out-of-hospital survival for patients with progressive multisystem disease, particularly patients with advanced cancers and renal failure.
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Advance directives are formal documents that direct health care decisions should patients lose the capacity to speak for themselves in the future.
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There are two types of advance directives: living wills and health care proxies (also called durable powers of attorney). ++
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Invasive interventions that exceed the usual boundaries of hospice care but that extend meaningful life and improve quality of life are sometimes appropriate even within a hospice approach, as long as the patient consents. Remaining flexible in the face of changing, difficult situations and allowing the patient’s goals to guide the treatment as much as possible permit the clinician to hope along with the patient for a death with as little meaningless suffering as possible.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 5 Rhea, a 64-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer, is on high-dose long-acting morphine because of bone pain.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 4 Max, a 63-year-old, recently retired, and previously healthy man, develops abdominal pain and is found to have widely metastasized colon cancer.
He is told to have 6-12 months to live. Max and his wife go to a different clinic for holistic treatment, but they ghost them after the visit. He goes back to the original clinic and recieved paalliative care before he passes.
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Providing ranges of survival times and allowing for outliers on either end is better than predicting an exact amount of time. (“The average person with your illness will live two to six months. It could be longer, and we will try to make that happen, but it could also be shorter, so you may want to make sure everything is prepared just in case things don’t go as we hope.”)
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 3 At 68 years old, Albert has severe end-stage emphysema from years of smoking, severe mitral regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and alcoholism.
He bullied his wife for 40 years, does not want CPR or respirator care. He yells at healthcare professionals and family for him being sick, blames medication. Eventually reveals he's afraid to die, particularly being buried alive. He receives medication that helps him calm down but dies of rising CO2 later on
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For some, dying may be a time for personal growth, reflection, and meaning, but for others, personal factors and emotional reactions block an acceptance of death.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 2 Carlos, a 70-year-old man, has been diagnosed with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
He's referred to hospice, responds very little to questions about death. He becomes bed bound, has routine visits to his home where he passes with his family.
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Progressive declines initially may be treated as another form of bad news, but they also potentially provide the opportunity for enhanced meaning and control in the dying process.
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Table 42-1.End-of-life issues to be discussed with patients.
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This sadness, which may be a way of preparing for death, has been called preparatory or anticipatory grief.
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Hospice programs provide comprehensive care to dying patients, with a multidisciplinary team of nurses, physicians, social workers, clergy, and volunteers. These programs, which accept only patients who are more likely than not to die in the next 6 months and are willing to forgo disease-directed therapies and hospitalizations, help patients and their families live as fully as possible by providing quality palliative care.
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The advantage of hospice programs is the expertise brought to techniques of palliative care by the multidisciplinary staff, as well as the added support for patient and family at home, including payment for palliative medications and medical equipment.
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Unlike Medicare-sponsored hospice programs, palliative care does not require patients to give up on aggressive treatment of their underlying disease, to accept a prognosis of less than 6 months, or to accept palliation as the central goal of therapy. Thus, it allows “hospice-like” treatments to be made available to those seriously ill patients who want to continue some or all disease-directed treatments.
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This “both/and” approach has been one of the most important conceptual breakthroughs for palliative care, for it allows quality-of-life issues to be addressed for all seriously ill patients, not just those who are referred to hospice.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 1 Ella, a 71-year-old woman
Ella has a chest film and expects lung cancer. She has lung tumor and states that if she becomes too ill, she wants to stop treatment. She receives DNR and is referred to hospice where the main goal is to relieve her suffering.
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Figure 42-1. The place of palliative care in the course of illness.
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Enhancing the quality of life for those afflicted with serious chronic illness is the cornerstone of the rapidly developing specialty of palliative care.
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sourcebooks.fordham.edu sourcebooks.fordham.edu
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The consequent continuous impoverishment and exhaustion of the country,
Challenges the "progress" narrative by pointing out widespread poverty.
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Equal justice between man and man (sometimes vitiated by partiality to Europeans).
Acknowledges inequality within the imperial system despite claims of fairness.
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ict-user.demo.d-book.mobi ict-user.demo.d-book.mobiわいわい文庫7
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sourcebooks.fordham.edu sourcebooks.fordham.edu
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dmission of natives to high office must be effected by slow degrees
Macaulay supports limited inclusion, but still assumes Indians are not yet equal
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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Bias Blind Spot: The tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself.
citation
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accessmedicine.mhmedical.com accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
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Patients with undetected trauma histories are often seen as “difficult” or “hostile,” frequently are late or miss appointments, are often in crisis, have poor self-care, and chronic pain. Such patients also may be labeled as “noncompliant,” with seemingly intractable health behavior problems.
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When trauma-focused psychotherapy is not available, national guidelines recommend pharmacotherapy, in particular sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine, or venlafaxine as first-line monotherapies.
Pharmacology
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In addition to the misuse of substances, another common comorbidity of PTSD is insomnia.
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Chronic pain, smoking, and obesity are also common comorbidities with PTSD.
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Other primary prevention strategies for primary care practices include support for new parents, support for home visiting programs, and universal preschool options, and firearm access reduction.
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In addition to risk reduction strategies, characteristics that promote resilience in survivors such as self-esteem, trust, humor, internal locus of control, secure attachments, and social relationships, as well as a personal sense of safety, religious affiliation, strong adult role models, and use of existing resources can be reinforced by primary care clinicians.
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Table 41-3.First steps to trauma-informed primary care.
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Unlike recent trauma, disclosures of past trauma do not require an immediate intervention. Rather, clinicians can express empathy (“I’m so sorry that happened to you. You didn’t deserve that”) and provide information about the availability of services to help cope with and heal from past trauma (“I am available to talk more with you about that.
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An appropriate response to recent IPV affirms that the patient does not deserve to be treated in this way and expresses concern for his/her safety. It also typically also includes a “warm handoff” to a domestic violence agency by telephone and/or to an onsite psychosocial team member who can construct a safety plan; lethality assessment, referrals for safe housing, legal, police, and other community resources; individual and/or group therapy; and peer support.
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Figure 41-1. Trauma-informed health care.
pic
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PTSD symptoms are grouped into four distinct clusters: re-experiencing the trauma (memories, nightmares, flashbacks), avoidance (emotional/cognitive vs. situational), negative changes in thinking/mood (not remembering aspects of the trauma, changes in beliefs about self/others/the world, self/other-oriented blame, persistent negative emotions, anhedonia, isolation, difficulty experiencing positive emotions), and arousal (sleep disturbances, irritability/anger outbursts, exaggerated startle, hypervigilance, attentional disruption, self-destructive behavior).
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When referrals are not available for your patients, primary care clinicians can be reasonably confident in their diagnosis of posttraumatic symptomatology and need for trauma-focused treatment referral when a patient:
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A score of 3 or more on the PC-PTSD-5 confers a high likelihood of trauma-related psychological distress and/or PTSD.
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Table 41-2.The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5.
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The most common forms of posttraumatic psychopathology include acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Patients with trauma exposure commonly present to primary care and other settings with seemingly unrelated acute or chronic physical and mental health conditions at much higher rates than patients without trauma exposure.
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Table 41-1.Four steps to inquire about trauma.
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Techniques described by Dr. Leigh Kimberg as the “Four C’s” can help prepare you to inquire about, and respond to, recent or past trauma:
Four C's
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Examples of patient education include: posters and flyers in the waiting area, brief informational pamphlets given to patients when taking their vital signs, and invite conversations as part of routine practice and/or when trauma-related conditions are discussed.
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Demographic factors such as female gender, age, socioeconomic status, and African American race often are thought of as nonmodifiable risk factors, but it is increasingly clear that societal response to race, gender, or age, and the resultant chronic stress, may create the actual risk in these populations.
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More than one-third of U.S. women experience stalking, physical violence, and/or rape from an intimate partner during their lifetimes. One in five men experiences sexual violence in their lifetimes.
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Individuals who reported four or more ACE categories had 2 times the rates of lung and liver disease, 3 times the rate of depression, 3 times the rate of alcoholism, 11 times the rate of intravenous drug use, and 14 times the rate of attempting suicide than those who reported ACE scores of 0.
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The study revealed a strong dose–response relationship between childhood trauma and adult heart, lung, and liver disease; depression; substance abuse; obesity; diabetes; sexually transmitted infection risk; and intimate partner violence (IPV).
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Notably, 25% of women and 16% of men reported having experienced childhood sexual abuse
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The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) defines trauma as “an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting adverse effects.”
Trauma definition
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moodle.smith.edu moodle.smith.edu
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consumer studies continue to find that working-class, middle-class, andsub-working-class populations of color purchase conspicuous luxury goods,such as jewelry, cars, and clothing, at a higher rate than white populationsof the same socioeconomic groups
aspirational :(
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“bi directional” orientation of the “quare studies
lmao what
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unjournal-workshop.netlify.app unjournal-workshop.netlify.app
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uld the resulting adjustments change the cost-effectiven
Adjust this to 'meaningfully change' (as defined in the 'resolution criteria')
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WELLBY is a reasonably useful measure in this context
Clarify: the WELLBY with linear aggregation as in the definition above
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Given the available collected data [...], how should [funders] measure the impact on wellbeing? [...] What measures of well-being should charities, NGOs, and RCTs collect for impact analysis?
Let's split up the answer boxes within this question to ask separately about the best use of currently collected data for these cases, and also ask what data should be collected in the future.
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How reliable is the WELLBY measure [...] relative to other available measures in the 'wellbeing space'? How much insight is lost by using WELLBY and when will it steer us wrong?
signpost more that we are talking about the very simple use of the WELLBY measure
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More detailed questions on WELLBY reliability
Should be 'on WELLBY reliability and wellbeing measures' ... but also the folding box is still not ideal here -- better for this to link out to another page/subpage (open in new window)
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drive.google.com drive.google.com
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The ability to producenovice teachers who are resilient and persistent in the face of the complex problemsencountered in todayís schools is a goal to which every teacher education programaspires.
More than just educationally, but also in society. If educators are unable to model resiliency and persistence, the question arises: how will the next generation learn those qualities? It is our responsibility as educators to push the next generation to be greater than we are today.
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Both teachers spoke of their new positions as being an excellent fit for them
In my opinion, an educator's fit for the given role or school is not discussed nearly enough. If a person is not comfortable in some part of their occupational arena, the year can become a treacherous experience. A belief exists that one should be comfortable being uncomfortable. While that is aspirational, at some point one has to embrace something as comfortable if nothing else to have confidence that tomorrow is a new day.
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All three left theirpositions because of the perceived lack of administrative support and the failure ofthese schools to attend to the needs of their students.
Leadership in education is the secret sauce. In my time in the classroom, I’ve seen good teachers leave the classroom altogether because of questionable leadership. With that said, I’ve seen people who may not have been at the top of their class in education be brought under the umbrella of great leaders and have their entire perspective changed.
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Chandraís desire to continue teaching at this school despite the overwhelmingchallenges she faced might have to do with a strong sense of personal mission, whichwas linked to her twin sisterís work as a volunteer with homeless women as well asher family ethos
Chandra’s experiences are heartbreaking. She is the type of fighter that needs to be in education. Chandra’s lack of behavioral management is tough because she wants to give back so badly that she closes her eyes to problematic behaviors and the methods needed to fix them. She is the type of person who could potentially figure it out with time or when paired with a disciplinarian co-teacher. She also sounds like the type of person who could burn out very quickly. She could really go either way. In my opinion she has to find her niche’ and exhaust all options to accentuate those to her advantage. It may turn into a situatuation where she has to fake it till she makes it.
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Sally noted that one day of her teacher induction program was very goodbecause she got to share a bad situation she had with a student with her mentor group
Everyone loves success stories, but humbling dialogues with your mentor or other educators about reflecting on negative endeavors are where true growth arises.
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s3.amazonaws.com s3.amazonaws.com
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Building an Archives 139Then exactly what are we docubuildings?); the architect (likewisinstitutional context in which mworks departments; the many othence the architect's activities; theultimately, the ideal of architectfunction of architecture is, in shnumerous and varied, and the recgenerated b
While reading this article, I was impressed by the choice of an architect as a professional stand-in for appraisal theory and archival appraisal. Terry Cook could’ve picked any profession really but an architect is such a great choice in relation to macro-appraisal because of how broad an architects social and physical dynamics and interactions can be and also how varied the purpose of a architect’s design can be. It really seems like the perfect choice for this subject and I kind of got hung up in the second part of this article trying to think of a comparable or better example that wouldn’t necessarily overlap with an architect directly. A novelist? Some sort of mass transit (commercial plane, train, bus, etc.) designer? It’s tough to come up with a topic that suits this subject as well as an architect.
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Local file Local file
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landrecognition
land recognition or acknowledgement: - sdsu's attempt at land acknowledgement - (sdsu could do more) - going beyond post-colonial to decolonization
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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NF1 Loss Promotes EGFR Activation and Confers Sensitivity to EGFR Inhibition in NF1-Mutant Melanoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC12221223
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes C>T transitions as characteristic of UV-induced mutations in melanoma, which are well-established features of cutaneous melanoma, indicating a role in tumorigenesis. Predictive: The identification of specific mutations, such as C>T transitions, suggests potential pharmacological targets for treatment in NF1Mut melanomas, indicating a predictive aspect for therapeutic response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): NF1(4763):C>T
Genes: NF1(4763)
Variants: C>T
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Biochemical analysis of EGFR exon20 insertion variants insASV and insSVD and their inhibitor sensitivity
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC11551396
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that the exon 20 insertion variants (insASV and insSVD) exhibit enhanced catalytic rates and lower Km values compared to WT EGFR, suggesting their role in promoting cancer through increased activity. Predictive: The study evaluates the sensitivity of various EGFR mutations, including L858R and exon 20 insertions, to different inhibitors, indicating that the presence of specific mutations can predict the effectiveness of targeted therapies. Functional: The biochemical analysis of the variants, including kinetic studies and enzyme assays, demonstrates their functional characteristics, such as catalytic efficiency and inhibitor sensitivity, which are critical for understanding their role in cancer biology.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):C797 EGFR(1956):T790 EGFR(1956):T790M EGFR(1956):V948R TXK(7294):Glu4 EGFR(1956):L858R EGFR(1956):N771insSVD
Genes: EGFR(1956) TXK(7294)
Variants: C797 T790 T790M V948R Glu4 L858R N771insSVD
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Efficacy and Safety of Taletrectinib in Chinese Patients With ROS1+ Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Phase II TRUST-I Study
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC11272140
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The G2032R mutation is associated with acquired resistance to crizotinib and is shown to respond to taletrectinib, indicating its role in cancer progression. Prognostic: The response rates and progression-free survival data for patients with G2032R mutations suggest that this variant can provide prognostic information regarding treatment outcomes with taletrectinib. Functional: The text indicates that taletrectinib has activity against the G2032R mutation, suggesting that this variant has functional implications in the context of treatment response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ROS1(6098):G2032R NTRK1(4914):G2101A TXK(7294):L2026M TXK(7294):S1986F
Genes: ROS1(6098) NTRK1(4914) TXK(7294)
Variants: G2032R G2101A L2026M S1986F
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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CHK1 inhibitor SRA737 is active in PARP inhibitor resistant and CCNE1 amplified ovarian cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC11253285
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses the resistance mechanisms in tumor cells and the effects of specific treatments, indicating that the variants S3C and S4D may be involved in oncogenic processes related to PARPi resistance and tumor growth. Functional: The study assesses the functional impact of SRA737 and PARPi on cell growth and signaling pathways, demonstrating how these variants influence the response to treatment and cellular behavior.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): CHEK1(1111):S3C PARP1(142):S4D
Genes: CHEK1(1111) PARP1(142)
Variants: S3C S4D
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A deregulated HOX gene axis confers an epigenetic vulnerability in KRAS-mutant lung cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10805385
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that HOXC10 is overexpressed in KRAS-mutant tumors, specifically mentioning the KRAS G12C variant, which is known to be associated with oncogenic activity in cancer. Predictive: The mention of robust HOXC10 expression in a patient-derived xenograft model with the KRAS G12C variant suggests that HOXC10 expression may predict response to treatment with MEK/BET inhibitors, indicating its potential as a predictive biomarker.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12C TP53(7157):G245V
Genes: KRAS(3845) TP53(7157)
Variants: G12C G245V
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Anticancer Efficacy of KRASG12C Inhibitors Is Potentiated by PAK4 Inhibitor KPT9274 in Preclinical Models of KRASG12C-Mutant Pancreatic and Lung Cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10690049
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses the KRAS G12C and G12D mutations in the context of cancer cell lines, indicating that these variants are associated with tumorigenic properties, particularly highlighting the specific response of KRASG12C to treatment. Predictive: The evidence suggests that the presence of the KRAS G12C mutation predicts a positive response to the drug combination of MRTX849 and KPT9274, as indicated by the synergistic growth inhibition observed in KRASG12C-mutant cell lines. Functional: The study demonstrates the functional impact of KRAS G12C and G12D mutations on cell growth and drug response, showing that KRASG12C-mutant cells are sensitive to specific inhibitors while KRASG12D-mutant cells are not.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12C KRAS(3845):G12D
Genes: KRAS(3845)
Variants: G12C G12D
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Adavosertib Enhances Antitumor Activity of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in HER2-Expressing Cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10618648
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The ERBB2 mutations V777L and G778A were identified in the tyrosine kinase domain, indicating their potential role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The T733I mutation was noted to be weakly transforming and associated with resistance to lapatinib, suggesting a functional impact on the behavior of the cancer cells.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):G778A ERBB2(2064):V777L ERBB2(2064):T733I
Genes: ERBB2(2064)
Variants: G778A V777L T733I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Breast cancer mutations HER2V777L and PIK3CAH1047R activate the p21-CDK4/6 –Cyclin D1 axis driving tumorigenesis and drug resistance
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10527017
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The HER2V777L and PIK3CAH1047R mutations are described as activating mutations that promote tumor formation and aggressive cancer characteristics, indicating their role in oncogenesis. Functional: The study demonstrates that the combination of HER2V777L and PIK3CAH1047R mutations enhances cellular migration and invasion, which are functional properties associated with metastatic cancer. Predictive: The findings suggest that the presence of HER2V777L and PIK3CAH1047R mutations can predict the effectiveness of specific drug combinations, such as neratinib plus trastuzumab deruxtecan, in treating breast cancer. Prognostic: The study indicates that the co-occurrence of HER2 and PIK3CA mutations is associated with accelerated tumor growth and metastasis, which can serve as a prognostic indicator for disease progression in breast cancer patients.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):G776insYVMA ERBB2(2064):V777L PIK3CA(5290):H1047R
Genes: ERBB2(2064) PIK3CA(5290)
Variants: G776insYVMA V777L H1047R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Osimertinib and selpercatinib efficacy, safety, and resistance in a multicenter, prospectively treated cohort of EGFR-mutant and RET fusion-positive lung cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10524391
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of mutations such as EGFR T790M, L858R, and RET G810S is associated with resistance to targeted therapies, indicating their role in tumor progression and oncogenic potential. Predictive: The identification of specific mutations like EGFR T790M and RET G810S can predict resistance to therapies such as osimertinib, guiding treatment decisions. Functional: The text discusses resistance mutations that affect the function of EGFR and RET kinases, indicating their functional impact on therapeutic engagement and resistance mechanisms. Prognostic: The presence of mutations such as BRAF V600E and KRAS G12S, along with the response rates to treatment, suggests that these mutations may have prognostic implications for patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):C797S KRAS(3845):G12S RET(5979):G810S EGFR(1956):T790M BRAF(673):V600E RET(5979):V804E RET(5979):V804M RET(5979):V804M/E EGFR(1956):L747S EGFR(1956):L858R
Genes: EGFR(1956) KRAS(3845) RET(5979) BRAF(673)
Variants: C797S G12S G810S T790M V600E V804E V804M V804M/E L747S L858R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Functional and Clinical Characterization of Variants of Uncertain Significance Identifies a Hotspot for Inactivating Missense Variants in RAD51C
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10390864
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Functional: The study assessed the influence of various RAD51C missense mutations on HDR DNA repair activity, categorizing them as deleterious, hypomorphic, or neutral based on their effects on HDR scores, indicating their functional impact on DNA repair mechanisms. Oncogenic: The loss of RAD51C function promotes HR deficiency and sensitizes cells to cisplatin and olaparib, suggesting that variants affecting RAD51C function may contribute to oncogenic processes by impairing DNA repair and influencing drug sensitivity in cancer cells. Predictive: The study evaluated the sensitivity of cells with different RAD51C variants to cisplatin and olaparib, indicating that specific variants can predict responses to these drugs, which is crucial for therapeutic decision-making in cancer treatment. Prognostic: The correlation between RAD51C variant status and drug response (IC50 values) suggests that these variants may serve as prognostic markers for treatment outcomes in patients receiving cisplatin or olaparib.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RAD51C(5889):16 A RAD51C(5889):C135Y RAD51C(5889):E94K RAD51C(5889):G130R RAD51C(5889):G302V RAD51C(5889):K131 RAD51C(5889):L138F RAD51C(5889):P21S RAD51C(5889):Q133E RAD51C(5889):R168 RAD51C(5889):R168G RAD51C(5889):R312 RAD51C(5889):R312W RAD51C(5889):T132I RAD51C(5889):T132R RAD51D(5892):T86I RAD51C(5889):V140E RAD51C(5889):p.Cys135Tyr RAD51C(5889):p.Thr132Ile RAD51C(5889):p.Val140Glu RAD51C(5889):A126T RAD51C(5889):D159N RAD51C(5889):G125V RAD51C(5889):G153D RAD51C(5889):G264S RAD51C(5889):G264V RAD51C(5889):G3R RAD51C(5889):L219S RAD51C(5889):Q143R RAD51C(5889):R214C RAD51C(5889):R258H RAD51C(5889):R366Q RAD51C(5889):T287A RAD51C(5889):V169A RAD51C(5889):p.Arg214Cys RAD51C(5889):p.Arg258His RAD51C(5889):p.Arg312Trp RAD51C(5889):p.Arg366Gln RAD51C(5889):p.Asp159Asn RAD51C(5889):p.Gln143Arg RAD51C(5889):p.Gly125Val RAD51C(5889):p.Gly153Asp RAD51C(5889):p.Gly264Ser RAD51C(5889):p.Gly264Val RAD51C(5889):p.Gly3Arg RAD51C(5889):p.Leu219Ser RAD51C(5889):p.Thr287Ala RAD51C(5889):p.Val169Ala RAD51C(5889):D109Y RAD51C(5889):G162E RAD51C(5889):L27P RAD51C(5889):S163R RAD51C(5889):T336P RAD51C(5889):p.Gly162Glu RAD51C(5889):p.Ser163Arg RAD51C(5889):p.Thr336Pro RAD51D(5892):p.Thr86Ile RAD51C(5889):A155E RAD51C(5889):C147Y RAD51(5888):D108G RAD51C(5889):D159Y RAD51C(5889):G306R RAD51C(5889):p.Ala155Glu RAD51(5888):p.Asp108Gly RAD51C(5889):p.Asp109Tyr RAD51C(5889):p.Asp159Tyr RAD51C(5889):p.Cys147Tyr RAD51C(5889):p.Gly306Arg RAD51C(5889):p.Pro21Ser RAD51C(5889):p.Glu94Lys RAD51C(5889):K131I
Genes: RAD51C(5889) RAD51D(5892) RAD51(5888)
Variants: 16 A C135Y E94K G130R G302V K131 L138F P21S Q133E R168 R168G R312 R312W T132I T132R T86I V140E p.Cys135Tyr p.Thr132Ile p.Val140Glu A126T D159N G125V G153D G264S G264V G3R L219S Q143R R214C R258H R366Q T287A V169A p.Arg214Cys p.Arg258His p.Arg312Trp p.Arg366Gln p.Asp159Asn p.Gln143Arg p.Gly125Val p.Gly153Asp p.Gly264Ser p.Gly264Val p.Gly3Arg p.Leu219Ser p.Thr287Ala p.Val169Ala D109Y G162E L27P S163R T336P p.Gly162Glu p.Ser163Arg p.Thr336Pro p.Thr86Ile A155E C147Y D108G D159Y G306R p.Ala155Glu p.Asp108Gly p.Asp109Tyr p.Asp159Tyr p.Cys147Tyr p.Gly306Arg p.Pro21Ser p.Glu94Lys K131I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Repotrectinib exhibits potent anti-tumor activity in treatment-naive and solvent-front-mutant ROS1-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10283448
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the ROS1-G2032R mutation is associated with crizotinib resistance in lung cancer, indicating its role in tumor progression and treatment failure. Functional: The study investigates the functional impact of various mutations, including E253Q, H178Q, H179Y, H555R, R143Q, and E171G, in the context of acquired resistance to repotrectinib, suggesting their potential roles in tumor biology and treatment response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): CEBPA(1050):196_197insHP TP53(7157):E171G CCND3(896):E253Q ERBB2(2064):H178Q TP53(7157):H179Y RB1(5925):H555R ERBB2(2064):R143Q ROS1(6098):G2032R
Genes: CEBPA(1050) TP53(7157) CCND3(896) ERBB2(2064) RB1(5925) ROS1(6098)
Variants: 196_197insHP E171G E253Q H178Q H179Y H555R R143Q G2032R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Activity of osimertinib in a patient with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer harboring HER2 exon 19, p.L755P mutation: case report
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10183391
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes a patient with stage IV NSCLC harboring the HER2 exon 19 p.L755P mutation, which is associated with the disease and indicates a potential role in tumorigenesis. Predictive: The evidence suggests that the presence of the HER2 exon 19 p.L755P mutation may predict the efficacy of osimertinib treatment, as the patient achieved a partial response after treatment. Functional: The text indicates that osimertinib has demonstrated activity against the HER2 exon 19 p.L755P mutation in both pre-clinical studies and in the reported case, suggesting a functional impact of the mutation on treatment response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):c.2262_2264delinsTCC ERBB2(2064):p.(L755P) ERBB2(2064):p.L755P
Genes: ERBB2(2064)
Variants: c.2262_2264delinsTCC p.(L755P) p.L755P
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Targeting SWI/SNF ATPases in H3.3K27M diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10161095
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes how lysine-to-methionine mutations in histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27M) are associated with lethal childhood brain cancers, indicating that this variant contributes to tumorigenesis. Functional: The evidence shows that H3K27M mutations alter chromatin remodeling and affect protein levels of the SWI/SNF complex, demonstrating a functional impact on cellular processes related to cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): H3-3B(3021):lysine 27 PBRM1(55193):lysine-to-methionine
Genes: H3-3B(3021) PBRM1(55193)
Variants: lysine 27 lysine-to-methionine
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Adjuvant Osimertinib for Resected EGFR-Mutated Stage IB-IIIA Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Updated Results From the Phase III Randomized ADAURA Trial
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10082285
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The study involves patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC, specifically mentioning the L858R variant, and evaluates the efficacy of osimertinib, indicating that the presence of this mutation can predict response to treatment. Prognostic: The study assesses disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival in patients with the L858R variant, suggesting that this mutation may have implications for patient outcomes. Oncogenic: The mention of the L858R mutation in the context of EGFR-mutated NSCLC indicates its role in driving cancer development, classifying it as an oncogenic variant.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):L858R
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: L858R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Only SF3B1 Mutation involving K700E Independently Predicts Overall Survival in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10015977
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Prognostic: The text indicates that SF3B1 mutations, particularly K700E, are associated with a favorable prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), as evidenced by superior overall survival (OS) rates compared to SF3B1 wild-type patients. Oncogenic: The presence of SF3B1 mutations, including K700E and R625C, is implicated in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes, suggesting their role as oncogenic drivers in this context. Functional: The analysis of splicing events and gene expression profiles between K700E and non-K700E SF3B1 mutations indicates functional differences that may impact disease characteristics and outcomes in MDS.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): SETBP1(26040):E862K SF3B1(23451):K700E SF3B1(23451):R625C SF3B1(23451):K666 SF3B1(23451):K700 SF3B1(23451):R625
Genes: SETBP1(26040) SF3B1(23451)
Variants: E862K K700E R625C K666 K700 R625
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A Phase Ib/II Trial of Combined BRAF and EGFR Inhibition in BRAF V600E Positive Metastatic Colorectal Cancer and Other Cancers: The EVICT (Erlotinib and Vemurafenib In Combination Trial) Study
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC10011885
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The BRAF V600E mutation is identified as a significant alteration in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and is associated with the disease's progression and treatment resistance, indicating its role in oncogenesis. Predictive: Early ctDNA dynamics, including changes in BRAF V600E levels, were shown to predict treatment efficacy, with significant correlations between ctDNA levels and clinical outcomes such as progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Functional: The emergence of KRAS and NRAS mutations, including specific variants like KRAS Q61H and G13D, was linked to treatment resistance, suggesting that these mutations have functional implications in the context of therapy response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KDR(3791):A163G KRAS(3845):G12D KRAS(3845):G12N KRAS(3845):G13D KRAS(3845):Q61H NRAS(4893):Q61L SLTM(79811):R106H BRAF(673):V600E NRAS(4893):G13C
Genes: KDR(3791) KRAS(3845) NRAS(4893) SLTM(79811) BRAF(673)
Variants: A163G G12D G12N G13D Q61H Q61L R106H V600E G13C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Efficacy of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of KrasG12D in Immunocompetent Models of Pancreatic Cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9900321
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The passage indicates that Gly-to-Asp mutations (KRASG12D) are commonly found in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), suggesting that this variant is associated with the development of cancer. Predictive: The text discusses the efficacy of a small-molecule KRASG12D inhibitor, MRTX1133, in models with KRASG12D mutations, indicating that the presence of this variant can predict the response to targeted therapy.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):Gly-to-Asp
Genes: KRAS(3845)
Variants: Gly-to-Asp
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Investigation of the prevalence and clinical implications of ERBB2 exon 16 skipping mutations in Chinese pan-cancer patients
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9859631
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes various ERBB2 alterations, including ERBB2DeltaEx16 variants, which are suggested to play a role in resistance to targeted therapies, indicating their potential oncogenic nature. Predictive: The presence of specific mutations such as L858R, L755S, D769Y, and others in the context of treatment resistance suggests that these variants may predict response to therapies and disease progression. Functional: The identification of multiple ERBB2 alterations and their association with resistance mechanisms implies that these variants may have functional consequences on the gene's activity and its role in cancer progression.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): SLTM(79811):D1288N L1195I SLTM(79811):L1195V SLTM(79811):Y1230H ERBB2(2064):c.1899-936_1946+520del ERBB2(2064):D769Y ERBB2(2064):L755S EGFR(1956):L858R ERBB2(2064):c.1899-32_1909del ERBB2(2064):c.1899-2A>G ERBB2(2064):c.1899-880_1946+761del
Genes: SLTM(79811) ERBB2(2064) EGFR(1956)
Variants: D1288N L1195I L1195V Y1230H c.1899-936_1946+520del D769Y L755S L858R c.1899-32_1909del c.1899-2A>G c.1899-880_1946+761del
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Oncogenic mutations of PIK3CA lead to increased membrane recruitment driven by reorientation of the ABD, p85 and C-terminus
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9837058
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses multiple mutations (e.g., H1047R, G1049R, M1043L, N1068fs) that are frequently observed in cancer and describes their role in activating the PI3K pathway, indicating their oncogenic potential. Functional: The evidence describes how specific mutations (H1047R, G1049R, M1043L) lead to increased ATPase activity and enhanced membrane binding, demonstrating their functional impact on the PI3K enzyme activity. Predictive: The identification of specific mutations associated with increased membrane binding and PI3K activity suggests that these mutations could be used to predict the behavior of tumors and their response to therapies targeting the PI3K pathway.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):D915N PIK3CA(5290):E726K PIK3CA(5290):G1049R PIK3CA(5290):H1047R PIK3CA(5290):H1047R/L PIK3CA(5290):M1043L PIK3CA(5290):M1043L/I PIK3CA(5290):N1044K PIK3CA(5290):N1068fs PIK3CA(5290):M1043I/L PIK3CA(5290):G106V PIK3CA(5290):G118D PIK3CA(5290):N345K PIK3CA(5290):His1047 PIK3CA(5290):Met1043
Genes: PIK3CA(5290)
Variants: D915N E726K G1049R H1047R H1047R/L M1043L M1043L/I N1044K N1068fs M1043I/L G106V G118D N345K His1047 Met1043
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Multiplatform molecular analyses refine classification of gliomas arising in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9468105
Evidence Type(s): Predisposing, Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Predisposing: The text describes gliomas arising in patients with a heterozygous germline mutation in NF1, indicating a genetic predisposition to tumor development. Oncogenic: The presence of somatic mutations and inactivation of the wild-type NF1 allele, along with the mention of specific mutations like p.R1276* and c.4110 + 2 T > G, supports the role of these variants in tumorigenesis. Prognostic: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicates that patients with NF1-associated gliomas have inferior outcomes, suggesting that the genetic alterations may have prognostic implications for patient survival.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): NF1(4763):c.4110 + 2 T > G NF1(4763):p.R1276* BRAF(673):p.V600E
Genes: NF1(4763) BRAF(673)
Variants: c.4110 + 2 T > G p.R1276* p.V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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RET fusions as primary oncogenic drivers and secondary acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9441062
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of EGFR mutations, including L858R and G719C/S768I, is associated with oncogenic activity in NSCLC, as they are known to drive tumorigenesis. Predictive: The identified second-site EGFR mutations, such as T790M and C797S/G, are recognized as predictive markers for resistance to EGFR-TKIs, indicating their role in treatment response. Prognostic: The study reports that certain genetic alterations, including bypass pathway mutations and co-mutations of TP53 and RB1, are associated with significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with EGFR-TKIs, highlighting their prognostic significance.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):C797S/G EGFR(1956):L718V/Q EGFR(1956):T790M EGFR(1956):G719C EGFR(1956):L858R EGFR(1956):S768I
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: C797S/G L718V/Q T790M G719C L858R S768I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Elongin C (ELOC/TCEB1)-associated von Hippel–Lindau disease
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9402235
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Diagnostic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The de novo pathogenic variant NM_005648.4(ELOC):c.236A>G (p.Tyr79Cys) is associated with VHL-independent renal tumorigenesis and has been previously described as a somatic variant in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) without VHL inactivation, indicating its role in cancer development. Diagnostic: The identification of the NM_005648.4(ELOC):c.236A>G (p.Tyr79Cys) variant in a proband with VHL disease suggests that genetic testing for ELOC variants should be performed in individuals with suspected VHL disease, thereby aiding in diagnosis. Predictive: The presence of the NM_005648.4(ELOC):c.236A>G (p.Tyr79Cys) variant has implications for predicting the development of VHL disease and associated renal tumors, as it mimics the effects of pVHL deficiency on hypoxic signaling.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): HIF1A(3091):Tyr79 HIF1A(3091):Y79 HIF1A(3091):c.236A>G HIF1A(3091):p.Tyr79Cys ELOC(6921):c.261_272del RET(5979):c.274G>A ELOC(6921):c.311T>A KRT7(3855):c.74A>T KRT7(3855):p.Asp25Val VAV1(7409):p.Glu92Lys ELOC(6921):p.Leu104Gln ELOC(6921):p.Thr88_Pro91del
Genes: HIF1A(3091) ELOC(6921) RET(5979) KRT7(3855) VAV1(7409)
Variants: Tyr79 Y79 c.236A>G p.Tyr79Cys c.261_272del c.274G>A c.311T>A c.74A>T p.Asp25Val p.Glu92Lys p.Leu104Gln p.Thr88_Pro91del
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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TPX-0131, a Potent CNS-penetrant, Next-generation Inhibitor of Wild-type ALK and ALK-resistant Mutations
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9398166
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses various ALK mutations, including G1202R and L1196M, which are described as major resistance mechanisms to ALK inhibitors, indicating their role in oncogenesis. Functional: The evidence describes the biochemical characterization of TPX-0131's potency against various ALK mutations, demonstrating its functional ability to inhibit both wild-type and mutant ALK, including resistance mutations. Predictive: The text indicates that TPX-0131 was designed to avoid resistance mutations and shows significant potency against them, suggesting its potential predictive value for treatment outcomes in patients with these mutations. Prognostic: The discussion of TPX-0131's efficacy against a range of ALK mutations, including those associated with resistance, implies that the presence of these mutations could influence treatment response and patient prognosis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ALK(238):C1156Y ALK(238):D1203N ALK(238):E1210K ALK(238):F1174C ALK(238):F1174L ALK(238):F1174S ALK(238):F1245C ALK(238):G1202 ALK(238):G1202R ALK(238):G1269A ALK(238):G1269S ALK(238):I1171N ALK(238):L1152P ALK(238):L1152R ALK(238):L1196M ALK(238):L1198F ALK(238):R1275Q ALK(238):S1206C ALK(238):S1206R ALK(238):T1151-L1152 insT ALK(238):T1151M ALK(238):V1180L ALK(238):I1171N/S ALK(238):L1204V ALK(238):S/T ALK(238):L1198
Genes: ALK(238)
Variants: C1156Y D1203N E1210K F1174C F1174L F1174S F1245C G1202 G1202R G1269A G1269S I1171N L1152P L1152R L1196M L1198F R1275Q S1206C S1206R T1151-L1152 insT T1151M V1180L I1171N/S L1204V S/T L1198
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A Novel Third-generation EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Abivertinib for EGFR T790M-mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: a Multicenter Phase I/II Study
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9365372
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The text indicates that patients with the EGFR T790M mutation showed responses to treatment with abivertinib, suggesting that the presence of this variant can predict treatment efficacy. Oncogenic: The T790M variant is associated with resistance to EGFR inhibitors and is implicated in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), indicating its role in oncogenesis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):T790M EGFR(1956):Thr790Met
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: T790M Thr790Met
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC9338780
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Predictive: The text discusses the approval of dabrafenib plus trametinib for treatment of BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer, indicating that the presence of the V600E mutation predicts a positive response to this therapy. Oncogenic: The BRAF V600E mutation is implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid cancer, suggesting its role as an oncogenic driver in this disease. Prognostic: The updated results indicate that patients with BRAF V600E-mutant ATC experienced improved long-term survival with the treatment, suggesting that the mutation may serve as a prognostic marker for treatment outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):V600E
Genes: BRAF(673)
Variants: V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Poziotinib in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring HER2 Exon 20 Insertion Mutations After Prior Therapies: ZENITH20-2 Trial
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8887939
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Prognostic: The text provides data on overall response rates (ORR), median duration of response (DoR), and median progression-free survival (PFS) associated with specific mutations, indicating their potential to predict clinical outcomes. Oncogenic: The mention of specific mutations (A775dupYVMA and G776delinsVC) in the context of their frequency and associated clinical outcomes suggests a role in tumorigenesis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):A775dupYVMA ERBB2(2064):G776delinsVC
Genes: ERBB2(2064)
Variants: A775dupYVMA G776delinsVC
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Integrated approach to functional analysis of an ERBB2 variant of unknown significance detected by a cancer gene panel test
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8881279
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The evidence indicates that the ERBB2 E401G variant enhances C-terminal phosphorylation and increases invasive capacity in cancer cells, suggesting its role in promoting oncogenic properties. Functional: The study demonstrates that ERBB2 E401G has functional properties similar to known activating mutations, affecting dimerization and phosphorylation mechanisms, which are critical for its role in signaling pathways. Predictive: The identification of the ERBB2 E401G variant as a variant of unknown significance (VUS) and its evaluation through computational tools predicting pathogenicity suggest its potential as a predictive marker for therapeutic targeting.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): MYC(4609):1157A > G FANCC(2176):E401G ERBB2(2064):D845A TP53(7157):E321G ERBB2(2064):S310F FANCC(2176):p.(E401G)
Genes: MYC(4609) FANCC(2176) ERBB2(2064) TP53(7157)
Variants: 1157A > G E401G D845A E321G S310F p.(E401G)
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Emerging a Novel VOPP1-EGFR Fusion Coexistent With T790M as an Acquired Resistance Mechanism to Prior Icotinib and Sensitive to Osimertinib in a Patient With EGFR L858R Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8727519
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the EGFR L858R and T790M variants in the patient's lung adenocarcinoma indicates their role in tumorigenesis and resistance to treatment, supporting their classification as oncogenic. Predictive: The identification of the T790M variant suggests a potential resistance mechanism to first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, indicating its predictive value for treatment response. Prognostic: The patient's progression-free survival interval of more than 11 months after switching to osimertinib suggests that the presence of the T790M variant may have prognostic implications for treatment outcomes in NSCLC.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):L858R EGFR(1956):T790M
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: L858R T790M
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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EGFR-D770>GY and Other Rare EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations with a G770 Equivalence Are Sensitive to Dacomitinib or Afatinib and Responsive to EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutant-Active Inhibitors in Preclinical Models and
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8700411
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations, including G770 equivalence, as being associated with sensitivity to specific EGFR TKIs, indicating their role in driving cancer progression. Predictive: The evidence suggests that patients with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations, particularly those with G770 equivalence, can be predicted to respond to certain EGFR TKIs, such as afatinib and dacomitinib, based on preclinical and clinical data. Prognostic: The clinical outcomes reported for patients with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations indicate that these mutations can influence treatment responses and outcomes, suggesting a prognostic role in advanced lung cancers.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):D770 EGFR(1956):G770 EGFR(1956):Y764insFQEA EGFR(1956):D770_N771insSVD EGFR(1956):V769dupASV
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: D770 G770 Y764insFQEA D770_N771insSVD V769dupASV
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Enhanced interpretation of 935 hotspot and non-hotspot RAS variants using evidence-based structural bioinformatics
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8688876
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Functional: The text discusses the biochemical properties of KRAS variants, including their effects on GTP binding, hydrolysis rates, and RAF affinity, indicating that these variants have functional consequences on the protein's activity. Oncogenic: The mention of KRAS variants, particularly hotspot mutations, in the context of their roles in cancer suggests that these mutations are associated with oncogenic potential, as they alter the protein's function in a way that can contribute to tumorigenesis. Predictive: The analysis includes predictions of RAF affinity and GAP-mediated hydrolysis rates for various KRAS variants, indicating that the data can be used to predict the functional impact of these mutations on KRAS activity. Prognostic: The study's findings on the varying effects of different KRAS mutations on downstream signaling and their correlation with pERK levels suggest that these variants may have prognostic implications in cancer outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):A146T KRAS(3845):A146T/V HRAS(3265):A59T KRAS(3845):G12A/R KRAS(3845):G12A/R/S KRAS(3845):G12V/D KRAS(3845):G13C KRAS(3845):G13V/D BRAF(673):K177N KRAS(3845):L19F KRAS(3845):Q22K KRAS(3845):Q61 KRAS(3845):Q61H KRAS(3845):Q61L/P KRAS(3845):R164Q ZHX2(22882):T74P HRAS(3265):A146V BRAF(673):A18D KRAS(3845):G12D KRAS(3845):G12S KRAS(3845):G13D HRAS(3265):G13V KRAS(3845):K117N KRAS(3845):G12C KRAS(3845):G12C/D KRAS(3845):G12R KRAS(3845):G13C/D KRAS(3845):Q61H/L KRAS(3845):Q61P NRAS(4893):Q61R ZHX2(22882):V/A KRAS(3845):G12 KRAS(3845):G13 KRAS(3845):G12V ZHX2(22882):T74
Genes: KRAS(3845) HRAS(3265) BRAF(673) ZHX2(22882) NRAS(4893)
Variants: A146T A146T/V A59T G12A/R G12A/R/S G12V/D G13C G13V/D K177N L19F Q22K Q61 Q61H Q61L/P R164Q T74P A146V A18D G12D G12S G13D G13V K117N G12C G12C/D G12R G13C/D Q61H/L Q61P Q61R V/A G12 G13 G12V T74
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A Metastatic Cervical Adenocarcinoma Patient Carrying HER2 G292R Achieved Complete Response Upon Pyrotinib Treatment
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8453302
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The G292R variant in HER2 is associated with a complete response to treatment, indicating its role in driving cancer progression and treatment response in metastatic cervical adenocarcinoma. Prognostic: The mention of a progression-free survival of 25 months in a patient with the G292R variant suggests that this variant may have implications for predicting treatment outcomes in cervical cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):G292R
Genes: ERBB2(2064)
Variants: G292R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A Nationwide Study on the Impact of Routine Testing for EGFR Mutations in Advanced NSCLC Reveals Distinct Survival Patterns Based on EGFR Mutation Subclasses
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8307492
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The text discusses the association of specific EGFR mutations, such as L858R and exon 19 deletions, with overall survival (OS) outcomes in patients treated with first-line EGFR inhibitors, indicating their predictive value for treatment response. Prognostic: The analysis of overall survival (OS) based on different EGFR mutation subclasses, including L858R and uncommon actionable variants, demonstrates their prognostic significance in determining patient outcomes. Oncogenic: The presence of EGFR mutations, including L858R and T790M, is associated with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), indicating their role in oncogenesis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):G719S EGFR(1956):L858R EGFR(1956):L861Q EGFR(1956):T790M EGFR(1956):L861X
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: G719S L858R L861Q T790M L861X
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Comprehensive functional evaluation of variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor genes in cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8285406
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes several FGFR mutations, including N546K, K656E, S249C, and others, as oncogenic mutations that exhibit significant transforming activities in various cancers, indicating their role in tumorigenesis. Predictive: The evidence indicates that specific FGFR mutations, such as N549D/K and K650M/N, show different sensitivities to FGFR inhibitors, suggesting that these variants can predict the response to targeted therapies. Prognostic: The text mentions that patients with FGFR mutations and fusions had a higher overall response rate to FGFR TKIs compared to those with amplifications, indicating that these mutations may serve as prognostic markers for treatment outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):E542K PIK3CA(5290):E545K PIK3CA(5290):H1047R KRAS(3845):G12V FGFR1(2260):N546K FGFR2(2263):N549D/K FGFR3(2261):G370C FGFR3(2261):G380E/R FGFR3(2261):K650E/M FGFR2(2263):K659E FGFR2(2263):N549H FGFR3(2261):R248C FGFR3(2261):S249C TACC1(6867):S342F FGFR3(2261):S371C FGFR2(2263):W290C FGFR3(2261):Y373C FGFR3(2261):K650E FGFR3(2261):K650M FGFR3(2261):K650N FGFR2(2263):N549K FGFR2(2263):K656 FGFR2(2263):K656E/M FGFR2(2263):N549 FGFR2(2263):N549D/H FGFR1(2260):K656E FGFR2(2263):S252W FGFR2(2263):V550L FGFR4(2264):N535K EGFR(1956):R248H
Genes: PIK3CA(5290) KRAS(3845) FGFR1(2260) FGFR2(2263) FGFR3(2261) TACC1(6867) FGFR4(2264) EGFR(1956)
Variants: E542K E545K H1047R G12V N546K N549D/K G370C G380E/R K650E/M K659E N549H R248C S249C S342F S371C W290C Y373C K650E K650M K650N N549K K656 K656E/M N549 N549D/H K656E S252W V550L N535K R248H
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A dual inhibitor overcomes drug-resistant FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8255005
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Prognostic: The text states that FLT3 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), indicating that the presence of these mutations can provide information about the likely outcome of the disease. Oncogenic: The mention of FLT3 mutations, including D835 and F691L, as common genetic alterations in AML suggests that these variants contribute to the development of cancer. Functional: The text discusses the resistance of FLT3 mutations (specifically F691L and D835Y) to FLT3 inhibitors and the mechanisms by which KX2-391 overcomes this resistance, indicating a functional role of these mutations in drug response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FLT3(2322):D835 FLT3(2322):D835Y FLT3(2322):F691 FLT3(2322):F691L
Genes: FLT3(2322)
Variants: D835 D835Y F691 F691L
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Loss of ATRX confers DNA repair defects and PARP inhibitor sensitivity
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8203843
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The IDH1 R132H mutation is associated with glioma and is known to induce homologous recombination defects, which contributes to the oncogenic process in these tumors. Predictive: The study demonstrates that the presence of the IDH1 R132H mutation influences sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, indicating that this variant can predict treatment response in glioma patients.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): IDH1(3417):R132H
Genes: IDH1(3417)
Variants: R132H
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Encorafenib Plus Cetuximab as a New Standard of Care for Previously Treated BRAF V600E–Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Updated Survival Results and Subgroup Analyses from the BEACON Study
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8078423
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The study evaluates the efficacy of encorafenib plus cetuximab in patients with BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer, indicating that the presence of the BRAFV600E variant predicts a response to this treatment regimen. Oncogenic: The mention of BRAFV600E as a mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer suggests that it plays a role in the oncogenesis of this cancer type, as it is a known driver mutation associated with tumor development.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):BRAFV600E BRAF(673):V600E
Genes: BRAF(673)
Variants: BRAFV600E V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Dual activating FGFR1 mutations in pediatric pilomyxoid astrocytoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8077124
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The FGFR1 p.K656E mutation is described as a known hotspot mutation that is both activating and transforming, indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The FGFR1 p.V561M mutation is characterized as a gatekeeper mutation that imparts resistance to FGFR inhibitors, suggesting a functional impact on treatment response. Prognostic: The text mentions that pilomyxoid astrocytomas are characterized by shorter survival and high recurrence rates, indicating that the presence of these mutations may have implications for patient prognosis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FGFR1(2260):c.1681G>A FGFR1(2260):c.1966A>G FGFR1(2260):p.K656E FGFR1(2260):p.V561M IDH1(3417):p.R132H BRAF(673):p.V600E
Genes: FGFR1(2260) IDH1(3417) BRAF(673)
Variants: c.1681G>A c.1966A>G p.K656E p.V561M p.R132H p.V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Clinical response to dabrafenib plus trametinib in a pediatric ganglioglioma with BRAF p.T599dup mutation
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8040738
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the BRAF p.T599dup mutation in the tumor is associated with tumor growth and progression, indicating its role in oncogenesis. Predictive: The identification of BRAF alterations, including p.T599dup, may assist clinicians in determining alternative targeted treatment strategies, suggesting its predictive value for treatment response. Prognostic: The report discusses the poor prognosis associated with many central nervous system diagnoses, indicating that BRAF mutations may have implications for patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):V600E BRAF(673):p.T599dup BRAF(673):p.V600E NA:p.T599dup BRAF
Genes: BRAF(673) NA
Variants: V600E p.T599dup p.V600E p.T599dup BRAF
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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PIK3CA mutation confers resistance to chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting apoptosis and activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8033310
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of PIK3CA mutations (E545K and H1047R) in TNBC cell lines was associated with increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis, indicating that these mutations contribute to tumorigenesis. Predictive: The study suggests that PIK3CA mutations may alter the sensitivity of TNBC cells to chemotherapy, as cells with these mutations showed decreased sensitivity to epirubicin treatment. Prognostic: The frequency of PIK3CA mutations in patients with TNBC and their association with clinical outcomes, such as chemotherapy response and recurrence, indicates that these mutations may have prognostic implications for patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):E545K PIK3CA(5290):H1047R
Genes: PIK3CA(5290)
Variants: E545K H1047R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Strong functional data for pathogenicity or neutrality classify BRCA2 DNA-binding-domain variants of uncertain significance
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC8008494
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Functional: The text describes a functional assay (HDR) that evaluates the impact of various variants on protein function, indicating that certain variants resulted in loss of function or maintained functionality based on their HDR scores. Oncogenic: The mention of variants being associated with probabilities of pathogenicity >0.99 suggests that these variants may contribute to cancer development, indicating their potential oncogenic nature. Predictive: The text discusses the ability of certain variants to influence sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, which can be used to predict treatment responses in BRCA2-deficient cell lines.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): NA:2619 from Trp to Gly BRCA2(675):2723 from Asp to Asn APRT(353):7522G>A APRT(353):7807G>T APRT(353):7874G>A APRT(353):7879A>G NA:Leu3180 APRT(353):Phe/Asn APRT(353):c.7522G>C BRCA2(675):c.7880T>A BRCA2(675):c.9370A>C BRCA2(675):c.9371A>T BRCA2(675):c.9539T>C BRCA2(675):p.Ala2603Ser BRCA2(675):p.Arg2625Lys BRCA2(675):p.Asn3124His APRT(353):p.Gly2508Arg BRCA2(675):p.Gly2508Ser BRCA2(675):p.Ile2627Val BRCA2(675):c.8723T>G BRCA2(675):c.8905G>A BRCA2(675):p.Val2908Gly BRCA2(675):p.Val2969Met
Genes: NA BRCA2(675) APRT(353)
Variants: 2619 from Trp to Gly 2723 from Asp to Asn 7522G>A 7807G>T 7874G>A 7879A>G Leu3180 Phe/Asn c.7522G>C c.7880T>A c.9370A>C c.9371A>T c.9539T>C p.Ala2603Ser p.Arg2625Lys p.Asn3124His p.Gly2508Arg p.Gly2508Ser p.Ile2627Val c.8723T>G c.8905G>A p.Val2908Gly p.Val2969Met
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Massively parallel functional testing of MSH2 missense variants conferring Lynch syndrome risk
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7820803
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic
Justification: Functional: The study demonstrates that the p.Ala636Pro variant leads to a significant loss of MSH2 function, as evidenced by the inability of cells expressing this variant to restore sensitivity to 6-thioguanine, indicating a functional impairment in mismatch repair. Oncogenic: The p.Ala636Pro variant is described as a pathogenic founder allele, suggesting its role in contributing to cancer predisposition, particularly in the context of MMR deficiency associated with Lynch syndrome.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): MSH2(4436):p.Ala636Pro
Genes: MSH2(4436)
Variants: p.Ala636Pro
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Primary mismatch repair deficient IDH-mutant astrocytoma (PMMRDIA) is a distinct type with a poor prognosis
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7785563
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predisposing
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that 90% of the cases harbored the IDH1-R132H mutation, which is associated with conventional supratentorial IDH-mutant astrocytomas, suggesting its role in tumorigenesis. Predisposing: The mention of a personal and family history of colorectal cancer in case no. 10, along with the identification of germline mutations in MMR genes, suggests a predisposition to cancer in these cases.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): IDH1(3417):R132H
Genes: IDH1(3417)
Variants: R132H
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Cancer-Associated SF3B1 Mutations Confer a BRCA-Like Cellular Phenotype and Synthetic Lethality to PARP Inhibitors
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7612475
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The SF3B1K700E mutation is associated with a BRCA-like cellular phenotype that compromises homologous recombination (HR) and increases sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, indicating its role in cancer development. Functional: The SF3B1K700E mutation affects the ability of cells to resolve recombination intermediates and induces unscheduled R-loops, leading to stalled replication forks and reduced replication fork protection, demonstrating a functional impact on DNA repair mechanisms. Predictive: The presence of the SF3B1K700E mutation predicts increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors and other chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RNASEH1(246243):D210N SF3B1(23451):K700E
Genes: RNASEH1(246243) SF3B1(23451)
Variants: D210N K700E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A BRCA1 coiled-coil domain variant disrupting PALB2 interaction promotes the development of mammary tumors and confers a targetable defect in homologous recombination repair
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7612117
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predisposing
Justification: Oncogenic: The evidence indicates that the BRCA1 p.L1363P variant disrupts the interaction with PALB2, leads to embryonic lethality, and accelerates the development of Trp53-deficient mammary tumors, suggesting its role in cancer development. Functional: The study demonstrates that Brca1 p.L1363P impairs homologous recombination repair (HRR) and affects BRCA1-PALB2 interaction, indicating a functional defect associated with this variant. Predisposing: The findings suggest that the BRCA1 p.L1363P variant increases the risk of developing breast cancer, as it leads to tumor formation in a mouse model.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRCA1(672):4220T>C TP53BP1(7158):p.L1363P BRCA1(672):p.L1407P TP53BP1(7158):L1363P BRCA1(672):leucine to proline
Genes: BRCA1(672) TP53BP1(7158)
Variants: 4220T>C p.L1363P p.L1407P L1363P leucine to proline
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Clinical BRCA1/2 reversion analysis identifies hotspot mutations and predicted neoantigens associated with therapy resistance
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7611203
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Predisposing
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses multiple pathogenic mutations, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants, which are known to be associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, indicating their oncogenic potential. Predictive: The mention of neoantigens derived from pathogenic mutations being likely presented by HLA class I complexes suggests that these mutations can be used to predict immune responses, which is a predictive aspect in the context of cancer treatment. Predisposing: The identification of common founder mutations such as BRCA1:c.185delAG and BRCA2:c.6174delT indicates that these variants predispose individuals to developing certain cancers, thus classifying them as predisposing mutations.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRCA1(672):c.185delAG BRCA1(672):c.5266dupC BRCA2(675):c.5946delT BRCA2(675):c.6174delT BRCA1(672):c.68_69delAG BRCA1(672):p.C61S BRCA1(672):p.M1I
Genes: BRCA1(672) BRCA2(675)
Variants: c.185delAG c.5266dupC c.5946delT c.6174delT c.68_69delAG p.C61S p.M1I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Efficacy and Resistance of ALK Inhibitors in Two Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Patients with ALK Fusions Assessed by Whole Exome and RNA Sequencing
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7568619
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The L1196Q mutation in ALK was identified as a secondary mutation associated with resistance to alectinib, indicating its role in tumor progression and treatment failure. Predictive: The identification of the L1196Q mutation guided the treatment decision to prescribe ceritinib, which resulted in a partial response, suggesting its predictive value for treatment outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ALK(238):L1196Q
Genes: ALK(238)
Variants: L1196Q
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Genetic variants in the Folic acid Metabolic Pathway Genes predict outcomes of metastatic Colorectal Cancer patients receiving first-line Chemotherapy
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7545690
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Predictive
Justification: Prognostic: The variant rs3786362 in TYMS is associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in mCRC patients, indicating its potential as a prognostic marker for patient outcomes. Predictive: The study suggests that rs3786362 may serve as a predictive biomarker for survival in specific subgroups of mCRC patients, as it correlates with treatment response and survival outcomes based on genotype.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FTCD(10841):rs10432965 FOLH1(2346):rs369803 TYMS(7298):rs3786362 SLC46A1(113235):rs4795436
Genes: FTCD(10841) FOLH1(2346) TYMS(7298) SLC46A1(113235)
Variants: rs10432965 rs369803 rs3786362 rs4795436
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Phase I Trial of First-in-Class ATR Inhibitor M6620 (VX-970) as Monotherapy or in Combination With Carboplatin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7499606
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The TP53 Y220C missense mutation is described as a "deleterious somatic mutation," indicating its role in promoting cancer development. Prognostic: The patient's response to various treatments, including the combination therapy, suggests that the presence of the Y220C mutation may influence treatment outcomes and disease progression.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): TP53(7157):Y220C
Genes: TP53(7157)
Variants: Y220C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Tumor Microenvironment-Derived NRG1 Promotes Antiandrogen Resistance in Prostate Cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7472556
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Diagnostic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses the upregulation of NRG1 in response to hormone therapy and its association with promoting resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), indicating a role in cancer progression. Diagnostic: The detection of NRG1 expression using an immunohistochemical assay in patients with localized prostate cancer suggests its potential use as a diagnostic marker for assessing treatment response. Prognostic: The correlation between NRG1 expression and patient outcomes, particularly in relation to ADT treatment, implies that NRG1 levels may serve as a prognostic indicator for treatment efficacy in prostate cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RET(5979):Q8 NRG1(3084):S6 KAT2B(8850):S7 KAT2B(8850):S7C
Genes: RET(5979) NRG1(3084) KAT2B(8850)
Variants: Q8 S6 S7 S7C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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KAT6A amplifications are associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with endometrial serous carcinoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7467277
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that the genomic segment on chr8:208343-27992852 is associated with somatic copy number alterations (CNA), specifically deletions, which can contribute to tumorigenesis, suggesting an oncogenic role. Functional: The mention of somatic CNAs implies that the alterations may affect gene function, indicating a potential functional impact on the genes located within the specified genomic segment.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): NA:chr8:208343-27992852
Genes: NA
Variants: chr8:208343-27992852
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Molecular and clinicopathologic features of gliomas harboring NTRK fusions
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7362646
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The IDH1 p.R132H mutation is mentioned as a significant alteration in adult gliomas, indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Prognostic: The presence of the IDH1 p.R132H mutation correlates with specific histological grades and patient age cohorts, suggesting it may have implications for patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): IDH1(3417):p.R132H
Genes: IDH1(3417)
Variants: p.R132H
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Durable benefit from immunotherapy and accompanied lupus erythematosus in pancreatic adenocarcinoma with DNA repair deficiency
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7342819
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predisposing, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the KRAS p.G12V mutation is identified as a common driver mutation in pancreatic cancer, indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Predisposing: The germline mutation PALB2 c.3114-1G>A is noted as likely pathogenic and suggests a potential deficiency in DNA homologous recombination, which can predispose individuals to cancer. Functional: The identification of two deleterious PALB2 alterations, including both a germline and a somatic mutation, suggests functional implications related to DNA repair mechanisms.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PALB2(79728):c.2514+1G>C PALB2(79728):c.3114-1G>A KRAS(3845):p.G12V
Genes: PALB2(79728) KRAS(3845)
Variants: c.2514+1G>C c.3114-1G>A p.G12V
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Phase I, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation/Dose-Expansion Study of Lifirafenib (BGB-283), an RAF Family Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Solid Tumors
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7325368
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of B-RAFV600E and K-RAS mutations is associated with specific responses to treatment, indicating their role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Predictive: The study evaluates the efficacy of lifirafenib, a B-RAFV600E inhibitor, suggesting that the presence of this mutation can predict response to the treatment. Prognostic: The outcomes of patients with B-RAF and K-RAS mutations, including response rates and duration of response, provide prognostic information regarding their disease course and treatment efficacy.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):B-RAFV600E KRAS(3845):G13D
Genes: BRAF(673) KRAS(3845)
Variants: B-RAFV600E G13D
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Suppression of Mig-6 overcomes the acquired EGFR-TKI resistance of lung adenocarcinoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7302243
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the T790M mutation in PC9/GR cells is associated with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI, indicating its role in promoting cancer cell survival and proliferation despite treatment. Functional: The study demonstrates changes in protein expression and phosphorylation status in cells with the T790M mutation, suggesting that this variant affects cellular signaling pathways and functions related to tumor progression.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):T790M
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: T790M
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Kinome multigenic panel identified novel druggable EPHB4‐V871I somatic variant in high‐risk neuroblastoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7294133
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The variant EPHB4-V871I is associated with increased proliferation, migration, and invasion properties in neuroblastoma cell lines, indicating its role in promoting tumorigenesis. Functional: The study demonstrates that EPHB4-V871I affects cellular functions such as proliferation and migration, and alters the expression of downstream target genes, confirming its functional impact in vitro. Prognostic: Higher EPHB4 expression, correlated with the EPHB4-V871I variant, is associated with advanced disease stages and poor overall survival in neuroblastoma patients.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): MYCN(4613):A417S EPHB4(2050):V871I ALK(238):F1174L
Genes: MYCN(4613) EPHB4(2050) ALK(238)
Variants: A417S V871I F1174L
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Metformin selectively inhibits metastatic colorectal cancer with the KRAS mutation by intracellular accumulation through silencing MATE1
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7293710
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The KRASG12V mutation is associated with increased sensitivity to metformin, indicating its role in promoting tumor growth and response to therapy in colorectal cancer cell lines. Predictive: The presence of the KRASG12V mutation predicts the response of CRC cells to metformin treatment, as evidenced by the differential effects observed in KRAS-mutated versus KRAS wild type cells.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12V
Genes: KRAS(3845)
Variants: G12V
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Integrated Analysis of RNA-Binding Proteins in Glioma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7226056
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Prognostic: The text discusses the relationship between the expression of RBPs and clinical outcomes in glioma patients, indicating that molecular alterations can predict therapy response and glioma outcomes. Oncogenic: The mention of TERT mutation in gliomas suggests a role in tumorigenesis, as it is associated with different expression patterns of RBPs and the clinical phenotype of gliomas.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): TERT(7015):CGGA 94) in the TCGA
Genes: TERT(7015)
Variants: CGGA 94) in the TCGA
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Microsatellite Instability-Related ACVR2A Mutations Partially Account for Decreased Lymph Node Metastasis in MSI-H Gastric Cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7211323
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that mutations in the ACVR2A gene, particularly c.1309-1310delAA and c.285delA, are associated with a high mutation frequency and are prevalent in MSI-H gastric cancers, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The in vitro experiments demonstrate that ACVR2A mutations lead to altered protein expression and stability, indicating that these mutations have functional consequences on the gene product. Predictive: The association of ACVR2A mutations with MSI-H status suggests that these mutations could predict the microsatellite instability phenotype in gastric cancer patients.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ACVR2A(92):1309-1310delAA ACVR2A(92):c.1310delA ACVR2A(92):c.285delA ACVR2A(92):1310AA ACVR2A(92):1310delA ACVR2A(92):c.1309-1310delAA ACVR2A(92):p. D96Tfs*54
Genes: ACVR2A(92)
Variants: 1309-1310delAA c.1310delA c.285delA 1310AA 1310delA c.1309-1310delAA p. D96Tfs*54
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Multi-model functionalization of disease-associated PTEN missense mutations identifies multiple molecular mechanisms underlying protein dysfunction
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7190743
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Predisposing
Justification: Oncogenic: The text mentions that certain PTEN variants, including C124S and G129E, have been found in somatic cancer, indicating their potential role in cancer development. Functional: The study assesses the functionality of various PTEN variants through multiple assays, demonstrating that many variants exhibit loss of function (LoF) or gain of function (GoF) phenotypes, impacting cellular processes such as synaptogenesis and insulin signaling. Predictive: The classification of variants as Pathogenic or Likely Pathogenic based on their functional impact suggests that these variants can predict disease outcomes, particularly in relation to ASD and other disorders. Predisposing: The identification of variants associated with ASD, intellectual disability, and developmental delay indicates that these genetic alterations may predispose individuals to these conditions.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PTEN(5728):A126D PTEN(5728):A126P PTEN(5728):C124S PTEN(5728):G129E PTEN(5728):H123Q PTEN(5728):P354Q PTEN(5728):P38H PTEN(5728):Q396R PTEN(5728):R130L PTEN(5728):R130Q PTEN(5728):A79T PTEN(5728):D268E PTEN(5728):G132D PTEN(5728):I101T PTEN(5728):T167N PTEN(5728):Y176C PTEN(5728):C211W PTEN(5728):E157G PTEN(5728):I135V PTEN(5728):I203V PTEN(5728):I400V PTEN(5728):K342N PTEN(5728):K402N PTEN(5728):L345V PTEN(5728):L70V PTEN(5728):M35V PTEN(5728):N117S PTEN(5728):N228S PTEN(5728):N340D PTEN(5728):N340H PTEN(5728):N356D PTEN(5728):Q298E PTEN(5728):S229T PTEN(5728):T202I PTEN(5728):T78A PTEN(5728):W274L PTEN(5728):Y180H PTEN(5728):Y65C PTEN(5728):R130X PTEN(5728):R335X PTEN(5728):Y138L PTEN(5728):H93Y PTEN(5728):R14G PTEN(5728):R15S
Genes: PTEN(5728)
Variants: A126D A126P C124S G129E H123Q P354Q P38H Q396R R130L R130Q A79T D268E G132D I101T T167N Y176C C211W E157G I135V I203V I400V K342N K402N L345V L70V M35V N117S N228S N340D N340H N356D Q298E S229T T202I T78A W274L Y180H Y65C R130X R335X Y138L H93Y R14G R15S
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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SLC6A14, a Na+/Cl−-coupled amino acid transporter, functions as a tumor promoter in colon and is a target for Wnt signaling
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7182441
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic
Justification: Functional: The text describes the use of alpha-MT to block SLC6A14 function in colon cancer cells, demonstrating that this blockade leads to amino acid starvation and subsequent changes in marker expression, indicating a functional role of SLC6A14 in amino acid nutrition. Oncogenic: The study evaluates the effects of SLC6A14 blockade in a colon cancer cell line (LS174T), suggesting that SLC6A14 may play a role in the oncogenic process by influencing amino acid availability and mTOR signaling in cancer cells.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RPS6KB1(6198):S6
Genes: RPS6KB1(6198)
Variants: S6
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Genetic Variants Were Associated With the Prognosis of Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7099049
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Functional
Justification: Prognostic: The SNPs rs16879870, rs2641256, rs2761591, and rs854936 were significantly associated with HNSCC survival, indicating their potential role in predicting patient outcomes. Functional: The genotypes of rs16879870 and rs854936 were significantly associated with the expression of genes GJB7 and RTN4R, respectively, suggesting a functional impact on gene expression related to HNSCC.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FGFR4(2264):AUC from 0 NA:rs16879870 SCIMP(388325):rs2641256 DCDC1(341019):rs2761591 NA:rs854936
Genes: FGFR4(2264) NA SCIMP(388325) DCDC1(341019)
Variants: AUC from 0 rs16879870 rs2641256 rs2761591 rs854936
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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EGFR blockade in GBM brain tumor stem cells synergizes with JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibition to abrogate compensatory mechanisms in vitro and in vivo
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7086303
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The G598V mutation in EGFR is described as an activating mutation that influences the sensitivity of BTSC cultures to afatinib, indicating its role in promoting tumor growth and response to treatment. Predictive: The presence of the G598V mutation is associated with increased sensitivity to afatinib, suggesting that it can predict the effectiveness of this treatment in BTSC cultures.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):G598V
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: G598V
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Somatic Mutations in HER2 and Implications for Current Treatment Paradigms in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7081042
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that mutations in the HER2 gene, such as S310F, S310Y, R678Q, D769H, and I767M, are associated with favorable outcomes and good responses to anti-HER2 therapy, suggesting their role in cancer progression. Predictive: The mention of specific HER2 mutations (e.g., L755S, D769Y) influencing the efficacy of treatments like neratinib and afatinib indicates their potential as predictive biomarkers for treatment response in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Prognostic: The text discusses the association of HER2 overexpression with an aggressive phenotype and lower survival rates, indicating that certain mutations may have prognostic implications for patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):D769H ERBB2(2064):D769Y ERBB2(2064):I767M EGFR(1956):K753I ERBB2(2064):L755S ERBB2(2064):R678Q ERBB2(2064):S310F ERBB2(2064):S310Y ERBB2(2064):V842I
Genes: ERBB2(2064) EGFR(1956)
Variants: D769H D769Y I767M K753I L755S R678Q S310F S310Y V842I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Opposite Roles of BAP1 in Overall Survival of Uveal Melanoma and Cutaneous Melanoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7074098
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Prognostic: The text indicates that BAP1 amplification is associated with significantly better survival (HR = 0.56, p = 0.005), suggesting a prognostic role for this variant in the context of overall survival in CM. Oncogenic: The presence of missense mutations in BAP1, including E30K, I643T, P629S, R417M, S143N, L416F, and R59W, suggests potential oncogenic significance, although their individual impacts on tumor behavior are described as having unknown significance.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BAP1(8314):E30K BAP1(8314):I643T BAP1(8314):L416F BAP1(8314):P629S BAP1(8314):R417M BAP1(8314):R59W PMEL(6490):S143N
Genes: BAP1(8314) PMEL(6490)
Variants: E30K I643T L416F P629S R417M R59W S143N
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Upregulation of microRNA-31 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with advanced colorectal cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7068240
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Prognostic: The study indicates that high miR-31 expression is significantly associated with poorer mortality and shorter median survival time in patients with advanced CRC, suggesting its role as a prognostic biomarker. Oncogenic: The presence of the BRAF V600E mutation is associated with specific tumor characteristics and poorer outcomes, indicating its role in tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):V600E BRAF(673):serine/threonine
Genes: BRAF(673)
Variants: V600E serine/threonine
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Arteriovenous Malformation MAP2K1 Mutation Causes Local Cartilage Overgrowth by a Cell-Non Autonomous Mechanism
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7064492
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of MAP2K1 (p.K57N) mutations in the endothelial cells suggests a role in the development of arteriovenous malformations, indicating that this variant may contribute to oncogenic processes in the context of vascular anomalies. Functional: The study investigates the effects of the MAP2K1 (p.K57N) mutation on local tissue overgrowth, demonstrating that the mutation influences the behavior of adjacent tissues, which supports a functional role of the variant in the pathology of arteriovenous malformations.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): MAP2K1(5604):p.K57N
Genes: MAP2K1(5604)
Variants: p.K57N
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Somatic mutations in intracranial arteriovenous malformations
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6938308
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Diagnostic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that KRAS mutations (p.G12D and p.G12V) and BRAF mutations (p.V600E and p.Q636X) are linked to brain AVMs, suggesting these variants contribute to disease development. Diagnostic: The detection of somatic mutations in AVM specimens indicates that these mutations can be used to identify the presence of the disease in patients. Prognostic: The observation that two patients with BRAF mutations presented at an older age than other participants suggests that these mutations may be associated with age-related disease characteristics.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12D KRAS(3845):G12V BRAF(673):Q636X BRAF(673):V600E KRAS(3845):p.12G BRAF(673):p.600V KRAS(3845):p.G12D KRAS(3845):p.G12V BRAF(673):p.Q636X BRAF(673):p.V600E
Genes: KRAS(3845) BRAF(673)
Variants: G12D G12V Q636X V600E p.12G p.600V p.G12D p.G12V p.Q636X p.V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The HER2 S310F Mutant Can Form an Active Heterodimer with the EGFR, Which Can Be Inhibited by Cetuximab but Not by Trastuzumab as well as Pertuzumab
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6843359
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The S310F HER2 mutant is described as inducing receptor activation and forming active heterodimers with EGFR, suggesting its role in promoting cancer cell proliferation. Predictive: The text indicates that patients with the S310F mutation responded to trastuzumab with or without pertuzumab, suggesting that the presence of this mutation can predict treatment response. Functional: The S310F HER2 mutant's ability to interact with EGFR and its effects on HER2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation demonstrate its functional role in cellular signaling pathways.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ERBB2(2064):G309 ERBB2(2064):G309A ERBB2(2064):G309E ERBB2(2064):S309A ERBB2(2064):S310 ERBB2(2064):S310F ERBB2(2064):S310Y
Genes: ERBB2(2064)
Variants: G309 G309A G309E S309A S310 S310F S310Y
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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PTEN deletion drives acute myeloid leukemia resistance to MEK inhibitors
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6791388
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic
Justification: Functional: The text discusses the role of Serine 133 phosphorylation in CREB and its implications for cell survival and MEKi resistance, indicating a functional impact of the variant on cellular behavior. Oncogenic: The increased phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133 in leukemic cells is associated with promoting cell survival and resistance to MEK inhibitors, suggesting a potential role in oncogenesis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): TP53(7157):S133 TP53(7157):Ser133 TP53(7157):Serine 133
Genes: TP53(7157)
Variants: S133 Ser133 Serine 133
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Genomic Profiling of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Reveals Novel Mutations in Genes Potentially Associated with Resistance to Anti-EGFR Agents
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6627713
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: Several variants, including those in the TP53 and APC genes, are associated with cancer development, and specific mutations like p.Arg505Cys in FBXW7 have been reported to lead to loss of function, contributing to oncogenesis. Prognostic: The presence of certain variants, such as those in MAP2K1 and FBXW7, correlates with progression-free survival (PFS) outcomes, indicating their potential role in predicting disease progression. Functional: The variant p.Lys57Glu in MAP2K1 is associated with a gain of function of the MEK1 protein, indicating a functional impact on protein activity that may influence cancer pathways.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FBXW7(55294):c.1268G>T FBXW7(55294):p.Gly423Val FBXW7(55294):c.1513C>T EGFR(1956):c.1798G>A FBXW7(55294):p.Arg505Cys BRAF(673):p.Asp600Asn MAP2K1(5604):c.169A>G MAP2K1(5604):c.199G>A MAP2K1(5604):p.Asp67Asn MAP2K1(5604):p.Lys57Glu KRAS(3845):c.183A>T KRAS(3845):p.Gln61His TP53(7157):c.275_276insGGCC APC(324):c.4098_4099delTCinsAT APC(324):c.4467_4468insCATTTTG APC(324):c.589_590insGAGTT APC(324):c.837_838InsG NF1(4763):c.5101A>T NF1(4763):c.638_639insA NF1(4763):p.Asn214Lys fs*2 NF1(4763):p.Lys1701Ter
Genes: FBXW7(55294) EGFR(1956) BRAF(673) MAP2K1(5604) KRAS(3845) TP53(7157) APC(324) NF1(4763)
Variants: c.1268G>T p.Gly423Val c.1513C>T c.1798G>A p.Arg505Cys p.Asp600Asn c.169A>G c.199G>A p.Asp67Asn p.Lys57Glu c.183A>T p.Gln61His c.275_276insGGCC c.4098_4099delTCinsAT c.4467_4468insCATTTTG c.589_590insGAGTT c.837_838InsG c.5101A>T c.638_639insA p.Asn214Lys fs*2 p.Lys1701Ter
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological analysis of vascular malformations: A study of 319 cases
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6594036
Evidence Type(s): nan
Justification: No positive paragraphs to aggregate.
Gene→Variant (gene-first):
Genes:
Variants:
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Exceptional responders with invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas: a phase 2 trial of bortezomib in patients with KRAS G12D-mutant lung cancers
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6549573
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The KRAS G12D mutation is described as a characteristic of the lung adenocarcinomas being studied, indicating its role in the oncogenesis of these tumors. Predictive: The text mentions that KRAS G12D mutation alone is not a robust predictor of response to bortezomib, suggesting its potential role in predicting treatment outcomes, albeit not reliably. Prognostic: The overall survival and progression-free survival data provided in the study suggest that the presence of the KRAS G12D mutation may have implications for the prognosis of patients with advanced NSCLC.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12D
Genes: KRAS(3845)
Variants: G12D
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Functional characterisation of a novel class of in-frame insertion variants of KRAS and HRAS
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6547725
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes several RAS variants, including classical oncogenic mutations in KRAS and NRAS, and indicates that these mutations are associated with increased GTP loading and enhanced RAS signaling. Functional: The evidence discusses the impact of VMOS RAS variants on GTP hydrolysis and their interaction with GEFs and GAPs, suggesting alterations in their functional properties compared to wild type proteins. Predictive: The analysis of the VMOS RAS variants indicates potential changes in signaling capabilities, which could be used to predict the biological behavior of these variants in a clinical context.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RASA1(5921):Gln61 KRAS(3845):p.G12A KRAS(3845):p.G13H KRAS(3845):p.Q22K KRAS(3845):p.G12V NRAS(4893):p.Q61L
Genes: RASA1(5921) KRAS(3845) NRAS(4893)
Variants: Gln61 p.G12A p.G13H p.Q22K p.G12V p.Q61L
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Structures of BCL-2 in complex with venetoclax reveal the molecular basis of resistance mutations
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6547681
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The G101V mutation in BCL-2 is associated with acquired resistance to venetoclax therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, indicating its role in promoting cancer progression. Functional: The study describes how the G101V mutation alters the binding affinity of venetoclax to BCL-2, demonstrating a functional impact on drug interaction and resistance mechanisms. Predictive: The identification of the G101V mutation as a factor that reduces venetoclax affinity allows for predictions about patient responses to this therapy, suggesting that its presence may indicate a likelihood of treatment failure. Prognostic: The emergence of the G101V mutation in patients failing venetoclax therapy suggests it may serve as a prognostic marker for treatment outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BCL2(596):E152 BCL2(596):E152A BCL2(596):G101A BCL2(596):G101V BCL2(596):V101 BCL2(596):G101 BCL2(596):F104 BCL2(596):F104L BCL2(596):L104 BCL2(596):F104C
Genes: BCL2(596)
Variants: E152 E152A G101A G101V V101 G101 F104 F104L L104 F104C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Resistance to paclitaxel is associated with a variant of the gene BCL2 in multiple tumor types
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6478919
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Predictive: The variation at position 21 of the BCL2 sequence (+21 T > C) predicts response to paclitaxel treatment, as patients with the T variant showed resistance while those with the C variant were more likely to respond. Functional: The T > C variant at location 21 of BCL2 alters RNA secondary structure and increases transcript stability, leading to higher BCL2 protein levels, which is functionally relevant in the context of treatment response. Prognostic: The presence of the T variant at location 21 is associated with a poorer treatment outcome, as indicated by the higher percentage of patients with this variant who required multiple lines of therapy compared to those with the C variant.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BCL2(596):(AUC) of 39 BCL2(596):rs1801018 BCL2(596):+ 21 T > C POTEF(728378):+ 23 C > T BCL2(596):C > T BCL2(596):T > C BCL2(596):T at position 21 BCL2(596):C instead of a T BCL2(596):C to a T BCL2(596):+21 C BCL2(596):+21 T POTEF(728378):+23 C > T BCL2(596):21 T > C BCL2(596):C to T BCL2(596):T > C variation at position 21 BCL2(596):T >C BCL2(596):T instead of a C BCL2(596):T to C TUBB1(81027):rs6070697
Genes: BCL2(596) POTEF(728378) TUBB1(81027)
Variants: (AUC) of 39 rs1801018 + 21 T > C + 23 C > T C > T T > C T at position 21 C instead of a T C to a T +21 C +21 T +23 C > T 21 T > C C to T T > C variation at position 21 T >C T instead of a C T to C rs6070697
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The genetic landscape and clonal evolution of breast cancer resistance to palbociclib plus fulvestrant in the PALOMA-3 trial
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6368247
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The emergence of mutations such as ESR1 Y537S and PIK3CA mutations (E542K, E545K, H1047L, H1047R) during treatment suggests they play a role in driving resistance to therapy, indicating their oncogenic potential. Functional: The study discusses the functional consequences of mutations, particularly the selection of ESR1 Y537S and PIK3CA mutations, which are associated with treatment resistance, indicating their functional impact on tumor behavior. Predictive: The identification of specific mutations like ESR1 Y537S and PIK3CA variants that correlate with treatment resistance suggests they may serve as predictive biomarkers for response to endocrine therapy. Prognostic: The analysis of progression-free survival in relation to the acquisition of ESR1 Y537S mutations indicates that these mutations may have prognostic implications for patient outcomes following treatment.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FGFR2(2263):D538G ESR1(2099):Q75E FGFR2(2263):p.K569E PIK3CA(5290):E542K PIK3CA(5290):E545K PIK3CA(5290):H1047L PIK3CA(5290):H1047R RB1(5925):Q257X PTEN(5728):Y537S RB1(5925):p.N519fs RB1(5925):p.Q257X
Genes: FGFR2(2263) ESR1(2099) PIK3CA(5290) RB1(5925) PTEN(5728)
Variants: D538G Q75E p.K569E E542K E545K H1047L H1047R Q257X Y537S p.N519fs p.Q257X
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Investigating the Feasibility of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing to Guide the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6333965
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text mentions that mutations in PIK3CA (E545K) and CDKN2A (R58X) are potentially targetable, indicating their role in cancer development. Additionally, TP53 mutations (R209Q/W, R243W/Q) are associated with cell cycle deregulation, further supporting their oncogenic potential. Prognostic: The text states that mutations in TP53, CDKN2A, and CCND1 are significantly associated with poorer overall survival, indicating their prognostic value in the context of cancer outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):E545K TP53(7157):R209Q/W TP53(7157):R243W/Q CDKN2A(1029):R58X
Genes: PIK3CA(5290) TP53(7157) CDKN2A(1029)
Variants: E545K R209Q/W R243W/Q R58X
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Functional Genomic Landscape of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6280667
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Functional: The text discusses the correlation of mutations in splicesome components, including serine/arginine rich 2 (ZRSR2), with novel sensitivity to several drugs, indicating a functional role of these mutations in drug response. Prognostic: The mention of mutations in TP53 and ASXL1 as causing a broad pattern of drug resistance suggests that these mutations are associated with poor prognostic features in AML cases.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ZRSR2(8233):serine/arginine
Genes: ZRSR2(8233)
Variants: serine/arginine
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Brief Report: Potent clinical and radiological response to larotrectinib in TRK fusion-driven high-grade glioma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6173734
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text mentions a pathogenic TP53 missense variant c.422G>A (p.Cys141Tyr), indicating that this variant is associated with tumorigenesis and is likely to contribute to cancer development. Functional: The presence of the pathogenic TP53 variant suggests that it may affect the function of the TP53 protein, which is critical for regulating the cell cycle and preventing tumor formation.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): TP53(7157):c.422G>A TP53(7157):p.Cys141Tyr
Genes: TP53(7157)
Variants: c.422G>A p.Cys141Tyr
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Mosaic RAS/MAPK variants cause sporadic vascular malformations which respond to targeted therapy
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5873857
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The BRAFV600E variant is described as leading to disordered vessel formation and recapitulating clinical features of vascular malformations (VMs), indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The structural modeling of variants, including deletions and missense mutations, suggests that they affect the integrity of the protein structure and function of MAP2K1, indicating a functional impact on the protein's activity. Predictive: The study demonstrates that treatment with vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, improved blood flow in zebrafish models expressing BRAFV600E, suggesting predictive value for therapeutic response based on the presence of this variant.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):BRAFV600E MAP2K1(5604):E62del NA:K57 MAP2K1(5604):c.159_173del MAP2K1(5604):c.173_187del MAP2K1(5604):p.[K57N]
Genes: BRAF(673) MAP2K1(5604) NA
Variants: BRAFV600E E62del K57 c.159_173del c.173_187del p.[K57N]
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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H3 K27M-mutant gliomas in adults vs. children share similar histological features and adverse prognosis
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5822176
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Prognostic: The text indicates that longer survival has been reported in some patients with H3 K27M-mutant tumors, suggesting that the presence of this mutation may correlate with survival outcomes. Oncogenic: The H3 K27M mutation is associated with the transformation of tumors, as seen in the case where a pure ganglioglioma transformed into glioblastoma, indicating its role in tumorigenesis.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): IDH1(3417):K27M
Genes: IDH1(3417)
Variants: K27M
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Clonal dynamics towards the development of venetoclax resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5820258
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The BRAFV600E mutation was shown to induce venetoclax resistance in a cell line, demonstrating its oncogenic potential in the context of treatment resistance. Functional: The study demonstrates that the overexpression of mutated BRAF (p.V600E) in a cell line resulted in increased venetoclax resistance, highlighting its functional impact on drug sensitivity.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):BRAFV600E BRAF(673):p.V600E TP53(7157):p.W110* SF3B1(23451):c.1996A > C SF3B1(23451):c.1997A > C SF3B1(23451):p.K666Q SF3B1(23451):p.K666T TP53(7157):p.E46K BTG1(694):p.Q36H BRAF(673):p.K601E BIRC3(330):p.Q547fs KMT2C(58508):p.S321fs
Genes: BRAF(673) TP53(7157) SF3B1(23451) BTG1(694) BIRC3(330) KMT2C(58508)
Variants: BRAFV600E p.V600E p.W110* c.1996A > C c.1997A > C p.K666Q p.K666T p.E46K p.Q36H p.K601E p.Q547fs p.S321fs
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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MET or NRAS amplification is an acquired resistance mechanism to the third-generation EGFR inhibitor naquotinib
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5792548
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of the EGFR T790M mutation is associated with resistance to EGFR TKIs, indicating its role in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Predictive: The EGFR T790M mutation is used to predict the efficacy of third-generation EGFR TKIs like osimertinib, as it is a known biomarker for response to this treatment. Functional: The study investigates the functional consequences of various mutations, including T790M and C797S, on the resistance mechanisms of lung cancer cells to EGFR TKIs, demonstrating their impact on cell proliferation and signaling pathways.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):19del EGFR(1956):T790M EGFR(1956):C797S
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: 19del T790M C797S
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Discovery of a highly selective KIT kinase primary V559D mutant inhibitor for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5762309
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The KIT V559D mutation is described as the most prevalent primary gain-of-function mutation in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs), indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The study demonstrates that CHMFL-KIT-031 selectively inhibits the proliferation and auto-phosphorylation of cells expressing the KIT V559D mutation, confirming its functional impact on mutant KIT signaling pathways. Predictive: The selectivity of CHMFL-KIT-031 for the KIT V559D mutation over other mutations and wild-type KIT suggests its potential as a predictive biomarker for treatment response in patients with GISTs harboring this specific mutation.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KIT(3815):A829P KIT(3815):L576P KIT(3815):V559D KIT(3815):D816V KIT(3815):N822K KIT(3815):T670I KIT(3815):V654A
Genes: KIT(3815)
Variants: A829P L576P V559D D816V N822K T670I V654A
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Oncogenic driver mutations, treatment, and EGFR-TKI resistance in a Caucasian population with non-small cell lung cancer: survival in clinical practice
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5652823
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes multiple mutations, including EGFR-T790M and BRAF V600E, as driver mutations associated with lung cancer, indicating their role in tumorigenesis. Predictive: The presence of the T790M mutation is linked to resistance to first and second-generation EGFR-TKIs and indicates a response to the third-generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib, suggesting its predictive value for treatment outcomes. Functional: The text mentions that the c.2527G>A; p.V843I mutation is biologically activating, indicating its functional role in the context of lung cancer, despite not conferring sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):E709A EGFR(1956):G719S EGFR(1956):G719C EGFR(1956):T790M BRAF(673):V600E EGFR(1956):c.2155G>T EGFR(1956):p.G719C TP53(7157):p.R248W EGFR(1956):c.2203G>A EGFR(1956):p.G735S EGFR(1956):c.2258T>C EGFR(1956):p.P753L EGFR(1956):c.2527G>A EGFR(1956):p.V843I EGFR(1956):c.2543C>T EGFR(1956):p.P848L
Genes: EGFR(1956) BRAF(673) TP53(7157)
Variants: E709A G719S G719C T790M V600E c.2155G>T p.G719C p.R248W c.2203G>A p.G735S c.2258T>C p.P753L c.2527G>A p.V843I c.2543C>T p.P848L
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Pan-mutant-IDH1 inhibitor BAY1436032 is highly effective against human IDH1 mutant acute myeloid leukemia in vivo
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5629366
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses the development of a novel IDH1 inhibitor targeting various IDH1R132 mutations, indicating that these mutations are associated with oncogenic activity in AML cells. Functional: The evidence shows that BAY1436032 inhibits the enzymatic function of mutant IDH1 proteins and alters histone and DNA methylation patterns in AML cells, demonstrating a functional impact on cellular processes. Predictive: The sensitivity of patient-derived AML cells with IDH1R132 mutations to BAY1436032 suggests that these mutations can predict the efficacy of the treatment. Prognostic: The presence of IDH1R132 mutations and their response to BAY1436032 may provide prognostic information regarding the potential outcomes in AML patients treated with this inhibitor.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): IDH1(3417):R132C IDH1(3417):R132G IDH1(3417):R132H IDH1(3417):R132L IDH1(3417):R132S IDH2(3418):R140Q FLT3(2322):p.D835del NRAS(4893):p.Q61R
Genes: IDH1(3417) IDH2(3418) FLT3(2322) NRAS(4893)
Variants: R132C R132G R132H R132L R132S R140Q p.D835del p.Q61R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Unraveling the spectrum of KIT mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: An Indian Tertiary Cancer Center Experience
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5615879
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text describes various mutations in the KIT gene, particularly in exon 11, which are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The presence of these mutations, including in-frame deletions and substitutions, indicates their role in tumorigenesis. Predictive: The identification of specific mutations, such as p.K558delinsBP and p.Y503_F504insTY, suggests potential predictive value for treatment responses in GISTs, particularly in relation to targeted therapies. Functional: The mutations described, including duplications and insertions, are likely to affect the function of the KIT protein, as indicated by their association with specific tumor characteristics and morphologies.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KIT(3815):Ala-Tyr KIT(3815):c.1504_1509 dup GCCTAT KIT(3815):c.1509_1510insACCTAT KIT(3815):p.Y503_F504insTY POTEF(728378):c.1666C>G KIT(3815):c.1666_1668dupCAG KIT(3815):c.1672_1677delAAGGTTinsAGT PDGFRA(5156):c.1925A>G KIT(3815):p.K558_V559delinsS POTEF(728378):p.K642R POTEF(728378):p.Q556E KIT(3815):p.Q556dup KIT(3815):K558 del KIT(3815):V555del KIT(3815):c.1669_1674delTGGAAG KIT(3815):c.1676T>A KIT(3815):c.1679T>A KIT(3815):p.V559D KIT(3815):p.V560D KIT(3815):K580dup KIT(3815):c.1673_1674insTCC KIT(3815):c.1731_1742dupTTATGATCACAA KIT(3815):p.K558delinsBP KIT(3815):c.2466T>A KIT(3815):p.N822K KIT(3815):p.L576P KIT(3815):p.T574I KIT(3815):p.V559A KIT(3815):p.V560G
Genes: KIT(3815) POTEF(728378) PDGFRA(5156)
Variants: Ala-Tyr c.1504_1509 dup GCCTAT c.1509_1510insACCTAT p.Y503_F504insTY c.1666C>G c.1666_1668dupCAG c.1672_1677delAAGGTTinsAGT c.1925A>G p.K558_V559delinsS p.K642R p.Q556E p.Q556dup K558 del V555del c.1669_1674delTGGAAG c.1676T>A c.1679T>A p.V559D p.V560D K580dup c.1673_1674insTCC c.1731_1742dupTTATGATCACAA p.K558delinsBP c.2466T>A p.N822K p.L576P p.T574I p.V559A p.V560G
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Gilteritinib, a FLT3/AXL inhibitor, shows antileukemic activity in mouse models of FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5613053
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that mutations in FLT3, including D835Y and F691, are associated with poor overall survival in AML, suggesting their role in cancer progression. Predictive: The evidence shows that gilteritinib effectively inhibits cell growth in models expressing FLT3 mutations (D835Y, F691), indicating its potential as a predictive biomarker for treatment response in FLT3 mutation-positive AML. Functional: The study demonstrates that gilteritinib inhibits the activity of mutated FLT3, affecting downstream signaling pathways and leading to tumor regression, which reflects the functional impact of these mutations on drug efficacy.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FLT3(2322):D835 FLT3(2322):D835Y FLT3(2322):F691 FLT3(2322):F691 L/I FLT3(2322):F691 L FLT3(2322):F691I
Genes: FLT3(2322)
Variants: D835 D835Y F691 F691 L/I F691 L F691I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Combined Vhl, Trp53 and Rb1 mutation causes clear cell renal cell carcinoma in mice
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5509015
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predisposing
Justification: Oncogenic: The deletion of Trp53 in combination with Vhl and Rb1 significantly accelerates tumor formation in mice, indicating that these genetic alterations contribute to oncogenesis in the context of ccRCC. Functional: The study demonstrates that the genetic deletions and mutations lead to functional changes in renal epithelial cells, such as the loss of pRB immunoreactivity and the accumulation of HIF-1alpha, which are indicative of altered cellular functions associated with tumorigenesis. Predisposing: The presence of specific genetic deletions (Vhl, Trp53, Rb1) in mice predisposes them to develop ccRCC, as evidenced by the increased incidence and earlier onset of tumors in genetically modified mice compared to controls.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): VHL(7428):A>G VHL(7428):C>A VHL(7428):C>T VHL(7428):G>A VHL(7428):G>T VHL(7428):T>C VHL(7428):Trp53 deletion
Genes: VHL(7428)
Variants: A>G C>A C>T G>A G>T T>C Trp53 deletion
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Characterization of PTEN mutations in brain cancer reveals that pten mono-ubiquitination promotes protein stability and nuclear localization
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5491373
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Functional: The text discusses how mutations L320S and T277A affect PTEN's enzymatic activity and its ability to suppress AKT phosphorylation, indicating a functional impact on PTEN's role in signaling pathways. Oncogenic: The mutations L320S and T277A are associated with a loss of PTEN function, which is critical in cancer biology, as PTEN is a tumor suppressor and its inactivation can lead to tumorigenesis. Predictive: The study suggests that specific mutations in PTEN can predict changes in protein stability and localization, which may influence the outcome of therapies targeting PTEN-related pathways. Prognostic: The presence of mutations like L320S and T277A in PTEN may serve as prognostic markers for cancer progression, given their impact on PTEN's function and localization, which are crucial for tumor suppression.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PTEN(5728):C124S GAPDH(2597):K13 GAPDH(2597):K13R NEDD4(4734):L320S PIK3R1(5295):F273 PIK3R1(5295):F273A PIK3R1(5295):F273L NEDD4(4734):L320 NEDD4(4734):L320F PTEN(5728):T277A PTEN(5728):K48R NEDD4(4734):L320A NEDD4(4734):L320D NEDD4(4734):L320E PTEN(5728):S370 PTEN(5728):S370A PTEN(5728):T366 PTEN(5728):T366A PTEN(5728):T319 PTEN(5728):T319A PTEN(5728):T321 PTEN(5728):T321A PTEN(5728):Lys48
Genes: PTEN(5728) GAPDH(2597) NEDD4(4734) PIK3R1(5295)
Variants: C124S K13 K13R L320S F273 F273A F273L L320 L320F T277A K48R L320A L320D L320E S370 S370A T366 T366A T319 T319A T321 T321A Lys48
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The genomic landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5481739
Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic
Justification: Functional: The V716F mutation in DNMT3A is predicted to affect methyltransferase activity, indicating a functional consequence of the variant. Oncogenic: The mention of a somatic mutation in DNMT3A suggests a potential role in tumorigenesis, as it is associated with the hypermethylation and differential expression observed in renal tumors.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): DNMT3A(1788):V716F
Genes: DNMT3A(1788)
Variants: V716F
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Correlation between PIK3CA mutations in cell-free DNA and everolimus efficacy in HR+, HER2− advanced breast cancer: results from BOLERO-2
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5355930
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Prognostic, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The text indicates that the presence of PIK3CA mutations, specifically H1047R, E545K, and E542K, is associated with different progression-free survival (PFS) outcomes in patients treated with everolimus, suggesting these mutations can predict treatment efficacy. Prognostic: The analysis shows that patients with E545K/E542K mutations had shorter PFS and overall survival compared to those with wild-type PIK3CA in the placebo arm, indicating these mutations may have prognostic implications regarding disease outcome. Oncogenic: The presence of PIK3CA mutations, including E542K, E545K, and H1047R, is associated with tumor behavior and treatment response, suggesting these mutations contribute to oncogenesis in the context of cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):E542K PIK3CA(5290):E545K PIK3CA(5290):H1047R
Genes: PIK3CA(5290)
Variants: E542K E545K H1047R
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Efficacy of BRAF Inhibitors in Asian Metastatic Melanoma Patients: Potential Implications of Genomic Sequencing in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5122709
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic
Justification: Predictive: The text indicates that BRAF inhibitors are the standard treatment for metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations, suggesting that the presence of the V600E mutation can predict the effectiveness of this treatment. Oncogenic: The mention of all patients testing positive for the BRAF V600E mutation implies that this variant is associated with the development of melanoma, indicating its oncogenic potential.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):V600 BRAF(673):V600E
Genes: BRAF(673)
Variants: V600 V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Homozygous inactivation of CHEK2 is linked to a familial case of multiple primary lung cancer with accompanying cancers in other organs
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5111006
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predisposing, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The mutation p.R474C in CHEK2 was shown to be unstable and poorly activated in response to DNA damage, suggesting a contributory role in familial cancer cases. Functional: The analysis indicated that p.R474C disrupts a salt bridge critical for protein stability and function, affecting the protein's activation upon DNA damage. Predisposing: The presence of the CHEK2 mutation in a familial context, along with the development of multiple primary cancers in the patients, suggests a predisposition to cancer associated with this variant. Predictive: The use of prediction models indicated that p.R474C was "disease causing" and likely interfered with protein function, supporting its predictive value in assessing cancer risk.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):L858R TP53(7157):p.P72R BRCA2(675):p.V2466A TP53(7157):rs1042522 MSH6(2956):rs1042821 EPCAM(4072):rs1126497 BRCA2(675):rs169547 PMS2(5395):rs1805323 PMS2(5395):rs2228006 MSH2(4436):rs2303424 FCGRT(2217):p.R210 FCGRT(2217):p.R210Q CHEK2(11200):p.R474 CHEK2(11200):p.R474C PIWIL3(440822):rs11703684 SAA2(6289):rs2468844 KCNJ11(3767):rs5215 KCNJ11(3767):rs5219 ABCC8(6833):rs757110
Genes: EGFR(1956) TP53(7157) BRCA2(675) MSH6(2956) EPCAM(4072) PMS2(5395) MSH2(4436) FCGRT(2217) CHEK2(11200) PIWIL3(440822) SAA2(6289) KCNJ11(3767) ABCC8(6833)
Variants: L858R p.P72R p.V2466A rs1042522 rs1042821 rs1126497 rs169547 rs1805323 rs2228006 rs2303424 p.R210 p.R210Q p.R474 p.R474C rs11703684 rs2468844 rs5215 rs5219 rs757110
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Genetic variations associated with gemcitabine treatment outcome in pancreatic cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5083195
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Predictive: The study indicates that certain SNPs, including rs9637468 and rs4925193, may serve as genetic biomarkers for predicting gemcitabine response during pancreatic cancer therapy, suggesting their role in predicting treatment outcomes. Functional: The research includes an eQTL analysis that investigates the influence of SNPs on gene expression, specifically showing that rs1122269 and rs4925193 have correlations with CDH4 expression, indicating a functional relationship between these variants and gene expression. Prognostic: The association of SNPs with overall survival (OS) in pancreatic cancer patients suggests that these genetic variants may have prognostic implications regarding patient outcomes following treatment.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): NA:rs10979372 CDH4(1002):rs1122269 NA:rs1374679 LRRC7(57554):rs7515290 CDH4(1002):rs4925193 NA:rs9637468
Genes: NA CDH4(1002) LRRC7(57554)
Variants: rs10979372 rs1122269 rs1374679 rs7515290 rs4925193 rs9637468
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Landscape of activating cancer mutations in FGFR kinases and their differential responses to inhibitors in clinical use
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5029699
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text discusses several mutations in the FGFR3 gene that are frequently observed in cancer, particularly highlighting the activating mutations K650E and N540K, which are associated with increased kinase activity and cancer development. Functional: The evidence indicates that specific mutations, such as K650E and N540K, significantly enhance FGFR3 kinase activity, as demonstrated by increased auto-phosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation assays. Predictive: The text mentions that certain mutations, including N540K and K650E, affect the efficacy of FGFR inhibitors, suggesting that these mutations can predict responses to targeted therapies in clinical settings. Prognostic: The presence of specific mutations in FGFR3, such as K650E and N540K, is associated with distinct changes in drug efficacy, which may have implications for patient outcomes and treatment strategies in cancer therapy.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): FGFR3(2261):D617 FGFR3(2261):D617G FGFR3(2261):G to W FGFR1(2260):G637 FGFR1(2260):G637W FGFR2(2263):E466K FGFR3(2261):R669 FGFR1(2260):D641 FGFR1(2260):L630 FGFR1(2260):V561 FGFR1(2260):D641G FGFR1(2260):D641N FGFR3(2261):V555 FGFR3(2261):V555M FGFR3(2261):G697 FGFR3(2261):G697C FGFR3(2261):K650 FGFR3(2261):N540 FGFR3(2261):K650E FGFR3(2261):N540K FGFR3(2261):H650 FGFR1(2260):R675 FGFR1(2260):R675G FGFR2(2263):Y653 FGFR2(2263):I538 FGFR2(2263):I538V FGFR3(2261):N540S FGFR3(2261):R669G FGFR3(2261):K650N FGFR3(2261):R669Q FGFR1(2260):R to G FGFR1(2260):V561M
Genes: FGFR3(2261) FGFR1(2260) FGFR2(2263)
Variants: D617 D617G G to W G637 G637W E466K R669 D641 L630 V561 D641G D641N V555 V555M G697 G697C K650 N540 K650E N540K H650 R675 R675G Y653 I538 I538V N540S R669G K650N R669Q R to G V561M
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Not all epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer are created equal: Perspectives for individualized treatment strategy
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5021039
Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Predictive: The text discusses the effectiveness of targeted therapies based on specific EGFR mutations, indicating that the presence of these mutations can predict the response to treatments like gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib. Oncogenic: The mention of somatic mutations in the EGFR gene being present in lung adenocarcinomas suggests that these mutations contribute to the development of cancer. Functional: The text implies that certain mutations, such as G719X, E709K, S768I, and L861Q, have functional implications in terms of their sensitivity to specific EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, indicating their role in the biological activity of the receptor.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): EGFR(1956):E709K EGFR(1956):G719X EGFR(1956):L858R EGFR(1956):L861Q EGFR(1956):S768I
Genes: EGFR(1956)
Variants: E709K G719X L858R L861Q S768I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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PIK3CA-associated developmental disorders exhibit distinct classes of mutations with variable expression and tissue distribution
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5019182
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predisposing, Diagnostic, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The text states that all identified mutations in PIK3CA, including p.Glu545Lys and p.His1047Arg, are oncogenic and have been documented in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC). Functional: The passage mentions that most mutations are proven or predicted to have a gain-of-function (GOF) mechanism, with published functional studies demonstrating GOF for at least 9 of the 41 mutations identified. Predisposing: The text describes that several patients with PIK3CA mutations exhibit classic features of MCAP and other developmental disorders, indicating that these mutations predispose individuals to these conditions. Diagnostic: The identification of PIK3CA mutations through clinical testing methods such as targeted NGS and whole-exome sequencing suggests that these mutations can serve as diagnostic markers for related developmental disorders. Prognostic: The presence of specific mutations and their associated alternative allele percentages (AAPs) in patients may provide insights into the clinical outcomes and severity of the associated phenotypes, indicating a prognostic value.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):Glu545Ala PIK3CA(5290):Glu545Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Ala1035Thr PIK3CA(5290):p.Ala1035Val PIK3CA(5290):p.Asn345Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Asn345Thr PIK3CA(5290):p.Gln546His PIK3CA(5290):p.Gln546Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Gln546Pro PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu545Asp PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu545Gly PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu545Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Tyr1021Cys TSC2(7249):p.Tyr1021His PIK3CA(5290):p.Arg93Gln PIK3CA(5290):p.Cys378Tyr PIK3CA(5290):p.Gly106Val PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu453Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Gly914Arg PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu542Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.Glu726Lys PIK3CA(5290):p.His1047Arg
Genes: PIK3CA(5290) TSC2(7249)
Variants: Glu545Ala Glu545Lys p.Ala1035Thr p.Ala1035Val p.Asn345Lys p.Asn345Thr p.Gln546His p.Gln546Lys p.Gln546Pro p.Glu545Asp p.Glu545Gly p.Glu545Lys p.Tyr1021Cys p.Tyr1021His p.Arg93Gln p.Cys378Tyr p.Gly106Val p.Glu453Lys p.Gly914Arg p.Glu542Lys p.Glu726Lys p.His1047Arg
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Testing ERBB2 p.L755S kinase domain mutation as a druggable target in a patient with advanced colorectal cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC5002925
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive, Functional
Justification: Oncogenic: The ERBB2 p.L755S mutation is described as likely being an activating mutation, indicating its potential role in driving cancer progression. Predictive: The presence of the ERBB2 p.L755S mutation guided the treatment decision to use trastuzumab, suggesting its predictive value for response to targeted therapy. Functional: The biological effect of the detected mutations was predicted using algorithms, indicating an assessment of their functional impact on tumor behavior.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):c.1742A>G ERBB2(2064):c.2264T>C APC(324):c.4285delC BRAF(673):p.Asn581Ser APC(324):p.Gln1429fs ERBB2(2064):p.L755S ERBB2(2064):p.Leu755Ser BRAF(673):p.N581S APC(324):p.Q1429fs BRAF(673):p.N518S
Genes: BRAF(673) ERBB2(2064) APC(324)
Variants: c.1742A>G c.2264T>C c.4285delC p.Asn581Ser p.Gln1429fs p.L755S p.Leu755Ser p.N581S p.Q1429fs p.N518S
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Outcome according to KRAS-, NRAS- and BRAF-mutation as well as KRAS mutation variants: pooled analysis of five randomized trials in metastatic colorectal cancer by the AIO colorectal cancer study group
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4999563
Evidence Type(s): Prognostic, Oncogenic, Functional
Justification: Prognostic: The text indicates that mutations in KRAS, particularly the G12C and G13D variants, are associated with inferior overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients compared to non-mutated tumors. Oncogenic: The presence of KRAS mutations, including G12C and G13D, is linked to poor survival outcomes, suggesting that these mutations contribute to the oncogenic process in colorectal cancer. Functional: The analysis of various KRAS mutations, including A146T, Q61H, and others, indicates that these variants were evaluated for their impact on efficacy endpoints, suggesting a functional role in tumor behavior and treatment response.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):A146T KRAS(3845):G12C KRAS(3845):G12D KRAS(3845):G13D KRAS(3845):Q61H KRAS(3845):G12V BRAF(673):V600E
Genes: KRAS(3845) BRAF(673)
Variants: A146T G12C G12D G13D Q61H G12V V600E
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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An oncogenic Ezh2 mutation cooperates with particular genetic alterations to induce tumors in mice and redistributes H3K27 trimethylation throughout the genome
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4899144
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The expression of the Ezh2Y641F mutation in mouse B-cells and melanocytes led to the development of high-penetrance lymphoma and melanoma, indicating its role in promoting cancer. Functional: The study demonstrated that Ezh2Y641F exhibits altered enzymatic activity, with decreased mono-methylase activity but increased di- and tri-methylase activity, suggesting a functional change associated with the mutation. Predictive: The presence of the Ezh2Y641F mutation was shown to cooperate with B-RAFV600E in accelerating melanoma formation, indicating its potential to predict tumorigenesis in the context of specific genetic alterations. Prognostic: The study reported that mice expressing Ezh2Y641F had a median survival of one year, suggesting that the mutation may have implications for disease progression and patient outcomes.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):B-RAFV600E BRAF(673):B-RafV600E EZH2(2146):Y641F EZH2(2146):Y646 EZH2(2146):tyrosine to phenylalanine EZH2(2146):Y646F
Genes: BRAF(673) EZH2(2146)
Variants: B-RAFV600E B-RafV600E Y641F Y646 tyrosine to phenylalanine Y646F
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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KRAS mutation is a weak, but valid predictor for poor prognosis and treatment outcomes in NSCLC: A meta-analysis of 41 studies
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4884999
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The text indicates that the majority of KRAS mutations occur in codon 12, with G12C being the most common, suggesting its role in cancer development. Predictive: The mention of KRAS mutations, including G12C, in the context of studies focused on NSCLC implies that these mutations may predict response to targeted therapies.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): KRAS(3845):G12C
Genes: KRAS(3845)
Variants: G12C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Activating JAK1 mutation may predict the sensitivity of JAK-STAT inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4868698
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Prognostic
Justification: Oncogenic: The S703I mutation is described as an activating mutation of the JAK1 gene, which drives cell proliferation and activates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, indicating its role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The introduction of the S703I mutation into cell lines demonstrated its ability to activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and promote cell proliferation, showcasing its functional impact on cellular behavior. Prognostic: The sensitivity of the JAK1S703I mutant PDX model to ruxolitinib treatment suggests that this mutation may serve as a prognostic marker for response to targeted therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): JAK1(3716):A1086S JAK1(3716):E483D POTEF(728378):N451S JAK1(3716):S703I JAK1(3716):S729C
Genes: JAK1(3716) POTEF(728378)
Variants: A1086S E483D N451S S703I S729C
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Haematological spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in nine unrelated families with RUNX1 mutations from the French network on inherited platelet disorders
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4845427
Evidence Type(s): Predisposing, Oncogenic
Justification: Predisposing: The text mentions germline RUNX1 alterations in a cohort, indicating that these variants are associated with an increased risk of developing conditions such as familial platelet disorder and acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogenic: The presence of RUNX1 alterations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia suggests that these variants may contribute to the development of cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): RUNX1(861):A to I
Genes: RUNX1(861)
Variants: A to I
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Spatial and temporal homogeneity of driver mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4823825
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The K27M mutation in histone 3 and the H1047R mutation in PIK3CA are described as oncogenic alterations associated with high-grade gliomas, indicating their role in tumorigenesis. Functional: The H1047R mutation in PIK3CA affects the catalytic domain and is linked to pathways involved in angiogenesis, suggesting a functional impact on tumor growth and survival. Predictive: The presence of specific mutations, such as K27M and H1047R, may guide the development of targeted therapies, indicating their predictive value for treatment strategies in DIPG.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): PIK3CA(5290):H1047R H3C2(8358):K27M
Genes: PIK3CA(5290) H3C2(8358)
Variants: H1047R K27M
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Identification of a novel HER3 activating mutation homologous to EGFR-L858R in lung cancer
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4823091
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The HER3-V855A mutation is described as a contributor to oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis, particularly when co-expressed with HER2, indicating its role in promoting cancer. Functional: The study demonstrates that the HER3-V855A mutation alters the activity of HER3, affecting its interaction with HER2 and enhancing ligand-induced transformation, which suggests a functional impact on protein activity. Predictive: The findings indicate that tumors harboring the HER3-V855A mutation may predict response to targeted therapy, as the study shows differential sensitivity to HER inhibitors based on the presence of this mutation.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRAF(673):L597V EGFR(1956):L858 EGFR(1956):L858R APC(324):V855 APC(324):V855A ERBB3(2065):T-to-C APC(324):p. Val855Ala APC(324):valine (GTG) to alanine (GCG) at codon 855
Genes: BRAF(673) EGFR(1956) APC(324) ERBB3(2065)
Variants: L597V L858 L858R V855 V855A T-to-C p. Val855Ala valine (GTG) to alanine (GCG) at codon 855
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Genomic Aberrations in Crizotinib Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma Samples Identified by Transcriptome Sequencing
[Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC4821611
Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive
Justification: Oncogenic: The presence of ALK mutations (p.C1156Y and p.G1269A) in post-treatment tumor samples indicates their role in conferring resistance to crizotinib, suggesting an oncogenic function in the context of non-small cell lung cancer. Predictive: The identification of specific ALK mutations associated with resistance to crizotinib suggests that these mutations can predict treatment outcomes in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
Gene→Variant (gene-first): ALK(238):c.3467G>A ALK(238):c.3806G>C ALK(238):p.C1156Y ALK(238):p.G1269A
Genes: ALK(238)
Variants: c.3467G>A c.3806G>C p.C1156Y p.G1269A
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