1. Last 7 days
    1. Fetzer, Johann: Rückblick auf das große Brandunglück durch welches die Stadt Reutlingen im September des Jahres 1726 in Schutt und Asche gelegt worden. Reutlingen 1998, Reprint von 1826Kurz, Hermann: Eine reichsstädtische Glockengießerfamilie, in Hermann Kurz: Erzählungen, herausgegeben von Friedemann Schmoll, Tübingen 2009.Stübler, Eberhard: Der große Brand von Reutlingen 1726. Reutlingen 1926.Werner Ströbele: Der Stadtbrand von 1726 – ein Ereignis schafft Bilder, in Stadt-Bild-Geschichte, Reutlingen in Ansichten aus fünf Jahrhunderten, Reutlingen 1990, S. 49-56.Wolfgang Jung: Der große Stadtbrand 1726, in: Wilhelm Borth, Bernd Breyvogel, Wolfgang Jung: Reutlingen – von der Reichsstadtherrlichkeit zur selbstbewußten Großstadt, Reutlingen 2013, S. 107-111.

      Literatur über Stadtbrand Reutlingen

    1. urban planners have the potential to seek bold and innovative pathways towards plans and policies that can protect communities from exacer- bated contamination while contributing to the fight against climate catastrophe

      Justice-oriented urban planning is certainly widespread in academia and advocacy circles--but does it have a foothold in actual city governments? Even the progressive Mamdani administration seems to be pushing for an unsustainable amount of new housing development without a plan for infrastructure to support it. (I am not an expert, this is a genuine question).

    2. peoples with the longest-living knowledge of Earth’s natural ecological systems

      Entails recognizing as legitimate Indigenous science and knowledge

    3. In an extractive-based economy, the nature of work is exploitative, whereas in a regenerative economy, work is viewed as more cooperative in nature and focuses on establish- ing a deep democracy rooted in equity.

      Reimagining the human-nonhuman relationship and restructuring the political economy of labor are two sides of the same coin: extraction of resources/exploitation of labor

    4. The principles included a commitment to building alternative structures, bottom-up decision making, allowing people to speak for themselves, working together in solidarity and mutuality, building just rela- tionships, and a commitment to self-transformation

      Examples of how a justice-based framework entails (necessitates?) reorganization and reinscription of societal practices involving differential power.

    1. Healthy pastures are good for the ecosystem.  They can reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, increase plant diversity and provide high quality wildlife habitat
      1. How Are Agriculture and the Environment Connected? Agriculture and the environment work hand in hand together, in a mutual relationship. Some ways we see this are with the agricultural pastures reducing erosion, increasing plant diversity, and improving water quality. These are all important not just for agricultural reasons but for the environment and survival of some other plants and animals that rely on this kind of region. A place we can see this in the British Isles is in the Scottish culinary traditions. They have an emphasis on preservation, not working the land dry, but rather keeping watch on their food consumption amount and being aware, as a way to protect the land they are raising their agriculture on to protect it.
    1. Кетамин мэтью пэри.

      он так воевал против наркотивов 30 лет, а умер передоза кетами, который ему прописал врач.

      5 челов за судили в мая 2026 года. все они признали вину (+- 3 года).

      боже пэри покупал китамин у фиг знает кого, его просто нагло обманывали врачи и просто им пользовались, а он как я понял, после первых доз уже ничего с этим поделать и не мог.

      сангва - голивудсткий накродилер. она тусовалась в тусовке звёзд и поэтому она хоть и была барыгой, но знакомой барыгой. - ей доверяли. так сказать она нашла не занятую нишу.

      Маск юзает кетамин и возможно не мало.

      Мило что кетамин входит в соц пакет при трудоустройстве.

      кетамин - наркотик, а не транквилизаатор.

      даже изначально, когда его использовали для лошадей. сначала использовали припарат (ксилозин), который расслабляют лошадь, а уже потом использует кетами как анетстик, чтоб убрать чувство боли.

      кетами при маленьком количестве снимает дерпессию.

      Кетамин официально разрешен, но как анестетик - для анестезии. таким образом врачи его могут покупать, но использовать его с другой целью

    1. 通常版

      通常版がなにを指すかがわかりにくいので、 free-threadedではない、とか、GILがある、とかなにか補足してほしい

    1. it was still just a hobby project

      Esta reflexión en torno al impacto que tuvo Julia para otros y cómo para sus creadores fue en principio un proyecto asociado a su hobby de la programación me parece muy interesante. Actualmente he visto en internet que hay personas que promueven el desarrollar pasatiempos y dedicar tiempo a cultivar nuestros gustos y aficiones, para recuperar un poco el espacio que hemos cedido en nuestras vidas a las pantallas y al consumismo como práctica para atacar el aburrimiento.

      Con este ejemplo podemos ver que dedicar tiempo a desarrollar nuestros intereses personales puede resultar en proyectos que impactan a grupos de personas y/o a nosotros mismos.

    2. and one of the biggest innovations was multiple dispatch

      Acá resulta interesante cómo la característica de multiple dispatch, de la que algunos de los desarrolladores de Julia no estaban muy seguros de implementar en un principio, termino convirtiéndose una de los elementos más importantes que permitió la adherencia al lenguaje por parte de los usuarios.

    3. Programmers who were previously core R and MATLAB users began to dabble with Julia, translating simple code with loops into the new programming language and finding that they could get enormous speed gains—in some cases, up to 200 times faster than in the original languages.

      Este segmento refleja la intención original al crear Julia, de hacer un lenguaje para programadores aficionados que combinara velocidad y profundidad, y cómo fue en efecto adaptado por aquellas personas que usaban herramientas en las que se inspiró como MATLAB y R, pero que encontraron un mayor desempeño al implementar Julia.

    4. floating-point

      "Punto flotante" se refiere a un conjunto de tipos de datos que codifican números reales, incluidas fracciones y decimales. Los tipos de datos de punto flotante permiten un número distinto de dígitos después del punto decimal, mientras que los tipos de datos de punto fijo tienen un número determinado de dígitos reservado antes y después del punto decimal. Por lo tanto, los tipos de datos de punto flotante pueden representar una mayor variedad de números que los tipos de datos de punto fijo.

      Tomado de MathWorks

    5. trying to code a system that would end up replacing the programming languages he used at his day job.

      Como en el caso de Ruby, acá se menciona que Karpinski se inspiró en otros lenguajes de programación que le eran familiares para crear uno solo que cumpliera con las características de los anteriores.

    6. The Goldilocks ideal

      En diseño web y programación,

      The Goldilocks Approach significa "El enfoque de Ricitos de Oro". Este término está basado en el clásico cuento infantil Ricitos de Oro y se refiere a que, ante la presencia de tres opciones; la opción 1 implica más de lo necesario, la opción 2 implica la medida adecuada o correcta y la opción 3 es insuficiente. Las características de la opción 1 y 3, provocan que la opción 2 sea la mas deseable y óptima. Debido a la armonía y proporción con que se visualizan los elementos, en este caso, de un sitio.

      Tomado de Wiki Casiopea

      En comunicación,

      The Goldilocks principle describes the amount, type, and detail of communication necessary in a system to maximise effectiveness while minimising redundancy and excessive scope on the "too much" side and avoiding incomplete or inaccurate communication on the "too little" side.

      Tomado de la Wikipedia

    1. Éducation : La Place des Parents dans le Labyrinthe Scolaire

      Résumé Synthétique

      https://www.france.tv/documentaires/8862921-darons-daronnes-dans-le-labyrinthe-scolaire.html

      Ce document analyse les dynamiques complexes entre les familles et l'institution scolaire en France, telles qu'elles ont été débattues par un panel d'experts (sociologues, psychologues, enseignants et journalistes).

      Le constat central révèle une tension entre un sentiment de « surinvestissement » parental — exacerbé par une compétition scolaire précoce et des outils numériques omniprésents — et un prétendu « désinvestissement » rapporté par les enquêtes internationales comme PISA.

      L'analyse met en lumière que la réussite scolaire dépend moins du contrôle direct des contenus que d'un « capital scolaire » permettant des formes d'apprentissage informel et une maîtrise des codes de l'école.

      Le système actuel, perçu comme de plus en plus complexe et inégalitaire, impose une charge mentale croissante aux parents, tout en peinant à définir clairement la frontière entre le rôle de l'éducateur et celui de l'enseignant.

      La nécessité d'une clarification des attentes et d'une refonte du « vivre ensemble » à l'école apparaît comme une urgence pour apaiser les relations entre tous les acteurs.


      1. Le Paradoxe de l'Investissement Parental

      Le débat sur l'implication des parents est marqué par des conclusions contradictoires selon le prisme utilisé (données statistiques vs réalité du terrain).

      Investissement vs Désinvestissement

      • Les données PISA : Les résultats suggèrent un désinvestissement des parents français, basé sur des données déclaratives où les élèves évaluent leurs échanges avec leurs parents.

      • La réalité vécue : Un « surinvestissement » est observé, notamment dans les zones urbaines (comme Paris), où la compétition pour l'accès aux meilleurs lycées et au supérieur commence très tôt.

      • L'aspect économique : Historiquement, l'investissement dans l'école a augmenté car le diplôme est devenu le déterminant principal de la position sociale.

      Les « bonnes » formes d'investissement

      Les experts distinguent l'investissement quantitatif (faire les devoirs à la place de l'enfant) de l'investissement qualitatif :

      • L'anticipation : Préparer le cartable la veille aide l'enfant à passer du statut de « joueur » à celui d'« élève ».

      • L'intérêt pour la vie scolaire : Discuter de la journée et des relations sociales à l'école est un prédicteur de réussite plus fiable que le simple contrôle des notes.


      2. Inégalités Sociales et Capital Scolaire

      Le succès scolaire reste fortement corrélé au milieu social, non seulement par les moyens financiers, mais par la possession de codes culturels spécifiques.

      Le poids du capital scolaire

      Les parents diplômés transmettent naturellement une aisance face à l'institution.

      Ils pratiquent des formes d'apprentissage informel (jeux de logique, discussions à table) qui sont plus bénéfiques que l'apprentissage formel précoce.

      Activités extrascolaires et réussite

      | Type d'activité | Impact sur l'apprentissage | Observations | | --- | --- | --- | | Activités formelles (ex: cahiers de vacances) | Moins bénéfiques si forcées | Souvent privilégiées par les milieux moins favorisés par peur de l'échec. | | Activités informelles (ex: jeux de société, cuisine) | Très prédictif | Développent des capacités transversales réutilisables à l'école. | | Activités extrascolaires | Prédictif de la courbe d'apprentissage | Dépendent fortement des moyens financiers et du temps disponible des parents. |


      3. Un Système Scolaire Anxiogène et Complexe

      L'école française est critiquée pour la pression qu'elle exerce sur les familles, transformant parfois le foyer en « succursale » de l'Éducation nationale.

      • La multiplication des choix : Avec les réformes successives, les élèves et les parents doivent choisir des spécialités de plus en plus tôt, créant un stress permanent.

      • L'opacité des plateformes : Des outils comme Pronote ou Parcoursup sont perçus comme des labyrinthes complexes, même pour les parents francophones et diplômés.

      • La sélection par Parcoursup : La peur d'être mal classé sur les listes d'attente pousse les parents à des stratégies de compétition extrêmes.

      • L'héritage du COVID : La période de confinement a forcé les parents à devenir « parents-profs », une expérience souvent vécue comme cauchemardesque et révélatrice de la difficulté du métier d'enseignant.


      4. Neurosciences et Pédagogie : La Métacognition

      L'analyse souligne une déconnexion entre les attentes de l'école et les mécanismes réels d'apprentissage.

      L'importance de la métacognition

      La métacognition est la capacité de comprendre et de réguler ses propres processus d'apprentissage.

      • Elle n'est pas explicitement enseignée à l'école française, alors qu'elle est un levier majeur de réduction des inégalités.

      • Elle s'acquiert souvent par le jeu (ex: élaborer des stratégies pour faire un puzzle).

      Critique d'une école « réactionnaire »

      Certains experts pointent du doigt l'obsession française pour des savoirs jugés secondaires par rapport aux standards internationaux :

      • L'accent excessif sur l'écriture cursive ou la mémorisation de poésies sans objectif pédagogique clair (comme la prosodie).

      • Un système qui sépare trop l'enfant (individu) de l'élève (sujet scolaire), créant un décalage pour ceux qui n'ont pas les codes comportementaux attendus.


      5. Vers une Refondation des Relations

      Le document conclut sur la nécessité de redéfinir le contrat entre l'école et les parents pour éviter l'implosion du système.

      Recommandations pour les parents et les enseignants

      • Explicitation des attentes : Les enseignants doivent rendre explicites les « implicites » scolaires, notamment pour les familles éloignées du système.

      • Valorisation de l'autorité : Le déni d'autorité ressenti par les enseignants est en partie dû à l'évolution des structures familiales (mouvement anti-autoritaire depuis les années 70).

      • Loyauté cognitive : Les parents doivent éviter de remettre en cause le professeur devant l'enfant pour ne pas placer ce dernier dans un conflit de loyauté paralysant.

      • Acceptation de l'altérité : Reconnaître que les enfants peuvent avoir des aspirations différentes de celles de leurs parents (ex: métiers techniques ou artisanaux).

      L'enjeu du « Vivre Ensemble »

      L'école ne doit pas être uniquement un lieu de compétition et de sélection (le « bagage monnayable »), mais un espace où l'on apprend ensemble, indépendamment du genre ou de l'origine sociale.

      La réussite d'un pays dépend de sa capacité à réformer cette éducation pour qu'elle cesse de générer de l'anxiété et de l'exclusion.

  2. www.learn.ed.ac.uk www.learn.ed.ac.uk
    1. We will begin by examining and bedding-in the course's key approaches to learning. Central to this is the concept of 'Scrumage', a variant of 'agile' education that we have adapted for this course.

      Agile/Scrum emerges from software-development project management — a term for a fixed, output-driven work cycle - potentially a term that runs counter to paragogics. Agile/Scrum is industrial/corporate innovation-pipeline vocabulary: a process (development) subordinated to output of 'product'

    1. La motivation à l'activité physique : Entre contrainte et liberté

      Synthèse de haut niveau

      Ce document de synthèse analyse les mécanismes de la motivation liés à l'activité physique, tels qu'exposés par Aïna Chalabaev, professeure en sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives (STAPS).

      Le constat de départ est paradoxal : bien que l'activité physique soit reconnue comme une priorité de santé publique et une résolution fréquente pour 30 % des Français, la majorité de la population échoue à maintenir ses objectifs sur le long terme.

      Les points clés à retenir sont les suivants :

      • Évolution scientifique : Depuis les années 1980, l'approche est passée de l'étude de l'entraînement intensif à une analyse globale des liens entre activité physique modérée et santé.

      • Le modèle COMB : La pratique physique dépend de trois facteurs majeurs : la Capacité (physique et psychologique), l'Opportunité (facteurs externes et environnementaux) et la Motivation (processus internes).

      • Distinction cruciale : Il est impératif de distinguer l'inactivité physique (non-atteinte des recommandations) de la sédentarité (temps passé assis), car un individu peut être à la fois "sportif" et "sédentaire", avec des risques sanitaires distincts.

      • Le fossé de l'intention : Près de la moitié des personnes ayant l'intention de bouger n'y parviennent pas, en raison de bénéfices perçus comme trop lointains, d'affects négatifs ou de contraintes structurelles.

      • Pistes d'action : L'efficacité des interventions repose sur la fixation d'objectifs graduels, le plaisir immédiat et la déconstruction des mythes (comme les 10 000 pas ou la focalisation exclusive sur la perte de poids).


      I. Le cadre de santé publique et le paradoxe de l'engagement

      L'activité physique fait l'objet de recommandations internationales strictes, documentées depuis les années 2000 par des expertises collectives (INSERM, OMS).

      1. Les recommandations officielles

      L'OMS (2020) préconise pour les adultes :

      • Activité physique : 250 à 300 minutes d'activité modérée par semaine (soit environ 30 minutes par jour).

      • Sédentarité : Une limitation explicite du temps passé assis.

      • Enfants/Adolescents : 60 minutes d'activité quotidienne.

      2. Un constat d'échec statistique

      Malgré la diffusion de slogans tels que "Manger Bouger", les objectifs sont rarement atteints :

      • Environ 22,8 % des hommes et 31 % des femmes n'atteignent pas les 30 minutes quotidiennes.

      • Plus de 80 % des enfants et adolescents sont en dessous des recommandations.

      • 95 % de la population adulte est considérée "à risque" si l'on cumule le manque d'activité et le temps sédentaire.


      II. Analyse structurelle du comportement : Le modèle COMB

      Pour comprendre pourquoi l'engagement échoue, la recherche s'appuie sur le modèle "COMB", qui synthétise les facteurs déterminants du comportement.

      | Facteur | Composantes | Exemples de freins ou leviers | | --- | --- | --- | | Capacité | Physique et Psychologique | Connaissances des bienfaits, perception de ses propres aptitudes. | | Motivation | Processus internes | Objectifs (santé, plaisir), habitudes développées, énergie investie. | | Opportunité | Facteurs externes | Environnement physique (pistes cyclables, parcs), soutien social, emploi du temps. |


      III. Déconstruction des idées reçues

      L'analyse identifie plusieurs représentations sociales qui agissent comme des freins à la pratique.

      1. La définition de l'activité physique

      L'activité physique est souvent associée à tort à la performance, au sport intensif, à la jeunesse ou à la masculinité. Scientifiquement, elle englobe tout mouvement augmentant la dépense énergétique :

      • Activités domestiques : Repassage, jardinage, nettoyage.

      • Mobilité active : Monter les escaliers, marcher pour se déplacer.

      • Activité professionnelle : Selon le type de métier.

      2. Le paradoxe du "Sportif Sédentaire"

      L'inactivité et la sédentarité sont deux comportements distincts.

      La sédentarité (temps assis) présente des risques propres qui ne sont que partiellement compensés par une séance de sport quotidienne.

      Il est recommandé de fragmenter le temps sédentaire (se lever 2 minutes toutes les heures).

      3. Le mythe des 10 000 pas

      L'objectif des 10 000 pas n'est pas une recommandation scientifique mais un slogan marketing issu des JO de Tokyo en 1964.

      • Les bénéfices sur la mortalité apparaissent dès 2 500 pas par jour.

      • La courbe de bénéfice tend à stagner entre 7 000 et 8 000 pas, notamment chez les seniors.

      4. Activité physique et perte de poids

      L'idée que le sport fait maigrir de manière spectaculaire est nuancée. Une pratique seule n'induit généralement qu'une perte de 1 à 3 kg.

      Si la perte de poids est l'unique motivation, le risque de découragement est élevé. Les bénéfices réels (glycémie, cholestérol, bien-être, image corporelle) sont souvent moins visibles immédiatement mais plus critiques pour la santé.


      IV. Le fossé entre l'intention et le comportement

      L'étude des populations montre que le problème n'est plus de convaincre de l'intérêt du sport, mais d'aider à passer à l'action.

      1. Les obstacles au changement

      • Rapport coût-bénéfice défavorable : Pratiquer 30 minutes par jour durant toute une vie représente une année entière de temps investi pour un gain d'espérance de vie allant de 4 mois à 4 ans.

      • Temporalité des bénéfices : Les effets sur la santé sont lointains (années/décennies), tandis que l'effort est immédiat et parfois désagréable.

      • Affects négatifs : Peur du jugement, anxiété, inconfort physique lié à l'effort.

      • Poids de l'automatisme : Modifier une habitude est coûteux cognitivement, alors que la sédentarité est facilitée par l'environnement moderne (écrans, livraisons à domicile).


      V. Leviers d'action et interventions comportementales

      La recherche en sciences comportementales suggère des techniques pour favoriser la création de nouvelles habitudes sans passer par la culpabilisation.

      • Réévaluer la capacité perçue : Comprendre que 5 minutes d'activité faible valent mieux que rien et augmentent progressivement le sentiment de compétence.

      • Fixer des objectifs graduels : Commencer par des sessions très courtes (5 minutes) plutôt que de viser directement les recommandations de l'OMS.

      • Prioriser le court terme : Se concentrer sur le plaisir immédiat, le bien-être après la séance ou le lien social plutôt que sur l'espérance de vie lointaine.

      • Modifier l'environnement : Intégrer l'activité dans les contraintes (ex: se garer à 5 minutes du travail).

      • Monitorer les progrès : Utiliser des outils de suivi (applications, montres) pour rendre les progrès visibles.

      • Le choix et l'autonomie : Laisser l'individu choisir le type d'activité et les conditions de pratique pour favoriser le plaisir et réduire la sensation de contrainte.

      Conclusion : Si l'individu dispose d'une marge de manœuvre, l'inactivité physique demeure un phénomène complexe lié à des structures sociétales.

      L'enjeu est de passer d'une vision de "dépassement de soi" à une intégration naturelle et plaisante du mouvement dans le quotidien.

    1. make the victims whole

      Side note; I always find this phrase strange. A person who has undergone emotional or physical harm, material or financial loss, is incomplete and to redress the harm would be to fill in their missing parts and make them whole again.

    2. the SDGs appear to endorse the migration management approach discussed and critiqued in Part II of this article

      This makes sense. The UN emerges from and is structured along the lines of stratified Western and postcolonial societies. Management of populations by elites, however well-meaning, is its raison d'etre. Economics is the common language.

    3. Target 13.3 (education and capacity-building), countries should take into account the language and cultural practices of climate migrants (both internally displaced persons and those who cross national borders).

      Curious what this would mean in practice. Government employed anthropologists advising education policy? Expanded language accommodations for migrants? A broader question would have to do with the obligations of host countries to allow cultural autonomy and, conversely, the necessity of migrants to adapt to their new home.

    4. There is a long history of planned relocations in the Global South to accommodate large-scale infrastructure projects, such a dams, highways, and mine

      There is some resonance to this in the fight between Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs in the 1960s. Compared to what the author discusses here the NYC example can be considered a "first world problem" but still the pattern is there.

    5. If these migrants are unskilled or undocumented, there is a risk that they will be subjected to unsafe and exploitative working conditions

      Part of the problem (in my opinion) is the division--even within labor advocacy--of workers into skilled and unskilled classes

    6. migration becomes an opportunity to improve lives and promote “climate-smart” development as long as it is carefully managed by states and institutions of global governance

      A distinctly biopolitical approach. What does "carefully managed" mean here? Who manages whom? This section is informed by a critical eye at neoliberal policy.

    1. The clone() method creates a new array with its own memory but contains references to the same objects for non-primitive data types.

      Q. Meaning the array is new but the elements in the array point to the same location as that of the original?? so if i access an element and mutate the element the element in the original array also gets affected?

      That is accurate—this behavior is known as a shallow copy.

      When you clone an array of objects in Java:

      Mutating the object's internal state affects both arrays because both array slots point to the exact same object in memory.

      Reassigning the reference at an array index affects only that array, because the array containers themselves are separate objects.

      Q. so we can add new elements without the other knowing that's the main usecase of the clone

      Yes, that is a primary use case—isolating the array structure and references so one array can be modified, reordered, or reassigned without affecting the other. This pattern is commonly known as defensive copying

    2. manipulate

      Doesnot mean immutable: When you perform a "manipulation" on a String—such as .toUpperCase(), .concat(), or .replace()—Java never modifies the original String object. Instead, it generates and returns a brand-new String object containing the transformed text, leaving the original object completely untouched.

    3. 44. What is covariant return type?A covariant return type allows an overridden method in a subclass to return an object of the subclass type instead of the superclass type.It is used in method overriding. The return type of the child class method must be a subclass of the parent class return type. It improves code readability and type safety

      ``` class Animal {} class Dog extends Animal {}

      class Parent { Animal getAnimal() { return new Animal(); } }

      class Child extends Parent { @Override Dog getAnimal() { // Covariant: Dog is a subclass of Animal return new Dog(); } } ```

      ``` import java.util.List; import java.util.ArrayList;

      class DataProvider { List<String> fetchData() { return new ArrayList<>(); } }

      class FastDataProvider extends DataProvider { @Override ArrayList<String> fetchData() { // Covariant: ArrayList implements List return new ArrayList<>(); } } ```

    4. Filter Streams are special stream classes in Java that add extra functionality to existing input and output streams. They wrap another stream and process the data while it is being read or written.Filter streams enhance stream operations such as buffering, data conversion, and object serialization. They do not directly connect to a data source or destination; instead, they work on top of another stream

      Primary Domain * Reading and writing raw bytes/characters to files, network sockets, or memory.

      What "Filter" Means * Wraps/decorates an existing I/O stream to add features (e.g., buffering, primitive data parsing, or encryption).

      Design Pattern * Decorator Pattern (wraps an underlying InputStream or OutputStream).

      Example // FileInputStream provides raw byte reading. // BufferedInputStream (a FilterStream) wraps it to add buffer capabilities for speed. InputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream("data.txt"); InputStream bufferedStream = new BufferedInputStream(fileStream);

    1. Anthropic launches Claude Code Projects, an ‘always-on’ conversation that remembers and delegates your long-running dev work
      • Overview & Purpose

        • Anthropic launched Claude Code Projects, an always-on coordination agent designed for long-running, multi-session software development initiatives.
        • Moves past isolated prompt sessions by maintaining overarching project context, memory, and task delegation over time.
      • Architecture & Workflow ("Threads do the work, Claude directs it")

        • Operates with an AI coordinator acting as a "chief of staff" sitting above individual worker threads.
        • Developers supply natural language instructions to a single conversation; Claude routes tasks to existing threads or spawns new parallel sessions.
        • Each worker thread runs as an isolated cloud session with its own branch and repository copy, capable of spanning multiple repos (e.g., API, web, mobile).
        • Features an Overview panel for attention items and allows developers to supervise and steer individual threads remotely via mobile.
      • Persistent Shared Memory & Knowledge

        • Maintains shared operational memory across worker threads to persist architecture decisions, deprecations, release date adjustments, and dependency tracking.
        • Includes a centralized library containing shared artifacts, user files, plugins, and cloud environment settings.
        • Differs from standard Claude Projects: rather than just holding static reference materials for chats, Claude Code Projects coordinate and remember the work being actively executed.
      • Execution Environment & Limitations

        • Currently runs cloud-only, enabling work to continue asynchronously when the user goes offline, but cannot yet access local machines or private internal networks.
        • Local execution support is planned for release in the near future.
        • Parallel changes to overlapping files can still produce standard git merge conflicts that require conventional resolution.
      • Rollout, Pricing, & Competitive Landscape

        • Rolling out in beta to select Claude Pro and Max subscribers using cloud sessions, with eventual expansion to Team and Enterprise plans.
        • Draws against existing Claude plan quotas with no standalone fee, though running multiple concurrent threads expends usage allowances more rapidly.
        • Represents an industry-wide pivot—alongside OpenAI, GitHub, and Google—from basic code-generation agents to multi-agent orchestration and coordination layers.
    1. Jev vs Claude: Who Wins?

      Core Distinction

      Jev and Claude (Claude Code / Sonnet) operate at entirely different layers of the software engineering stack:

      • Jev (TypeSafe): A specialized "System 1" decision engine designed for bounded, structured decisions using native primitives (Choice, Score, Noul) alongside calibrated confidence scores.
      • Claude Code / Sonnet: A frontier generative agent and LLM built for synthesis, broad context ingestion, repository-level understanding, open-ended reasoning, and code generation.

      Architectural & Benchmark Comparison

      • Model Category:
        • Jev: Specialized "System 1" structured decision engine.
        • Claude: Frontier generative LLM and autonomous coding agent.
      • Output Format:
        • Jev: Discrete decision states (Choice), probability distributions, and calibrated confidence levels.
        • Claude: Multi-file edits, CLI shell execution, code diffs, and open-ended prose.
      • Context Scope:
        • Jev: Bounded, structured evidence packets (e.g., JSON payloads).
        • Claude: Full codebase, git repositories, and interactive terminal environments.
      • Latency:
        • Jev: Median latency of ~378 ms.
        • Claude: Median latency of ~3,554 ms (approx. 9.4x slower on discrete tasks).
      • Cost Profile:
        • Jev: ~$2.27 per 10,000 evaluations.
        • Claude: ~$129.74 per 10,000 evaluations (approx. 57x more expensive).
      • Calibration (Expected Calibration Error):
        • Jev: 0.037 ECE (errors land strictly in low-confidence ranges).
        • Claude: 0.058 ECE (errors often land in high-confidence ranges).
      • Failure Mode Behavior:
        • Jev: Fails with low confidence (0.2–0.3), making it safe to automate with confidence cutoffs.
        • Claude: Overconfident failures (failing in the 0.9–1.0 confidence range).

      What the Article Explores (Experimental Setup & Findings)

      The benchmark evaluated an Arbitrum Alignment gate from an actual judging workflow (2026 Arbitrum Open House London Online Buildathon):

      • The Dataset:

        • 102 archived submissions evaluated across 3 independent runs (306 decisions total per variant).
        • Gold labels: 77 satisfied, 7 not_satisfied, 18 insufficient_evidence.
        • Input: An identical JSON evidence packet and a four-step policy procedure.
      • Accuracy Results:

        • Jev (Choice + 4 diagnostic Noul primitives): 100.0% accuracy (0 false passes, 0 false flags across 306 decisions).
        • Claude Sonnet (high reasoning): 99.0% accuracy.
      • The Critical Calibration Difference:

        • Jev's only errors landed in its 0.2–0.3 confidence bucket. Setting a simple threshold at confidence >= 0.5 allowed 98% automated processing with 100% accuracy, safely escalating the uncertain 2% to human review.
        • Claude's errors landed in its 0.9–1.0 confidence bucket, confidently categorizing an empty repository as not_satisfied instead of insufficient_evidence.
      • "Keep the Policy Whole" (Key Engineering Insight):

        • The author tested breaking down the policy using 4 atomic boolean Noul primitives and reconstructing the decision logic manually via Python/code conditionals.
        • Hand-coded composite accuracy dropped sharply to 94.1% with 6 false passes.
        • Takeaway: Sub-decisions are valuable for auditability and diagnostics, but evaluating the policy as a whole inside the model preserves sequential nuance and condition interactions that pure boolean rules lose.

      When to Use Which Tool

      • Use Jev for:

        • Automated CI/CD gates, policy compliance checks, and PR validation rules.
        • High-throughput, event-driven pipelines requiring sub-second decisions at scale (10,000+ evals/day).
        • Workflows requiring strict calibration, where ambiguous edge cases must automatically fall back to human intervention based on confidence thresholds.
      • Use Claude Code / Frontier Claude for:

        • Active programming, architectural refactoring, and multi-file code generation.
        • Interactive CLI debugging, analyzing stack traces, and fixing failing test suites.
        • Open-ended codebase exploration, repository navigation, and generating human-readable technical documentation.
    1. 行为克隆(Behavior Cloning)与负对数似然训练目标
      1. 行为克隆:通过监督学习拟合专家的状态到动作映射。
      2. 负对数似然(NLL)为什么能训练行为克隆?设计loss时, 最大化专家动作的预测概率。 注意:最大化的是专家动作的概率,不是直接最大化机器人完成任务的成功率。两者相关,但并不完全等价。
  3. www.researchsquare.com www.researchsquare.com
    1. 单体式与层次式如何取舍

      分2类: 1. 单体式:同一个网络承接多个任务。 同时又分为 单系统(同时生成文字和动作指令)和双系统(外挂一个专家模型)。 2. 层次式:先规划再执行。

    1. From an adult’s point of view, I was destructive and out of control, but as a child I didn’t think of it that way. I never wanted to destroy. I wanted to create.

      His creative nature most likely went on to inspire his career in life

    2. found the cats strung up by their tails from our front gate, gutted and skinned and bleeding out, their heads chopped off. On our front wall someone had written in Afrikaans, “Heks”—“Witch.”

      That’s terrible I would be horrified even I they where mean.

    3. My mom was the problem child, a tomboy, stubborn, defiant.

      We can still see remnants of these traits when she’s an adult but in the form of resilience shown by her dedication to carving her own path.

    4. I chose to have you because I wanted something to love and something that would love me unconditionally in return.”

      It seems like because she didn’t have a family of her own she made her own by having Noah.

    1. 한 가지를 제안

      추가로 중추신경계 억제에 의한 낙상 위험을 줄이는 제안, 말초혈관병 증상을 개선하기 위한 제안이 가능하다.

    1. Supplementary data. bjophthalmol-2018-312064supp004.pdf

      This variant is found on pg 16 in proband 14075. Compound heterozygous for c.6817-2A>C. MEH institute (UK). Said to have Stargardt based on the following criteria: "(1) patients (at least 6 years old) with at least two ABCA4 variants or one ABCA4 variant associated with a typical STGD1 phenotype and (2) presence of a well-defined atrophic lesion with/without flecks at the most recent visit of at least 300 µm in diameter (the total area of all lesions <12 mm2)." No additional details provided

    1. Pt-75Mc.4539 + 2028C > Tp.[= ,Arg1514Leufs*36]c.2453G > Ap.(Gly818Glu)

      Case#: Pt 7, male, 60yo at report, onset between 6-49yo, Irish

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: family 5

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: VA: OD=6/36 OS=6/120, FAF and OCT in figure 2, FAF WRT vascular arcades=beyond, beaten bronze appearance, yellow flecks centrally, peripapillary sparing, central retinal thickness: OD=100 microns OS=117 microns, optical coherence tomography (OCT) atrophy horizontal width: OD=6000 microns OS=5446 microns

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: bulls eye pattern, flecks peripherally

      GenotypingMethod: Target capture NGS of the exons and known pathogenic intronic regions of ABCA4, whole-gene single molecule molecular inversion probe (smMIP) based sequencing of ABCA4 as well as 40 kb of flanking sequence, direct Sanger sequencing, or WGS

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.4539 + 2028C > T p.[= ,Arg1514Leufs*36]; c.2453G> A p.(Gly818Glu)

      ClinVar: 99135; 236116

      CAID: CA227000; CA10576057

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Patients and Methods The protocol of the study adhered to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were taken and molecular analysis on the ABCA4 gene was performed as described by Maugeri et al. 14 The charts of patients with ABCA4 mutations who originally had received diagnoses of isolated or autosomal recessive CRD were reviewed. All patients originated from the University Medical Centre Nijmegen (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) and the University of Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany). In this study the diagnosis of CRD was based on the following criteria: initial symptoms of blurred central vision without a history of night blindness, impairment of color vision, and fundoscopic evidence of maculopathy without or with mild peripheral retinopathy. 3 4 5 7 8 In patients with recordable ERGs a cone–rod pattern of degeneration had to be present (i.e., the photopic b-wave impairment had to be greater than or equal to the scotopic b-wave amplitude impairment). Patients 9250 and 13163, who had nonrecordable ERGs, were included because their histories and clinical features were similar to those of other patients with cone–rod degeneration and they were believed to represent advanced cases of CRD. In addition to an ophthalmic examination, Goldmann kinetic perimetry routinely was performed using III-4-e and I-4-e isopters. Color vision was tested with the Ishihara and Panel D15 tests, except in patients 9369, 9378, and 10125, who were tested under conditions described earlier. 18 Because these patients were examined in two different clinics and ERGs were recorded over a long period, the methods, instrumentation, and analysis techniques of the electroretinography varied. The ERGs in patients 9369, 9378, 10125, and 11872 were performed as described by Thijssen et al. 19 The ERG method used in patients 9370, 9553, 9633, and 13163 was described by Alexandridis and Krastel. 20 The ERGs of the remaining patients (9250, 9371, and 9650) are of a more recent date and were performed according to International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards. 21 Fundus photographs were taken in most patients and some of the patients (9650, 9369, 9378, and 10125) also underwent fluorescein angiography.  Results The characteristics of 12 patients with ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophy resembling CRD are summarized in Table 1 . Most did not have affected family members, and therefore their retinal dystrophies could not be classified as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked. Four patients reported a brother or sister with subnormal vision. In view of the reputedly normal visual acuity of the parents and the molecular defects, the inheritance pattern of the gene defects in these patients (individuals 9303, 9369, 9553, and 13163) was classified as autosomal recessive.  The visual acuity of the patients did not exceed 20/200 and, on average, was much lower. With the exception of patient 9553, the age of onset was at or before the age of 12, and in each of the patients, blurred vision was the initial symptom. Night blindness did not occur except in patients 9378 and 10125, in the final stages of retinal degeneration. Evidence of maculopathy in the form of bull’s eye maculopathy or pigmentary changes was present in all the patients reported in this study (Fig. 1A) . The functional equivalent of the mainly centrally located retinal disease was a central scotoma, varying from 8° to more than 40°. In all but one patient, the scotoma was absolute. Only in patient 9378 was the central scotoma relative and surrounded by absolute scotomas. Fundoscopic evidence of early peripheral involvement of the retina was mild, and only in the later stages of the disease did peripheral changes characteristic of RP, such as narrowing of retinal vessels and bone spicula, occur in patients 9369 (Fig. 1B) and 10125. Similarly, mild constriction of the visual fields occurred only in two patients (9650 and 10125) and only in the advanced state. Color vision was tested in 10 patients. Six demonstrated a red–green defect, and in two of these (patients 11872 and 10125), it was accompanied by a blue-yellow defect. In the remaining four patients, color vision was so severely disturbed that the exact type of impairment could not be assessed.  The ERG recordings demonstrated degeneration of both rods and cones. When ERG responses could be elicited, the cones appeared to be affected as much as the rod photoreceptors and, in most of the patients, even more severely. The ERG responses in five patients progressively deteriorated until no photopic and scotopic responses could be recorded. In these patients, with exception of patients 9250 and 13163, ERG recordings of an earlier date were used in Table 1 . This applies to patient 9369, in whom an ERG was recorded at age 12 (all ERG responses had been nondetectable since the age of 21), patient 9378 at age 33 (all ERG responses at age 46 were nondetectable), and patient 10125 at age 8 (in 1998, at age 28, the ERG responses were no longer detectable). Recent ERG findings were not available for patients 9650 and 9371. Their ERGs were recorded in 1989 and 1985, respectively. The remaining ERG data were derived from ERG recordings performed in the past 4 years. Of patient 9371 only the ERG data in the left eye were available.  Two patients warrant a more detailed description, due to the unusual course of their retinal dystrophies. Patient 9378, at the age of 12, had blurred vision with fundoscopic evidence of irregular chorioretinal atrophy in the posterior pole. At that time, there were no peripheral abnormalities on ophthalmoscopy, and there was no history of night blindness. The ERG demonstrated an equal reduction of both cone- and rod-mediated responses. Later in life, however, fundoscopic changes developed that were characteristic of RP, and the patient reported a decrease in night vision. With fluorescein angiography partly confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy were visible (Fig. 1C) .  The clinical picture of patient 10125 differed from that of the other patients, despite the mutation in the ABCA4 gene. Initially, disease in this patient was diagnosed as STGD because of the bull’s eye maculopathy, the granular pigment alterations in the macular area, and the pisciform flecks surrounding the posterior pole. At age 8 his visual acuity had decreased to 20/200 in both eyes. When he was referred to our clinic in 1998 at the age of 28, peripheral degeneration in the form of narrow retinal vessels and deposition of peripheral bone spicula had developed, in addition to the earlier described disease of the central retina. A fluorescein angiogram showed typical findings: a central small hypofluorescent spot enclosed by an ellipsoid—a markedly hyperfluorescent area that in turn was surrounded by hyperfluorescent dots against a dark background, most likely caused by obscuration of choroidal background fluorescence (Fig. 1D) . Early ERG recordings were not available, and the ERG tracings recorded at age 28 represent the final stage of the degenerative process, with absence of both cone and rod responses. This retinal dystrophy seemed to have evolved from STGD into more widespread retinal degeneration, resulting in loss of function of both rods and cones.  Discussion Progressive CRD is a clinically heterogeneous retinal disorder, but typical findings include reduced visual acuity, impairment of the central visual field, color vision deficits, and fundoscopic evidence of maculopathy, with no or few midperipheral retinal pigment deposits. 3 4 7 8 There is some dispute about typical ERG findings in CRD. Some state that the diagnosis of CRD must be based on the reduction or absence of cone responses in the presence of quantitatively less reduction in rod responses, whereas others state that an equal impairment of both photoreceptor systems, if accompanied by the characteristic features, suffices to justify the diagnosis of CRD. 3 7 8 22 Several propositions have been made in the past to classify cone–rod disorders. Some classification systems have focused on individual case reports and were based on nosologic aspects; others have made a distinction according to the various patterns of inheritance. 3 6 23 24 In recent studies, Szlyk et al. 7 and Yagasaki et al. 8 made use of full-field ERGs, dark adaptometry, and modified perimetric techniques to identify functionally distinct subtypes of CRD. Finally, over the past few years, a molecular genetic classification of CRD has emerged.  At the moment, four genes and three loci have been implicated in autosomal dominant CRD, whereas one X-linked locus has been described. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Thus far, two loci and one gene (ABCA4) have been associated with autosomal recessive CRD. 12 33 34 The genetic heterogeneity seen in CRD is matched by the range of the clinical findings attributed by various investigators to this type of retinal dystrophy.  Whatever the classification system used, some patients display retinal disorders that cannot be classified satisfactorily. Often, these retinal degenerations involve overlapping features. Krill et al. 5 reported that 9 of 45 patients with cone degenerations showed typical features associated with fundus flavimaculatus. Heckenlively 2 described 76 patients with cone–rod patterns on the ERG in whom retinal disease otherwise met the standard definition of RP (progressive peripheral visual field loss with ring scotoma). Alternatively, as seen in patient 10125 in this study, patients with STGD have been described who had progressive peripheral retinal degeneration with severe abnormalities in the ERG and electro-oculogram (EOG) later in life—a condition that has been described by Fishman 4 as secondary progressive cone–rod dysfunction.  The association of CRD and a dark choroid has also been described previously. 35 36 The atypical pattern of retinal degeneration with confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy in patient 9378 resembles that in another previously described unrelated patient with CRD-like disease caused by mutations in ABCA4. 37 In the molecular genetic study by Maugeri et al., 14 in which 11 of the 12 patients with autosomal recessive CRD described in this study were analyzed, ABCA4 mutations were found in 13 of 20 unrelated patients, strongly suggesting that ABCA4 mutations are the major cause of this disorder. If this is true, the genetic heterogeneity in autosomal recessive CRD, compared with, for example, classic RP, is surprisingly low. Because autosomal recessive inheritance is believed to be the most frequent mode of inheritance of monogenic chorioretinal disorders, it is very possible that a large fraction of the patients with CRD who have been clinically studied previously carry ABCA4 mutations. In that case, the explanation for the high variability of the clinical findings in autosomal recessive CRD would not be genetic heterogeneity but rather the genotype–phenotype model for ABCA4. According to this model, there is an inverse relationship between the presumed residual ABCA4 function as an N-retinylidene-PE flippase and the severity of the disorder. 12 37 38 As a consequence, a continuum of phenotypes is to be expected, ranging from STGD to CRD to RP. Although this is probably a simplified representation of reality and needs corroboration by detailed biochemical studies of individual mutations, as described previously, this model explains why mutations in the ABCA4 gene could give rise to phenotypes that do not satisfy the standard classification of retinal dystrophies. 39   Two patients in this study may reflect borderline CRD phenotypes. Patient 9553 carries a combination of a mild (2588G>C) and severe ABCA4 mutation, which, according to the genotype–phenotype model described earlier, should be associated with STGD. We have previously discussed that most likely, one of the pathologic mutations has not yet been identified in this patient. 14 However, the age of onset in this patient (25 years) is relatively high, and although other features such as visual acuity, perimetry, and ERG findings are typical of CRD, this may indicate a relatively mild subtype. Another more convincing example of blending of ABCA4-associated phenotypes is patient 10125. The molecular findings in this patient have not yet been described elsewhere. He carries a severe splice site mutation (IVS30+1G→T) in combination with a nucleotide change leading to a stop codon at Gln1029. A patient with RP who was homozygous for the IVS30+1G→T mutation has been described, 12 whereas the Q1029X mutation has not been described. Both mutations can be considered to be null alleles. According to the proposed ABCA4 model, the clinical phenotype in patient 10125 should be RP. Instead, this patient exhibits a typical retinal dystrophy, which gradually progresses from STGD to a more widespread degeneration of photoreceptors in a cone–rod pattern later in life. At present, both rod and cone ERG responses are not detectable, indicative of a final stage similar to that in many patients with RP. Functional studies are necessary to clarify whether these specific ABCA4 mutations are responsible for the particular progression of the retinal degeneration in this patient, or whether other as yet unknown modifying factors play a role.  In this study we have described 12 unrelated patients with retinal dystrophy resembling CRD caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene. In a previous study we described the ophthalmic features in five siblings with CRD-like retinal dystrophy who were carrying ABCA4 mutations. 37 From the clinical data of these patients and previous molecular studies in patients with autosomal recessive CRD, two important conclusions can be drawn. 12 14 First, the genetic basis of autosomal recessive CRD is less heterogeneous than was thought, based on the variability in clinical features, because mutations in the ABCA4 gene seems to be the major pathologic cause. Second, given the wide clinical spectrum of CRD-like phenotypes associated with ABCA4 mutations, detailed clinical subclassifications are difficult and may not be very useful.   Supported by the British Retinitis Pigmentosa Society, the Rotterdamse Vereniging Blindenbelangen, the Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging ter Voorkoming van Blindheid, the Stichting Blindenhulp, the Stichting de Drie Lichten, the Gelderse Blindenvereniging and the Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden and the Stichting voor Ooglijders.  Submitted for publication June 15, 2001; revised December 21, 2001; accepted January 2, 2002.  Commercial relationships policy: N.  The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.  Corresponding author: B. Jeroen Klevering, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; b.klevering@ohk.azn.nl. Table 1. View Table Patients with Cone–Rod Degeneration and ABCA4 MutationsTable 1. Patients with Cone–Rod Degeneration and ABCA4 Mutations Patient Sex Current Age (ys) ABCA4 Mutations* Visual Acuity Age of Onset (ys) Fundoscopy Color Vision Perimetry ERG Cone (μV), † ERG Rod (μV), † OD OS OD OS OD OS 9250 M 30 1622T→C; 3113C→T 194G→A CF CF 6 Pigment clumping in the macula NP Large central scotoma over 40° ND, ‡ ND, ‡ 9303 M 21 1622T→C; 3113C→T 20/400 20/400 7 Granular pigmentary changes in the macula Diffusely disturbed Central scotoma of 20° Severely decreased, § Severely decreased, § 9369 F 40 6601-6602deIAG LP LP 8 Irregular hypopigmentation, mainly in the posterior pole. In later stages: attenuated vessels and bone spicula temporal to the macula Red-green defect Central scotoma varying from 10–30° 65 (65%) 80 (80%), ∥ 140 (90%) 160 (nl), ∥ 9370 M 15 1622T→C; 3113C→T 20/200 20/200 7 Granular aspect of the macula NP Concentric central scotoma of 8° 10 (13%) 9 (13%), ¶ 29 (29%) 29 (23%), ¶ 9371 M 38 1622T→C; 3113C→T 1622T→C;3113C→T 20/400 20/400 10 Bull’s eye maculopathy Red-green defect Concentric central scotoma of 20° NP 29 (16%), ‡ NP 54 (30%), ‡ 9378 F 50 768G→T CF CF 12 Bull’s eye maculopathy, narrow vessels in periphery with mild granular changes of the pigment epithelium and confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy Severely disturbed Large, absolute, paracentral scotomas, relative scotoma centrally 20 (20%) 30 (30%), ∥ 70 (47%) 90 (60%), ∥ 9553 F 45 2588G→C IVS35del-2→+2del4 20/400 20/400 25 Bull’s eye maculopathy. Peripheral diffuse motting of RPE Severely disturbed Large central scotoma over 40° 14 (14%) 19 (19%), ¶ 41 (41%) 24 (24%), ¶ 9633 M 22 1622T→C; 3113C→T 4469G→A 20/400 20/200 12 Atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium in posterior pole. Early stages of bull’s eye maculopathy Red-green defect Central scotoma of 20° 12 (16%) 12 (16%), ¶ 61 (62%) 39 (39%), ¶ 9650 F 20 3364G→A 20/400 20/400 5 Central granular aspect Red-green defect Large central scotoma of 30° and relative constriction of III-4 70 (39%) 106 (59%), ‡ 272 (nl) 115 (76%), ‡ 10125 M 30 IVS30+1G→T 3085C→T 20/200 20/200 8 Central hypopigmentation with dark surrounding, resembling bull’s eye. Later in life: peripheral changes characteristic of RP Severe red-green defect; mild blue-yellow defect Central scotoma of 10–15° with mild peripheral restriction 75 (75%) 80 (80%), ∥ 130 (87%) 140 (93%), ∥ 11872 M 30 634C→T 20/200 20/200 10 Bull’s eye pattern Severely disturbed; blue-yellow more than red-green Central scotoma of 25° 23 (23%) 35 (35%), ∥ 110 (73%) 95 (63%), ∥ 13163 M 15 1622T→C;3113C→T IVS36+1G→A 20/400 20/200 6 Granular aspect of retinal pigment epithelium in macula. Slightly pale optic disc Severely disturbed Central scotoma of 10–15,° no peripheral involvement ND, ¶ ND, ¶  CF, count fingers; LP, light perception; ND, not detectable; NP, not performed. *  Allele 1, first line; allele 2, second line. †  Between parentheses: percentage of the ERG value compared to the lower limit of the normality; normal ERG values are indicated nl. ‡  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 150 μV for the photopic ERG, 180 μV for the scotopic ERG. §  ERG performed with skin electrodes. ∥  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 100 μV for the photopic ERG, 150 μV for the scotopic ERG. ¶  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 99 μV for the photopic ERG, 75 μV for the scotopic ERG. Figure 1. View OriginalDownload Slide (A–D) Fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms in eyes of patients with (atypical) CRD. (A) Patient 11872 with bull’s eye maculopathy. (B) Patient 9369, demonstrating CRD in the later stages with attenuation of the retinal arterioles and irregular pigmentation temporal to the macula. (C) Fluorescein angiograms in patient 9378 showing confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy. (D) Patient 10125 with central hypofluorescence enclosed by an ellipsoid hyperfluorescent area. In the surrounding area, hyperfluorescent flecks are visible, and the choroidal background fluorescence seems blocked, as seen in STGD.

      Case#: Klevering Patient 9369, female, Netherlands, 40yo at report, 8yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: cone-rod degenerations/ ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophy resembling CRD

      FamilyInfo: "In view of the reputedly normal visual acuity of the parents and the molecular defects, the inheritance pattern of the gene defects in these patients (individuals 9303, 9369, 9553, and 13163) was classified as autosomal recessive."

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity: light perception OU. Fundoscopy: Irregular hypopigmentation, mainly in the posterior pole. In later stages: attenuated vessels and bone spicula temporal to the macula. Red-green defect of color vision. Perimetry: Central scotoma varying from 10–30°. ERG Cone (μV): OD-80 (80%), OS-140 (90%) from 12 yo (all ERG responses had been non-detectable since the age of 21). ERG Rod (μV): 160 (nl). Fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms show CRD in the later stages with attenuation of the retinal arterioles and irregular pigmentation temporal to the macula. Narrowing of retinal vessels and bone spicula (Fig 1B). Fundus description (PMID: 10958761): atrophy of the RPE around the optic disk, bone spicules along arteries and venules in the mid-periphery, and attenuated arterioles (Fig 1D)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct-sequencing techniques to look for mutations in the 50 exons and flanking intron sequences of the ABCA4 gene

      PreviouslyPublished: Maugeri et al (PMID: 10958761)

      Variant: c.6601_6602delAG

      CAID: CA227421

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel splice-site mutation in IMPG2gene causing Stargardt-like juvenile macular dystrophy in a northIndian family

      PMID:35973334

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: the youngest sister II.7, aged 12 years, was the least affected

      Variant splice-site variant NC_000003.11(NM_016247.3):c.1239 + 1G > T [Chr3:100972539C > A

      FammilyInfo two-generation north Indian family with three members affected with Stargardt-like macular dys trophy

      CasePresentingHPOs:ow vision and difficulty in night vision, with symptoms starting in the early second decade of life, which progressed slowly over time

      PedrigreeIn the results section is mentioned

      CaseHPOFreeText:NA

      CaseNotHPOs:Na

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

      Genotyping Method:2.3. Validation of identified variant by Sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished:NA

    1. ABCA4-retinopathy

      Case#: 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry.

      DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-related retinopathy Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: Single affected individual consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry. No additional information about family is provided in text.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000572- reduced central vision, HP:0001102- Angioid streaks, HP:0007980- retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, HP:0007401- Macular atrophy, HP:0000630- Abnormal retinal arterial/arteriolar morphology

      CaseHPOFreeText: Presents with reduced central vision, Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) showed angioid streaks, reduced signal in the central macula indicative of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Electrophysiological testing showed severe macular dysfunction with generalized retinal involvement.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0200070- Peripheral retinal atrophy

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Peripheral retina appears unaffected after ultra-widefield FAF imaging

      Genotyping Method: PCR-amplification and Sanger sequencing of ABCA4 on Exon 42, Stargardt/Macular dystrophy SmartPanel v5; Molecular Vision Laboratory, Hillsboro, Oregon tested DNA for mutations which confirmed findings of ABCA4, with no additional pathogenic mutations found.

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 22261738, 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry presenting with reduced vision.

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu)

      ClinVar: Variation ID: 7888

      CAID: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

    1. 20/28/2/18/
female CRD c.1654 G>A
c.4363 T>C 35, 35 38,
34 52,
57 4,
5 45.0,
42.5 1.0,
0.7

      Case#: Subject 20, 28yo, 18yo at first ffERG, Sweden, female

      DiseaseAssertion: CRD, group 2

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: extensive atrophies in the posterior pole. peripheral pigmentations. few peripapillary changes. Normal thickness of the most central segment recorded on OCT. total absence of the PIL (photoreceptor integrity line) and RPE atrophy on the OCT B-scans. ETDRS VA score= 35, 35. Rod
ffERG= 38, 34 Ampl
(µV). Combined ffERG= 52, 57 Ampl
(µV). Cone
ffERG= 4, 5; 45.0, 42.5 Amp IT
(µV; ms). mERG sum= 1.0, 0.7 Ampl (µV). Group 2 with larger central scotomas from 10° to 35°

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the ABCA4 gene was performed.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A; c.4363T>C

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Sixteen patients from 13 families with signs of Stargardt macular dystrophy/fundus flavimaculatus and known mutations on both alleles of the ABCA4 gene (15 compound heterozygous, one homozygous) were characterized by clinical examination, fundus autofluorescence, psychophysics (color vision, kinetic and two-color dark- and light-adapted static threshold perimetry), and electrophysiology (Ganzfeld, multifocal ERG, EOG).

      Article is a PDF, so annotating here.

      ClinVar assertion listed this paper; however looking at the genotype table, none of the variants appear to match the variant in question.

    1. Patient 2

      Case#: 39 Year Old Female, India Punjab

      DiseaseAssertion: EORSD

      FamilyInfo: Family history for other disease was negative, husband was first cousin and their son had normal vision

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0007913

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular atrophy and pigmentation, yellowish flecks

      CaseNotHPOs: N/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/a

      Genotyping Method: BGISeq-500 2 x 100-bp paired-end module, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner and Genome Analysis Tooklit HaploptypeCaller

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.6729+5_6729+19del

      ClinVar: 283573

      CAID: CA501163

      SupplementalData: Confirmed that she had never seen properly or normally, marked horizontal nystagmus and poor pupil reaction to light

    1. Additional file 2: All supplemental tables cited in the text. Enclosed data include data set meta-information, CAP scores for all drug-related genes, DRP scores for all drugs, CAP and DRP differences between populations, and a comparison between allele frequencies in the studied data set and CPIC guidelines. (XLSX 776 kb)13073_2017_502_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx (776K)GUID: B02AAF40-A613-411F-A471-357C45A33F82

      This variant is mentioned in the supplemental table, S1 CAP. No additional details provided

    1. Screening of reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 for Stargardt (STGD) The disease prevalence of STGD is estimated as 1 in 10000 individuals4. It has been estimated that about 70% of STGD patients carry variants in ABCA45. Therefore, this represents the scenario of a recessive disease with a relatively homogeneous genetic cause. We screened 945 reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 genes collected in HGMD. Among them, 11 variants are likely benign, as their population AF in is higher than 0.7% (1/20000‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾√)<math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="M11"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>20000</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, the cutoff based on STGD disease prevalence, therefore were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 934 variants were subjected to our test model. As a result, 26 variants with the AF in the range of 0.46% to 0.03% were identified as likely benign (Binomial test1, Bonferroni correction p-value ≤ 0.05/934 and test2 Bonferroni correction p-value > 0.05/934) (Figure 3A).

      This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

    1. STGD-06

      Case#: Case 6, Sex:Female, Age:34

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: n/a

      CaseHPOFreeText: Clinical Notes: Classic Stargardt. General notes: participant had classic features of STGD and field ERG showed abnormal cone responses with preserved rod function.

      CaseNotHPOs:n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: Exome sequencing data generation. Additional sequencing targeted amplification fo PRPH2 and ELOVL4 using PCR.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: ABCA4, NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.2966T>C (p.Val989Ala)

      ClinVar: Variation ID: 99180

      SupplementalData: Proband variant information given in Table 1.

    1. Did I leave the method to AI?

      This checks whether you successfully resisted the urge to micromanage. It asks if you let the AI choose its own tools, search queries, or navigational paths instead of forcing it down a rigid, pre-approved track of specific clicks or websites.

    2. Could someone else read it and know when the job is finished?

      A well-defined outcome must be objective and clear enough that an independent observer (or a colleague) could look at the final output and definitively say, "Yes, this job is complete," without needing to guess or ask for clarification.

    3. oes my sentence describe a result, not an action?

      What it means: When writing a delegation brief, your focus should be on the final destination (the deliverable or outcome that should exist when work wraps up), rather than a play-by-play list of instructions or manual steps you want the AI to perform.

    4. Which result could you judge without first having to trust your own plan?

      What it means:

      If you use a recipe version, you are forced to judge the output based on whether the AI followed your instructions—meaning if your plan had flaws, the final result will be flawed, and you won't know why.

      If you use a one-sentence outcome, you judge the result solely against whether the final deliverable matches the goal you set.

    5. Did the one-sentence version use sources you did not name?

      When you delegate by defining the Outcome in a single sentence (e.g., "Find three free online courses for learning AI agents...") rather than giving it a step-by-step recipe, the AI is free to search the web and pick the best sources on its own.

    1. Mariella, for example, noted,“I didn’t have the best grades in high school, so I didn’t apply toany four- year colleges. I just thought it was a waste of time, sinceI knew that I wasn’t going anywhere real good. So that’s why I’mhere.”

      Thats a shame, because of her grades she doesn't wanna try for any 4 year university because "she wasn't going anywhere good".

    2. Recent high school graduates, who represent the majority offirst- time community college students, tended to report that theyhad always assumed that college would be the immediate stepafter they finished high school.

      College is usually the next step by default, other than a break year but usually you come back just to get into college.

    3. well over two-thirds of first-time commu-nity college students enter with the express goal of attaining aneducational credential

      So most students are there for the credential, not just exploring.

    4. students may be pursuing one of many possible goals, includ-ing transfer to a baccalaureate-granting college, certifi ca tion orlicensure in an occupation, exploration of possible career paths,avocational interests, or job- spe cific professional development.

      Thats alot of variation for goals, college transfer to training for a job to having hobbies. No wonder a professor can't understand a student because they haven't done that.

    5. the funda-mental character of the community college derives from the ideathat its doors are open to everyone.

      "Open doors" is the core idea but open doors also mean an open door range of students with very different needs and problems.

    6. Or as another student put it, “This islike high school with cigarettes.”

      This is just sad, so they feel its an extension to highschool and not its own thing.

    7. community colleges are heavilyin flu enced by the local and state contexts, and as a result thevariation extends across colleges as well.

      so its area dependent, there isn't a singular "community college experience".

    8. one of the truisms aboutthe two- year sector is that its diversity when it comes to educa-tional missions, program offerings, and student population cre-ates a bewildering and contradictory set of policies and practiceswithin each college.

      So the system itself is confusing, because using "Bewildering and Contradictory" is some way of seeing it.

    9. my aim is toilluminate how college students understand their educationalpaths, what mismatches exist between their expectations andtheir professors’ expectations, and how some of the traditionalstructures and norms of higher education function as obstaclesto increased access and educational opportunity.

      Three goals: How a student sees their paths, where the issues are, and how the traditional structure can block access.

    10. Thefirst of the three parts begins with an examination of students’goals, expectations, and orientation toward college.

      Part 1 is about the students, where the fear factor comes from.

    11. we must uncoverstudents’ preconceptions and expectations and integrate thoseresults as we rethink course objectives and the means of accom-plishing them.

      So teachers should begin by understanding what students think and expect, then go from there.

    12. chang-ing from within requires a more comprehensive understandingof today’s college students and how to address their needs.

      From Within means an inside out approach to start the change, aka start it inside the classroom first then everything else moves.

    13. I contendthat accommodating the changing patterns of partici pa tion inhigher education will require orga ni za tional changes, and thatthese will benefit all college students at every level

      The author isn't blaming one particular group, shes saying its a systematic issue that needs the system to change.

    14. multiple and conflicting expectations—among stu-dents and instructors—can easily lead to miscommunication inthe classroom and undermine the learning environment.

      Miscommunication is the cause of these issues, makes more sense than race.

    15. such knowledge requires awell- grounded understanding of students’ perspectives, expecta-tions, and behavior.

      So the key to solving this issue is understanding students, no wonder the sub title says how they misunderstand eachother

    Annotators