This secret wartime pact between the British and French governments to allocate defined spheres of influence across the Middle East once the Ottoman Empire had been defeated was not disclosed to Hussein
Thus revolution was sparked in service of imperialist ambitions
The British reaction was to dismiss this extensive claim to represent the Arab ‘nation’, but there was some sympathy for the idea of an Arab revolt which might potentially tie down thousands of Ottoman troops.
Nationalist demands were encouraged for revolt
alliance with Great Britain, to provide military and naval protection, and accepted the principle of economic preference for the British Empire
New Empire with support of the British
Yet they were reassured by news of the secret talks between Abdullah and Kitchener that seemed to suggest the British favoured independent Arab states under British protection
British calls for Arab independence helped spark rebellion while there real intentions remained hidden
The war was opening up the opportunity to fulfil a long-cherished ideal.
Opportunity now led Hussein to consider rebellion
Far4 from being a proto-nationalist struggle for the sake of Arabism, this was a bid for dynastic security and an opportunity to replace the secularists in Istanbul with a genuine caliphate.
Hussein saw an opportunity for dynastic control and the creation of a new caliphate centered around his family
Ottoman forces in the region were strong enough to crush any premature revolt.
Fears of power now played into loyalty amongst of Arab states (question of which European state was pwoerful enough)
viability
Succesvol functioneren
Thus to understand 1917 we need to see the global impacts of a war that left behind it the seeds of future conflicts around the world.
1917 began the shift toward a more ideologically driven shift in the fighting of World War 1 as ideology began to influence policy more and more
400 years of Ottoman rule in the Arab world was effectively over, even if, nearly a century of bloodshed in the region later, no one has yet been able to form a consensus on what should follow it
British campaigns helped end Ottoman control of Arabia
David Lloyd George committed precious British assets to the conquest of the Middle East.
The idea of peripheral warfare again took hold
Forged out of the crucible of two major wars, the USSR radically changed the nature of global politics for most of what remained of the twentieth centur
The seeds of communism would become a major force for the rest of the century
1917 appears less as the start of the final phase of the First World War and more as the starting point of the wars that would shape the rest of the twentieth century and beyond.
1917 marked the entry of the forces of communism and US ideology which would become the dominant ideological power house for the rest of the 20th century
superior ability of the French and British to manage their home fronts thus played a critical role in delivering victory.
Home Front morale was crucial in sustaining Allied resolve while Home Front morale collapse led to the defeat of Germany
‘the price civilians believed they could and should pay for victory or peace was not limitless
Sacrifice was not limitless
Indeed the extent of the economic crisis in Germany raised serious doubts about the ability of Germany to win the war in any meaningful sense, regardless of what its armies did on the battlefield.
Any military victory would be hollow if the German state sunk into severe impoverishment
Inflation ran rampant, robbing Germans of both purchasing power and savings.
The military prioritization of the economy led to its disintegration
the civilian economy became little more than an engine for providing resources to the army
This created severe deprivation for the civilian populace as now sacrifice could only be fixed by a decisive battlefield victory. Lose that victory and the sacrifices of the population could no longer be tolerated
German economy was simply incapable of meeting such a monumental challenge.
Germany was unable to meet the demands of its weak coalition partners
Germans had the additional responsibility of trying to prop up their faltering Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman allies
Germany's responsibilities were too great to match especially due to the economic and military strength of the US, France, and Britain
917, as America came formally into the war and the U-boat crisis abated, the French and British could take maximum advantage of such access. The Germans, by contrast, were reduced to taking resources from an already impoverished Eastern Front
Germany's victory on the East proved hollow as its gain did not match the gains the Western Allies made by attracting America to its side
If, however, they failed, the arrival of hundreds of thousands of fresh bodies would buy the Allies all the time they would need to grind the Germans down through attrition, superior firepower and the ongoing naval blockade that continued to cut deeply into German food and fuel supplies.
Germany thus needed to win the war quickly before the Americans could become involved. The Allies merely needed to delay Germany before the Americans made victory inevitable
he end of yet another frustrating year of war set up a race of sorts
Desperation of both sides to rush forces into battle while delaying the enemy created a race of reinforcement
Tragically, though, they had too few reserves to push through the gap and the British planners had erred by not leaving any tanks in reserve to help keep the gap open. Even if they had, the tanks did not have the ability to sustain such a breakthrough
British had finally been able to open a gap but did not have the resources or mobility to truly exploit it
They argued that tanks could supplement artillery barrages by using their strengths of surprise and mobility; tanks, moreover, did not chew up the ground for the infantry as artillery shells did.
Tanks were not merely artillery on tracks but a potent explotation tool
ritish and the French had invested heavily in tanks but thus far they had proven to be a disappointment due to mechanical problems and a poor doctrine for using them
Mechanical problems especially plagued tanks
Caporetto offensive succeeded beyond the Germans’ wildest imagination. Artillery destroyed Italian positions and the rapid collapse of Italian lines caused a panic and rout that sent 1.5 million Italian soldiers fleeing in disorder towards the presumed safety of the Piave river.
The rupture tactics and artillery bombardment finally broke the enemies morale which proved even more decisive than the battle itself
win not by trading punches as in a heavyweight fight, but by exploiting enemy weaknesses in something more akin to a judo match.
Exploitation not Brute force
This new system of infiltration tactics required highly trained infantry and a new approach to artillery
Infiltration tactics meant rupture the lines in specific places not overcome it in a tidal wave of infantry
more to disorient than to overwhelm.26 Into the breaches thus created the Germans sent specially trained soldiers who would bypass the enemy’s for- ward trenches in order to target the command and control centres behind them
Disabling command centers showed that the need to maintain an offensive after reserves arrived was paramount
the new artillery system used shorter and sharper barrages and included heavier concentrations of poison gas. Bruchmüller’s system also emphasised shorter barrages deliv- ered with little advance warning in order to maintain surprise and prevent the enemy from rushing reserves into the target area
New tactics showed the preeminence of surprise and the need to keep the enemy on the backfoot intelligence wise
ewer reserves with which to meet any future German offensives, such as the one that came the following spring.
The attrition of British forces in 1917 played a decisive role in their later crisis of 1918
In November Haig called a halt to an offensive that had done little to improve the Allies’ strategic situation.
Haigs offensive had once again achieved little strategically
The British adapted and scored local successes at places like Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde, but the campaign as a whole failed to achieve Haig’s goals. As autumn brought worsening weather and shorter days, British gains slowed to a halt
Local successes were possible but the possibility of decisive breakthrough was not
Command confusion, strong German defences that better protected sol- diers from the effects of artillery and almost unprecedented levels of rain further slowed British advances.
The environmental situation and strong German defences combined to make the campaign an absolute slog for British forces
Thereafter, however, little went as Haig had planned. The British were slow to exploit the shock of Messines, allowing the Germans to move reinforcements into the are
Inability of exploitation reared its ugly head again
offensive in Flanders offered the best way to draw the Germans away from the French and give his ally the time it desperately needed.2
The needs of coalition warfare thus proved decisive again
rench manpower was a dwindling resource and that the arrival of the Americans would be critical to Allied success
The mutinies of France and the destruction of Tsarist Russia put a premium on American manpower
ost of these attacks were successful and caused casualties that by 1917 standards were proportionate to their accomplishments.
Limited objectives with heavy firepower helped allow France to slowly regain good positions without seeking decisive battles which caused hevay casualties
Pétain’s strategic vision aimed to use more force, mostly with artillery and tanks, aimed at smaller goals. He wanted his offensives limited in both space and time; if an offensive showed signs of failure, he would shut it down and look elsewhere.
Petain sought limited offensives were firepower would reduce casualties and limited scope would allow for generals to end an offensive without the fears of investment
reform of the French army designed to make it a modern force that fought with artillery, armour and aviation all working together to reduce casualtie
Metal instead of flesh
nstituted major reforms in the French army, ranging from better food and more leave to ordering French officers to spend more time in the trenches with their men.
Petain helped create better conditions for French soldiers which greatly calmed unrest
He dealt harshly with soldiers who had threatened officers or encour- aged rebellion, but he also knew that the men had legitimate complaints.
Petain cracked down but made sure to listen to soldiers complaints
ledged that they would still defend French soil, but that they would no longer attack under such murderous circumstances.
French soldiers would still fight, but they would not engage in slaughter
failure of Nivelle’s grand plan occurred among the French troops themselves. Furious at the gross incom- petence of their own leaders, thousands of them refused to attack
The failure of Nivelles promises and later inability to cut his losses led to enraged French soldiery who took matter into their own hands
ritish generals were understandably reluctant to place their troops under foreign command even before the catastrophe on the Chemin des Dames; after it, they dug their heels in even deeper, with important consequences for 1918.
Failure of French offensive led to the rejection of unified command
It severely damaged French relations with the British, in part because the British felt compelled to renew attacks around Arras to relieve pressure from the French, and in part because Nivelle, who had once been so free with information, refused to share critical details of the failure with Haig’s head- quarters.
The Nivelle's optimism and boastfulness and later secrecy did not bode well for British commanders
intellectually incapable of stopping after having invested so much into the offensive’s success
The sunk cost fallacy of WW1 commanders
ivelle continued to send in reinforcements in hopes of breaking the lines, but that decision only increased the bloodshed.
Incapability of Allied commanders to cut their losses led to extreme bloodshed for limited gain
Nivelle had expected tanks and airplanes to help make his artillery more effective, but the cloudy, rainy weather grounded the planes and most of the tanks broke down in the difficult terrain.
Nivelle failed to truly implement combined arms warfare during the Chemin des Dames Battle
Currie had trained his men in their specific tasks and, in part because his own aims were limited, he could match what he asked of them to the resources available.
Limited objectives allowed for proper allocation of resources and proper cover of an assault as the proper firepower could be consolidated for a more limited objective
Learning from Nivelle’s artillery methods and improving upon them, Currie was able to give his troops adequate cover for the attack
The dominance of artillery in both offensive and defensive was well harnessed by Currie
He also threatened to resign if the French government did not back him, thereby creating a military crisis as well as a diplomatic crisis because Nivelle had Lloyd George’s support.
Llyod George's support proved decisive as the French did not want to risk upsetting their British allies
he advantage of exceptional high ground and positions that were invulner- able to the kinds of tactical artillery bombardments that had worked at Verdun.
Nivelle had choosen the wrong battlefield for his tactics to work
The ridge Nivelle planned to assault was a veritable cliff topped by a road, the Chemin des Dames, which afforded the Germans excellent visibility into the valley below. There would thus be no chance of achieving surprise
Thus Nivelle's campaign was already compromised as the Germans would not be fooled by the campaign in Arras
French would then use the methods Nivelle had allegedly perfected at Verdun to open a hole in the difficult terrain along the River Aisne
Arras would be a diversionary campaign to draw German forces way from the main campaign along the river Aisne
enemy at one point and then to attack another point where we will penetrate and will march toward his reserves in order to destroy them’.
In some ways, a innovative tactics
His scientific and aggressive methods seemed to stand in marked contrast to the slow, slogging approach that Joffre, Foch and Henri-Philippe Pétain preferred
Neville's tactics promised decisive results
same Bolshevik virus that they had injected into the Russian body politic infected German soldiers, contributing to the radicalisation of the once-loyal German left, which had now ‘found a new model in the Bolshevik revolution’.
Bolshevik ideas influenced German soldiers who soon turned against their leaders
Germans had to deploy more men in the East than they had originally planned, even if major combat there had ended
Germans were forced to deploy forces to quell unrest begun by the revolution and to protect the resources in German controlled territory
n December, they opened negotiations from a position of strength and in the ensuing Treaty of Brest- Litovsk they seized more than 1 million square miles of Russian territory, along with enough raw materials to compensate for some of the losses suffered from the British blockade.
Germanys strong position and Bolshevik desperation ended in a total victory for Germany
The failure of the Kerensky offensive led to a sharp decline in Russian morale and the virtual end of Russian support for continu- ing the war.
Failure of the Kerensky Offensive showed the inability of Russian forces to continue to fight
In the end, North American goods and American soldiers crossed the Atlantic safely throughout 1917 and 1918. The German submarine gamble had failed.
Introduction of convoys helped protect the sea lanes
ensions continued to build, however, and the publica- tion of the Zimmermann Telegram in March seemed to demonstrate to the Americans that the Germans did indeed pose a clear and present danger to the United States
The threat of German dominance was clearly felt by the publication of the Zimmermann telegram
hey knew that the move risked antagonising the world’s most powerful neutral nation, the United States, but they determined that the gamble was worth it. Submarines could cut the British Isles from badly needed imports and, they hoped, without Britain the French could not continue the war.
Battlefield priorities took priority over diplomatic concerns
major Allied offensives of 1917 proved to be failures, it is important to keep in mind that Allied generals did not have the luxury of remaining on the defensive
Allies needed to land the knockout punch before its coalition crumbled in the East
The French did not forget this intentional devastation when they drew up peace terms the following year.
The barbarism of Germany would play hard on Allied opinion in 1919
provide Germany ‘monetary indemnities and vast territorial annexations’ to justify the high German casualties of 1914–16
Again the logic of total war demanded complete victory to justify the sacrifice
German planners knew that a long war put pressures on the German home front that it might not be able to withstand for long.
Germany knew that it would need to land a knockout punch before the Allies ground it down
both alliances had remained determined and capable of maintaining powerful armies in the field and functioning economies to support them.
The logic of total war had allowed for the continued support of the war through vast mobilizations
neither side had broken financially or morally under the stresses and strains of three years of modern war.
The logic of attrition had yet to play a decisive role
United States emerged as the world’s unquestioned financial power and industrial giant.
United States emerged from the war as unquestionably the premier world financial and industrial power
but it eventually found a way to harness the energies and resources of the lands under its control. In doing so, it both inspired and terrified millions of people across the globe and set up a rivalry with the other beneficiary of 1917, the United States
The 1917 revolution began the cold war rivalry between the ideologies of the West vs the Soviet Union
Martin and others had expected the American contribution to Allied victory to be financial and naval. Even he didn’t expect the American army to do much to influence the outcome.
US was not in a position to influence the war: yet
1917 represented the beginning of the end of the European imperial system and the start of a new system that, a generation later, would place the United States and the Soviet Union in a position of power over Europe.
1917 as the beginning of the dominance of US and Soviet sponsored ideologies
important transition on the battlefield; the battles of Cambrai, Riga and Caporetto represented the start of a shift from the infantry-based age of mass assaults to the mechanical, combined-arms approach that featured infantry working with aviation, artillery and armour in various combinations.
Shift in 1917 from mass infantry assault to combined arms warfare
None of them dared even to dream that victory might be attainable in the year to come. Many more worried about defeat.
Many Allied commanders believed in the possibility of defeat more than victory
the larger story of the year revolved around the continuing inability to break enemy lines then sustain that breakthrough.
Continued inability to achieve a decisive breakthrough
Winning the war would require further monumental sacri- fices, but losing the war would mean accepting the devastating terms that the enemy demanded. The war was now about survival, not ideals
The logic of total demanded continued sacrifice as the price of peace was too large to stomach
The privations of that winter were so intense that people remembered it, especially in Germany, as the ‘turnip winter’ and as one of the worst seasons of its kind in European history.
The deprivations of the winter of 1917 helped lay a foundation for revolution in 1918
Index and activity log for the university mathematics preparation path.
First Annotation. Let's see how it works
It is not replacing the player, coach or analyst, it is allowing them to do more.
Right. It’s just replacing the data engineers and data scientists. 🙄
treaty
条约
Despite
尽管
escalated
升级，通常是局势
emigration
移民
incumbent
现任
strategic
战略
TgF344-AD
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7072571
Resource: Rat Resource and Research Center (RRID:SCR_002044)
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002044
TgF344-AD rats
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7072571
Resource: RRID:RRRC_00699
Curator: @bandrow
SciCrunch record: RRID:RRRC_00699
RRID:AB_477010
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# G3893, RRID:AB_477010)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_477010
RRID:AB_2572311
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: (EnCor Biotechnology Cat# MCA-5C10, RRID:AB_2572311)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2572311
RRID:AB_3678889
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: RRID:AB_3678889
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3678889
RRID:AB_2109953
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: (EnCor Biotechnology Cat# CPCA-GFAP, RRID:AB_2109953)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2109953
RRID:AB_2050678
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: (Enzo Life Sciences Cat# BML-FG6090-0100, RRID:AB_2050678)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2050678
RRID:AB_3678888
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: RRID:AB_3678888
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3678888
RRID:AB_3711244
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: RRID:AB_3711244
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3711244
RRID:AB_10013382
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02240-y
Resource: (Agilent Cat# Z0334, RRID:AB_10013382)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10013382
AB_330248
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3671, RRID:AB_330248)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_330248
AB_2534079
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11012, RRID:AB_2534079)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534079
AB_2249358
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3629, RRID:AB_2249358)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2249358
AB_561053
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2118, RRID:AB_561053)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_561053
AB_2798136
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 13166, RRID:AB_2798136)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2798136
AB_2800199
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 93065, RRID:AB_2800199)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2800199
AB_2534069
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11001, RRID:AB_2534069)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534069
AB_10839118
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2500, RRID:AB_10839118)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10839118
AB_10013641
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 6943, RRID:AB_10013641)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10013641
AB_2174466
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2541, RRID:AB_2174466)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2174466
AB_2160882
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3528, RRID:AB_2160882)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2160882
AB_477629
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# V9131, RRID:AB_477629)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_477629
AB_2291558
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: RRID:AB_2291558
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2291558
AB_2128060
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 610467, RRID:AB_2128060)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2128060
AB_10891442
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 8556, RRID:AB_10891442)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10891442
RRID:AB_2307391
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 111-035-144, RRID:AB_2307391)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2307391
AB_10694415
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4848, RRID:AB_10694415)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10694415
RRID:AB_2338505
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 115-035-068, RRID:AB_2338505)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2338505
AB_3698765
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: RRID:AB_3698765
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3698765
AB_476749
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716
Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# A5979, RRID:AB_476749)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_476749
eLife Assessment
This study provides useful data on oscillatory coupling during speech planning, particularly suggesting that theta-band phase coupling may differentiate networks involved in object recognition and semantic-lexical retrieval. However, the strength of the evidence is incomplete because the absence of a linguistic manipulation and key confounds between the naming and control conditions limit the ability to attribute the reported effects specifically to word production, leaving the main mechanistic conclusions only partially supported.
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
Akkad et al. present an MEG study of overt picture naming, designed to identify oscillatory mechanisms underlying spoken language production. Participants named line drawings of common objects or responded "no" to scrambled versions of the same images. The authors focus on the period preceding articulation and report on an increase in theta power associated with picture naming in lingual cortex and left medial prefrontal cortex. Two networks are then identified: a left lingual-seeded network involving right ventral occipito-temporal cortex, interpreted as supporting object recognition. Second, a left medial prefrontal-seeded network involving medial temporal regions (and centres in the brain) supporting semantic-lexical retrieval streams. The authors further report increased theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in left fusiform and left inferior frontal regions, with stronger left fusiform PAC associated with slower naming responses.
Strengths:
The paper provides useful insight into the network-level and temporal dynamics associated with picture naming.
Weaknesses:
The results are somewhat over-interpreted, and the paper would benefit from a broader and more cautious discussion. The main concerns relate to the control condition and the interpretation of the theta-band effects. First, it is unclear whether the control condition adequately isolates the spoken-language network. Second, the reported theta-band effect appears broadband, raising the possibility that it reflects slow evoked responses rather than genuine oscillatory activity.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
In this MEG study, the authors assess the oscillatory dynamics of object naming in 27 participants. The authors observed two distinct theta-coupled networks: a ventral occipito-temporal network linked to object recognition and a medial fronto-temporal network linked to lexico-semantic retrieval. Moreover, when contrasting object naming to a scrambled image control task, they observed increased theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling in the LIFG and fusiform gyrus. The authors conclude that theta-coupling ensures the binding of recognition and retrieval processes in object naming, while the theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling ensures local computations within those networks.
Strengths:
Addressing the question 'which oscillatory dynamics govern speech planning' is interesting and timely, since not much empirical evidence on this topic is currently available. Whole-brain MEG assessing phase and phase-amplitude coupling for object naming are not commonly attempted, and the study boosts a lot of power. Furthermore, the writing is concise and clear, making the paper easy to follow and pleasant to read.
Weaknesses:
My overall assessment is that the claims and conclusions of this study are stronger than the evidence supports, and this is because of several design weaknesses which I will detail below. Moreover, this study gives too one-sided a perspective on the current state-of-the-art in the neurophysiology of speech planning/object naming, and the presented conclusions can solely be understood from that narrow theoretical perspective.
(1) One of my bigger concerns is the lack of any language-related manipulations that allows to independently isolate the processing components the authors discuss. Object naming (speech planning) is a complex, multifaceted mental operation where different representations and processing levels can overlap in time and space (e.g., Indefrey, 2011; Hickok, 2012; Dell et al., 2013; Munding et al., 2016; Strijkers & Costa, 2016; Nozari & Pinet, 2020; De Zubicaray, 2023; Pickering & Strijkers, 2025). Without attempting to isolate those specific representations and/or processes and solely looking at object naming in general, the only manner to interpret the data is by relying on a priori defined and often one-to-one mappings of space and function in light of a specific theoretical perspective. This is indeed what the authors do in the current study, by linking certain brain regions they observe (e.g., more occipital for object recognition and more fronto-temporal for lexico-semantics) to the function assigned in dual-route models (note also that the authors rely on the dual-route models of comprehension, not production per se; see below). While doing so is of course legitimate, it does strongly reduce the impact of the results since they do not concern a direct empirical demonstration of the authors' conclusions, but an indirect inference based on a single theoretical framework. To give a few examples of how this weakens the conclusions: How do the authors know the fronto-temporal network is lexico-semantic and not phonological, as many other models would pose (e.g., Indefrey & Level, 2004; 2011; Hickok, 2012; 2014; De Zubicaray, 2023)? Similarly, theta-coupling in production is not uniquely related to lexico-semantics, but could also be linked to the syllabic rate (speech rate; e.g., Giraud & Poeppel, 2012; Meyer, 2018), or to working memory in production (e.g., Piai & Zheng, 2019). The occipito-temporal network may be involved in object recognition, but it may also reflect (embodied) word semantics, in particular for imageable objects as in the current study (e.g., Strijkers & Costa, 2016; Pulvermuller, 2018). In my opinion, given the lack of independent manipulations, these (and other) alternative conclusions are equally plausible, and the authors' interpretations of the data pattern are tentative at best; this is a substantial limitation in my view.
(2) The authors may object that they do have a contrast, namely the control condition. However, the control condition and the object naming condition differ in so many crucial aspects that it does not serve as a reliable control to address the above issues with interpretational strength. The control condition solely deals with low-level visual input, but not with conceptual and language-related processing, nor with motor preparation and articulation (since repeatedly saying 'no' is a flawed control for the more complex and variable naming responses required in object naming).
(3) Moreover, the timings between the control and object naming conditions are confounded: Naming and control RTs differ by 270 ms. The 1 s pre-response window therefore spans 0.08 to 1.08 s post-stimulus in naming, but −0.19 to +0.81 s in control. Hence, part of the contrast may rather reflect 'when' something was measured rather than 'what' processing differences it is supposed to reflect.
(4) As far as I can tell, the authors did not assess potential pre-articulation motor confounds in the data via ICA and/or recorded EMG activity (e.g., Vos et al., 2010; Porcaro et al., 2015; Strijkers et al., 2017; Abbasi et al., 2021). This may be relevant since motor preparatory activity is known to emerge well before actual articulation (e.g., Ries et al., 2013), and may (pre-)track articulatory speech rate in the theta range (e.g., Abbasi et al., 2023).
(5) Why are items not modelled as random intercepts/slopes? With 200 different stimuli, item variability seems relevant to include in the statistical models.
(6) I found that the authors gave a very restricted and not up-to-date literature overview on the neural basis of object naming. They mainly consider a dual route architecture. I understand that the authors don't wish (nor have to) give a complete overview of the different neurobiological models of object naming. However, the dual route model they cite is the speech processing and comprehension model (e.g., Hickok & Poeppel, 2004; 2007), which has no clear link to object naming, and they don't mention the production versions of a dual route architecture (e.g., Ueno et al., 2011; Hickok, 2012). Moreover, as mentioned also in comment 1, several other critical models (and more relevant for object naming specifically) are neglected: classical sequential object naming models (e.g., Indefrey & Levelt, 2004; Indefrey, 2011; Roelofs, 2014), interactive models (e.g., Dell et al., 2013; Dell & Chang, 2014), or more recent parallel models (e.g., Strijkers & Costa, 2016; Pickering & Costa, 2025) (for recent reviews see: e.g., Nozari & Pinet, 2020; Kerr et al., 2023; de Zubicaray, 2023). If the authors prefer to solely focus on a single class of models, that's fine (though a model that is more tightly linked to object naming would have been more relevant), but that limited scope should at the very least be acknowledged.
Author response:
We thank the editors and reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive assessment of our manuscript. We appreciate their recognition of the value of investigating oscillatory dynamics during overt picture naming and welcome the opportunity to strengthen the analyses and clarify the interpretation of our findings.
Functional interpretation and experimental design
We acknowledge that the contrast between picture naming and scrambled-image rejection does not independently isolate the component processes involved in spoken language production. Although the observed patterns of theta phase coupling and theta–gamma phase-amplitude coupling are consistent with the proposed involvement of visual, semantic and language-related networks, the study was designed to investigate distributed neural dynamics during overt picture naming, rather than to establish a one-to-one correspondence between these coupling patterns and specific psycholinguistic operations.
We will therefore revise the manuscript to distinguish more clearly between the observed neurophysiological findings and their proposed functional interpretations. We will also broaden the theoretical framework to incorporate alternative accounts of the identified networks and relevant contemporary models of language production, and reconsider claims concerning the right fusiform cortex as an integration hub.
Temporal alignment and motor-related confounds
We recognise the reviewers' concerns regarding differences in response latency and articulatory demands between the naming and control conditions. Our analyses were response-locked to capture neural dynamics preceding articulation while accommodating variability in naming latency across trials and participants. We consider this alignment important for investigating language production processes, whose timing relative to stimulus onset may vary considerably.
Nevertheless, we acknowledge that differences in response latency may result in the two conditions sampling different periods relative to stimulus presentation. We will examine the potential influence of this temporal difference through complementary analyses and clarify the rationale and limitations of the response-locked approach. We will also consider the potential contribution of differences in articulatory preparation between conditions when interpreting the findings.
Interpretation of low-frequency activity
We agree that the observed low-frequency effects warrant consideration of an alternative explanation involving transient evoked activity rather than sustained theta oscillations. We will revisit the interpretation of these findings in light of the potential contribution of transient evoked activity, drawing on our existing analyses and considering additional controls where appropriate.
Statistical modelling and stimulus characteristics
We will also revisit the statistical modelling of trial-level behavioural associations, including the potential contribution of item-level variability. We recognise the reviewers' suggestion to examine psycholinguistic properties of the naming stimuli and will assess whether the available stimulus characteristics permit informative supplementary analyses, while acknowledging that the task was not designed to independently manipulate these variables.
eLife Assessment
This is an important study that establishes a novel and enabling 3D super-resolution imaging approach for visualizing the nanoscale organization of AMPA receptors in thick mouse brain tissue. The biological findings are of importance and interest to the neuroscience field, with potential implications for neurodegenerative disease research. Some of the biological conclusions would benefit from strengthened quantitative analysis and revisions to the manuscript to ensure that the interpretations are appropriately aligned with what is supported by the analysis.
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
This study presents a workflow for nanoscale imaging of endogenous synaptic receptors in intact adult brain tissue. By combining live-tissue chemical labeling of native surface AMPA receptors (AMPARs) using the CAM2 probe, two-color 3D super-resolution microscopy, adaptive optics, in situ point spread function retrieval, and chromatic aberration correction, the authors establish a platform for quantitative super-resolution mapping of synaptic architecture deep within brain tissue.
The authors provide convincing evidence that AMPAR organization differs between the hippocampus and cortex and demonstrate that early tauopathy is associated with selective disruption of extrasynaptic and synaptic nanodomain receptor organization in the hippocampus prior to overt neurodegeneration.
Beyond the specific biological findings, the work represents a significant technical advance that enables quantitative investigation of endogenous synaptic receptor architecture in native brain tissue and will be of broad interest to researchers in synaptic biology, super-resolution microscopy, and neurodegeneration.
Strengths:
(1) Introduces and validates a strategy for nanoscale imaging of endogenous surface AMPARs in adult brain slices using CAM2 labeling and two-color 3D super-resolution imaging.
(2) Achieves 10s of nanometers localization precision in thick tissue and validates synaptic structural measurements against previous literature benchmarks.
(3) Reveals regional differences in AMPAR organization, including a larger extrasynaptic receptor pool in hippocampal regions compared with neighboring cortical regions.
(4) Identifies early, region-specific alterations in AMPAR distribution and nanodomain organization in the PS19 tauopathy model.
Weaknesses:
(1) Statistical power is limited by the relatively small number of animals analyzed, although large numbers of synaptic structures were sampled within each mouse.
(2) Synaptic classification relies on PSD-95 cluster detection criteria that may bias analysis toward more strongly enriched synapses, as acknowledged by the authors.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a technically sophisticated effort to visualize the nanoscale organization of native surface AMPA receptors in adult mouse brain. The authors combine chemical labeling of endogenous AMPARs with 3D, 2-color super-resolution microscopy. They use this to compare hippocampal and cortical AMPAR organization and to characterize changes in a P301S mutant mouse tauopathy model. The authors report a greater density of surface AMPAR localizations in hippocampal CA1 than in two examined cortical regions, as well as a smaller fraction of AMPARs organized in synaptic clusters. They report that PS19 tauopathy is associated with reduced hippocampal AMPAR localization density, a relative depletion of the population classified as extrasynaptic, and reduced organization of receptors within synaptic nanodomains.
Strengths:
The methodological contribution is substantial. The authors developed a valuable set of methods for examining endogenous surface AMPAR organization in brain tissue. The imaging methodology could be useful across many questions in synaptic neuroscience.
Weaknesses:
While the biological observations are interesting, several aspects of the neuroscience interpretation require clarification, and some of the biological conclusions should be weakened unless the measurements can better justify them. I provide several comments intended to strengthen this interesting manuscript.
(1) The authors measure fluorescent localization counts but often interpret these as AMPAR numbers. I believe that individual fluorophores can generate multiple localizations and that labeling efficiency can vary, challenging their frequent interpretation as AMPAR numbers. Importantly, AMPARs are tetrameric complexes with potentially different subunit compositions, so one AMPAR could be observed as 0-4 fluorescent localizations. The uncertainty is particularly important for comparisons of AMPAR abundance per cluster and nanodomain. The authors should consistently distinguish localization density from receptor number and clarify which conclusions depend on assumptions about labeling and the assumptions of photophysical equivalence between experimental conditions. The paper would be more rigorous and the claims more legitimate if the authors were disciplined throughout about using empirical descriptors instead of interpretations.
(2) The distinction between synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors is central to the manuscript. The authors identify synaptic receptors either through density-based clustering or proximity to PSD-95 clusters. However, neither measure directly establishes anatomical synaptic localization. This is particularly consequential because only ~1/3 of morphologically identified YFP-positive spines contain PSD-95 clusters that meet the detection criteria. It seems to me that AMPARs associated with weakly-labeled or undetected synapses could then be erroneously classified as extrasynaptic. PSD-95 detection should be assessed across regions and genotypes, and a sensitivity analysis undertaken to ensure that the conclusions are robust to the choices of clustering and distance thresholds.
(3) The authors suggest that the larger extrasynaptic AMPAR population in the hippocampus provides a reserve for rapid synaptic recruitment and that its reduction in tauopathy constrains plasticity. This is plausible, but receptor abundance does not establish receptor mobility or availability for synaptic capture. The importance of AMPAR surface diffusion for hippocampal LTP and contextual learning has been demonstrated (see Penn et al., Nature, 2017), but the current study does not measure diffusion or receptor exchange. The authors should temper their interpretation and explain the caveats.
(4) The authors infer that there has been a preferential extrasynaptic AMPAR loss from the reduced total AMPAR localization density and the increased synaptic fraction they measured. Because both synaptic and extrasynaptic populations could decrease even when the synaptic fraction increases, they should calculate the synaptic and extrasynaptic localization densities separately for each mouse. This would clarify the magnitude and selectivity of the changes that they report and help to reconcile the potentially contradictory increased synaptic fraction with reduced AMPAR localization density within synaptic clusters and nanodomains.
(5) The authors adjust DBSCAN parameters for PS19 hippocampus in response to reduced overall localization density. Because the resulting clustering measurements are themselves used to establish genotype differences, it is important to demonstrate that the conclusions are robust to parameter selection. Analyses using identical parameter sets across conditions, together with simulations in which WT localization patterns are subsampled to match PS19 localization density, would help determine whether the reported changes reflect biological reorganization rather than density-dependent detection effects. Similar validation is important for the nanodomain analysis. I found that, in general, the authors should have made a greater effort to ensure that their measurements are robust to the parameter choices.
(6) CA1 comparisons with motor/somatosensory cortex require more precise anatomical characterization. What cortical layers and hippocampal dendritic compartments are being compared? These are not homogeneous structures in almost any regard. AMPAR or, more empirically, fluorescence localization density per imaging field is not necessarily equivalent to AMPAR density per dendritic membrane area or per synapse. Differences in neuropil composition, spine density, and synapse density could contribute to the observed differences when there is, in fact, no AMPAR density per dendritic membrane area. Proper anatomical normalization or a stricter comparison of equivalent neuronal compartments would strengthen the interpretation. I believe that the authors are aware of the issue, as they did an analysis along a single dendrite, but this has to be done more thoroughly for them to justify the conclusions they assert.
(7) The main comparisons involve three mice per group, and the authors correctly analyze mouse-level averages. Nonetheless, the small number of biological replicates limits the strength of the conclusions about regional specificity and disease effects. The test statistics and degrees of freedom, not just the p-values, should be presented. In addition, effect sizes and individual mouse values should be presented. The absence of a statistically significant cortical effect does not establish that cortex is unaffected. There could be genotype-by-region interactions, which the authors should check.
(8) The authors describe that 6-mo PS19 mice precede neurodegeneration and they assert that the observed AMPAR-associated changes relate to the onset of synaptic dysfunction. However, Yoshiyama et al., Neuron, 2007 demonstrate hippocampal synapse loss and impaired synaptic function at three months in PS19 mice, before detecting fibrillary tau. The present observations likely occur after synaptic pathology in thePS19 mice. The authors should distinguish structural correlates of established dysfunction from the mechanisms that may have initiated that dysfunction. More importantly, the assertion that neuronal or synaptic anatomy is preserved in the PS19 mice should be supported by appropriate measurements.
(9) The reduction of the AMPAR nanodomain organization is potentially important. However, the authors do not measure presynaptic release sites or trans-synaptic alignment. To be rigorous, the data establish altered postsynaptic receptor organization but do not demonstrate disruption of trans-synaptic nanocolumns or establish the functional consequences for quantal transmission. If the authors do not provide evidence for these claims they should not make them and make it clear these are (reasonable) speculations for which they did not collect the data.
Author response:
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
This study presents a workflow for nanoscale imaging of endogenous synaptic receptors in intact adult brain tissue. By combining live-tissue chemical labeling of native surface AMPA receptors (AMPARs) using the CAM2 probe, two-color 3D super-resolution microscopy, adaptive optics, in situ point spread function retrieval, and chromatic aberration correction, the authors establish a platform for quantitative super-resolution mapping of synaptic architecture deep within brain tissue.
The authors provide convincing evidence that AMPAR organization differs between the hippocampus and cortex and demonstrate that early tauopathy is associated with selective disruption of extrasynaptic and synaptic nanodomain receptor organization in the hippocampus prior to overt neurodegeneration.
Beyond the specific biological findings, the work represents a significant technical advance that enables quantitative investigation of endogenous synaptic receptor architecture in native brain tissue and will be of broad interest to researchers in synaptic biology, super-resolution microscopy, and neurodegeneration.
Strengths:
(1) Introduces and validates a strategy for nanoscale imaging of endogenous surface AMPARs in adult brain slices using CAM2 labeling and two-color 3D super-resolution imaging.
(2) Achieves 10s of nanometers localization precision in thick tissue and validates synaptic structural measurements against previous literature benchmarks.
(3) Reveals regional differences in AMPAR organization, including a larger extrasynaptic receptor pool in hippocampal regions compared with neighboring cortical regions.
(4) Identifies early, region-specific alterations in AMPAR distribution and nanodomain organization in the PS19 tauopathy model.
We thank the reviewer for reviewing our manuscript and appreciating both the neurological findings, as well as the broader technological advance.
Weaknesses:
(1) Statistical power is limited by the relatively small number of animals analyzed, although large numbers of synaptic structures were sampled within each mouse.
We agree that despite sampling a large number of synaptic structures and imaging fields per mouse, a sample size of n=3 mice per genotype is a limitation of the study. We will highlight this point in the discussion section.
(2) Synaptic classification relies on PSD-95 cluster detection criteria that may bias analysis toward more strongly enriched synapses, as acknowledged by the authors.
We do agree and acknowledge in the manuscript that PSD-95 cluster detection may bias the synaptic fraction analysis towards more enriched synapses. In addition, we will also compare PSD-95 cluster detection across brain regions and genotypes.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
This is a technically sophisticated effort to visualize the nanoscale organization of native surface AMPA receptors in adult mouse brain. The authors combine chemical labeling of endogenous AMPARs with 3D, 2-color super-resolution microscopy. They use this to compare hippocampal and cortical AMPAR organization and to characterize changes in a P301S mutant mouse tauopathy model. The authors report a greater density of surface AMPAR localizations in hippocampal CA1 than in two examined cortical regions, as well as a smaller fraction of AMPARs organized in synaptic clusters. They report that PS19 tauopathy is associated with reduced hippocampal AMPAR localization density, a relative depletion of the population classified as extrasynaptic, and reduced organization of receptors within synaptic nanodomains.
Strengths:
The methodological contribution is substantial. The authors developed a valuable set of methods for examining endogenous surface AMPAR organization in brain tissue. The imaging methodology could be useful across many questions in synaptic neuroscience.
We thank the reviewer for reviewing our manuscript and appreciating the imaging methodology developed in this manuscript.
Weaknesses:
While the biological observations are interesting, several aspects of the neuroscience interpretation require clarification, and some of the biological conclusions should be weakened unless the measurements can better justify them. I provide several comments intended to strengthen this interesting manuscript.
We thank the reviewer for the in-depth comments which will help strengthen our manuscript. We provide our response to each of them below.
(1) The authors measure fluorescent localization counts but often interpret these as AMPAR numbers. I believe that individual fluorophores can generate multiple localizations and that labeling efficiency can vary, challenging their frequent interpretation as AMPAR numbers. Importantly, AMPARs are tetrameric complexes with potentially different subunit compositions, so one AMPAR could be observed as 0-4 fluorescent localizations. The uncertainty is particularly important for comparisons of AMPAR abundance per cluster and nanodomain. The authors should consistently distinguish localization density from receptor number and clarify which conclusions depend on assumptions about labeling and the assumptions of photophysical equivalence between experimental conditions. The paper would be more rigorous and the claims more legitimate if the authors were disciplined throughout about using empirical descriptors instead of interpretations.
We agree that due to the photo-physical behavior of the fluorophore combined with the tetrameric AMPAR composition and labeling efficiency variations, the AMPAR localizations should not be directly interpreted as absolute AMPAR numbers. We will standardize the wording to “AMPAR localizations” instead of “number of AMPARs / receptors” used at times in the Result and Discussion sections. We will also add an explicit statement of the labeling and photophysical assumptions and of which comparisons depend on photophysical equivalence across conditions. Because all samples are prepared, labeled and imaged identically, relative differences in localization density remain valid. We already note the requirements for absolute AMPAR counting in the Discussion section and will expand that caveat.
(2) The distinction between synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors is central to the manuscript. The authors identify synaptic receptors either through density-based clustering or proximity to PSD-95 clusters. However, neither measure directly establishes anatomical synaptic localization. This is particularly consequential because only ~1/3 of morphologically identified YFP-positive spines contain PSD-95 clusters that meet the detection criteria. It seems to me that AMPARs associated with weakly-labeled or undetected synapses could then be erroneously classified as extrasynaptic. PSD-95 detection should be assessed across regions and genotypes, and a sensitivity analysis undertaken to ensure that the conclusions are robust to the choices of clustering and distance thresholds.
We agree with the concern and acknowledge in the manuscript that PSD-95 cluster detection may bias the synaptic fraction analysis towards more enriched synapses. We also thank the reviewer for additional analysis suggestions. We will include a comparison of PSD-95 cluster detection across regions and genotypes. We note that in fig. S7, we already compare two AMPAR-PSD-95 distance thresholds used to define the synaptic region, showing that the differences in synaptic fraction across regions and genotypes are insensitive to small changes in the threshold choice. In addition, we will perform a broader sensitivity analysis of the proximity-based synaptic fraction measurement across varying distance thresholds and PSD-95 clustering parameters.
(3) The authors suggest that the larger extrasynaptic AMPAR population in the hippocampus provides a reserve for rapid synaptic recruitment and that its reduction in tauopathy constrains plasticity. This is plausible, but receptor abundance does not establish receptor mobility or availability for synaptic capture. The importance of AMPAR surface diffusion for hippocampal LTP and contextual learning has been demonstrated (see Penn et al., Nature, 2017), but the current study does not measure diffusion or receptor exchange. The authors should temper their interpretation and explain the caveats.
We agree. Our data measures spatial distributions and not diffusion or receptor exchange. We will present the reserve-pool interpretation (a pool available for rapid synaptic recruitment) explicitly as a hypothesis motivated by prior work rather than a conclusion, and add the caveat that diffusion or exchange measurements would be needed to test it.
(4) The authors infer that there has been a preferential extrasynaptic AMPAR loss from the reduced total AMPAR localization density and the increased synaptic fraction they measured. Because both synaptic and extrasynaptic populations could decrease even when the synaptic fraction increases, they should calculate the synaptic and extrasynaptic localization densities separately for each mouse. This would clarify the magnitude and selectivity of the changes that they report and help to reconcile the potentially contradictory increased synaptic fraction with reduced AMPAR localization density within synaptic clusters and nanodomains.
We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We will include a comparison of synaptic and extrasynaptic densities calculated separately for each mouse. This will certainly help clarify the magnitude and selectivity of the reported changes.
(5) The authors adjust DBSCAN parameters for PS19 hippocampus in response to reduced overall localization density. Because the resulting clustering measurements are themselves used to establish genotype differences, it is important to demonstrate that the conclusions are robust to parameter selection. Analyses using identical parameter sets across conditions, together with simulations in which WT localization patterns are subsampled to match PS19 localization density, would help determine whether the reported changes reflect biological reorganization rather than density-dependent detection effects. Similar validation is important for the nanodomain analysis. I found that, in general, the authors should have made a greater effort to ensure that their measurements are robust to the parameter choices.
We will separate the two requested analysis, which serve different purposes.
(i) Identical parameters across conditions: we show in Fig. S9 that identical parameters under-detect AMPAR clusters in the lower density PS19 hippocampus, which is precisely why we scaled the DBSCAN parameters for AMPAR cluster analysis in PS19 hippocampus. Moreover, the proximity-based synaptic fraction measurement, which is independent of any AMPAR cluster analysis, was performed with identical distance thresholds and PSD-95 cluster detection parameters across regions and genotypes. It shows an increase in synaptic fraction in PS19 hippocampus (Fig. 4f).
(ii) Density-matched subsampling: we agree this is a key control. We will randomly down-sample AMPAR localization in wild-type hippocampus to match the localization density with PS19 hippocampus, and then re-run AMPAR cluster analysis. This will help identify PS19 changes that reflect genuine reorganization and those that reflect density-dependent effects.
(6) CA1 comparisons with motor/somatosensory cortex require more precise anatomical characterization. What cortical layers and hippocampal dendritic compartments are being compared? These are not homogeneous structures in almost any regard. AMPAR or, more empirically, fluorescence localization density per imaging field is not necessarily equivalent to AMPAR density per dendritic membrane area or per synapse. Differences in neuropil composition, spine density, and synapse density could contribute to the observed differences when there is, in fact, no AMPAR density per dendritic membrane area. Proper anatomical normalization or a stricter comparison of equivalent neuronal compartments would strengthen the interpretation. I believe that the authors are aware of the issue, as they did an analysis along a single dendrite, but this has to be done more thoroughly for them to justify the conclusions they assert.
We thank the reviewer for highlighting this important concern. We agree that CA1 hippocampus and cortex are not homogeneous structures. We will state the compartments explicitly in the revision. Stratum radiatum layer was imaged in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In cortex, layer V pyramidal neurons are labeled with YFP in Thy1-YFP-H mice and their apical dendritic field was imaged in layers II/III and IV.
In the paper, we show AMPAR cluster analysis across the whole imaging field of view, as well as analysis restricted to the AMPAR localizations along a YFP dendrite for comparison. In addition, we will also report membrane area-normalized AMPAR localization density as well as the spine density across brain regions and genotypes.
(7) The main comparisons involve three mice per group, and the authors correctly analyze mouse-level averages. Nonetheless, the small number of biological replicates limits the strength of the conclusions about regional specificity and disease effects. The test statistics and degrees of freedom, not just the p-values, should be presented. In addition, effect sizes and individual mouse values should be presented. The absence of a statistically significant cortical effect does not establish that cortex is unaffected. There could be genotype-by-region interactions, which the authors should check.
We agree that despite sampling a large number of synaptic structures and imaging fields per mouse, a sample size of n=3 mice per genotype is a limitation of the study. We will further highlight this point in the discussion section.
We already report all the individual mouse values plotted in Fig. 3-4, in Tables S5, S10 and S11. In addition, we will report test statistics, degrees of freedom and effect sizes. We will also test for genotype-by-region interactions.
(8) The authors describe that 6-mo PS19 mice precede neurodegeneration and they assert that the observed AMPAR-associated changes relate to the onset of synaptic dysfunction. However, Yoshiyama et al., Neuron, 2007 demonstrate hippocampal synapse loss and impaired synaptic function at three months in PS19 mice, before detecting fibrillary tau. The present observations likely occur after synaptic pathology in thePS19 mice. The authors should distinguish structural correlates of established dysfunction from the mechanisms that may have initiated that dysfunction. More importantly, the assertion that neuronal or synaptic anatomy is preserved in the PS19 mice should be supported by appropriate measurements.
Yoshiyama et al., Neuron, 2007 report a decline of synaptophysin and α-synuclein immunoreactivity at 3 months of age, a decline of GluR2/3 immunoreactivity at 6 months of age and reduced basal synaptic transmission and CA1 LTP at 6 months of age in PS19 mice. Whereas the filamentous tau lesions were reported to be developed at 6 months of age and overt neuron loss and brain atrophy was reported by 9-12 months of age. In our manuscript, we already note that functional deficits have been reported by Yoshiyama et al. and others by the 6-months age and do not wish to claim that our reported changes precede synaptic pathology and dysfunction. Our precedence statement is relative to the overt neurodegeneration and brain atrophy that is reported at later stages. We will make this distinction more explicit and update any wording that could be read as framing the AMPAR changes as preceding synaptic pathology and dysfunction. In addition, we will also compare the YFP-labeled spine density across brain regions and genotypes.
(9) The reduction of the AMPAR nanodomain organization is potentially important. However, the authors do not measure presynaptic release sites or trans-synaptic alignment. To be rigorous, the data establish altered postsynaptic receptor organization but do not demonstrate disruption of trans-synaptic nanocolumns or establish the functional consequences for quantal transmission. If the authors do not provide evidence for these claims they should not make them and make it clear these are (reasonable) speculations for which they did not collect the data.
We agree that our data establishes altered postsynaptic receptor organization, but does not directly demonstrate the disruption of trans-synaptic nanocolumn. We will restrict our wording to postsynaptic receptor organization and present any statement about nanocolumns or quantal efficacy explicitly as reasonable speculation for which we did not collect any data.
stipulates
priority list:- security prisoners and then to criminal prisoners(when necessary)
petitioned
ACRI, Physicians for Human Rights Israel, and the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel - have petitioned in the supreme court
Valutazione clinica e della prestazione
Valutazione clinica e delle prestazioni
apply. The process of resocialization is typically more stressful than normal socialization because people have to unlearn behaviors that have become customary to them.
I think the transition from elementary to middle school and eventually high school was the most evident case of resocialization for me. In elementary school, I felt that I could be myself and I wouldn't have trouble making friends or fitting in. I could be goofy and socially awkward and still find a way to be accepted because we were all children with less rigid social hierarchies. When I got to middle school, I found myself alone a good chunk of the time and my awkward personality became something of a liability when being "cooler" and more socially adjusted was more accepted. The standards became higher in high school when I found myself not being able to connect with barely any of my friends from elementary and middle school. The girls I was friends with ended up becoming more socially mature than I was, and it was me who didn't change how I was used to interacting with others. I now had to attempt to learn how to interact with other girls my age, which was incredibly tricky.
Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was a psychologist who focused on the role of social interactions in child development. He recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one’s mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially
The blend between how we see the world to how it is helps us come to common ground. We might seem confused on a point of view in society, and I think that can help us make a decision.
In the United States, socialization throughout the life course is determined greatly by age norms and “time-related rules and regulations” (Settersten 2002). As we grow older, we encounter age-related transition points that require socialization into a new role, such as becoming school age, entering the workforce, or retiring.
Honestly I never thought about this concept until now. It does make sense that depending on the time of your life, you make experience changes such as transferring from high school to college. For the difference was too drastic, but there were some notable changes. Such feeling more independent. It is not necessarily a bad change, it just feels a little weird not having to be interrupted in the middle of the class by annoying classmates.
One way researchers attempt to measure the impact of nature is by studying twins. Some studies have followed identical twins who were raised separately. The pairs shared the same genetics but in some cases were socialized in different ways.
It is so interesting how even though identical twins share many things in common, even though they lived completely different lives. This makes me wonder how some identical siblings live in the same place, but are more different than two separated twins. Does the genetics still play a role, or does nurture come more into play?
As one stay-at-home dad says, being home to take care of his baby son “is a real fatherly thing to do. I think that’s very masculine”
I think the perspective of what is considered manly or fatherlike is varied based on the family and friends agent of socialization as these are the core and emphasize on gender norms and social expectations. Personally, my dad would consider being a financial supporter is what a father figure is mainly while being a home is a plus but more of a motherly role. (Someone else in my lifes socialization)
Interestingly, studies have shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents’ priorities, this is balanced by parental influence.
This part made me think of my closest friends whom I met during highschool and consider apart of my family. I think many people who can relate to me in having a hard time with their family during this time turned to their peers as support. While I had a bad relationship with my own parents I found parental guidance with my peers parents. Therefore this section makes me understand a bit more about my yearning for parental figures despite having a lack of it myself during my teen years. (Identity of my own agent of socialization)
People learn about objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as nonmaterial culture—what is true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is expected (norms).
While its great that social media is accessible for many and can be an amazing tool for positive growth and exposure, without proper use it can be a thousand times more harmful than beneficial. I'm sure many have encountered hyper realistic AI convincing many, harmful rhetoric being pushed as truth and its deeply upsetting when loved ones fall into a trap online. As fast as the online media has spread I think the lack of education around navigating and debunking has plagued the youth with misinformation and increased the elders who get targeted for phishing schemes. (Re-socialization)
are. First, it is through teaching culture to new members that a society perpetuates itself.
if new generations don't learn a way of life it ceases to exist. I know this cause im Haitian and my mom didnt really teach us much of her culture so i didnt pick up much but i learned it my self to make sure none of it disappear with her. for example something like hot sauce but call picklesis it made with vegatables and onion and hot peppers. it only existes because someone passed it down my family.
For example, dressing baby boys in blue and baby girls in pink is one small way we convey messages about differences in gender roles.
I think gender expectations are a good example of how society teaches us what is considered normal. Children can grow up learning that certain responsibilities or behaviors are meant for men or women. These ideas can continue from one generation to another, even when people do not question whether they are fair.
I think it doesn't matter who posted the post because trump knows his following and knows how many people are going to see and talk about his posts so by giving consent to other people to post or program anything he is basically admitting he agrees with whatever
Best CRM for Small Business
Learn how to choose the right CRM for sales and lead management by comparing key features, lead tracking, follow-up tools, reporting, and pricing.
Not only does Botox ameliorate frown lines, but it also seems to impair the ability to recognize angry or sad situations.
I thought this experiment was especially interesting because I wouldn't have expected something like Botox to affect how someone understands emotions. I can see how facial expressions might help us process what we're feeling, but it seems like a pretty big jump to say they're actually necessary for understanding an emotion. Someone who can't physically make a certain expression can still recognize that emotion in other people. I think the results show that facial movements play some role in how we process emotions, but I'm not sure they prove that our understanding of emotions depends on those movements.
Perhaps similar concepts can be acquired through different means.
I agree with this point because I feel like there's a difference between how we learn a concept and whether we're capable of understanding it. Like someone who has never experienced something firsthand might still develop an understanding of it through descriptions, observations, or other experiences. I think our bodies probably influence which concepts come more naturally to us, but I'm not convinced they necessarily determine which ones we can understand. It seems like the conceptualization hypothesis might underestimate how flexible our thinking can be.
The problem that JS faces in the Chinese Room is not that the symbols he manipulates are meaningless. Rather, the problem is that he does not know their meanings.
I think this is an important distinction because I feel like it's easy to confuse being able to use something correctly with actually understanding it. The Chinese Room example made me think about how someone could memorize the steps to solve a math problem and consistently get the right answer without really understanding why those steps work. They might be able to produce the same result as someone who understands the material, but I wouldn't necessarily say they have the same level of understanding. I think this makes it harder to determine what actually counts as understanding something, especially when we're judging it based on someone's behavior.
There could be a variety of reasons why amodal concepts co-occur with sensorimotor activation, and this poses a challenge to defenders of embodied concepts.
I think this is a pretty important distinction because it seems easy to assume that if a certain part of the brain becomes active during a task, it must be responsible for that task. But just because the motor cortex activates when someone reads the word kick doesn't necessarily mean that activation is what allows them to understand the word. I think this makes the evidence for embodied concepts a little less convincing, since it's difficult to tell whether the activation is actually necessary or just something that happens alongside understanding.
Members of the neutral group, like members of the imagery group, tend to list the outwardly visible features of the noun-referents.
I thought this experiment was interesting because it suggests that we might automatically picture things in our heads even when we aren't specifically trying to. At the same time, I feel like there's another possible explanation for why people listed the visible features first. Maybe those are just the characteristics we're most familiar with or have learned to associate with an object. I don't know if listing those features necessarily proves that someone was mentally visualizing the object rather than just recalling information about it. I was thinking about this when we did the experiment in class too.
Conceptualization Hypothesis: The kind of body an organism possesses constrains or determines the concepts it can acquire.
I think this is a really interesting way of looking at how much our physical experiences might shape our thinking. It makes sense that different bodies would lead to different experiences, but I'm not sure that necessarily means we couldn't develop the same concepts. For example, someone who has never been able to see can still understand what colors are and how they're used, even if their understanding is different from someone who can see. I feel like there's a difference between experiencing something differently and not being able to understand it at all.
Possessing the concept KNISH entails being about to think about knishes.3 This is why it makes sense for someone to say that she knows the word “knish” but doesn’t know what the word means, but it is incoherent to say that one has the concept KNISH but has no idea what a knish is.
You might know the word “knish”—you’ve heard or read it—but not know what it refers to. In that case, you know the word’s sound or spelling, but you don’t really have the concept. But if you truly have the concept KNISH, it wouldn’t make sense to say you have no idea what a knish is, because some understanding is part of having the concept?
one cannot learn the meanings of symbols merely by following rules that specify how the symbols can be correctly associated with each other.
The Chinese Room illustrates the symbol-grounding problem from lecture: following symbol rules could produce an appropriate answer without the person following those rules understanding the language. The Chinese symbols still have meanings for Chinese speakers, but the problem is that JS does not know those meanings.
Modal symbols are encoded in a format peculiar to a particular functional area of the brain, such as an area dedicated to visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, motor, or emotional processing.
So modal representations (use sensory information) and amodal representations (uses abstract symbols). But even if a brain pattern is tied to vision or movement, how does that make the pattern mean chair or number five? In lecture we talked about embodied concepts being as one possible answer, while this chapter questions whether embodiment alone fully explains meaning
cognition can avail itself of the modal representations that constitute the initial deliverances of the perceptual systems. “Cognition is inherently perceptual,” he argues, “sharing systems with perception at both the cognitive and neural levels”
People asked to list watermelon features without special instructions responded more like people told to imagine a watermelon than people doing word association. That pattern supports the possibility that ordinary thought draws on perceptual representations. It is evidence for modal concepts,but are the represeentations really necessary for understanding??
Conceptualization Hypothesis: The kind of body an organism possesses constrains or determines the concepts it can acquire.
people with different color vision may conceptualize color differently, and handedness may influence preferences for left- or right-sided objects. The Fribbles study tests whether right- and left-handers differ in the way they connect sides of space with positive or negative traits. So this furthers the argument of the affect is not just an automatic consequence of having a body
They are units of thought that provide their possessors with a capacity to draw inferences, to connect thoughts through time, and to communicate with others.
This describes what concepts do, but leaves open how they are represented. The lecture contrasts the standard view—concepts as amodal symbols in a semantic network—with the embodied view, where concepts use sensory or motor information. So embodied concepts still needs to explain how people can use concepts consistently and communicate about the same things.
The world becomes “perceiver-dependent” (1991: 173)
The color example in lecture helps make this claim concrete: someone with different cone cells may experience color differently, and someone who cannot see may not form color concepts in the same way. That supports the idea that our bodies shape the world as we experience it. It doesn’t necessarily mean there is no world outside the mind; shared biology and culture can restrict how people experience it
cognition depends upon the kinds of experience that come from having a body with various sensorimotor capacities
Our bodily and sensory experiences shape how we think about things. The slides describe concepts as grounded in analog, sensory-based representations, rather than only in abstract verbal definitions. For example, what someone knows about a “house” is shaped by the features and experiences they associate with houses.
While the visual system is busy creating a feature map of a face, the auditory system is doing the same: detecting sounds that higher-level feature detectors identify as phonemes that, even further upstream, are recognized as words.
I find it interesting that the brain processes visual and auditory information simultaneously to help us understand the world around us. It makes me wonder how these different sensory systems work together to help us recognize someone’s face and understand what they are saying at the same time, and whether one system can influence how we interpret information from the other.
But if concepts are definitions, why, according to Rey, do subjects make the sorts of typicality judgments that psychologists cite in support of probabilistic theories of concepts?
I think this is interesting because it challenges the idea that concepts can be explained through definitions alone. Even if we know the definition of something, we may still consider certain examples more representative than others. This makes me wonder whether our personal experiences influence how we categorize things, even when we understand their formal definitions.
Given that abstract objects have no spatial location, it follows that concepts, if abstract objects, are not in the head, because they are not anywhere. Psychologists, on the other hand, tend to characterize concepts as mental representations that are realized in the brain, just like written representations might be on a page, or pictorial representations on a canvas.
If concepts are abstract and do not physically exist anywhere, how can psychologists explain the idea that they are represented in the brain?
Right- and left-handers, for instance, reliably differ in the preferences they express toward the same items, and their attribution of goodness to items appears to be a function of their handedness. Similarly, changes in an individual’s body are positively correlated with the individual’s capacity to apply emotion concepts.
This makes me wonder how much our physical experiences shape our emotions and judgments without us realizing it. If handedness can influence what we perceive as good or bad, could differences in our bodily experiences also explain why people interpret the same situations or emotional experiences differently?
You come across a word, such as “knish,” that you don’t understand. The word, has a meaning, but it is not meaningful for you. In coming to understand the meaning of the word, you are drawing on concepts, for instance, PUCK-SHAPED POTATO-FILLED CRUST, that are themselves meaningful.
How do we develop an understanding of a completely unfamiliar concept if our ability to assign meaning depends on connecting it to knowledge and experiences we already have?
This point returns us to my earlier distinction between a theory of linguistic meaning, which will articulate the conditions that a linguistic symbol must satisfy in order to become meaningful, and a theory of language learning, which will seek to discover the psychological processes involved in understanding a language.
I think it’s interesting how understanding what makes a word meaningful is different from understanding how we learn its meaning in the first place. It makes me wonder whether we learn language primarily through our experiences and interactions with the world or whether there are certain mental processes that allow us to understand meaning regardless of our experiences.
Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only theAndroid half was published on. Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half. August 2016. URL: http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ (visited on 2023-11-24).
This source is a data analysis that looked at trump's tweets to see if he wrote the Android ones and his staff wrote the iPhone ones. The Android tweets were angrier and more negative. The iPhone tweets had more links and campaign posts. I thought this connected well to the chapter's point about personas. People assume everything on an account comes from the person whose name is on it, but a lot of the time it's a team. It makes me wonder if people actually care who writes it.
Moving between Dubai and the US, I learned to code-switch before I even knew what it was. The way I talked at school in Dubai, the way I talked with my family, and the way I talked with my friends were all different, but none of them felt fake. That's why I agree with the chapter: code-switching can be an authentic way of expressing yourself. Social media is where this gets complicated for me. Right now I am recruiting for consulting internships, so my LinkedIn is polished and professional, while my Instagram is way more casual and mostly friends. Both are me, but I know a recruiter could easily find my Instagram, and someone from home could see my LinkedIn posts and think I sound like a completely different person. To answer the reflection question, I think most of my changes are authentic, but the context collapse part is where my authenticity gets compromised a little. When I am posting with every possible audience in mind, I am not really expressing myself to anyone, just avoiding saying the wrong thing. My question is whether platforms should be designed to separate audiences better.
Ben: Is he gonna make it, Thomas? Thomas: The sooner he gets back to England, the better. Lon: Let's hope the wind is with him. Thomas: Is the ship ready yet? Ben: Any moment now. Just loading the last bit of cargo.
In actuality, John Smith had to return to England for a severe injury he got when a bag of gunpowder that was attached to his belt accidentally exploded. He departed from Virginia for England in 1609.
Horn, James. A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. Basic Books, 2005.
They're different from us, which means they can't be trusted.
This scene seems to imply that both sides are in the wrong for their assumptions of the other, that they're both aggressors, and both need to stop fighting. This is a deeply problematic and historically implausible perspective. The colonists came to a land already occupied with a thriving populace with the selfish, violent intentions of taking it for themselves and forcefully subduing all those who got in their way. The natives only defended their homes from invaders who saw them as something to be used/gotten rid of rather than as allies and neighbors.
Smith, John. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia. 1608. Early American Digital Archive, Edited by Susan Kearsey, et al., University of Maryland, eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/true-relation/.
Ratcliffe: (continuing on) And don't think I don't know what these backstabbers at court say about me. Wiggins: (brightly) Oh, yes, all that talk about being a pathetic social climber who's failed at everything he's tried–– Ratcliffe: (cutting him off) I'm very well aware that this is my last chance for glory. But mark my words, Wiggins. When King James sees the gold these peasants unearth, success will be mine at last!
There were indeed many complaints written about Ratcliffe in the letters of both John Smith and other settlers. John Ratcliff was a divisive figure who often struggled with his reputation among both the common people and the English elite respectively. He was accused of being vain and wasteful while on expeditions, and was later removed from his role as the president of the Jamestown Council due to his lack of popularity.
Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. London, 1624. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/02002154/
Horn, James. A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. Basic Books, 2005
Powhatan: Pocahontas.... (beat, then) Come with me. (He guides her out the door and down to the mighty river flowing past the village) You are the daughter of the chief. It is time to take your place among our people!
Pocahontas was not Chief Powhatan's only daughter. He had many children. Lineage and chieftainship were also matrilineal in Powhatan society, so Pocahontas was in no way an "heir" to the "throne" in the European sense as is implied here.
Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
(Suddenly, Ratcliffe and the settlers burst out of the trees at the foot of the plateau. The settlers see Powhatan with his club raised and react, lifting their guns to shoot. All is about to break loose until...) Pocahontas: No! (Pocahontas rushes forward and throws herself across John Smith. She clutches his head in her arms) (Powhatan freezes in shock. Gasping upon noticing this, the Indians can't believe what they are seeing) (The settlers also freeze in alarm.) (Nakoma stares in breathless anticipation) (Percy and Meeko run into the clearing and react, their jaws dropping in unison. Flit sees and stops astonished in mid-air) (Pocahontas looks up at Powhatan, refusing to let go of John Smith. Her voice shatters the silence) Pocahontas: If you kill him, you'll have to kill me too.
This scene is based entirely off of the heavily debated account of John Smith, which he did not write about in his initial 1608 writings. Smith actually describes his capture as one filled with hospitality and feasts and amicable discussions in his first account. In his later story published 7 years after Pocahontas's death in England, and also long after Chief Powhatan had passed, he wrote about Pocahontas saving him from being executed in a most dramatic fashion. It is very likely he either made this story up, heavily embellished it, or entirely misunderstood what was actually just a ritual adoption ceremony.
Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. Hill and Wang, 2004.
Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. London, 1624. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/02002154/.
While drums pound, the warriors row up to shore and carry Kocoum's lifeless body up to Powhatan, who is standing on the shore. A huge crowd gathers around them and assembles outside
Historically speaking Kocoum was very much alive from 1607-1613 and likely for some time thereafter. He and Pocahontas were married from 1610-1613, after John Smith had gone back to England. This is all to say that this scene is completely fictional.
Strachey, William. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia. Edited by R. H. Major, Hakluyt Society, 1849. Archive.org, archive.org/details/historieoftravai00stra.
(By now, John Smith is starting to see the world through Pocahontas's eyes, and the sunlight and silhouettes dapple across his face, welcoming him)
John Smith never wrote about the natives in a way that implied he saw them as equals. Quite the contrary. All throughout his writings he wrote about the natives from an imperialist, ethnocentrist perspective. He frequently argued that the English were racially and culturally superior. He saw the indigenous people as potentially useful allies at best and savages needing to be subdued at regular. He very much held a typical English colonial worldview.
Smith, John. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia. 1608. Early American Digital Archive, Edited by Susan Kearsey, et al., University of Maryland, eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/true-relation/.
Pocahontas: Mat-ta-que-nat-o-rath.
This is translated as "I do not understand you" from Powhatan. This film broadly takes liberties with the Powhatan language since said language was effectively dormant in its usage during production. They often substituted other dialogue spoken by the natives with Abenaki when they could not incorporate surviving Powhatan vocabulary found in John Smith and William Strachey's writings.
Smith, John. A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion. Oxford, 1612. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/02002154/.
Ratcliffe: Captain Smith, it appears I've selected the perfect location, eh? Not a savage in sight. John Smith: Just because we don't see them, doesn't mean they're not out there, sir. Ratcliffe: Well, then, perhaps you should venture forth and determine their whereabouts, hmm? John Smith: (grabs his gear) Well, if there are any Indians out there, I'll find them!
Initial explorations by the colonists were much more coordinated, cautious, and group-oriented than what is presented here. Early meetings between the natives and the colonists were very structured and formal, often filled with trading and political discussion. Individual gunmen were not just sent out to explore and hunt down natives on the first day of their arrival.
Smith, John. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia. 1608. Early American Digital Archive, Edited by Susan Kearsey, et al., University of Maryland, eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/true-relation/.
As these orders are barked out, a row of awestruck settlers peer out at the land complete with majestic trees and untamed forests
In reality this area was incredibly swampy, brackish, and infested with mosquitoes. Illness was prevalent and easily spread. The Virginia Company chose this area because it was easier to anchor ships here and therefore defend against potential Spanish warships.
Earle, Carville. "Environment, Disease, and Mortality in Early Virginia." The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society and Politics, edited by Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, University of North Carolina Press, 1979, pp. 96–125.
For glory, god and gold and the Virginia Company. For the New World is like heaven, and we'll all be rich and free.
The prospects of spreading Christianity and also obtaining fame and fortune were genuine motivations for English colonists of this time. John Smith's own writings highlight such reasons for overseas expansion.
Smith, John. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia. 1608. Early American Digital Archive, Edited by Susan Kearsey, et. al., University of Maryland, eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/true-relation/
Thomas: Captain John Smith? (Thomas watches in awe as Smith makes his road through the crowd) I've heard some amazing stories about him.
Historically speaking, Thomas would not have been aware of John Smith's early adventures, as he had not published any stories of his accounts until much later in life, long after his return to England from the New World.
Smith, John. The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith. London, 1630. Documenting the American South, University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/smith/smith.html.
By the waters sweet and clean, where the mighty sturgeon lives. Plant the squash and reap the bean, all the earth our mother gives. O Grand Spirit, hear our song, help us keep the ancient way. Keep the sacred fires strong, walk in balance all our days. (The singing continues as the warriors step out of their canoes. The villagers crowd around them, focusing their attention on Chief Powhatan, who strides powerfully into the village) Indians: (singing) Seasons go and seasons come, steady as the beating drum. Plum to seed from bud to plum, steady as the beating drum!
The Powhatan people had a very organized structure surrounding agriculture, relying on a regular seasonal cycle. Their culture, both politically and socially, majorly depended upon communal contribution and unity. The film however overly simplifies this into a generic "noble savage" archetype wherein the people exist more so as an extension of the fantastical, romanticized landscape rather than a complex community of individuals.
Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. Hill and Wang, 2004.
This is the right path for you
It is implied here that Pocahontas will have no choice but to marry a man she does not want to marry in accordance with Powhatan tradition. This is inaccurate, as Powhatan women had agency over themselves and who they wanted to marry. Mutual consent was required in Powhatan courtships. Also, Pocahontas would go on to marry Kocoum in 1610 of her own volition.
Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. Hill and Wang, 2004.
A young Indian woman stands proud and tall at the top of a huge waterfall, surveying the majestic landscape before her. This is Pocahontas,
Historically speaking, at this time, Pocahontas was a young child, not an adult. She was around 10 years old.
Smith, John. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia. 1608. Early American Digital Archive, Edited by Susan Kearsey, et. al., University of Maryland, eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/true-relation/.
It takes a great deal of courage to stand alone.
I really like this statement because it shows how much courage it takes to stand up for what you believe in, especially when everyone else disagrees with you. Throughout the play, Juror #8 was willing to question the evidence even when nobody supported him. I think this teaches us that just because the majority believes something doesn't necessarily mean they're right. Sometimes it only takes one person to speak up and make others see things from a different perspective.
I don't want to change your mind. I just want to talk for a while. Look, this boy's been kicked around all his life. You know, living in a slum, his mother dead since he was nine. That's not a very good head start. He's a tough, angry kid. You know why slum kids get that way? Because we knock 'em on the head once a day, every day. I think maybe we owe him a few words. That's all.
What stood out to me the most about this part is how Juror 8 is actually taking the boy's background into consideration instead of immediately judging him. I feel like society is quick to judge people based on where they come from without understanding what they have experienced. Just because someone. grew up in a bad environment doesn't automatically make them a bad person or a criminal. I believe Juror #8 understands that everyone deserves a fair chance, regardless of their background.
Can salty, dirty water cool data centers?
Un grupo de investigación en la Universidad de Texas propone que la tecnología de desalinización del agua puede utilizarse para satisfacer las necesidades de refrigeración de los centros de datos. Para desalinizar el agua hay dos técnicas: con membranas (ósmosis inversa) o con calor. El calor requiere mucha más energía, dicen, pero "incluso el tratamiento de agua que más energía consume representa solo una pequeña fracción de la huella energética total de un centro de datos". Toman como ejemplo la Cuenca Pérmica (art wikipedia), en Texas y Nuevo México, donde dicen que hay alrededor de 1,200 piscinas olímpicas al día que son transportadas largas distancias y luego inyectadas en el subsuelo (para el fracking). Para cuantificar el estrés hídrico local generado por los centros de datos, este grupo de investigación desarrolló un nuevo indicador denominado «Intensidad de utilización de agua salina» (SWUI), y en medio de un escrutinio más grande a la construcción de centros de datos por parte de las autoridades. De los tres escenarios de centros de datos analizados en el artículo, un proyecto en Longview, Texas, alcanzó los niveles más bajos de impacto en las fuentes de agua locales, según la métrica SWUI. Este proyecto utilizaría agua subterránea salobre y la purificaría mediante ósmosis inversa de dos etapas, logrando altos niveles de recuperación de agua dulce a bajo costo y con un consumo de energía relativamente bajo.
and
hi
5 Tamaño de efecto con Phi y V de Cramer
dejemos esto para el próximo práctico, mucha información
with tau of 1 2 3 4 interes_pol -1.42 -1.01 -0.31 0.089 just_marcha -0.47 -0.23 0.45 0.735
explicar esto
sjmisc::frq(cep_proc$interes_pol)
esto se debe mostrar arriba la primera vez que se habla de esta variable ... y con etiquetas y encabezado de la pregunta, para poder entender de qué se trata
0
etiquetas
la corrección de continuidad de Yates
hay que explicar por qué esto
0.05038
?
0.04346692
pero ... este valor p no coincide con el del test de abajo ...
gl <- (nrow(observadas) - 1) * (ncol(observadas) - 1)
creo que esto está de más
Importante Agregando el argumento lower.tail = FALSE pedimos lo contrario, es decir, la probabilidad de obtener un valor igual o mayor si H0 fuera cierta. Ese es el valor p.
confuso
R realiza estas operaciones celda por celda de forma automática, porque observadas y esperadas son tablas del mismo tamaño. Si las variables fueran perfectamente independientes, χ2 sería 0. Mientras mayor sea su valor, mayor es la discrepancia entre lo observado y lo esperado.
este párrafo habla de dos cosas distintas: a) tamaño de las tablas (que resulta confuso), y b) independencia. De todas maneras, la idea que independencia es Chi=0 no queda clara
Paso 1: valores observados.
no entiendo esta secuencia de armar la tabla paso por paso, toda vez que arriba ya se habló en qué consistía una tabla de contingencia. Además, sin etiquetas, y sin saber que es X y que es Y ... yo no logro seguirlo
TipPrueba de Chi-cuadrado
habría que explicar que significa la notación de las hipótesis
1
?
0 1
etiquetas
Qué podemos concluir de esta tabla?
difícl concluir algo si no se sabe qué que es just_marcha
1
? etiquetas??
justificación de marchas
esto aparece acá de repente, antes hay que hacer una pregunta de investigación que le de sentido a este cruce, y describir cómo está medida esta variable
-Arenas
Aqui
Hu-man Cannonball with us in the pool.
This is the first mention of Human Cannonball. It ends up representing the freedom of childhood.