Personal websites are a conversation. We've just forgotten that simple truth for, oh, about two decades. It's time to relearn some good habits.
I love this idea.
Personal websites are a conversation. We've just forgotten that simple truth for, oh, about two decades. It's time to relearn some good habits.
I love this idea.
It just makes sense that news outlets and libraries collaborate. That’s something we at the News Co/Lab have believed from the beginning, and it’s something we’ve seen work very well in our partnerships
Perhaps this is a good incubator for the idea Greg McVerry and I have been contemplating in which these institutions help to provide some of the help and infrastructure for the future of IndieWeb.
Thought leader and tech executive, John Ryan, provided valuable historical context both onstage and in his recent blog. He compared today’s social media platforms to telephone services in 1900. Back then, a Bell Telephone user couldn’t talk to an AT&T customer; businesses had to have multiple phone lines just to converse with their clients. It’s not that different today, Ryan asserts, when Facebook members can’t share their photos with Renren’s 150 million account holders. All of these walled gardens, he said, need a “trusted intermediary” layer to become fully interconnected.
An apt analogy which I've used multiple times in the past.
“Social” media: This is social interaction that isn’t really social. While Facebook and others frequently claim to offer connection, and do offer the appearance of it, the fact is a lot of social media is a simulation of real connection.
Perhaps this is one of the things I like most about the older blogosphere and it's more recent renaissance with the IndieWeb idea of Webmentions, a W3C recommendation spec for online interactions? While many of the interactions I get are small nods in the vein of likes, favorites, or reposts, some of them are longer, more visceral interactions.
My favorite just this past week was a piece that I'd worked on for a few days that elicited a short burst of excitement from someone who just a few minutes later wrote a reply that was almost as long as my piece itself.
To me this was completely worth the effort and the work, not because of the many other smaller interactions, but because of the human interaction that resulted. Not to mention that I'm still thinking out a reply still several days later.
This sort of human social interaction also seems to be at the heart of what Manton Reece is doing with micro.blog. By leaving out things like reposts and traditional "likes", he's really creating a human connection network to fix what traditional corporate social media silos have done to us. This past week's episode of Micro Monday underlines this for us.
The blog was not just the venue in which I started putting together the ideas that became my second book, the one that made promotion and various subsequent jobs possible, but it was also the way that I was able to demonstrate that there might be a readership for that second book, without which it’s much less likely that a press would have been interested.
This sounds like she's used her blog as both a commonplace book as well as an author platform.
It is our belief that Wikimedia projects are a valuable tool for education, and that engagement with those projects is an activity which enriches the student experience as much as it does the open web itself. Educators worldwide are using Wikimedia in the curriculum – teaching students key skills in information literacy, collaboration, writing as public outreach, information synthesis, source evaluation and data science. Engaging with projects like Wikipedia – particularly through becoming a contributor – enables learners to understand, navigate and critically evaluate information as well as develop an appreciation for the role and importance of open education. Once published, material produced by students becomes immediately accessible by a global audience, giving students the satisfaction of knowing that their work can be seen by many more people than just their tutor. As individuals working in the open web in the twenty-first century it is incumbent upon us to embrace innovative learning, embedding into our practice those tools which equip our students to work collaboratively, be skilled digitally, and think critically.
This would generally apply to almost any wiki product. In part, it's why I maintain a personal wiki on the open web.
What’s the difference between a digital garden, a note-taking app, and a blog? You can see the digital garden sitting between the former and the latter. It’s a place to share your evergreen notes—not raw notes you may have stored in your note-taking app, but not quite the level of polish you would expect on a blog. Creating a digital garden is a great way to receive early feedback on your ideas. Over time, several posts in your digital garden may be combined to create longer essays to post on your blog, but it won’t necessarily be the case.
Anne-Laure defines a third "thing" known as a digital garden sitting in between a private note-taking/thinking tool and a blog. She calls it here a digital garden.
The idea is interesting, but requires some additional work to create the third thing, which is okay for those who'd want it.
In some sense, I'm more likely to create just a single thing that does all three functionalities and not worry too much about the public/private portions. I'm not opposed to maintaining all three, though it will require a tool that has the pre-built UI to make maintaining them all simple. Otherwise, I'm not sure the manual work would work for me.
I’m really not sure if linking, in general, has changed over the years. I’ve been doing it the same since day one. But that’s just me.
Only in the last hour I've had a thought about a subtle change to one of the ways I link. It's not a drastic thing, but it is a subtle change to common practices. Also as I think about it, it removes some of the obviousness of links on social platforms like Twitter that add the ugly @ to a username in addition to other visual changes when one mentions someone else.
When people do inexplicable things, it’s always tempting to project qualities onto them that would offer a more innocuous explanation of their behavior than bad judgment, fecklessness, or stupidity. And this particular bias has infected contemporary political analysis with a virulence that rivals Ebola. Even when the subject’s motives are as transparent as Donald Trump’s, there will always be a class of pundit who insists that Trump is playing 3-D chess, when, as one anonymous staffer put it, “more often than not he’s just eating the pieces.”
Many of the book’s essayists defend freedom of expression over freedom from obscenity. Says Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld (father of Joseph, who would become executive editor of The New York Times): “Freedom of expression, if it is to be meaningful at all, must include freedom for ‘that which we loathe,’ for it is obvious that it is no great virtue and presents no great difficulty for one to accord freedom to what we approve or to that to which we are indifferent.” I hear too few voices today defending speech of which they disapprove.
I might take issue with this statement and possibly a piece of Jarvis' argument here. I agree that it's moral panic that there could be such a thing as "too much speech" because humans have a hard limit for how much they can individually consume.
The issue I see is that while anyone can say almost anything, the problem becomes when a handful of monopolistic players like Facebook or YouTube can use algorithms to programattically entice people to click on and consume fringe content in mass quantities and that subtly, but assuredly nudges the populace and electorate in an unnatural direction. Most of the history of human society and interaction has long tended toward a centralizing consensus in which we can manage to cohere. The large scale effects of algorithmic-based companies putting a heavy hand on the scales are sure to create unintended consequences and they're able to do it at scales that the Johnson and Nixon administrations only wish they had access to.
If we look at as an analogy to the evolution of weaponry, I might suggest we've just passed the border of single shot handguns and into the era of machine guns. What is society to do when the next evolution occurs into the era of social media atomic weapons?
academia is built on the premise (IMHO) of getting a good idea, parlaying that into a job and tenure, and waiting for death. I’ve had a lot of colleagues and acquaintances ask why I would bother blogging. Ask why I share all of this content online. Ask why I’m not afraid that someone is going to steal my ideas.
Though all too true, this is just a painful statement for me. The entirety of our modern world is contingent upon the creation of ideas, their improvement and evolution, and their spreading. In an academic world where attribution of ideas is paramount, why wouldn't one publish quickly and immediately on one's own site (or anywhere else they might for that matter keeping in mind that it's almost trivially easy to self-publish it on one's own website nearly instantaneously)?
Early areas of science were held back by the need to communicate by handwriting letters as the primary means of communication. Books eventually came, but the research involved and even the printing process could take decades. Now the primary means of science communication is via large (often corporate owned) journals, but even this process may take a year or more of research and then a year or more to publish and get the idea out. Why not write the ideas up and put them out on your own website and collect more immediate collaborators? Funding is already in such a sorry state that generally, even an idea alone, will not get the ball rolling.
I'm reminded of the gospel song "This little light of mine" whose popular lyrics include: "Hide it under a bushel? No! / I'm gonna let it shine" and "Don't let Satan blow it out, / I'm gonna let it shine"
I'm starting to worry that academia in conjunction with large corporate publishing interests are acting the role of Satan in the song which could easily be applied to ideas as well as to my little light.
Equipping, however, is about agency. It’s about providing access and opportunities for public participation and production. Equipping is about teaching and interconnected learning. It’s about exchanging skills and resource. It’s a redistribution of power between institutions and individuals.And it scares the hell out of people in power.I’ll offer a bit more definition here on what equipping is not. Equipping is not the same as empowerment because, much like the phrase “giving voice to the voiceless” assumes that people are voiceless, empowerment often assumes that people are powerless.
This is also a useful concept for teaching as well.
On the right — that’s what democracy looks like. At City Bureau we believe the future of journalism looks more like this. It’s made of networks, it’s collaborative, it practices radical transparency and it equips people to be makers.
This chart is very reminiscent of a similar chart I saw just this morning that was looking at the differences between unicorns and zebras within an economic framing.
I ran across this 5 year old article courtesy of a few recent tweets:
<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>This took me back to a time and something I’d forgotten writing, that has made me rethink where we are now: https://t.co/COgNQnutZr
— Kate Bowles (@KateMfD) April 25, 2020
<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>“power is distributed very unevenly throughout the global network of higherEd institutions. If digital innovation is left to the market, we will continue to see scale and standardisation dressed up as personalisation and differentiation.” @KateMfD https://t.co/pqskuKPbQj
— Robin DeRosa (@actualham) April 25, 2020
What surprises me is that it's about education and pedagogy that starts off with a vignette in which Kate Bowles talks about the unknown purpose of Stonehenge.
But I've been doing some serious reading on the humanities relating to memory, history, and indigenous cultures over the last few years. It dawns on me:
I know what those stones are for!
A serious answer provided by Australian science and memory researcher Dr. Lynne Kelly indicates that Stonehenge and similar monolithic sites built by indigenous cultures across the world are--in fact--pedagogic tools!!
We've largely lost a lot of the roots of our ancient mnemonic devices through gradual mis- and dis-use as well as significant pedagogic changes by Petrus Ramus, an influential French dialectician, humanist, logician, and educational reformer. Scholar Frances Yates indicated in The Art of Memory that his influential changes in the mid-1500's disassociated memory methods including the method of loci, which dated back to ancient Greece, from the practice of rhetoric as a field of study. As a result we've lost a fantastic tradition that made teaching and the problem of memory far worse.
Fortunately Lynne Kelly gives a fairly comprehensive overview of indigenous cultures across human history and their use of these methods along with evidence in her book Memory Code which is based on her Ph.D. thesis. Even better, she didn't stop there and she wrote a follow up book that explores the use of these methods and places them into a modern pedagogy setting and provides some prescriptive uses.
I might suggest that instead of looking forward to technology as the basis of solutions in education, that instead we look back---not just to our past or even our pre-industrial past, but back to our pre-agrarian past.
Let's look back to the tremendous wealth of indigenous tribes the world over that modern society has eschewed as "superstitious" and "simple". In reality, they had incredibly sophisticated oral stories and systems that they stored in even more sophisticated memory techniques. Let's relearn and reuse those techniques to make ourselves better teachers and improve our student's ability to learn and retain the material with which they're working.
Once we've learned to better tap our own memories, we'll realize how horribly wrong we've been for not just decades but centuries.
This has been hard earned knowledge for me, but now that I've got it, I feel compelled to share it. I'm happy to chat with people about these ideas to accelerate their growth, but I'd recommend getting them from the source and reading Dr. Kelly's work directly. (Particularly her work with indigenous peoples of Australia, who helped to unlock a large piece of the puzzle for her.) Then let's work together to rebuild the ancient edifices that our ancestors tried so desperately to hand down, but we've managed to completely forget.
The historical and archaeological record: The Memory Code: The Secrets of Stonehenge, Easter Island and Other Ancient Monuments by Dr. Lynne Kelly
A variety of methods and teaching examples: Memory Craft: Improve Your Memory with the Most Powerful Methods in History by Dr. Lynne Kelly
In most oral societies, however, traditions are understood to bemalleable; that is, they are supposed to be changed and made relevant to the new situationsin which they are cited.
And this is almost just what we see in modern religion concerning the bible. Even though it's written down, people read the words and change their original meaning and intent to make them relevant to their modern lives rather than the older historical context in which they were originally created.
I’m iffy on the value of that metadata - whether schema.org-style annotations have any value. Semantic web has a real religious bent to it that I don’t feel. I want to see the implementations and the full working systems, and I think it’s been long enoough since the introduction of RDFa, Microdata, and JSON-LD that we should be seeing practical, real uses of them. And I’m just not seeing those uses.
These are some valid points.
I have been seeing some interesting use cases for microformats getting stronger recently.
A return to RSS or is there something else again in the development of the web?
There are other options out there, though in many cases distribution is uneven. There are new specs like JSONFeed which many sites and feed readers support just in the last year.
There are also simpler methods than RSS now including the microformats-based h-feed which one can use to create a simple feed that many feed readers will support.
Part of RSS's ubiquity is that it is simply so prevalent that most common CMSs still support it. The fact that the idea of RSS is so old and generally un-evolving means there isn't a lot of maintenance involved once it's been set up.
That’s why it’s so important to us that we help you drive sustainable revenue and businesses.
Compared to Facebook which just uses your content to drive you out of business like it did for Funny or Die. Reference: http://splitsider.com/2018/02/how-facebook-is-killing-comedy/
It wasn’t just that the headlines, free-floating, decontextualized motes of journalism ginned up to trigger reflexive mouse clicks, had displaced the stories. It was that the whole organizing structure of the newspaper, its epistemological architecture, had been junked. The news section (with its local, national, and international subsections), the sports section, the arts section, the living section, the opinion pages: they’d all been fed through a shredder, then thrown into a wind tunnel. What appeared on the screen was a jumble, high mixed with low, silly with smart, tragic with trivial. The cacophony of the RSS feed, it’s now clear, heralded a sea change in the distribution and consumption of information. The new order would be disorder.
How can we design against this sort of disorder?
If running your own website is like operating a nuclear reactor, then, yes: let’s give up on that. But what if it’s more like cooking dinner at home? That’s an activity that many people find challenging and/or intimidating, one with all sorts of social and economic ~encumbrances~, but even so, who would argue that it’s inappropriate to hope more people might learn to cook for themselves? Maybe, after everything, we’ve actually ended up in a healthy place. Maybe the great gluey Katamari ball of technology has served us well. In 2020, you can, using nothing but the free app provided by Instagram, publish something very close to a multimedia magazine. Or, sitting at your laptop, you can produce a lightning-fast website all by yourself, every line of code calibrated just so, and host its files at a domain of your choosing. Or! You can do something in between, using a service like WordPress or Squarespace. This is not a bad range of options!
There's something between the lines here that feels like it's closer to what the idea of IndieWeb Generations should really become.
I’ve worked on the web professionally for over a decade and I’ve never managed to put together a proper website that I’ve maintained and not just binned every five minutes. Yes, I’ve been making websites for over a decade and never managed to make one for myself.
It's like they say, "At the plumber's house, the pipes always leak."
It's the part of your garden that you might actively show people when they come round to visit, that you're most proud of.
It's a bit like cleaning up just for company, or in our current pandemic, just cleaning up the section of the house that's seen in the camera as in this New Yorker Cartoon:

Second, I have a not-very-well supported theory that’s paired with the book Thinking, Fast and Slow. The behavior design implication of that book is that you need to speak to two systems of the brain. Speaking to the rational, Slow System is easy. Just lay out the facts.Speaking to the emotional Fast System is much harder, namely because it’s so hard to see or introspect on what’s going on in there. But if you accept that difficulty (and this is the part of my theory that feels like pop brain science), then you realize that you need to start looking for ways to rewire your emotional core.Then, having accepted that rewiring your emotions is part of most behavior design, I’ve started to notice things — like that most self-improvement advice is not very rational. That’s by design. A self-improvement book is mostly emotional rewiring. That is exactly why you need to read the entire book rather than cheating with a summarized version.
This is an interesting sounding take. Worth thinking about further.
Honestly, if a real platform existed where I could just communicate with my friends, make new friends, and read blogs by real people with no corporations or ads, I would love to be a part of that. I just don't even know if it's possible anymore. I don't know if any centralized platform can do that in 2020. Fortunately, we have our decentralized websites, and we can connect with each other this way.
This! I want this too and I feel like I'm getting there with IndieWeb-related tools!
Yet the academic and policy research behind it is thin.
And sadly this doesn't seem to have prevented a huge swath of schools to switching over to the idea. Isn't the purpose of a pilot program to do just that--pilot it to see if the data show it's a good idea to spread to other schools?!
A surprising number of these prisoners (44.2 percent) told us at fi rst that they were doing well (e.g., “I get along just fi ne,” “Goin’ cool,” “All right,” “It’s goin’ good,” “It goes well for me”); some (17.4 percent) even said they were doing very well (“Can’t get no better”). Early in the interview, we asked them if there were things in prison that were particularly bothersome to them. This may seem like a peculiar question to ask of people who are deprived of their liberty in conditions that courts have declared to be cruel and unusual, but some of these men (17.6 percent) initially told us they had “no problems” and nothing was bothersome.Over the course of our conversations, however, virtually all of them (96.2 percent) talked of problems, with over sixty specifi c issues men-tioned.
Another example of how they live in fears of retaliates, even they have problems but most of them aren't willing to tell.
So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was actually likely to be being consumed in each country. That’s based on diet intake surveys, it’s based on levels of obesity, it’s based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people’s mouths. That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of consumption with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste. There will always be waste.
Showing the data to his audience is a form of appealing to logos. By displaying just how much waste we produce, helps him get his point across with the audience. Merely stating the fact that we waste too much food won't have much of an impact but showing this data to his audience helps to have a lasting effect. It's something we could all reference back to when we decide to waste perfectly good food. In my opinion this really does open my eyes to how much food we waste and gives me a sense of responsibility to help fix it.
That’s based on diet intake surveys, it’s based on levels of obesity, it’s based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people’s mouths.
This is his most important sentence so far. He shouldn’t judge the US grocery stores for having so much extra food because that’s just how there economy and markets work. But with obesity that is a huge problem in America and could be contributed to all the unhealthy food available. Now that I’m realizing what he’s talking about its kinda disgusting. With all our food options available people are choosing the wrong ones. He is right, America has an obesity problem.
I’ve believed that today’s women representatives objectify them in a similar as the women depicted in the Renaissance paintings Berger argues about. He considers nudity an art form. To be naked is to be seen by others without knowing you. However, In European nude paintings, this is not considered art. The video mentions the development and changes of nude art in different periods. For example, in the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve did not see each other’s naked bodies until they had eaten the fruit, so the naked bodies were created in the observer’s mind. Then there is the striking fact that women have been subservient to men, seeing them as agents of god. It wasn’t until medieval art that nudity began to become secularized. The mirror became a symbol of female vanity. Also, the video mentions another mythological theme in the Bible, in which men judge beauty and not beauty by looking at a woman’s naked body. Moreover, in Europe 10 oil paintings, most of the nudity is intended to please the male audience owner. Even today, the way women dress plays the role they want to play. Self-image is more based on how other people perceive you. Even the image of women in the media is still determined by the gaze of men. However, in today’s female images, the role of sex seems to have undergone some subtle changes. They no longer think of men as narcissistic and think of men and women as narcissistic, but they feel differently. A woman’s jealousy is how she feels about herself, not just what other people think of her. We could even say it’s a product of human interaction, a product that builds a sense of self-worth. They just want to see the image they want and may even be ready to become liberators and find their true selves.
Great points!
I always thought that analyzing was just summarizing but it’s so much more than that.
Indeed it is--good--how are they different?
WHAT WE PRACTICE, WE BECOME.
Reminds me of that quote from Evan Almighty where God says: 'If people pray for patience, does God gives them patience, or opportunities to be patient?' Why can't gain virtues just through asking or via theoretical knowledge alone, it's in the doing of them that we get better at them.
Virtues are not the stuff of saints and heroes.
I feel like when you hear the work 'virtue' you honestly just think this is being perfect and someone that does nothing wrong. However, in reality it's more about try to incorporate values in you're like that help you live a happy life rather than certainties. Everyone lives by different values and that's not a bad thing.
The manuscript by Hutchings et al. describes several previously uncharacterised molecular interactions in the coats of COP-II vesicles by using a reconstituted coats of yeast COPI-II. They have improved the resolution of the inner coat to 4.7A by tomography and subtomogram averaging, revealing detailed interactions, including those made by the so-called L-loop not observed before. Analysis of the outer layer also led to new interesting discoveries. The sec 31 CTD was assigned in the map by comparing the WT and deletion mutant STA-generated density maps. It seems to stabilise the COP-II coats and further evidence from yeast deletion mutants and microsome budding reconstitution experiments suggests that this stabilisation is required in vitro. Furthermore, COP-II rods that cover the membrane tubules in right-handed manner revealed sometimes an extra rod, which is not part of the canonical lattice, bound to them. The binding mode of these extra rods (which I refer to here a Y-shape) is different from the canonical two-fold symmetric vertex (X-shape). When the same binding mode is utilized on both sides of the extra rod (Y-Y) the rod seems to simply insert in the canonical lattice. However, when the Y-binding mode is utilized on one side of the rod and the X-binding mode on the other side, this leads to bridging different lattices together. This potentially contributes to increased flexibility in the outer coat, which may be required to adopt different membrane curvatures and shapes with different cargos. These observations build a picture where stabilising elements in both COP-II layers contribute to functional cargo transport. The paper makes significant novel findings that are described well. Technically the paper is excellent and the figures nicely support the text. I have minor suggestions that I think would improve the text and figures.
L 108: "We collected .... tomograms". While the meaning is clear to a specialist, this may sound somewhat odd to a generic reader. Perhaps you could say "We acquired cryo-EM data of COP-II induced tubules as tilt series that were subsequently used to reconstruct 3D tomograms of the tubules."
L 114: "we developed an unbiased, localisation-based approach". What is the part that was developed here? It seems that the inner layer particle coordinates where simply shifted to get starting points in the outer layer. Developing an approach sounds more substantial than this. Also, it's unclear what is unbiased about this approach. The whole point is that it's biased to certain regions (which is a good thing as it incorporates prior knowledge on the location of the structures).
L 124: "The outer coat vertex was refined to a resolution of approximately ~12 A, revealing unprecedented detail of the molecular interactions between Sec31 molecules (Supplementary Fig 2A)". The map alone does not reveal molecular interactions; the main understanding comes from fitting of X-ray structures to the low-resolution map. Also "unprecedented detail" itself is somewhat problematic as the map of Noble et al (2013) of the Sec31 vertex is also at nominal resolution of 12 A. Furthermore, Supplementary Fig 2A does not reveal this "unprecedented detail", it shows the resolution estimation by FSC. To clarify, these points you could say: "Fitting of the Sec31 atomic model to our reconstruction vertex at 12-A resolution (Supplementary Fig 2A) revealed the molecular interactions between different copies of Sec31 in the membrane-assembled coat.
L 150: Can the authors exclude the possibility that the difference is due to differences in data processing? E.g. how the maps’ amplitudes have been adjusted?
L 172: "that wrap tubules either in a left- or right-handed manner". Don't they always do both on each tubule? Now this sentence could be interpreted to mean that some tubules have a left-handed coat and some a right-handed coat.
L276: "The difference map" hasn't been introduced earlier but is referred to here as if it has been.
L299: Can "Secondary structure predictions" denote a protein region "highly prone to protein binding"?
L316: It's true that the detail in the map of the inner coat is unprecedented and the model presented in Figure 7 is partially based on that. But here "unprecedented resolution" sounds strange as this sentence refers to a schematic model and not a map.
L325: "have 'compacted' during evolution" -> remove. It's enough to say it's more compact in humans and less compact in yeast as there could have been different adaptations in different organisms at this interface.
L327: What's exactly meant by "sequence diversity or variability at this density".
L606-607: The description of this custom data processing approach is difficult to follow. Why is in-plane flip needed and how is it used here?
L627: "Z" here refers to the coordinate system of aligned particles not that of the original tomogram. Perhaps just say "shifted 8 pixels further away from the membrane"
L642-643: How can the "left-handed" and "right-handed" rods be separated here? These terms refer to the long-range organisation of the rods in the lattice; it's not clear how they were separated in the early alignments.
Figure 2B. It's difficult to see the difference between dark and light pink colours.
Figure 3C. These panels report the relative frequency of neighbouring vertices at each position; "intensity" does not seem to be the right measure for this. You could say that the colour bar indicates the "relative frequency of neighbouring vertices at each position" and add detail how the values were scaled between 0 and 1. The same applies to SFigure 1E.
Figure 4. The COP-II rods themselves are relatively straight, and they are not left-handed or right-handed. Here, more accurate would be "architecture of COPII rods organised in a left-handed manner". (In the text the authors may of course define and then use this shorter expression if they so wish.) Panel 4B top panel could have the title "left-handed" and the lower panel should have the title "right-handed" (for consistency and clarity).
When learning about the elements, it's important to remember that you are more than just your sun sign.
Okay so we are control over more signs
page one hundred and seventy-eight
I don't know why it's caught my attention, but I find it funny that it's always page one hundred and something, as if nothing's going on in the first hundred pages (or anywhere else)... Assuming the guy has perused the book through and through as he purports to, it's just odd to me that we keep getting information from the same, narrow range of pages.
It's a wild guess here, but maybe this is Collins trying to portray Betteredge's character as one who claims to be a know-it-all (Robinson Crusoe, women, the house affairs, etc.) but, really, has such a narrow and restricted view on life that he will always be surprised or caught wrong; that there isn't that much wisdom in him after all.
my own name
I find it so interesting that Franklin chose to write "my own name" here in his explanation of what he saw instead of "Franklin Blake". Maybe this stood out to me more because in my print edition (Penguin), they format this by putting it on its own line in a different font in all caps, so that it looks like he's showing us what was actually embroidered. At risk of reading too much into this, it's almost like the impact of seeing his name there was too much for him to revisit in his writing, and that he couldn't deal with the reality of it even as he was recounting this narrative. Or, he could just be adding some drama for effect.
Openbook, opennote, open door, open neighbor
This makes me feel like it's more about understanding the concept rather than just testing memorization and I really love that.
Consequently, VC investment in fintech startups soared. Just in 2018, fintech startups raised $2.34bn across 145 deals according to Indian startup resource Your Story. With 438 fintech startups in the city already, the number is only set to surge. “Bangalore is a melting pot for tech entrepreneurs and the rise in fintech will change the way people use money – more so in the next decade,” Pasari says. “The tech sector in general has a vibrant startup brigade that’s not afraid of taking risks and trying ideas that have a huge impact. This makes Bangalore the perfect hotbed for VCs.” Clearly VCs are getting increasingly attracted to inject money in Bangalore given the slew of unicorns already present. “Flipkart and Ola are phenomenal success stories not just for themselves but for the whole Bangalore ecosystem,” Legg says. He argues the success of these unicorns raises confidence and means the employment and training of thousands of people who often end up working at startups sooner or later. Along with providing mentorship, former workers or heads of bigger players pump their money into newer startups. “The co-founder of Flipkart is now investing into more Indian companies,” Legg adds. “Obviously it’s better to have a former founder as an investor than someone who hasn’t run anything.” As a result, Bangalore also attracted foreign investors. For instance, Japanese multinational holding conglomerate SoftBank has already invested $8bn in the past three years and is ambitious to invest $100bn through its Vision Fund into Indian tech startups with a focus on Bangalore. Adding to that, Indian startups attracted more than $33.4bn of funding through foreign direct investment. Moreover, the city saw the most funding in the AI and machine learning sectors. Tech startups bagged an incredible funding worth $328m in 2018 compared to $26m in 2017. And, given that Bengaluru was named as one of the world’s best rising tech hubs for startups, according to SmallBusinessPrices, investors have every reason for doing so. And fittingly, Bangalore earned the sobriquet of being the Silicon Valley of India after a considerable number of startups in the tech sector were born there. “Bangalore is getting a bit like Silicon Valley in an Indian context which means there are more engineers, more talent, more startups and more investment coming in,” Legg says.
VC and foreign investment contribution to IT in Bangalore
Yash is a Freelance Writer as well as a second-year university student doing her Masters in Professional Writing. At a young age, Yash loved reading poetry, horror, mystery, and romance. In 2014, Yash began to write poetry just for fun and promoted her writing on her Instagram account, which soon became popular with over 10K followers in just two years.
This is an introductory paragraph that outlines who the author is, what they do, and any major achievements they had. This paragraph is what brings readers in since it is the first paragraph that they read, so it's important how it's structured and written.
Not only did Trump build his campaign largely on fears of immigrants and Muslims, but based ona lot of polls and surveys, he also attracted the voters who reported, by far, the highest levels of racial resentment and other prejudiced views.
It's so sad that fear of these people and ideas is considered 'scary' just because they're different.
et this system is hard to see because we have always been “swimming” within it;
so we can't see that we have these certain ideas of the world because we have always had them so it's as if it is just how it is and not unique at all
“People should be judged by what they do, not the color of their skin” “I accept people for who they are” “I see people as individuals”“It’s focusing on difference that divides us”“My parents taught me that all people are equal”“I always treat everyone the same”“I’ve been discriminated against so I don’t have any privilege”“Our generation is more open-minded”“I have friends from all races and we are all fine with each other”“I don’t think race and gender make any difference—as long as you work hard” “It’s White males who are the minority now”“Women are just as sexist as men”
Not what I immediately thought of when "strong feelings" was written..... these are mostly very privileged and white
There is an amazing democracy about death. It is not aristocracy for some of the people, but a democracy for all of the people. Kings die and beggars die; rich men and poor men die; old people die and young people die. Death comes to the innocent and it comes to the guilty. Death is the irreducible common denominator of all men.
Dr. King explains death as a way of understanding that it happens everyone even when it’s not want it. King speaks on challenges to get over as one and together. he stands by everyone will experience death so we stick together to approach what life gives us just like any other problems we can't help. He explains death is a common denominator and that is everyone not only African Americans. Everyone leaves earth in a equal and same way, death,.
"Dave, stop. Stop, will you? Stop, Dave. Will you stop, Dave?” So the supercomputer HAL pleads with the implacable astronaut Dave Bowman in a famous and weirdly poignant scene toward the end ofStanley Kubrick’s2001: A Space Odyssey. Bowman, having nearly been sent to a deep-space death by the malfunctioning machine, is calmly, coldly disconnecting the memory circuits that control its artificial “ brain. “Dave, my mind is going,” HAL says, forlornly. “I can feel it. I can feel it.”.I can feel it, too. Over the past few years I’ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory. My mind isn’t going—so far as I can tell—but it’s changing. I’m not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. That’s rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. I feel as if I’m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.I think I know what’s going on. For more than a decade now, I’ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet. The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes. A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I’ve got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. Even when I’m not working, I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s info-thickets—reading and writing e-mails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link. (Unlike footnotes, to which they’re sometimes likened, hyperlinks don’t merely point to related works; they propel you toward them.)
First two paragraphs are anecdotal and personal - this is one clear sign that we are reading a non-academic (ie, popular) piece.
People tend to look at successful writers who are getting their books published and maybe even doing well financially and think that they sit down at their desks every morning feeling like a million dollars
I think a common misconception people have is that happy people are able to work productively and be successful. In reality, it's people to have a good process whether that be routines or good practices that are able to be successful and happy. It's natural for us to compare ourselves to those around us, but it's important for one to focus on oneself and just find what works.
There may be something in the very last line of the very last paragraph on page six that you just love, that is so beautiful or wild that you now know what you're supposed to be writing about, more or less, or in what direction you might go -- but there was no way to get to this without first getting through the first five and a half pages.
yes! this is always me when i'm writing. 90% of the words i write are stiff and structured so that they either fulfill a rubric's requirements or are tailored to my teacher's/ta's/professor's preferences. but it's that 10% that allows me to elatedly compromise my own writing style with the reader's/grader's style. that 10% includes the sentences and phrases that i am most satisfied with.
What do you wish people knew about your startup? Blockchain isn’t the ‘thing.’ It’s the thing that gets us to the thing.
Using one of the most famous lines from an AMC TV Series (based in DFW) to provide more details is pretty cringe. Especially without citing.
This quote came from “Halt & Catch Fire”
In the pilot episode, Joe tells Gordon: "Computers aren't the thing. They're the thing that gets us to the thing". Many qcritics found it to be a defining phrase of the series, highlighting how technology is ultimately less important than the connections it can forge between people. Philip Cosores of Consequence of Sound said the phrase related to a lesson the characters learned: "that it wasn't really important what they created or what they innovated. What was important was that it brought them together over and over again, and that they all made each other better." Joe Reid of Decider said that the characters' stories illustrated that "their successes, their failures, and their might-have-been regrets were never, in the end, as important as the mere fact that they made the decision to work together in the first place". Hudson said that the series's most "radical message" was that "Human beings are the signal, and everything else is just noise." *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)?wprov=sfti1
no explanation of why the problems are happening and what forces are responsible
It's a great problem why this is not explained because without accurately knowing the source (or majority sources in this case) of a problem, it is quite difficult to come up with effective solutions that aren't just a waste of time
To all of you then, known or unknown, relatives or strangers, (for you are all one in Christ,) I would speak. I have felt for you at this time, when unwelcome light is pouring in upon the world on the subject of slavery…. We must come back to the good old doctrine of our fore fathers who declared to the world, “this self evident truth that all men are created equal, and that they have certain inalienable rights among which are, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” It is even a greater absurdity to suppose a man can be legally born a slave under our free Republican Government, than under the petty despotisms of barbarian Africa. If then, we have no right to enslave an African, surely we can have none to enslave an American; if a self evident truth that all men every where and of every color are born equal, and have an inalienable right to liberty, then it is equally true that no man can be born a slave, and no man can ever rightfully be reduced to involuntary bondage and held as a slave, however fair may be the claim of his master or mistress through wills and title-deeds….
Angelina Grimke shows here how she has a great passion for the abolition of slavery. She starts off with the reminder that they are all one in Christ. It's as if she is saying " before you speak and condemn what I'm about to say, remember you're all Christianity.". To go the lengths of calling out to other women in attempt to persuade them of the immorality of slavery, you can tell she may have grown up despising slavery in her household. She see's all humans as equal both from other continents and American born. I agree with her that no one should have to be born into slavery which we all know was common in the 1800's. There were laws allowing for children of slave women to be born into slavery for the rest of their lives. I admire her tenacity to reach out to others whom would potentially disagree and condemn her for her suggestions of abolishing slavery. It takes a lot of guts to stand up for the rights of others during this time. Just goes to show how much of an impact slavery had on children growing up in households who condoned it.
A strong tie existed between slave and master because each was dependent on the other … The slave system demanded that the master care for the slave in childhood, in sickness, and in old age. The regard that master and slaves had for each other made plantation life happy and prosperous. Life among the Negroes of Virginia in slavery times was generally happy. The Negroes went about in a cheerful manner making a living for themselves and for those for whom they worked . . . But they were not worried by the furious arguments going on between Northerners and Southerners over what should be done with them. In fact, they paid little attention to these arguments.
I know you know this. but this whole thing is garbage. it's all lies that people tell themselves to feel better.
they should have just... acknowledged the horrible things their ancestors did and then moved forward to do everything in their power to dismantle the system that continues to treat Black people as second class citizens.
“Sometimes it’s hard to separate myself from the person I’m expected to be,” Cooksaid. “Coming home at the end of the day feels like taking o a costume
What I just read makes me wonder about the future because I hope that every can be more open-minded and accepting of people so they wouldn't have to put on a mask and I hope that people will bring more awareness so people can be comfortable expressing themselves.
“Code-switching can cause people to not be fully present in the moment because theyare monitoring every word that comes out of their mouth,”
What I just read makes me think about how people have different personas when it comes to different people or situations. It's like how we have different personalities for different people too that also includes authorities. It can also be an image we have to keep up with. For example code-switching would be to present themselves as professional. It must be exhausting to fake it in a way and it would be nice if we can be free to be ourselves without conforming to what society thinks of how we are supposed to be.
knew him.He came toward me, smiling, and shook me by the hand, saying, "It's a long timesince we last met—how are you?"With a nod of my head, I agre
In reading and rereading this story, I find myself continuously perplexed and curious about who this middle-aged man is supposed to be. He says to the main character, an old man at this point as we later come to find out, that it had been a while since they had last met. The only conclusion I am able to come to is that it may not matter who this man is, just that the main character knows deep down that he does know the man, but the passage of time has not been kind to him and therefore he is not able to place him. I'm curious what anyone else has to say about who this man might have been or if knowing who he is would matter to the story.
eference to the Indian Territory for the past few years.
It's sad the they refer to these people who were just fighting for rights that shouldn't have even been up for debate, are being called "agitators" and just goes to show how little things have changed for them even after their carefully thought out speech.
To illustrate: very many professed popularizers of the results of scientific inquiry, as well as laymen, seem to think that the entire psychology of vision is explained when we have a complete knowledge of the anatomy of the retina, of its nervous connection with the brain, and of the centre in the latter which serves for visual functions; or that we know all about memory if we can discover that certain brain cells store up nervous impressions, and certain fibres serve to connect these cells,-- the latter producing the association of ideas, while the former occasion their reproduction. In short, the commonest view of physiological psychology seems to be that it is a science which shows that some or all of the events of our mental life are physically conditioned upon certain nerve-structures, and thereby explains these events. Nothing could be further from the truth. So far as I know, all the leading investigators clearly realize that explanations of psychical events, in order to explain, must themselves be psychical and not physiological. However important such knowledge as that of which we have just been speaking may be for physiology, it has of itself no value for psychology. It tells simply what and how physiological elements serve as a basis for psychical acts; what the latter are, or how they are to be explained, it tells us not at all. Physiology can no more, of itself, give us the what, why, and how of psychical life, than the physical geography of a country can enable us to construct or explain the history of the nation that has dwelt within that country. However important, however indispensable the land with all its qualities is as a basis for that history, that history itself can be ascertained and explained only through historical records and historic conditions. And so psychical events can be observed only through psychical means, and interpreted and explained by psychical conditions and facts.
This paragraph basically states the fact that physiology is completely different from psychology in the fact that it focuses on strictly physical things. This reiterates the fact that psychology is it's own individual science. That we have made psychology unique and formed it and branched it off of other sciences and theories
And it’s a similar case with Jota. Just take a look at the heat maps above, they’re almost identical.
The use of heatmaps shows that a variety of graphics are used to keep readers engaged and to break up the text in different ways, all while feeding into the copy.
yee yf
This first translation was honestly almost impossible for me to read. The way most of the words are spelled and the way it's all structured made it very difficult to understand. This is because this first translation is in extremely old English, and I noticed I am not the only one who had some trouble with it. The seemingly random letters at the beginning of words really threw me off, even though that's most likely just how things were spelled in that time. Comparing it to how things are written today, it's a drastic change. I honestly didn't understand half of this until I read the other translations, which helped me make sense of this one. It makes sense that it would be difficult to understand given the time period it's from and how much English has changed since then, but I did not expect it to be this much of a challenge.
Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lostmy reputation! I have lost the immortal part ofmyself, and what remains is bestial. My reputation,Iago, my reputation!
this is a society that values strongly the reputation of a person, it's more than just personal, but also it's how others view you. The irony comes in that Cassio worries about his reputation, but later on, his own "carryings" with Desdemona is what truly ruins both of their reputations. Enough to warrant even death.
And when left unseen, we are able to invent a transcendental ideal for the algorithm. The canonical algorithm is not just a model sequence but a concise and efficient one. In its ideological, mythic incarnation, the ideal algorithm is thought to be some flawless little trifle of lithe computer code, processing data into tapestry like a robotic silkworm.
The algorithm metaphor evolved over time:
Comparing the new standards to the current standards I have to admit there is improvement, but they are not the quality Iowa students could have and that is unfortunate.
this man is the worst. this is why i never want to live in Iowa again. these people are everywhere. and I know they're everywhere in the US and the world.... but I just get so mad because they're arguments are non-sensical. it's just about how they think nobody should have rights and feelings except for them.
the root cause of this evil: unfettered capitalism. (Perhaps this explains why he resigned from the Bush administration just before his book’s publication.) A tension has always existed between the capitalist imperative to maximize efficiency and the moral imperatives of religion or community, which have historically served as a counterweight to the moral blindness of the market.
It's not that humans have used our "capitalist imperative to maximize efficiency", it's that we used our brains to maximize output without the consideration of the animals' lives in mind. Humans could redo our farming industries with the animals lives in mind but that would take time and money, yet the end goal wouldn't be that much of a difference cost-wise than the factory farming methods that are rightfully vilified(after many years of industrialization).
mutualism between
in this paragraph it seems like pollan is speaking to the the side of society that craves power and dominance. using animals as an example that we think it's the good life for them but really we are just trying to control them.
I didn’t think I minded being a speciesist, but could it be, as several of these writers suggest, that we will someday come to regard speciesism as an evil comparable to racism?
It's definitely an issue that is getting discussed more than it would be just a couple years ago. Especially with climate change and the environment getting more attention, animals have been getting more news attention.
The charitable read of government today is that it’s generally reactive — literally putting out fires. Conversely, Bezos is oriented for creative, additive achievement.
oof this is a huge flattening of human labor/effort into two camps, the latter, not to be conflated with purpose and fulfilling, meaningful types of work just because they are "creative and additive".
I bet this guy hasn't read anything on the value of Maintenance and Care, much less on cooperatives and much much less on feminist economics.
For companies of all types — from restaurants and hotels to accounting and law firms — here are 7 tips for integrating technology into training: 1. Mobile First. Make the assumption that your new workers have mobile devices and enjoy using them. For the purposes of training, accept that the PC is in decline and will soon be even less relevant (depending on who you ask). From a technical standpoint, this means that you need to create content that is mobile compatible. You don’t have to pigeonhole learning onto iOS or Android devices with mobile apps. Just avoid Flash and optimize your training platform to work on any device. 2. Keep it Fun. Create e-training lessons the way one might create a BuzzFeed article: keep the text light, videos short and images entertaining. Make the user experience consumer-oriented and intuitive. In addition, I would recommend gamifying the experience with unlockable badges and a leaderboard to spark some friendly competition. This will carry new recruits through the drier parts of training. Also, integrate with existing consumer tools that employees are already familiar with, such as YouTube, and use their content when it makes sense. 3. Reach for the Cloud. A cloud-based learning platform will cost much less than an on-premises solution and scale better. Whether you have to train employees at two local restaurants or thousands spread across the globe, a cloud-based learning system can offer better reliability, lower maintenance and faster performance. 4. Make it Personal. In-class training can actually be less personal and flexible than online training. In a classroom, students are stuck with one teacher, one pace, one time of day and one training manual. In contrast, online training can deliver the same ideas in video, images, text and audio for different types of learners. Trainees can slow the pace, spend more time on tricky lessons, re-read or re-watch content and choose to learn when they feel energized and motivated. 5. Use Analytics. Study how trainees interact with your learning platform. Data can show weaknesses and gaps in the knowledge of your knowledge as well as faults in your training methods and courseware. With an online learning experience, you can sub in new videos, revise written content and modify your tests and quizzes without reprinting a training book. As your processes evolve, analytics will help you maintain and continually improve the quality of your training program. 6. Go Social. A social learning environment will help people share and absorb information faster. Create an open discussion board for asking questions, sharing knowledge and passing along helpful websites and blog posts. In this setting, trainees will learn to communicate, work together and get answers without going to management. 7. Change Attitudes Towards Training. In many companies, training is seen as an obligation. When the content is boring, time-consuming or impractical for on-the-job success, it’s difficult to see training in any other light. Overall, your e-learning platform needs to change perceptions towards training. Trainees should see the e-learning as opportunity to improve their career. To do this, offer training that goes beyond the standard curriculum. Give your most ambitious employees a chance to earn certifications that will let them stand out and take on more responsibility. With digital training, a restaurant could hire five new servers and have them blaze through knowledge-based training before their first day of work. A franchise could hire 500 and accomplish the same without any additional effort. Ultimately, technology-powered training overcomes geography and time while minimizing the risks and costs that deter companies from investing in training. What companies will eventually find is that integrating technology is not simply step to improve training—it is a step towards fostering a culture where employees take responsibility for their personal development help their co-workers do the same.
Employee training is costly and time consuming. Without technology it is difficult to measure a true return on investment. Following the 7 tips for integrating technology offers a "how to" for new companies looking to tech to accelerate training and results. Rating 9/10
Response Paper Week 5, Alice in Wonderland
In my response paper I will be writing on Lewis Carrol’s Alice in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass and taking an in depth look at the story and its themes and ideas while comparing them to the main themes from our course such as the local, the other, power and privilege. Alice in Wonderland is a literary masterpiece calling on many different abstract themes and ideas to deliver a truly unique book especially for its time. However as unique as it is it can still be compared to a number of the course themes that we have discussed in class. One of these themes would be the idea of power and privilege, an idea that is both overtly and overly displayed throughout the text. Its clear to see that from the beginning, Alice is in a disadvantaged position seeing how she finds herself in strange land with seemingly no hope of escape. Due to this she this could be compared to immigrants who come from other countries and enter a strange land. They’re at a distinct disadvantage when compared to individuals who have lived their lives in this region i.e. the natives of wonderland as the locals have both the privilege of having been established in the area for many years as well as the power of understanding the local customs, laws and people. While in recent years we've attempted to decrease this disparity for immigrants in order to give them more level footing and ensure a stress free transition into their new life. However, this was not the case for alice who was given no accommodations when entering wonderland and therefor had very little power or privilege. And we see how throughout the novel she attempts to work her way up the ranks in order to gain parity with the other inhabitants
Another pervasive theme throughout the novel is the ‘Other’ ,overtly shown throughout the book as Alice is statically shown as the other by the residents of wonderland, one good example of this during the chapter in which Alice plays the role of a witness for the trail. she begins to grow and is told she must stop by the mouse. As this is not something that she can control it can be implied that this is due to her nature as the Other. While it is something that is innate in her as she points out theres no way that could can stop growing however it does not matter to the mouse who takes her growth as a sign of disrespect which we could attribute to his distaste for the other. This is later shown to be systemic dislike for the other when it’s pointed out that according to rule 42 no one taller tan a mile high can be in the court. This proves the dislike for the other even though alice has no control over growth but it also harkens back to the previously discussed theme being power and privilege. As the king and queen are using their power to enforce a rule that degrades those taller than a mile while also instituting their privilege as the rulers of the kingdom institute laws that favour them as short people while penalizing the tall “Others” in their kingdom.
The book shows a number of prevalent fantasies that speak to the authors intention and meaning when writing the book. The first that I noticed was Carrol’s depiction of a beautiful garden, this garden is just beyond the locked door but can still be viewed through the keyhole. I found this interesting as this garden is the catalyst that pushes Alice forward into what will eventually be her departure into wonderland. I don't believe that Carrol used a garden haphazardly but instead used it to represent beauty and longing. As we learned in class garden fantasies in western countries are pervasive and stem from the original idea of the garden of eden which is a place that ideal and perfect and therefor would be a place anyone would long to visit, I believe that Carrol was aware of what a perfect garden meant in the western psyche and therefore used the garden on the other side of the door to represent wonder and a longing to reach the other side.
Alice in wonderland has a number of interesting themes that stand out throughout the novel but none is more pervasive than growing up. This is a theme we can see throughout the book as Alice navigates this new strange world. Not only her actions show this theme but also the symbols and rhetoric that is scattered throughout the book. Alice changes her identity throughout the novel as the further she progresses throughout the story she begins to increase her confidence and the increases her social standing within wonderland. While she enters the world scared and alone she begins to make sense of it and grow as a character to allow herself atoning from the rest of the characters in wonderland and by the end of the novel has grown into a character complexly unbothered but the negative opinion of the other residents such as the mouse telling her she cant grow. This relates to our course theme of power and privilege as it shows that the more competent one becomes with their surroundings and the more connections and friends one has the more their social standing and thus privilege and power in society increase.
When educators teach - and practice - these skills, we’re helping to build more inclusive, equitable and just democracies.
Depending on how the information is taught, yes! It's important to teach and learn from an unbiased point of view, so it's equally important that all sides of the story are shared. For a long time, history has been extremely white washed, and this doesn't allow for anyone else's side of the story to be told. Inclusive language is very important.
can provoke strong emotions, trigger old wounds, and spark controversy
I would argue that racism is not an 'old would'. Of course it sparks controversy, but that's because many people in this country are extremely racist, some without even realizing what they're saying. Racism has been a prevalent issue for centuries, and considering there hasn't been much to 'solve' it, I think it's more than just an old wound. Basic human rights should not be classified as an old wound.
This family formation has been labeled the Standard North American Family (SNAF)
Wow this is just so absurd to me! I have never heard of this before and it's so surreal to me that it exists. Kind of goes to show how ingrained these ideologies are in our current society, even after all the positive strides we have taken thus far.
They saynon-sustainable, intensive and polluting agriculture produces junk food,malboef, fast food. You don’t know what is in it, where or how it wasproduced; it’s full of additives, reconstituted.
I just wanted to highlight this because I found this interesting and very true about fast food. We don't really know where it comes from and that is a scary thing when we really pause and research where we get our food and the conditions it derives from.
changing slowly, and how people respond to the pace of change requires a particular skill set
I find this very relevant with today. Not many people like change but we know we must go through change to have a better future. It reminds me of how far we've come with minority rights and how people want to take those rights away because they are scared of change and may believe it is wrong. Think of abortions. We've learned from history that making abortions illegal will not stop them. Women will continue to have abortions, they just won't be safe. In countries that have abortion legal and organizations like Planned Parenthood, the abortion rates are some of the lowest ones. So why do we want to go backwards, when it seems going forward is the better option? It's because that people are scared of change. So that is why I feel like this quote is relevant even in today and back then.
Did your seeds come up? CLOV: No. HAMM: Did you scratch round them to see if they had sprouted? CLOV: They haven't sprouted. HAMM: Perhaps it's still too early. c1ov: If they were going to sprout they would have sprouted. [Violently.] They'll never sprout.
In this scene, we see the frustration Clov has with the way they are existing, and how nature has died- or forgotten them- leaving them without the ability to grow food. Hamm is trying to look on the bright side and be optimistic, suggesting that the world might be better, maybe if he just scratches the soil to check, but Clov is not so optimistic about their future, as he said before "no more nature". I think showing the realist contrasted with the character who is kind of in denial makes an interesting piece of drama. They understand nature as no longer serving them in this way- for producing food, and that it's something they maybe shouldn't rely on for making their seeds sprout. They see nature as something that they can engage with and are frustrated when it doesn't bend to their needs, nature possibly has forgotten them.
I wonder. [Pause.] Imagine if a rational being came back to earth, wouldn't he be liable to get ideas into his head if he observed us long enough
I was struck by the timing of this delightfully brief and slightly meta exchange about meaning, which follows immediately after the discussion of the apocalyptic state of the natural world outside. Thinking way back to "Greening the Absurd," I can't really seem to decide whether the characters think of nature within the environmental or ecological framework. I know you've said that Hamm and Clove's circumstance can be read as ecological: which makes sense, they are so deeply defined and subject to their natural surroundings (or subversion thereof). Their environment certainly does seem to serve as a metaphor—a reflection of Hamm + Clov's interior landscape. This reflection is a causal one: at least that's what's explicitly referenced by Hamm and implicitly understood by an audience with our own troubled reality.
The connection to nature and meaning is a pretty direct cue to look closer, because it's an association poets and artists and writers have drawn for like...ever, not necessarily in the character's reality but certainly in our own. What these few lines (and indeed, the play as a whole) achieve is to invert our own erroneous understanding of the relationship between meaning and nature, an inherently unsustainable one that returns relentlessly (either out of instinct or arrogance) to nature as the metaphor that never stops giving. Think of whole "Pastoral" genre we learned about a while ago in whatever survey class. Or the "Transcendentalist" painting movement in early America. We milk it, reduce it to an image and load up that image with all of the emotion we're incapable of just expressing outright. We exploit it (much the same way we do for resources) for meaning, reframing and reframing to our convenience (dare I say, even laziness?). Like so many screenshots of the same jpeg image, a clear and truthful image becomes corrupt.* Imagination becomes reality the same way meaning becomes causality. All of this to say we don't think of it as OUR ecosystem anymore but a tabula rasa for us to manipulate into the perfect reflection of ourselves, until we stop existing as a part of it, and it starts (or ceases) existing as a part of us. O, inadequate poetic imagination!
I just realized now I haven't gotten around to your question, bear with me. I was initially interested in this passage because Hamm does seem to share or at least be aware of our poorly-balanced causal understanding of nature. Perhaps he is so emotional because of this reversal, wherein nature gives meaning to him , and an ugly one, too.
*I realize how ironic it is that I'm using a technological metaphor here, I just didn't want to use a natural one.
White co-workers have challenged him to fights, mounted “hangman’s nooses” around the factory, referred to him as “boy” on a daily basis, sabotaged his work station by hiding his tools, carved swastikas in the bathroom, and written the word “nigger” on walls in the factory,
The description of the racism here is horrific. It's horrible how great lengths people will go to just because of someone's skin color. Public and legal discrimination may have been abolished, but people should be aware that privately, vandalism, fights, and needless bullying occur and is still a present problem today.
didn’t ratify the 15th Amendment, which gave black people the right to vote, until 1959,
this is surprisingly recent, and i had no idea that this happened just around fifty years ago? that seems... so, so close. it's shocking to learn just how racist america was (is, but working on it). i looked this up, and it turns out the last state to ratify the 15th amendment was tennessee in 1997. i can't believe just how recent this is.
Your right hand man back!
They are harping so much on this "right hand man" thing because "Right Hand Man" is another song that comes earlier in the play, and so it's referencing back to itself. The fact that it does this also pretty much highlights this part for us saying "look, this part is important" just like how Ashleigh was saying above me.
(Page 10) wow I kind of hate the objective view. I mean, I understand the thinking behind it but just the idea of "the role of the teacher or instruction [is to] interpret events for [students]" seems disgusting to me. It's literally telling people how to think. There's that whole story of a kid who loved drawing flowers and his teacher told him he could only draw red flowers with green stems and after a while, that's all he would draw when he drew flowers. It's harsh and stifling.
The solution to imposter syndrome is to see that you are one. When I first wrote about how useful it is to remember that everyone is totally just winging it, all the time, we hadn’t yet entered the current era of leaderly incompetence (Brexit, Trump, coronavirus). Now, it’s harder to ignore. But the lesson to be drawn isn’t that we’re doomed to chaos. It’s that you – unconfident, self-conscious, all-too-aware-of-your-flaws – potentially have as much to contribute to your field, or the world, as anyone else.
I will disagree with the "everything is false" part of your statement. In my experience it's more "everything is incomplete". I think it comes from how much there is to learn, people who write the curriculums have picked and chosen what peices the students will learn and they have gone too far into the "US is perfect" direction. I'm just thankful that I had a history teacher who we willing to point out the failings of the US.
This is an ethos appeal with the person posting this just relying on the fact that their history teacher was a professional and good. Their argument is that the people who write the curriculum though have leaned too far in the opposite direction though.
It's not that everything is false. It's simply an incomplete picture. Life isn't black and white but shades of grey. Almost everybody has their pros and cons, and the best of men can still have their flaws and dark side (and vice versa). Even adults today have a tendency to view the world and people as black and white.Furthermore, a lot of these complexities and nuances are often too much and too time consuming to teach to a high schooler who often barely pays attention in class anyways. For example, we get the short version of Paul Revere, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Benedict Arnold in 5 minute blurbs in school. The more accurate truth would take many hours of class time to tell and understand the nuance of, and a typical high schooler would probably snooze through 90% of it.
This is another logical appeal that argues that not everything was false that was taught in school about them, just that the complete pictures weren't there. They then back this up by saying and providing examples that other topics weren't fully taught in school.
One thing I’ve found to be true, everything I was taught in High School about our “Founding Fathers” was false. As far as Hamilton and Burr are concerned, I like the Musical, them not so much. All of the Founders have a complexity that doesn’t lend itself to absolutes like good and evil. The man that could write the Declaration was a slave owner. The man that could fight so hard for our Independence wrote the Sedition Act. The General who fought the British for years was a land speculator intent on stealing Indian lands. As I’ve gotten older I’ve found we need our idols when we are young. It’s only later when we discover how flawed we are that we accept the flaws in our idols.
This is an appeal to emotions, pathos. I feel like it's drawing on peoples general disdain of high school and how things were taught there just to make a generalization for their argument.
But she is quick to add that it’s not just about water. It’s about making the resources possible to also build schools and bring education to a deprived area.
I love how the article draws out the implications for us! Why do you think this is important. Is this something we take for granted in the U.S
a realization that offers a refreshing counterpoint to today’s corporate-style “school reform” and its preoccupation with data.
I believe today's style of education with its focus on data is very ingrained in our culture. Non-grading and the studies supporting it may sound refreshing, but I believe many people would be skeptical to embrace any other method. Higher-learning institutions have existed for thousands of years and only in the past few centuries has quantitative evaluation of student performance gradually risen to prominence. However, in everybody's daily life, in our culture and, across all sectors of society, it has become the norm and expectation for large institutions including universities to adhere to strict, data-driven methods that prioritize principles like calculability, efficiency, predictability, and control.<br> To me, non-grading is just a small piece of a much larger story. It represents an attempt at something like "de-McDonaldization" in education; an idea that has broad-ranging implications. People are socialized in educational institutions. Therefore, if universities socialized people in a more de-McDonaldized way, the logical consequence is it will cause those students to spread those new methods, principles, and philosophies to the rest of society (which would certainly have its potential pros and cons). However, these large-scale societal changes to our currently data-driven society will be enormously challenging to realize.
Trying out new educational methods in a class at a time like this is a step in a potentially different and new direction. People often say the first steps are the biggest steps, and I am excited to be a part of it and see what it's like!
They remind us just how long it’s been clear there’s something wrong with what we’re doing as well as just how little progress we’ve made in acting on that realization.
This grading system has been in place for decades yet we haven't done anything to change it
They remind us just how long it’s been clear there’s something wrong with what we’re doing as well as just how little progress we’ve made in acting on that realization.
I haven't read the rest of the article, but I think a part of American society leans to quantifying and ranking success. Perhaps this is a side effect of capitalism, where the numeric accumulation of wealth is indicative of personal success. Similarly, an "A" is the gold standard of academic success.
So, to conclude, our progress is likely slow because our current grading system is reflective of our socio-economic structure, which ties with education. After all, most people go to college to earn more money.
Or maybe it’s just because the patient is the president, said Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine.
Personally, I see that being a reason to not give him any treatment that has yet to be FDA approved, let alone the three in combination!
“I’m sure you’ve heard the expression ‘everyone is entitled to their opinion.’ Perhaps you’ve even said it yourself, maybe to head off an argument or bring one to a close. Well, as soon as you walk into this room, it’s no longer true. You are not entitled to your opinion. You are only entitled to what you can argue for.”
This speaks loudly to me especially in today's polarized world. If you stand firm in your beliefs and attempt to open a dialogue with someone who disagrees, agreeing to disagree won't always end the argument. We all have opinions that our unique to our own ideology. Differing opinions can inadvertently cause upset without intention.
"Meryl Dorey is the leader of the Australian Vaccination Network, which despite the name is vehemently anti-vaccine. Ms. Dorey has no medical qualifications, but argues (Links to an external site.) that if Bob Brown is allowed to comment on nuclear power despite not being a scientist, she should be allowed to comment on vaccines. But no-one assumes Dr. Brown is an authority on the physics of nuclear fission; his job is to comment on the policy responses to the science, not the science itself."
Opinions do not surpass facts. Information becomes readily misinterpreted when opinion is perceived as factual. The author expressed an example above outlining how a person speaking based on opinion versus fact can mislead the reader or listener.
"But this implies an equal right to be heard on a matter in which only one of the two parties has the relevant expertise. Again, if this was about policy responses to science, this would be reasonable."
A non-expert should be careful with how they speak in terms of information they share. Experience is relevant however having facts to illustrate and confirm what is being portrayed is crucial. It is very easy to mislead and proves just how powerful words can be.
"Mediawatch host Jonathan Holmes was considerably more blunt: “there’s evidence, and there’s bulldust (Links to an external site.),” and it’s not part of a reporter’s job to give bulldust equal time with serious expertise"
Mr. Holmes was attempting to reaffirm that evidence based facts and expertise can far outweigh the opinions of someone sharing unfounded statements lacking credibility and facts.
"So next time you hear someone declare they’re entitled to their opinion, ask them why they think that. Chances are, if nothing else, you’ll end up having a more enjoyable conversation that way."
Fact versus fiction is relevant and needs to be on the forefront of differing opinions. We can have our own opinions however to argue them effectively, research should be done and misinformation should not be the catalyst of the argument despite how accurate you feel you are. An open, healthy dialogue allows for research based facts to support evidence versus what a person feels is correct.
we are re-sponsible for conserving our memories even if they are uncomfortabl
are we though? like how is it fair to ask someone to hold a burden that may negatively affect their mental health, well-being and even quality of life just because "it's for the greater good?"
Facebook is too big to effectively moderate its own platform — well, that seems like a harder issue for Facebook to argue. It’s just difficult to imagine the company taking it too seriously unless one of the boycotting brands actually says it out loud.
No one really cares enough Facebook is too big. Cant hire enough staff to moderate 1.7 billion people.
It’s been on the drawing board for 30 years or more
That is crazy! I can't believe it has taken over 30 years to develop this plan, and it is just now finally taking initiative.
Why Are Finland’s Schools Successful? The country’s achievements in education have other nations, especially the United States, doing their homework <img src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/thzZYTv2Evhq3x8iHdcaakihfVE=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/cd/ee/cdee1c82-f8e3-4de4-983e-8599d4485745/finland-smiles-wr.jpg" alt="Kirkkojarvi School" itemprop="image"> "This is what we do every day," says Kirkkojarvi Comprehensive School principal Kari Louhivuori, "prepare kids for life." (Stuart Conway) By LynNell Hancock Smithsonian Magazine | Subscribe September 2011 AddThis Sharing ButtonsShare to FacebookFacebookShare to TwitterTwitterShare to RedditReddit78Share to PinterestPinterest997Share to LinkedInLinkedInShare to FlipboardFlipboardShare to EmailEmailShare to PrintPrintShare to MoreAddThis934 It was the end of term at Kirkkojarvi Comprehensive School in Espoo, a sprawling suburb west of Helsinki, when Kari Louhivuori, a veteran teacher and the school’s principal, decided to try something extreme—by Finnish standards. One of his sixth-grade students, a Kosovo-Albanian boy, had drifted far off the learning grid, resisting his teacher’s best efforts. The school’s team of special educators—including a social worker, a nurse and a psychologist—convinced Louhivuori that laziness was not to blame. 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u=o.indexOf(n);return-1!==u&&!this.isMidrollAlreadyPlayed(a,u)}return!1}}]),e}(),Wi=function(){function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"referrerUrl",void 0),f()(this,"staticAdTag",void 0),f()(this,"generate",function(e,t){var r=encodeURIComponent(n.referrerUrl);return Un(n.staticAdTag)?n.adTagFromApi(e,r,t):n.parseAdTag(n.staticAdTag,e,r,t)}),this.staticAdTag=t,this.referrerUrl=window.location.href}return Vi()(e,[{key:"parseAdTag",value:function(t,n,r,i){var o=t.replace("##AdUnit##",e.parseAdName(n)).replace("##DESCRIPTION_URL_UNESC##",r).replace("##REFERRER_URL_UNESC##",encodeURIComponent(this.referrerUrl)).replace("##CACHEBUSTER##",e.cacheBuster(n)).replace("##MIDROLL_ORDER##",e.adIndexFromName(n));return o=e.replaceVideoId(o,"##VIDEO_ID##",i),o=e.addHacksToAdTag(o)}},{key:"adTagFromApi",value:function(e,t,n){try{var r=window.getVideoTag(t,e);return Un(r)?null:this.parseAdTag(r,e,t,n)}catch(i){return null}}}],[{key:"getCCPAConsent",value:function(t){try{var n="";return window.__uspapi&&window.__uspapi("getUSPData",1,function(e,t){t&&(n=e.uspString)}),e.setSearchParamToAdTag(t,"us_privacy",n)}catch(r){return t}}},{key:"replaceVideoId",value:function(e,t,n){return e.replace(t,n).replace(encodeURIComponent(t),n).replace(encodeURIComponent(encodeURIComponent(t)),n)}},{key:"cacheBuster",value:function(t){return"".concat((new Date).getTime()).concat(e.adIndexFromName(t))}},{key:"parseAdName",value:function(t){return t.startsWith("preroll")?"PR":"MR".concat(e.adIndexFromName(t))}},{key:"adIndexFromName",value:function(e){return e.replace(/[^\d]*/g,"")}}]),e}();f()(Wi,"setSearchParamToAdTag",function(e,t,n){var r=new URL(e),i=decodeURIComponent(n);return r.searchParams.set(t,i),r.href}),f()(Wi,"getSearchParamFromAdTag",function(e,t){return new URL(e).searchParams.get(t)}),f()(Wi,"addHacksToAdTag",function(e){var t=e,n=Wi.getSearchParamFromAdTag(t,"cust_params");if(!jn(window.mmAPSbids)&&!Un(n)){var r="".concat(window.mmAPSbids,"&").concat(n);t=Wi.setSearchParamToAdTag(t,"cust_params",r)}if(!jn(window.shouldPlayAdRules)){var i=window.shouldPlayAdRules?"1":"0";t=Wi.setSearchParamToAdTag(t,"ad_rule",i)}return t=Wi.getCCPAConsent(t)});var zi=function(){function e(t,n){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adsScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"previousVideoTagStatus",void 0);var r=t.getState;this.store=t,this.adsScheduler=n,this.previousVideoTagStatus=hn.videoTagStatus(r()),this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,[{key:"onVideoTagStatusChanged",value:function(t){var n=hn.videoTagStatus(t),r=_i.adStatus(t);"seeking"===this.previousVideoTagStatus&&(Hi(r)?this.adsScheduler.onSeekedWhileAdInProgress():e.isSeekedOverMidroll(t)&&this.adsScheduler.onSeekToAdOpportunity(e.getSeekedMidroll(t))),this.previousVideoTagStatus=n}}],[{key:"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getClosestSkippedUnplayedMidroll",value:function(e,t){for(var n=t;n>0;n-=1)if(-1===e.indexOf(n))return n;return null}},{key:"getClosestLowerSeekedMidrollNumber",value:function(e,t){var n=In()(e).reverse().find(function(e){return e<=t});return e.indexOf(n)+1}},{key:"getSeekedSpecificMidroll",value:function(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getClosestLowerSeekedMidrollNumber(e,t),o=this.getClosestSkippedUnplayedMidroll(r,i);return{midrollNumber:o,currentTime:t,midrollTime:e[o-1],mediaId:n}}},{key:"isSeekedOverSpecificMidroll",value:function(e,t,n){if(jn(e))return!1;var r=this.getClosestLowerSeekedMidrollNumber(e,n);return null!==this.getClosestSkippedUnplayedMidroll(t,r)}},{key:"getSeekedReoccuringMidroll",value:function(e,t,n,r){var i=Math.floor(t/e),o=this.getClosestSkippedUnplayedMidroll(r,i);return{midrollTime:o*e,currentTime:t,midrollNumber:o,mediaId:n}}},{key:"isSeekedOverReoccuringMidroll",value:function(e,t,n){if(jn(e))return!1;var r=Math.floor(n/e);return null!==this.getClosestSkippedUnplayedMidroll(t,r)}},{key:"getSeekedMidroll",value:function(e){var t=_i.playedMidrolls(e),n=hn.currentVideoTime(e),r=bi.midrolls(e),i=r.every,o=r.on,a=Cn.mediaId(e);return this.isSeekedOverReoccuringMidroll(i,t,n)?this.getSeekedReoccuringMidroll(i,n,a,t):this.isSeekedOverSpecificMidroll(o,t,n)?this.getSeekedSpecificMidroll(o,n,a,t):null}},{key:"isSeekedOverMidroll",value:function(e){var t=_i.playedMidrolls(e),n=hn.currentVideoTime(e),r=bi.midrolls(e),i=r.every,o=r.on,a=o;return bi.prerollEnabled(e)&&(a=o.filter(function(e){return 0!==e})),this.isSeekedOverReoccuringMidroll(i,t,n)||this.isSeekedOverSpecificMidroll(a,t,n)}}]),e}(),Gi=function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adsScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"onPendingAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=_i.pendingAdStatus(e).type,n=_i.adStatus(e);if("playPreroll"===t&&!Hi(n)){var i=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e),o=Dn.mediaId(e);r.adsScheduler.onPrerollReached(o,i+1)}}),this.adsScheduler=n,this.pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingAdStatusDependencies,this.onPendingAdStatusChanged.bind(this))};f()(Gi,"getPendingAdStatusDependencies",function(e){return[_i.pendingAdStatus(e)]});var $i=3,Ki=function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoTimeSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoSeekSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adTagGenerator",void 0),f()(this,"monetization",void 0),f()(this,"lastRequestedMidroll",null),f()(this,"prerollScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"generateMidrollTag",function(e){var t="midroll".concat(e.midrollNumber);return r.adTagGenerator.generate(t,e.mediaId)}),f()(this,"generatePrerollTag",function(e,t){var n="preroll".concat(t);return r.adTagGenerator.generate(n,e)}),f()(this,"onAdTimeReached",function(){r.monetization.onMidrollAdOpportunity()}),f()(this,"onPreAdTimeReached",function(e){r.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e)}),f()(this,"onSeekToAdOpportunity",function(e){r.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e)}),f()(this,"isMidrollAlreadyRequested",function(e){return e.midrollNumber===r.lastRequestedMidroll.midrollNumber&&e.mediaId===r.lastRequestedMidroll.mediaId&&e.midrollTime===r.lastRequestedMidroll.midrollTime}),f()(this,"onPreMidrollAdOpportunity",function(e){if(Un(r.lastRequestedMidroll)||!r.isMidrollAlreadyRequested(e)){r.lastRequestedMidroll=e;var t=r.generateMidrollTag(e);r.monetization.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e,t)}}),f()(this,"onPrerollReached",function(e,t){var n=r.generatePrerollTag(e,t);r.monetization.onPrerollAdOpportunity(n)}),f()(this,"onSeekedWhileAdInProgress",function(){r.monetization.onMidrollAdOpportunity()});var i=t.getState;this.monetization=n,this.videoTimeSubscriber=new qi(t,this),this.videoSeekSubscriber=new zi(t,this),this.prerollScheduler=new Gi(t,this);var o=_i.adTagUrlTemplate(i());this.adTagGenerator=new Wi(o)},Yi=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"generateAdRequest",value:function(e,t,n){var r=new google.ima.AdsRequest;return r.adTagUrl=e,Fn()||r.setAdWillPlayMuted(t),r.vastLoadTimeout=n,r}}]),e}(),Zi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad status",payload:e})}},Xi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set pending video status",payload:{pendingStatusObject:{type:e,value:""}}})}},Ji=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status",payload:e})}},Qi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update ad muted",payload:e})}},eo=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad volume",payload:e})}},to=function e(t,n,r,i,o){var a=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"IMAAdManager",void 0),f()(this,"adsLoader",void 0),f()(this,"adDisplayContainer",void 0),f()(this,"adVideoElement",void 0),f()(this,"videoPlayerElement",void 0),f()(this,"adContainerElement",void 0),f()(this,"anchorStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"totalAdRequestMadeAmount",0),f()(this,"registerForWindowResize",function(){var e=zn(a.onResize.bind(a),80);window.addEventListener("resize",e)}),f()(this,"initMutationObserver",function(e){new MutationObserver(a.onResize).observe(e,{attributes:!0,childList:!1,subtree:!1})}),f()(this,"loadNewAd",function(e,t){var n=a.store.dispatch;a.clearOldAdManagerIfExist();var r=a.createAdRequest(e);try{a.validateAdRequestCorrectness(r),a.adsLoader.requestAds(r),function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad 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google.ima.AdsLoader(t),a.adsLoader.getSettings().setDisableCustomPlaybackForIOS10Plus(!0),a.adsLoader.getSettings().setVpaidMode(google.ima.ImaSdkSettings.VpaidMode[n]),a.adsLoader.addEventListener(google.ima.AdsManagerLoadedEvent.Type.ADS_MANAGER_LOADED,a.onIMAAdsManagerLoaded.bind(a),!1,a),a.adsLoader.addEventListener(google.ima.AdErrorEvent.Type.AD_ERROR,a.onAdError.bind(a),!1,a)}),f()(this,"createAdRequest",function(e){var t=a.store.getState,n=gn.muted(t()),r=bi.adRequestTimeout(t());return Yi.generateAdRequest(e,n,r)}),f()(this,"validateAdRequestCorrectness",function(e){e&&e.adTagUrl&&decodeURIComponent(e.adTagUrl.replace(/\+/g," "))}),f()(this,"getLoadingError",function(e){var t=function(){return"bad ad request ".concat(JSON.stringify(e))};return{getError:function(){return{getMessage:t}}}}),f()(this,"getPlayAdError",function(e){var t=function(){return"play ad error: ".concat(JSON.stringify(e))};return{getError:function(){return{getMessage:t}}}}),f()(this,"setAdVolume",function(e){var t=a.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=gn.volume(n());Bn()||gn.muted(n())?(e.setVolume(0),Qi(!0)(r)):(e.setVolume(gn.volume(n())),eo(i)(r),Qi(!1)(r))}),f()(this,"createIMAAdManager",function(t){a.IMAAdManager=t.getAdsManager(a.adVideoElement,e.getAdsRenderingSettings()),a.setAdVolume(a.IMAAdManager)}),f()(this,"registerToAdManagerEvents",function(){a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdErrorEvent.Type.AD_ERROR,a.onAdError),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_PAUSE_REQUESTED,a.onContentPauseRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_RESUME_REQUESTED,a.onContentResumeRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.STARTED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.IMPRESSION,a.onAdImpression),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.SKIPPED,a.onAdSkipped),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.COMPLETE,a.onAdCompleted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.PAUSED,a.onAdPaused),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.RESUMED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.AD_PROGRESS,a.onAdProgressChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_CHANGED,a.onVolumeChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_MUTED,a.onAdVolumeMutedChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.ALL_ADS_COMPLETED,a.onAdCompleted)}),f()(this,"onIMAAdsManagerLoaded",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;a.createIMAAdManager(e),a.registerToAdManagerEvents(),Zi("loaded")(t)}),f()(this,"onAdError",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;!function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad error",payload:e})}}(e.getError().getMessage())(t),Ji(!1),a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdImpression",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch,n=!e.getAd().g.vpaid;a.setPodInfo(e),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter"})}(t),function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad",payload:e})}}(n)(t)}),f()(this,"onVolumeChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;eo(e.target.getVolume())(t)}),f()(this,"onAdVolumeMutedChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;0===e.target.getVolume()?Qi(!0)(t):Qi(!1)(t)}),f()(this,"continuePlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.getState,n=e.dispatch,r=hn.videoTagStatus(t());Xi("idle"===r?"play":"resume")(n)}),f()(this,"stopPlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Xi("pause")(e)}),f()(this,"onContentPauseRequested",function(){a.stopPlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onContentResumeRequested",function(){a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdPaused",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("paused")(e)}),f()(this,"setPodInfo",function(e){var t=e&&e.getAd()&&e.getAd().getAdPodInfo();if(!Un(t)){var n=a.store.dispatch;!function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[MONETIZATION] change pod info",payload:{slotNumber:e,podNumber:t}})}}(t.getAdPosition(),a.totalAdRequestMadeAmount)(n)}}),f()(this,"onAdStarted",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=gn.volume(n());Zi("playing")(t),0===a.IMAAdManager.getVolume()?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):window.shouldPlayAdRule||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(r),a.onResize()}),f()(this,"onAdCompleted",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("completed")(e)}),f()(this,"onAdSkipped",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("skipped")(e)}),f()(this,"onResize",function(){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(a.IMAAdManager.resize(a.videoPlayerElement.clientWidth,a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,google.ima.ViewMode.NORMAL),a.adContainerElement.style.height="".concat(a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,"px"))}),f()(this,"onAdProgressChanged",function(e){var t,n,r=a.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState,s=e.getAdData().currentTime,u=e.getAdData().duration,c=_i.adDuration(o());(t=s,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time",payload:t})})(i),c!==u&&(n=u,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration",payload:n})})(i)}),f()(this,"onAnchorStatusChanged",function(){var e=a.store.getState;"processing"!==Pr(e())&&a.onResize()}),f()(this,"changeAdVolume",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e)}),f()(this,"changeAdMuted",function(e,t){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(t?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e))}),f()(this,"changeAdStatus",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||("playing"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.resume(),"paused"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.pause())});var s=t.getState;this.store=t,this.adVideoElement=r,this.videoPlayerElement=i,this.adContainerElement=n,this.adDisplayContainer=new google.ima.AdDisplayContainer(n,r),this.createAdLoader(s(),this.adDisplayContainer),this.adDisplayContainer.initialize(),this.anchorStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorDependencies,this.onAnchorStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.registerForWindowResize(),this.initMutationObserver(o)};f()(to,"getAdsRenderingSettings",function(){var e=new google.ima.AdsRenderingSettings;return e.restoreCustomPlaybackStateOnAdBreakComplete=!0,e.enablePreloading=!1,e.uiElements=[],e.loadVideoTimeout=15e3,e}),f()(to,"getAnchorDependencies",function(e){return[Pr(e)]});var no=function e(t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"playerId",void 0),f()(this,"adScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"adHandler",void 0),f()(this,"imaLoadingStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adContainer",void 0),f()(this,"adVideoElement",void 0),f()(this,"videoPlayerElement",void 0),f()(this,"playerContainer",void 0),f()(this,"pendingMidrollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdTag",null),f()(this,"pendingMidrollNumber",null),f()(this,"pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adMutedStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adVolumeStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"onMidrollAdOpportunity",function(){var e=s.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=_i.adStatus(n()),i=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(n());"loaded"===r?s.playAd(!0):"requested"===r&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0,i||(Xi("pause")(t),Ji(!0)(t))),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter"})}(t)}),f()(this,"onPrerollAdOpportunity",function(e){var t=s.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=Fi.loadingImaStatus(n());Un(s.adHandler)?"loading"!==i&&""!==i||(Ji(!0)(r),s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=e):(s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,Ji(!0)(r),s.adHandler.loadNewAd(e,"preroll"))}),f()(this,"onPreMidrollAdOpportunity",function(e,t){Un(s.adHandler)||(e.currentTime>=e.midrollTime&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0),s.pendingMidrollNumber=e.midrollNumber,s.adHandler.loadNewAd(t,"midroll"))}),f()(this,"hasPendingAd",function(){return s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()||s.hasPendingPrerollAdPlay()}),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=s.store.dispatch,n=_i.adStatus(e);"completed"===n&&Ji(!1)(t);var r=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(e),i=_i.loadingAd(e);"playing"!==n&&"error"!==n||r||!i||Ji(!1)(t),s.hasPendingAd()&&"loaded"===n?s.playAd(s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()):s.hasPendingAd()&&"error"===n?(Ji(!1),s.clearPendingMidroll(),s.clearPendingPreroll()):Hi(n)||(Ji(!1),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data"})}(t))}),f()(this,"clearPendingMidroll",function(){s.pendingMidrollNumber=null,s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!1}),f()(this,"clearPendingPreroll",function(){s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!1,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=null}),f()(this,"onVideoTagStatusChanged",function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls"})}(s.store.dispatch)}),f()(this,"hasPendingMidrollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingMidrollAdPlay}),f()(this,"hasPendingPrerollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingPrerollAdPlay}),f()(this,"playAd",function(e){var t,n=s.store.dispatch,r=s.adHandler.playAd();e?((t=s.pendingMidrollNumber,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] add 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n>=0?e[n].file:""},Da=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getSemanticPlaylist",value:function(e,t){var n=window.location.href,r=Ca.getSemanticPlaylistUrl(n,e,t);return Aa.preformGet(r)}},{key:"getSpecificPlaylist",value:function(e,t){var n=Ca.getSpecificPlaylistUrl(e,t);return Aa.preformGet(n)}}]),e}();f()(Da,"getPromotedVideos",function(){var e=so()(oo.a.mark(function e(t){var n;return oo.a.wrap(function(e){for(;;)switch(e.prev=e.next){case 0:return n=t.map(function(e){return Da.getSpecificPlaylist(e).then(function(e){return e.data}).catch(function(){return[]})}),e.abrupt("return",new Promise(function(e){Promise.all(n).then(function(t){var n=t.reduce(function(e,t){return e.concat(t)},[]);n.length>0&&e(n)})}));case 2:case"end":return e.stop()}},e)}));return function(t){return e.apply(this,arguments)}}());var Ma=function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[CORE] load video request 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n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?xa(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):xa(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var ja={activeVideoIndex:0,mediaType:"semantic",mediaId:"",loadingMedia:!1,mediaLoadingError:"",mediaRequest:{type:null,value:""},videoList:[],videoData:{mediaId:"",tags:[],sources:[],duration:0,thumbnail:"",title:"",showTitle:!0,description:"",creator:"",provider:"",externalId:"",index:0}};function Ua(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function Fa(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?Ua(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):Ua(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var Ba={promotedVideos:[],scannedElement:"",tags:"",scopedKeywords:"",minimumDateFactor:"",scannedElementType:null,scanImagesOnPage:!1};function Ha(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function qa(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?Ha(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):Ha(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var Wa={userInteractionType:""};function za(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function Ga(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?za(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):za(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var $a={splitViewRatio:null};function Ka(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function Ya(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?Ka(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):Ka(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var Za={nextVideo:"none",showUpNext:!1,showSkippableContent:!1},Xa=function(e){return"none"===e?"none":"up_next"===e?"upNext":"skippable_content"===e?"skippableContent":"none"},Ja=function(e){for(var t=Object.keys(e),n={},r=0;r<t.length;r++){var i=t[r];"function"===typeof e[i]&&(n[i]=e[i])}var o,a=Object.keys(n);try{!function(e){Object.keys(e).forEach(function(t){var n=e[t];if("undefined"===typeof n(void 0,{type:yt.INIT}))throw new Error('Reducer "'+t+"\" returned undefined during initialization. If the state passed to the reducer is undefined, you must explicitly return the initial state. The initial state may not be undefined. If you don't want to set a value for this reducer, you can use null instead of undefined.");if("undefined"===typeof n(void 0,{type:yt.PROBE_UNKNOWN_ACTION()}))throw new Error('Reducer "'+t+"\" returned undefined when probed with a random type. Don't try to handle "+yt.INIT+' or other actions in "redux/*" namespace. They are considered private. Instead, you must return the current state for any unknown actions, unless it is undefined, in which case you must return the initial state, regardless of the action type. The initial state may not be undefined, but can be null.')})}(n)}catch(s){o=s}return function(e,t){if(void 0===e&&(e={}),o)throw o;for(var r=!1,i={},s=0;s<a.length;s++){var u=a[s],c=n[u],l=e[u],d=c(l,t);if("undefined"===typeof d){var p=mt(u,t);throw new Error(p)}i[u]=d,r=r||d!==l}return(r=r||a.length!==Object.keys(e).length)?i:e}}({dependenciesLoadingStatus:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:da,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] update hls status":return la(la({},e),{},{loadingHLSStatus:t.payload});case"[CORE] update ima status":return la(la({},e),{},{loadingImaStatus:t.payload});default:return e}},playerData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:ha,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":var n=t.payload;return fa({},function(e,t,n){var r=t.playback_method,i=t.player_id;return fa(fa({},e),{},{playbackMethod:Un(r)?e.playbackMethod:r,playerId:Un(i)?e.playerId:i,playerInstanceUniqId:n,playerMode:Fn()?"mobile":"desktop"})}(e,n.initiateParams,n.playerInstanceUniqId));case"[CORE] reset player data time params":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTimeFragment:0,currentVideoBufferedTime:0,currentVideoDuration:0,currentVideoTime:0});case"[COMMON] set mute video":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{muted:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set volume":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{volume:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change selected settings category":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{selectedSettingsCategory:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change settings speed":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{speed:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change settings quality":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{quality:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set fullscreen":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{fullscreen:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings.fullscreen),{},{isFullscreenOn:t.payload,pendingFullscreenRequest:""})})});case"[COMMON] set fullscreen request":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{fullscreen:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings.fullscreen),{},{pendingFullscreenRequest:t.payload})})});case"[COMMON] set pending video status":var r=t.payload.pendingStatusObject;return fa(fa({},e),{},{pendingVideoTagStatus:fa({},r)});case"[COMMON] set player mode":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerMode:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current fragment position":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTimeFragment:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current position":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTime:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current buffered time":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoBufferedTime:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current duration":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoDuration:t.payload});case"[CORE] change video tag status":return fa(fa({},e),{},{videoTagStatus:t.payload});case"[CORE] update player visibility":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerVisibility:t.payload});case"[CORE] update placeholder visibility":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerPlaceholderVisibility:t.payload});case"[CORE] change loading player status":return fa(fa({},e),{},{loadingPlayer:t.payload});case"[COMMON] show black screen with loader":return fa(fa({},e),{},{loader:fa(fa({},e.loader),{},{showBlackScreen:t.payload})});case"[CORE] set player size":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSize:t.payload});case"[COMMON] set error message":return fa(fa({},e),{},{errorMessage:t.payload});default:return e}},brandingData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:va,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.powered_by_strip,r=t.brand_logo,i=t.brand_logo_click_url,o=t.brand_color;return ga(ga({},e),{},{showVoltaxLogo:Un(n)?e.showVoltaxLogo:n,brandingLogoSrc:Un(r)?e.brandingLogoSrc:r,brandingLogoUrl:Un(i)?e.brandingLogoUrl:i,brandingColor:Un(o)?e.brandingColor:o})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},anchorOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Oa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return ba({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.anchoring_appearance,i=n.can_close,o=n.closable_ad,a=n.close_after,s=n.continue_streaming,u=n.orientation,c=n.margins,l=n.sticky_below_class_name,d=n.width,p=Un(c)?e.margins:{top:Number.isInteger(c.top)?c.top:e.margins.top,bottom:Number.isInteger(c.bottom)?c.bottom:e.margins.bottom,left:Number.isInteger(c.left)?c.left:e.margins.left,right:Number.isInteger(c.right)?c.right:e.margins.right};return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchoringAppearance:r||e.anchoringAppearance,canClose:Un(i)?e.canClose:i,orientation:Un(u)?e.orientation:u,closableAd:Un(o)?e.closableAd:o,closeAfter:Un(a)?e.closeAfter:a,continueStreaming:Un(s)?e.continueStreaming:s,stickyBelowClassName:Un(l)?e.stickyBelowClassName:l,width:Un(d)?e.width:d,margins:p,anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:!0})})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set anchor enable":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:t.payload})});case"[ANCHOR] update is anchor status":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorStatus:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set anchor disabled by user":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorDisabledByUser:t.payload})});default:return e}},monetization:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Sa({},function(e,t){var n=t.monetization;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.ad_tag,i=n.ad_type,o=n.vpaid_mode,a=n.ad_request_timeout,s=n.continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad,u=n.midrolls,c=u&&u.on&&u.on.sort(Wn),l=Un(s)?e.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:s,d=c?c.indexOf(0):-1,p=-1!==d&&!l;return p&&(c=c.splice(d,1)),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{midrolls:Sa(Sa({},e.midrolls),{},{every:u&&u.every,on:c}),prerollEnabled:p,adRequestTimeout:Un(a)?e.adRequestTimeout:parseInt(a,10),vpaidMode:Un(o)?e.vpaidMode:o,continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:l,adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adType:Un(i)?e.adsData.adType:i,adTagUrlTemplate:Un(r)?e.adsData.adTagUrlTemplate:r})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set new ad tag url template":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adTagUrlTemplate:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:t.payload,adErrorMessage:null})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad tag":var n=t.payload,r=n.adUnit,i=n.adTag;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{currentAdTag:i,adUnit:r})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pending ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{pendingAdStatus:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad error":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:"error",adErrorMessage:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter":var o=e.adsData.adImpression;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adImpression:o+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter":var a=e.adsData.adOpportunity;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOpportunity:a+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] add played midroll number":var s=e.adsData.playedMidrolls,u=In()(s);return u.push(t.payload),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:t.payload,playedMidrolls:u})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{playedMidrolls:[]})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:0,currentAdTag:null,adDuration:0,adUnit:""})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adDuration:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{isVastAd:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adCurrentTime:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update ad muted":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adMuted:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad volume":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adVolume:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pod info":var c=t.payload,l=c.podNumber,d=c.slotNumber;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{podNumber:l,slotNumber:d})});case"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{loadingAd:t.payload})});default:return e}},mediaData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:ja,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Va({},function(e,t){var n=t.content_type,r=t.media_id,i=t.display_title;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaType:Un(n)?e.mediaType:n,mediaId:Un(r)?e.mediaId:r,videoData:Va(Va({},e.videoData),{},{showTitle:!!Un(i)||i})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[CORE] load video request":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!0});case"[CORE] load video request success":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,videoList:t.payload});case"[CORE] set current video":var n=t.payload,r=n.index,i=n.videoData;return Va(Va({},e),{},{activeVideoIndex:r,videoData:i});case"[CORE] load video request error":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,mediaLoadingError:t.payload});case"[COMMON] media request":var o=t.payload.mediaRequestObject;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaRequest:Va({},o)});default:return e}},semanticOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Ba,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Fa({},function(e,t){var n=t.semantic_options;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.minimum_date_factor,i=n.promoted_videos,o=n.scan_images_on_page,a=n.scanned_element,s=n.scanned_element_type,u=n.scoped_keywords,c=n.tags;return Fa(Fa({},e),{},{minimumDateFactor:Un(r)?e.minimumDateFactor:r,promotedVideos:Un(i)?e.promotedVideos:i,scanImagesOnPage:Un(o)?e.scanImagesOnPage:o,scannedElement:Un(a)?e.scannedElement:a,scannedElementType:Un(s)?e.scannedElementType:s,scopedKeywords:Un(u)?e.scopedKeywords:u,tags:Un(c)?e.tags:c})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},userInteraction:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[USER INTERACTION] change user interaction":return qa(qa({},e),{},{userInteractionType:t.payload});default:return e}},splitView:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:$a,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.split_view,i=n.split_view_ratio;return Ga(Ga({},e),{},{splitViewRatio:Un(r)||!r||Un(i)?e.splitViewRatio:i})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},discovery:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Za,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ya({},function(e,t){var n=t.next_video;return Un(n)?e:Ya(Ya({},e),{},{nextVideo:Xa(n)})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[DISCOVERY] show up next":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showUpNext:t.payload});case"[DISCOVERY] show skippable content":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showSkippableContent:t.payload});default:return e}}}),Qa=[],es=!1,ts=function e(){return function(t){return function(n){if(es)return Qa.push(n),null;es=!0;var r=t(n);return es=!1,Qa.length>0&&e()(t)(Qa.shift()),r}}},ns=function(e){var t=[];if(function(e){return!Un(e)&&!Un(e.enable_redux_debugging)&&e.enable_redux_debugging}(e)){var n=window&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__();"function"===typeof n&&t.push(n)}var r=Et.apply(void 0,[wt(ua,ts)].concat(t));return vt(Ja,r)},rs=function(){function e(t){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfLazyplay",!0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable",!0),f()(this,"videoPausedByObserver",!1),this.store=t,this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=null,this.playAccordingToPlaybackMethod()}return Vi()(e,[{key:"lazyplayHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5&&(this.playVideo(),this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay=!1)}},{key:"autoplayWhenViewableHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5?this.playVideo():this.pauseVideo()}},{key:"onPlayerVisibilityChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.playbackMethod(e);"lazyplay"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay&&this.lazyplayHandler(e),"autoplay_when_viewable"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable&&this.autoplayWhenViewableHandler(e)}},{key:"onVideoTagStatusChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);"paused"!==t||this.videoPausedByObserver||(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!1),"playing"===t&&(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!0,this.videoPausedByObserver=!1)}},{key:"initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber",value:function(){this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getPlayerVisibilityDependencies,this.onPlayerVisibilityChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber",value:function(){this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"playVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"idle"===hn.videoTagStatus(n())?on("play")(t):on("resume")(t)}},{key:"pauseVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"paused"!==hn.videoTagStatus(n())&&(this.videoPausedByObserver=!0,on("pause")(t))}},{key:"playAccordingToPlaybackMethod",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=(0,e.getState)();switch(hn.playbackMethod(n)){case"autoplay":this.playVideo();break;case"lazyplay":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber();break;case"autoplay_when_viewable":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber(),this.initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber();break;case"none":an(!1)(t)}}}],[{key:"getPlayerVisibilityDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.playerVisibility(e)]}},{key:"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}}]),e}(),is=function(){function e(t,n,r,i){var o=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoListSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"mediaRequestSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playbackMethodManager",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"loadContent",function(e,t,n,r){o.loadMedia(t,n,r).then(function(){o.playbackMethodManager=new rs(e)})}),f()(this,"loadMedia",function(e,t,n){var r=o.store,i=r.dispatch,a=r.getState,s=Dn.showTitle(a());if("semantic"===e){var u=pn.semanticOptions(a());return Na(u,s,n)(i)}return ka(t,s,n)(i)}),this.store=t,this.videoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoStatusDependencies,this.onVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoListSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoListDependencies,this.onVideoListChanged.bind(this)),this.mediaRequestSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getMediaRequestDependencies,this.onMediaRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.loadContent(t,r,n,i)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n,r,i){return new e(t,n,r,i)}}]),Vi()(e,[{key:"playNextVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e)+1;n.length>1&&r>=n.length&&(r=0),r<n.length&&(!function(e){e({type:"[CORE] reset player data time params"})}(t),La(r,n[r])(t),on("play")(t))}},{key:"playPreviousVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e);if(r>0){var i=r-1;La(i,n[i])(t),on("play")(t)}}},{key:"onVideoStatusChanged",value:function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&this.playNextVideo(e)}},{key:"onVideoListChanged",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e);!jn(n)&&n.length>0&&La(0,n[0])(t)}},{key:"onMediaRequestChanged",value:function(e){var t=Cn.mediaRequest(e);switch(t.type){case"playNewVideo":this.loadMedia("specific",t.value);break;case"playNextVideo":this.playNextVideo(e);break;case"playPreviousVideo":this.playPreviousVideo(e)}}}],[{key:"getVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getVideoListDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.videoList(e)]}},{key:"getMediaRequestDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.mediaRequest(e)]}}]),e}(),os=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"onDependencyFailure",function(e,t){console.log("onDependencyFailure",e,t);var r=n.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState;switch(e){case"ima":"blocked"!==Fi.loadingImaStatus(o())&&Qn("error")(i);break;case"hls":er("error")(i)}}),f()(this,"onDependencyReady",function(e){var t=n.store.dispatch;switch(e){case"ima":Qn("success")(t);break;case"hls":er("success")(t)}}),this.store=t},as=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set fullscreen",payload:e})}},ss=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"pendingFullscreenSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerUniqId",void 0),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=_i.adStatus(e),n=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;"playing"===t&&Bn()&&n&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"isPlayerInFullscreen",function(){var e=document,t=Bn()?En(r.playerUniqId):bn(r.playerUniqId);return Un(e.fullscreenElement)?!Un(e.webkitFullscreenElement)&&0===e.webkitFullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t):0===e.fullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t)}),f()(this,"changePlayerWidth",function(e){r.videoTag.style.width=e?"100%":"auto"}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChanged",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.isPlayerInFullscreen();r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChangedIos",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;t||on("resume")(e),r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged",function(e){var t=gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e);"enter"===t?r.enterFullscreen(r.videoTag):"exit"===t&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"getFullScreenElement",function(e,t){var n=document.getElementById(bn(r.playerUniqId));return Bn()?t:e?document:n}),f()(this,"enterFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!1,e);Bn()?t.webkitEnterFullscreen():document.webkitExitFullscreen?t.webkitRequestFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitRequestFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozRequestFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msRequestFullscreen()}),f()(this,"exitFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!0,e);document.webkitExitFullscreen||Bn()?t.webkitExitFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitCancelFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozCancelFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msExitFullscreen()}),this.store=t,this.videoTag=document.getElementById(En(n)),this.playerUniqId=n,document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),document.addEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),Bn()&&(this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitendfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this)),this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitbeginfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this))),this.pendingFullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingFullscreenDependencies,this.onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n){return new e(t,n)}}]),Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getPendingFullscreenDependencies",value:function(e){return[gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e)]}},{key:"getAdStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}}]),e}();function us(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function cs(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?us(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):us(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var ls,ds=function(e){return function(e){return e&&window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e)?function(e){return window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e):window.monti.playerConfigs?window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[Object.keys(window.monti.playerConfigs)[0]]:null},ps=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"isBufferError",void 0),f()(this,"hls",void 0),f()(this,"hlsSetup",function(e,t,r,i){n.initiateHls(e),n.loadHlsSource(e,t,r,i)}),f()(this,"detachMedia",function(){Un(n.hls)||(n.hls.detachMedia(),n.hls.destroy(),n.hls=null)}),f()(this,"initiateHls",function(e){n.hls=new e,n.hls.attachMedia(n.videoTag)}),f()(this,"loadHlsSource",function(e,t,r,i){n.hls.on(e.Events.MEDIA_ATTACHED,function(){n.hls.loadSource(t)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.ERROR,function(t,o){n.mapHlsToErrors(e,o,i),t.details===e.ErrorDetails.BUFFER_STALLED_ERROR&&(r(!0),n.isBufferError=!0)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.FRAG_BUFFERED,function(){n.isBufferError&&(r(!1),n.isBufferError=!1)})}),f()(this,"mapHlsToErrors",function(e,t,r){if(t.fatal)switch(t.type){case e.ErrorTypes.NETWORK_ERROR:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.startLoad();break;case e.ErrorTypes.MEDIA_ERROR:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.recoverMediaError();break;default:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.destroy()}}),this.hls=void 0,this.videoTag=t,this.isBufferError=!1},fs=function e(){var t=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoStreaming",void 0),f()(this,"hlsLibrarySetup",function(e,n,r,i){Un(t.videoStreaming)||t.videoStreaming.detachMedia(),t.videoStreaming=new ps(e),t.videoStreaming.hlsSetup(ls,n,r,i)})};f()(fs,"shouldLoadVideoStreamingSrcDirectly",function(e,t,n){return"no-need"===n&&!(""===e.canPlayType("application/vnd.apple.mpegurl"))}),f()(fs,"shouldUseHlsLibrary",function(e,t){return"success"===t&&(ls=void 0!==window.Hls?Hls:mmHls).isSupported()}),f()(fs,"isValidHlsUrl",function(e){return!Un(e)&&!e.includes(".mp4")}),f()(fs,"suitableVideoSource",function(e,t,n){return fs.isValidHlsUrl(t)?fs.shouldUseHlsLibrary(t,n)?"m3u8 with hls":fs.shouldLoadVideoStreamingSrcDirectly(e,t,n)?"m3u8 directly":"loading"!==n?"mp4":"":"mp4"}),f()(fs,"loadHlsVideoDirectly",function(e,t){e.setAttribute("src",t),e.load()});var hs=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change pending ad status",payload:{type:e}})}},ys="video/mp4",gs="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl",vs=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"prerollEnabled",void 0),f()(this,"pendingVideoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoStreamingManager",void 0),f()(this,"videoDataSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"hlsLoadingStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"newVideoDataLoaded",void 0),f()(this,"onHlsLoadingStatusChanged",function(e){"success"===Fi.loadingHLSStatus(e)&&(r.newVideoDataLoaded=!0,r.onPendingVideoStatusChanged(e))}),f()(this,"onPendingVideoStatusChanged",function(e){var t=hn.pendingVideoTagStatus(e),n=Dn.sources(e),i=Fi.loadingHLSStatus(e),o="blocked"===Fi.loadingImaStatus(e);r.handlePendingVideoStatus(t,n,i,o)}),f()(this,"onVideoDataChanged",function(){r.newVideoDataLoaded=!0}),f()(this,"sendPrerollPlayRequest",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch;hs("playPreroll")(e)}),f()(this,"handlePlayRequest",function(e,t,n){var i=r.store.dispatch;if(e&&e.length>0){if(r.newVideoDataLoaded&&(r.loadVideoSource(r.videoTag,e,t),r.newVideoDataLoaded=!1,r.prerollEnabled&&!n))return void r.sendPrerollPlayRequest();r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error playing the video: ",e)})}else dn(Xn.VIDEO_ERROR)(i)}),f()(this,"handlePendingVideoStatus",function(e,t,n,i){switch(e.type){case"play":r.handlePlayRequest(t,n,i);break;case"resume":r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error resuming the video: ",e)});break;case"pause":r.videoTag.pause();break;case"replay":r.videoTag.currentTime=0,r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error replaying the video: ",e)});break;case"seekTo":r.videoTag.pause(),r.videoTag.currentTime=e.value}}),f()(this,"loadMp4Source",function(e,t,n){var r=Ra(t,ys);n.setAttribute("src",r),n.load()}),f()(this,"loadVideoSource",function(e,t,n){var i=r.store.dispatch,o=Ra(t,gs);switch(fs.suitableVideoSource(e,o,n)){case"mp4":r.loadMp4Source(n,t,e);break;case"m3u8 with hls":r.videoStreamingManager.hlsLibrarySetup(e,o,function(e){return un(e)(i)},function(e){return dn(e)(i)});break;case"m3u8 directly":fs.loadHlsVideoDirectly(e,o)}}),this.store=t;var i=t.getState;this.videoStreamingManager=new fs,this.videoTag=document.getElementById(En(n)),this.prerollEnabled=bi.prerollEnabled(i()),this.pendingVideoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingVideoStatusDependencies,this.onPendingVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoDataSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoDataDependencies,this.onVideoDataChanged.bind(this)),this.hlsLoadingStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getHLSLoadingStatusDependencies,this.onHlsLoadingStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n){return new e(t,n)}}]),Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getHLSLoadingStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[Fi.loadingHLSStatus(e)]}},{key:"getPendingVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.pendingVideoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getVideoDataDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.videoData(e)]}}]),e}();function ms(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function bs(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?ms(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):ms(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var Os={READY_EVENT:"ready",PLAY_EVENT:"play",PAUSE_EVENT:"pause",TIME_EVENT:"time",SEEK_EVENT:"seek",COMPLETE_EVENT:"complete",VOLUME_EVENT:"volume",MUTE_EVENT:"mute"},_s=Object.values(Os),Ss={FULLSCREEN_EVENT:"fullscreen",ANCHOR_STATUS_EVENT:"anchorStatusChanged",ANCHOR_CLOSED_EVENT:"anchorClosed"},Es={AD_PLAY_EVENT:"adPlay",AD_PAUSE_EVENT:"adPause",AD_RESUME_EVENT:"adResume",AD_COMPLETE_EVENT:"adComplete",AD_TIME_EVENT:"adTime",AD_MUTE_EVENT:"adMute",AD_SKIPPED_EVENT:"adSkipped",AD_ERROR_EVENT:"adError",AD_BLOCK_EVENT:"adBlock",AD_REQUEST_EVENT:"adRequest",AD_OPPORTUNITY_EVENT:"adOpportunity",AD_IMPRESSION_EVENT:"adImpression"},ws=Object.values(Es),Ps=Object.values(bs(bs(bs({},Os),Es),Ss)),Ts=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"eventsCallbacksHandler",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoMuteSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoVolumeSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTimeFragmentSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoListStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"previousVideoTagStatus",void 0),f()(this,"startSeekTime",0),f()(this,"canHandleReady",function(e,t,n){if(t===Os.READY_EVENT){var r=Cn.videoList(e);if(Array.isArray(r)&&r.length>0)return n(),!0}return!1}),f()(this,"canBeHandled",function(e,t){var n=r.store.getState;return r.canHandleReady(n(),e,t)}),f()(this,"reportSeekEnd",function(e){var t={position:hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),offset:r.startSeekTime};r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.SEEK_EVENT,t)}),f()(this,"onMuteStateChanged",function(e){var t=gn.muted(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.MUTE_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onVolumeChanged",function(e){var t=gn.muted(e),n=gn.volume(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.VOLUME_EVENT,{level:t?0:n})}),f()(this,"onVideoTimeFragmentChanged",function(e){var t=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),n=hn.currentVideoDuration(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.TIME_EVENT,{duration:n,position:t})}),f()(this,"onVideoListChanged",function(){r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.READY_EVENT)}),this.store=t,this.eventsCallbacksHandler=n,this.videoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoStatusDependencies,this.onVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoMuteSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoMuteDependencies,this.onMuteStateChanged.bind(this)),this.videoVolumeSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVolumeDependencies,this.onVolumeChanged.bind(this)),this.videoTimeFragmentSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTimeDependencies,this.onVideoTimeFragmentChanged.bind(this)),this.videoListStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoListDependencies,this.onVideoListChanged.bind(this)),this.previousVideoTagStatus=hn.videoTagStatus(t.getState())}return Vi()(e,[{key:"onVideoStatusChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);switch("seeking"===this.previousVideoTagStatus&&this.reportSeekEnd(e),t){case"paused":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.PAUSE_EVENT);break;case"seeking":this.startSeekTime=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e);break;case"complete":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.COMPLETE_EVENT);break;case"playing":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.PLAY_EVENT)}this.previousVideoTagStatus=t}}],[{key:"getVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}}]),e}();f()(Ts,"getVideoMuteDependencies",function(e){return[gn.muted(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVolumeDependencies",function(e){return[gn.volume(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVideoTimeDependencies",function(e){return[hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVideoListDependencies",function(e){return[Cn.videoList(e)]}),f()(Ts,"isContentEvent",function(e){return _s.some(function(t){return t===e})});var As=function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"eventsCallbacksHandler",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"fullscreenSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"anchorStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"anchorDisabledByUserSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"onFullscreenChanged",function(e){var t=gn.isFullscreenOn(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.FULLSCREEN_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onAnchorStatusChanged",function(e){var t="active"===Pr(e)?"activated":"deactivated";r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.ANCHOR_STATUS_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onAnchorDisabledByUser",function(e){if(wr(e)){var t=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.ANCHOR_CLOSED_EVENT,{position:t})}}),this.store=t,this.eventsCallbacksHandler=n,this.fullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getFullscreenDependencies,this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),this.anchorStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorStatusDependencies,this.onAnchorStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.anchorDisabledByUserSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorDisabledByUserDependencies,this.onAnchorDisabledByUser.bind(this))};f()(As,"getFullscreenDependencies",function(e){return[gn.isFullscreenOn(e)]}),f()(As,"getAnchorStatusDependencies",function(e){return[Pr(e)]}),f()(As,"getAnchorDisabledByUserDependencies",function(e){return[wr(e)]});var Cs=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"eventsCallbacksHandler",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adImpressionSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adOpportunitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adTimeSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adMuteSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adProviderLoadingStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"previousAdStatus",void 0),f()(this,"canBeHandled",function(e,t){var n=r.store.getState;switch(Fi.loadingImaStatus(n())){case"loading":return!1;case"success":case"error":return!0;case"blocked":return t(),!0;case"":default:return!1}}),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var 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{"is_conflicting_with_other_jw_players":false,"programmatic_play_with_sound_on_desktop":false,"referrer_id":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","width":"100","comscore_publisher_id":"18120612","monetization":{"ad_type":"static_tag","continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad":false,"strategy":"on_player_load","ad_request_timeout":"10000","midrolls":{"on":[0]},"vpaid_mode":"ENABLED","ad_tag":"https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ads?sz=400x300|640x480|480x270|640x360&iu=/175840252/MMPlus/smithsonianmag/Video&impl=s&gdfp_req=1&env=vp&output=vast&unviewed_position_start=1&url=##REFERRER_URL_UNESC##&description_url=##DESCRIPTION_URL_UNESC##&correlator=##CACHEBUSTER##&cust_params=mm_midroll%3D##MIDROLL_ORDER##%26video_ID%3D##VIDEO_ID##"},"sponsorship":false,"player_identifier":"mplayer","recommendation_id":null,"brand_color":"#FF9900","powered_by_strip":true,"platform":"buffy","type":"video","config_name":"MM+ | Smithsonianmag | Podding","player_id":"3v9g2u2f","playlist_id":"fSkmeWKF","playback_method":"autoplay","anchor_viewability_method":"none","player_version":"v4","playlist_type":"semantic","semantic_options":{"scan_images_on_page":true,"scanned_element":"","tags":"geogrophy,nature,animals,habitat,outdoors,science,history","minimum_date_factor":30,"scanned_element_type":"tag","scoped_keywords":"mentalfloss","promoted_videos":[]},"script_destination":"mm","publisher_contribution":"floor8","general_script_description":"","brand_logo":"","brand_logo_click_url":"","next_video":"none","uniq_key":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","content_id":"fSkmeWKF","content_type":"semantic"})); Finland has vastly improved in reading, math and science literacy over the past decade in large part because its teachers are trusted to do whatever it takes to turn young lives around. This 13-year-old, Besart Kabashi, received something akin to royal tutoring. “I took Besart on that year as my private student,” Louhivuori told me in his office, which boasted a Beatles “Yellow Submarine” poster on the wall and an electric guitar in the closet. When Besart was not studying science, geography and math, he was parked next to Louhivuori’s desk at the front of his class of 9- and 10-year- olds, cracking open books from a tall stack, slowly reading one, then another, then devouring them by the dozens. By the end of the year, the son of Kosovo war refugees had conquered his adopted country’s vowel-rich language and arrived at the realization that he could, in fact, learn. Years later, a 20-year-old Besart showed up at Kirkkojarvi’s Christmas party with a bottle of Cognac and a big grin. “You helped me,” he told his former teacher. Besart had opened his own car repair firm and a cleaning company. “No big fuss,” Louhivuori told me. “This is what we do every day, prepare kids for life.” This tale of a single rescued child hints at some of the reasons for the tiny Nordic nation’s staggering record of education success, a phenomenon that has inspired, baffled and even irked many of America’s parents and educators. Finnish schooling became an unlikely hot topic after the 2010 documentary film Waiting for “Superman” contrasted it with America’s troubled public schools. “Whatever it takes” is an attitude that drives not just Kirkkojarvi’s 30 teachers, but most of Finland’s 62,000 educators in 3,500 schools from Lapland to Turku—professionals selected from the top 10 percent of the nation’s graduates to earn a required master’s degree in education. Many schools are small enough so that teachers know every student. If one method fails, teachers consult with colleagues to try something else. They seem to relish the challenges. Nearly 30 percent of Finland’s children receive some kind of special help during their first nine years of school. The school where Louhivuori teaches served 240 first through ninth graders last year; and in contrast with Finland’s reputation for ethnic homogeneity, more than half of its 150 elementary-level students are immigrants—from Somalia, Iraq, Russia, Bangladesh, Estonia and Ethiopia, among other nations. “Children from wealthy families with lots of education can be taught by stupid teachers,” Louhivuori said, smiling. “We try to catch the weak students. It’s deep in our thinking.” Advertisement scroll for more The transformation of the Finns’ education system began some 40 years ago as the key propellent of the country’s economic recovery plan. Educators had little idea it was so successful until 2000, when the first results from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a standardized test given to 15-year-olds in more than 40 global venues, revealed Finnish youth to be the best young readers in the world. Three years later, they led in math. By 2006, Finland was first out of 57 countries (and a few cities) in science. In the 2009 PISA scores released last year, the nation came in second in science, third in reading and sixth in math among nearly half a million students worldwide. “I’m still surprised,” said Arjariita Heikkinen, principal of a Helsinki comprehensive school. “I didn’t realize we were that good.” In the United States, which has muddled along in the middle for the past decade, government officials have attempted to introduce marketplace competition into public schools. In recent years, a group of Wall Street financiers and philanthropists such as Bill Gates have put money behind private-sector ideas, such as vouchers, data-driven curriculum and charter schools, which have doubled in number in the past decade. President Obama, too, has apparently bet on competition. His Race to the Top initiative invites states to compete for federal dollars using tests and other methods to measure teachers, a philosophy that would not fly in Finland. “I think, in fact, teachers would tear off their shirts,” said Timo Heikkinen, a Helsinki principal with 24 years of teaching experience. “If you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect.”
The facts show that America has it all wrong in putting to much emphasis on national "data-driven" competition. These approaches take away from the unique aspects of each child.
“Whatever it takes” is an attitude that drives not just Kirkkojarvi’s 30 teachers, but most of Finland’s 62,000 educators in 3,500 schools from Lapland to Turku—professionals selected from the top 10 percent of the nation’s graduates to earn a required master’s degree in education. Many schools are small enough so that teachers know every student. If one method fails, teachers consult with colleagues to try something else. They seem to relish the challenges. Nearly 30 percent of Finland’s children receive some kind of special help during their first nine years of school. The school where Louhivuori teaches served 240 first through ninth graders last year; and in contrast with Finland’s reputation for ethnic homogeneity, more than half of its 150 elementary-level students are immigrants—from Somalia, Iraq, Russia, Bangladesh, Estonia and Ethiopia, among other nations. “Children from wealthy families with lots of education can be taught by stupid teachers,” Louhivuori said, smiling. “We try to catch the weak students. It’s deep in our thinking.”
Teachers are given autonomy to teach their children in a way they deem fit, and they love it! Schools are smaller so its easier to gauge what the students needs are. Part of this confidence in teachers is due to the rigorous and competitive training teachers need prior to becoming one.
T
Who was the most convincing in the conversation?
Personally, I think all three appeals were equally convincing, but if I have to pick I would say the logical appeal because many users were responding by trashing the list and this person tweeted a snapshot that went against all the hate by proving the initial tweets legitimacy.
This person reinforced the cultural rules of Twitter, which is: you can't criticize or tweet something without understanding the full context of the situation. In this case, many thought this list was just random opinions from a so called professional, but if they read the article (specifically the snapshotted section) they would know that it's not true. Essentially, jumping to conclusions on Twitter is not proper etiquette.
kara swisherYeah, that’s true. OK. So if you don’t shoot him too far, presumably. Let’s talk about Neuralink. I want you to explain what it is in the dumbest possible way for me, someone like me. This is a chip that goes in your brain.elon muskYeah, exactly. So think of it like a FitBit in your skull. Or an apple watch in your skull. So we take out a section of skull, we replace that with the chip and the inductive charger and Bluetooth antenna, and it’s really quite, almost quite literally like, a FitBit in your skull.kara swisherHow many people are going to do —elon muskWith tiny wires that go into your brain.kara swisherRight. When you think about putting it in people’s brains, do you think people are going to do that? I would do it. I would do it in a second. But convince someone who wouldn’t do it.elon muskWell, [CHUCKLES] I mean I think first of all we would have to do this many times. And we would start off with patients that are in the worst position. Like somebody’s a tetraplegic or has severe seizures or something like that. Because especially in the beginning it’s non-zero risk so we want the reward to be high so the reward balanced against the risk makes sense. And then actually a very important thing that we’re putting a lot of effort into is being able to remove the chip. So if you can remove the Neuralink you can put it in you can also remove the Neuralink and you can also upgrade it. So you can put a new one in. And do so without any damage or any noticeable damage. Because I think it’s going to actually be important to be able to have the upgrade. I mean, you wouldn’t want an iPhone one stuck in your head. [LAUGHTER] Like listen, everyone’s got the, whatever, iPhone 11 and —kara swisherIPhone 2 maybe but not the iPhone 1. No, no.elon muskNot the iPhone 1. I mean, it doesn’t even have the app store, you know?kara swisherRight. So many years ago when we met you said A.I. would treat us like house cats. That they’re too smart to hate us. And you said, we’ll be like house cats. That’s how they think of us. And then later, when I met with you at your office, you switched it to anthills, which was your analogy that when you see an anthill you don’t kick it over unless you’re kind of a jerk. But when you’re making a highway you just roll over it. Can you give a metaphor of where we are with AI right now?elon muskI was just pointing out with the anthill analogy that A.I. does not need to hate us to destroy us. In a sense, that if it decides that it needs to go in a particular direction and we’re in the way then it would without no hard feelings it would just roll over us. We would roll over an anthill that’s in the way of a road. You don’t hate ants. You’re just building a road. It’s a risk not a prediction. So, yeah. I think that we really need to think of intelligence as really not being uniquely confined to humans. And that the potential for intelligence in computers is far greater than in biology. Just far, far greater. There’s a great, quite a funny, essay called, I think it’s called, “They’re Made of Meat“. Which, like if some super advanced civilization coming across Earth and they’re obviously all computers and they just can’t believe we’re made of meat.kara swisherCan’t believe it.elon muskCan’t believe it. And it’s like, well how do they talk? It’s like well, they blow air through meat flaps. And they slowly move the meat flaps and have like a meat flute that makes different tones. And then they flap the meat and then that makes sounds. And then they talk — the communication rates very, very slow. Like, it’s not terabits. It’s like, it’s only maybe a few hundred bits per second.kara swisherRight. OK.elon muskWere talking at the speed of a tree.kara swisherOK. [LAUGHTER] Meat flaps. All right, I want you to yap your meat flaps and explain to me what we need to do about this.elon muskFlap the meat. Flap the meat.kara swisherFlap the meat. Sounds dirty. Can you just talk about — flap your meat and explain to us why then we need the Neuralink. What are you doing here? Because you’ve talked about the idea of, very Matrix-y, putting in in the back your brain. Explain for people what this would do. So we need to improve our meat or get out of the meat and put our brains somewhere else, right? Is that the —elon muskFlap the meat and get in a robot. [LAUGHTER]kara swisherYeah, so which of those things do we have to do? [LAUGHTER]elon muskGet out of the meat. That would be funny. Yes, so the Neuralink. So (SIGHING) we are already a cyborg. In the sense that you have your computers and your phones, and your apps on your phone, and stuff like that, and your social media or whatever. It’s like you’re already part electronic if you think about it. And in fact when somebody dies they still have their — these days — their electronic ghost is left around. You know their Instagram, Twitter, or whatever, Facebook, their emails, their website. It’s all still there. Even when their body died. So what are the constraints here? Even in a good scenario, a benign scenario, where the A.I. is trying to be as nice to us as possible, it still needs to be able to communicate quickly. And our rate of communication is very slow, especially our output. You think of, like, you’re trying to type things into your phone using your thumbs. We’re not even using 10 fingers.kara swisherRight.elon muskAnd the rate at which you’re typing things is maybe, optimistically — I mean, what is it several thumb taps per second, perhaps?kara swisherRight, so we’re a modem. We’re a 300 board modem or something.elon muskYeah, pretty much. We’re a 300 board modem. Very slowly outputting information into our phone or maybe a little bit faster into a computer if you’re using 10 fingers. And it’s just very hard to communicate. AI will diverge from us just because it can’t talk to us. It’s like in that movie —kara swisherYeah.elon musk— Her? So, you know, the computer just got bored.kara swisherBored, right, exactly.elon muskHe was talking to the guy and, sort of, being the guys virtual girlfriend or something. But the guy just took so long to reply that the computer just decided to just go away. It just left in between and it had been gone for eons in between each conversation. Eventually, it just got too bored and left. [LAUGHTER]kara swisherRight. So what do we do? What are you going to do with Neuralink? You’re putting them in monkeys right now? What are you doing? Because I think that we’re —elon muskIt’s to improve the bandwidth of our communication.kara swisherTo improve the bandwidth of our communication. So we can talk with A.I. and receive and transmit.elon muskYes. There’s also a lot of other good things that will be achieved, in that, any brain related disease or if somebody has a severed spinal cord and can’t walk. I mean, with a brain chip you could do a lot.kara swisherMm-hmm.elon muskYou can make people walk again. You could solve extreme depression or anxiety or schizophrenia or seizures. You could give a mother back her memory so she could remember who her kids are, you know. Basically, if you live long enough, you’re going to get dementia of some kind. And you’ll want to have something to help you.kara swisherCould it program in empathy? Or other things? Do you imagine that being part of this? [LAUGHTER] Or hey you could —elon muskYou could technically program anything. So empathy is probably a good one.kara swisherSo where are we in doing this?elon muskSo where we are right now is we’re still in a very, very primitive stage. Where thus far we’ve had a lot of successful implants in pigs. And we now have a pig that has had an implant that’s working well and it’s been there for over three months. And we now have implanted about a dozen pigs. And the sensors are working well. A large part of a pig brain is about its snout. So you can literally rub the pig on its snout and we can detect exactly where you touch the snout.kara swisherAnd so you would tell people you’d want to put it in there one, to solve these physical infirmities. But what else? Because here’s something that could be abused.elon muskNo I mean this is for sure an ethics first situation. The whole point of it — like I said, the initial value of Neuralink will be solving a whole bunch of brain injuries. And spinal cord injuries and that kind of thing. So it’s really hard to argue with the good of that.kara swisherRight, sure.elon muskYou know, it’s like listen, somebody can walk again. That’s definitely a good thing. And it’ll be like that for many years before we get to the esoteric long term, sort of, A.I. symbiosis thing. So it’s not like this is going to suddenly pounce on people out of nowhere. You’ll see it coming for years. And getting FDA approval will require a lot of intense examination and making sure that the good far outweighs the bad and that it’s reversible. Like I said, you can remove it if you want. So people shouldn’t be — there’s definitely not something to be worried about or think that it’s suddenly going to come out of nowhere. It’s not like internet software. You know, where you could just write some internet software and that could be on a million servers in two weeks. So you’ll really see it coming. I want to emphasize that you’ll see it coming from a mile off. And you’ll be like, is it closer? I’m not sure.kara swisherAre you funding this? Are you doing this? You’re doing this on your own?elon muskYeah. I mean, I created the company specifically to address the A.I. symbiosis problem, which I think is an existential threat. I mean, the reason I’m doing these things, at least aspirationally, is to maximize the probability that the future is good. So essentially, what set of actions can be taken to maximize the probability that the future is good. You know occasionally there’s some frivolous stuff. Because, you know, it’s nice to have frivolous things too. But —
Neuralink Discussion
The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours.
In Christianity God ultimately holds all the power, he is who Christians look up to. When Christians are going through a tough time in their life they call to God. But why would someone want to call to God when if you sin, he sees you as "worthy of nothing else". You become an abomination, and nothing in his eyes. It's just confusing to me to look up to a God that will, say he created you, but then say you're an abomination and can burn in the pits of hell.
Our goal is not just to help students become better test takers or academic achievers, but also for them to gain the confidence to use learning as a personal and sociopolitical tool to thrive in this world and to help them know themselves.
It's important to keep in mind that teaching goes beyond the classroom setting.
So you mean to tell me a very mentally ill man with an abusive father snapped one day murdered his family and people think he was possessed? This is why the mental health sector is still so far behind the rest of medical science to many people who are SURE its supernatural when really reality is often scarier than make believe
This is a logistic appeal here because the commentor uses information/ideas that people these days believe in. The commentor makes a point that people often disregard mental health, concluding that the person is just mentally disabled in their heads, or believe it's some supernatural entity making the person behave oddly. However, in this particular video/case, this commentor doesn't seem to acknowledge the following incidents after the horrific night of the murder, and they're a clear sign of something beyond the human world.
Speaking from someone who lives 5 minutes away from the home in the hamlet over, it's so weird. It looks like just a regular weird home. Doors are all on the side, looks like a barnhouse. I never got spooky vibes from it, despite people saying it's haunted. It does become a interesting location during Halloween though, people just stand outside the house like it's entertainment. It's in the richer neighborhood of the town, so a lot of people go there for the good candy, and to just take a peak at the house. tl;dr, from my personal, local experience, I don't think that house is haunted. It's a location for a terrible tragedy. Makes a good ghost story though!
This comment is an ethical appeal. The commentor talks about their own experience with the house, as in how they live extremely close to the famous Amityville house. The commentor explains how it's like living near the house. This helps users get an insight of how it's like for a person to live near a house with a haunting reputation. The Amityville house has a tragic, murder past and it has been adapted into a book and film.
even limits on the number of sentences per paragraph or words per sentence.
I've always really dislike this part of rubrics. Sometimes you can write a really well done cohesive conclusion in two sentences, and should not be marked down because it wasn't at least 4 or 5. At this point the concentration is no longer the quality of the writing, it's nit picking little things that don't matter.
There will be some who want to defend the 5-paragraph essay as “training wheels” for the type of academic writing that will come late
The problem is often the training wheels never come off. I personally made it through almost all of high school before being told I could write in a different format than the five paragraph structure. At that point it's not a tool, it's a hindrance.
For those who are fans of so-called “accountability” in education, it is actually the tool that allows the worst teachers to hide amongst the good, as it’s incredibly easy to game with hacks, tips, and tricks.
YES!! Good teachers don't need to be held accountable; they already go above and beyond. Those who are ineffective or "bad," well, this literally allows them to marinate in bad rather than develop as professionals.
More troublesome is what the 5-paragraph essay does to the writing process. The act of writing is primarily treated as a performance meant to impress a teacher or score well on a standardized exam. It fosters a number of counterproductive behaviors, not the least of which is the temptation to write in “pseudo-academic B.S.,” a lot of academic-seeming sound and fury signifying nothing, which becomes a very hard habit for students to break[1].
As someone who has taught for 22 years, I can assure you that shifting the reality for good students (like all of you, who are successful at school) is HARD work and students push back HARD-with full emotional attacks. If we, as K-16 teachers of writing, can begin leaning in to cultivating writers, rather than teaching forms and structures, we will see a shift--but this shift literally takes years (more than a decade, possibly). Imagine if you began writing in kindergarten via the writing process and rhetorical approach; by the time you arrive to HS, WOW! What FUN we could have playing with writing. But, when we shift students fast and they only get a few years of exposure, they will struggle to know what it all means and thus, teachers will get push back. We need to be strong and not buckle; a return to teaching form and structure is NOT the answer. We know that but it's familiar and people don't like hard, so we are in a vicious cycle.
Seriously. Let’s end it.
Yes!!! I think it's a great concept to teach beginner writers how to structure their writing but it can't be the only acceptable form of essay or academic writing that students work with throughout their learning career.
dangerous only to those who fear difference.
Hmm, I wouldn't say that. There's also just ignorant people. It's our purpose to educate them.
No, you're not entitled to your opinion
Every year, I try to do at least two things with my students at least once. First, I make a point of addressing them as “philosophers” – a bit cheesy, but hopefully it encourages active learning.
Secondly, I say something like this: “I’m sure you’ve heard the expression ‘everyone is entitled to their opinion.’ Perhaps you’ve even said it yourself, maybe to head off an argument or bring one to a close. Well, as soon as you walk into this room, it’s no longer true. You are not entitled to your opinion. You are only entitled to what you can argue for.”
A bit harsh? Perhaps, but philosophy teachers owe it to our students to teach them how to construct and defend an argument – and to recognize when a belief has become indefensible.
The problem with “I’m entitled to my opinion” is that, all too often, it’s used to shelter beliefs that should have been abandoned. It becomes shorthand for “I can say or think whatever I like” – and by extension, continuing to argue is somehow disrespectful. And this attitude feeds, I suggest, into the false equivalence between experts and non-experts that is an increasingly pernicious feature of our public discourse.
Firstly, what’s an opinion?
Plato distinguished between opinion or common belief (doxa) and certain knowledge, and that’s still a workable distinction today: unlike “1+1=2” or “there are no square circles,” an opinion has a degree of subjectivity and uncertainty to it. But “opinion” ranges from tastes or preferences, through views about questions that concern most people such as prudence or politics, to views grounded in technical expertise, such as legal or scientific opinions.
You can’t really argue about the first kind of opinion. I’d be silly to insist that you’re wrong to think strawberry ice cream is better than chocolate. The problem is that sometimes we implicitly seem to take opinions of the second and even the third sort to be unarguable in the way questions of taste are. Perhaps that’s one reason (no doubt there are others) why enthusiastic amateurs think they’re entitled to disagree with climate scientists and immunologists and have their views “respected.”
Meryl Dorey is the leader of the Australian Vaccination Network, which despite the name is vehemently anti-vaccine. Ms. Dorey has no medical qualifications, but argues (Links to an external site.) that if Bob Brown is allowed to comment on nuclear power despite not being a scientist, she should be allowed to comment on vaccines. But no-one assumes Dr. Brown is an authority on the physics of nuclear fission; his job is to comment on the policy responses to the science, not the science itself.
So what does it mean to be “entitled” to an opinion?
If “Everyone’s entitled to their opinion” just means no-one has the right to stop people thinking and saying whatever they want, then the statement is true, but fairly trivial. No one can stop you saying that vaccines cause autism, no matter how many times that claim has been disproven.
But if ‘entitled to an opinion’ means ‘entitled to have your views treated as serious candidates for the truth’ then it’s pretty clearly false. And this too is a distinction that tends to get blurred.
On Monday, the ABC’s Mediawatch program took WIN-TV Wollongong to task for running a story on a measles outbreak which included comment from – you guessed it – Meryl Dorey. In a response to a viewer complaint, WIN said that the story was “accurate, fair and balanced and presented the views of the medical practitioners and of the choice groups (Links to an external site.).” But this implies an equal right to be heard on a matter in which only one of the two parties has the relevant expertise. Again, if this was about policy responses to science, this would be reasonable. But the so-called “debate” here is about the science itself, and the “choice groups” simply don’t have a claim on air time if that’s where the disagreement is supposed to lie.
Mediawatch host Jonathan Holmes was considerably more blunt: “there’s evidence, and there’s bulldust (Links to an external site.),” and it’s not part of a reporter’s job to give bulldust equal time with serious expertise.
The response from anti-vaccination voices was predictable. On the Mediawatch site, Ms. Dorey accused the ABC of “openly calling for censorship of a scientific debate.” This response confuses not having your views taken seriously with not being allowed to hold or express those views at all – or to borrow a phrase from Andrew Brown, it “confuses losing an argument with losing the right to argue (Links to an external site.).” Again, two senses of “entitlement” to an opinion are being conflated here.
So next time you hear someone declare they’re entitled to their opinion, ask them why they think that. Chances are, if nothing else, you’ll end up having a more enjoyable conversation that way.
Read more from Patrick Stokes: The ethics of bravery
On May 20, Karen Arkin was standing in the common room of her son's dormitory at Northwestern University. The day before, in the early morning hours, Jason Arkin went into that room and took an overdose of pills that sent him into a seizure. He was taken to a local hospital, where he died that afternoon. Now, as Arkin stood in the same room where her son had taken his own life just hours earlier, she was being asked by a university administrator to hide what had happened. (Citing federal law and university policy, Northwestern declined to comment to The Week on Arkin's case.) The administrator, as Arkin recalls, said, "'As far as all the students know here, he just had a seizure. So they can just think he died of a medical condition.' I said, 'Absolutely not. The students are going to know, one way or another, that this was a suicide. They deserve to know.'"
A feature lede. It's in three paragraphs and holy moly is it striking. It's describing a real story. Something emotional that has forever impacted someone.
different from social media platforms, which have a more complex project
Agree that it sounds like Wikipedia is less complex, but I'm sure that Wikipedia could also be describes as a kind of multisided market, possibly just as complex as social media, but without money changing hands? Actually this brings to mind some research of mine that was used to theorise Wikipedia as a "creative space". It's in here, I'd have to look around for an open access version: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-10889-2_3
"Balance Socializing and Studying" on page 28 In high school, I procrastinated way too much and kept telling myself I need to stop it, yet I still did and still got my work done however it got me overwhelmed just because I waited last minute now I learned my lesson especially now in college I'm going to use my time wisely. The fact that I still get my work done on time is good because I do put my effort in it it's just the habit of procasinating was horrible and made everything 10x worse you know. I know I'm not the only one who done this serval time in high school others can relate to this too.
show specific examples that your customers have used your solution to solve challenges similar to the ones that your prospect is facing, in similar roles.
This is an important point. It's not just about logos, but you need to be very specific about: 1) What category these customers are in so you can attract more of the same (ie. The Fortune 500, Leading enterprises, smart moms, financial institutions, etc) 2) What exact problems you are solving so get your use case game going. 3) make sure the case studies aren't product one-pagers.
On the 10th of September, 1962, sixteen bullets was fired into the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Tucker for me. That same night two girls were shot in Ruleville, Mississippi. Also Mr. Joe McDonald’s house was shot in.
This is already horrendous, and I know it's going to get worse as I continue to read. This is important, I think, for us as Americans to reflect both on how far things have come, as well as on just how recent this was in our history...and how far there is yet to go in achieving some form of reparation.
All of this is on account we want to register, to become first-class citizens, and if the freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America, is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave where we have to sleep with our telephones off of the hooks because our lives be threatened daily because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?
I could not imagine everything Fannie Lou Hamer experienced in her life and to think all this happened because she wanted to be considered a first-class citizen and vote. It is so sad how important it was too many to vote and that's why they pushed so hard for civil rights and women's suffrage. It's heartbreaking because now many people have the right to vote and just don't either because they are lazy, it's not important or they feel it doesn't matter. Fannie Lou Hamer stands out to me because of her passion, she knew what was right and was willing to risk everything to stand up for what was important to her. She experienced so much in her life between going to work at age 6, to having a forced hysterectomy, to being fired, beaten and almost killed to escape the fate of The Jim Crow South calling her a second-class citizen. I feel this is a important part of the 1964 DNC because many people that lived in the NorthEast had not idea how bad the South was and what citizen experienced daily. This also helped to see what the civil war was about in the south. Despite Plessy vs Ferguson it was not separate but equal it was first vs second class citizens. Thank goodness for women like Fannie Lou Hamer and their passion to stand up for what it right in America.
Children obviously cannot choose their parents' salaries.
I think it's interesting to target UBI as a way to help children instead of just people in poverty in general because I think a lot of times, people try to make the argument that people who are poor are poor just need to work harder. You can't really make the same argument with children.
32 Campbell's Soup Cans
This painting or should i say set of paintings made history at the time. I have always seen a variation of these cans but never really understood why. Anything that I looked up seems to point out that the author just really liked them so he painted them. So the main attraction / controversy over the cans is not just that it was if not the first it was one of the first pop culture items to invade the "Fine Arts". it also re-enacted the flames of the discussion of what is art and commercial vs fine arts. which in my personal opinion. If money exchanged hands then it makes it a product thus is a piece of the commerce so no difference between a happy meal and the painting. but if it's free and was made for the soul purpose of it being something that the author of the work needed to make. then it's pure art.
College matters so much because it isn’t just about book learning or the development of tangible skills. It’s one of the first obstacle courses of adult life.
I do believe that going through college we as students are learning how to become adults we chose our classes at what time with what professors.
Context: This is a popular(5) comedy panel game show (1) crossover (2) that’s filmed in Manchester (3) and broadcast on Channel 4 (4), a state-owned but advertiser funded TV network. There’s a lot of context in that sentence, so I’m going to unpack it.
This is...I would just click out of the page if I were reading this on my own.
Don't try to explain things like this, unless it's absolutely necessary. And this isn't.
You have reason to wonder, that you are not already in hell.
This is a very cryptic statement Edward makes, and, among other things, makes me wonder what his true intentions are with this sermon. I don't think any seminary would teach their pastors to make their congregation "wonder if they are in hell already." This statement just instills more fear in the congregation. I think this sermon is a really good example of how the Church used to operate, and it's interesting to compare to sermons now, that teach about God's love and forgiveness.
That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is hell’s wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor anything to take hold of: there is nothing between you and hell but the air; ’tis only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up.
These two small sentences are very short but contain very heavy language and content. It speaks of the description of Hell as being a 'dreadful pit of misery' where God is the only thing whom can save you from hell. Hell is already terrifying in many peoples eyes and the last thing any normal person wants to know is, they are going to Hell if they are at the near brink of death. We were all given a brief description of Hell being a place of eternal pain but this mini paragraph just exaggerates the infernal aspect of Hell so much more than just being 'a place of pain'. It instills fear into it's audience so that they not only fear Hell but fear ever going against the word of God as he will send you to hell if you are deviant against him.
Overall, the key aspect that allowed this specific sermon to be so impactful and influential was his consistent use of imagery by using phrases such as "The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; …" Despite just only being able to read an excerpt of his sermon, his diction allowed readers to better understand the emotion and tone used which helps to see how his approach to the congregation led to the reactions with some crying, shocked, etc. And based on the reactions of those that attended this sermon, it's easy to make the assumption that they never saw God in this perspective. To them, they had been going through with this picture of God being good, unconditionally loving, and forgiving; God could never be angry enough to harm or let anything bad happen to his people. So to see God in this new light was frightening because that meant their perception of God could be completely wrong and on the off chance that they were wrong, God could remove his hand from their life, ultimately leading to their destruction. I also believe that this why his method of preaching never grew in popularity; it was too hard to believe that God could ever be that or do which Edwards described.
The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince: and yet ’tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment; ’tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: and there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God’s hand has held you up; there is no other reason to be given why you han’t gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don’t this very moment drop down into hell.
From this part of the text it shows that God is just tolerating his people. It is like Jonathan Edwards is instilling fear into the people so they would go to church or blindly follow religion therefor not going to Hell. Also we should appreciate the little mercy God has give us by supporting us away from Hell. The author's tone is praising God for putting very little effort in the process of keeping us alive/not in Hell because we, as humanity, disgust Him and degrading us for being sinners/disgusting. I think Jonathan Edward is holding himself higher than others when he is also a human being, his tone is very arrogant as if he is blaming others and he is absolved of all sin and considers himself perfect and able to do no wrong. This leads to my question, if God created everything, shouldn't he love(not tolerate) his Creation? Because of this sermon, fear of an angry God, and Hell, is this why some people devote themselves to religion? Has this passed through time and imbed itself in religion? Why does it seem like a toxic relationship hen it's supposed to be a loving relationship?
Those of you that finally continue in a natural condition, that shall keep out of hell longest, will be there in a little time! your damnation don’t slumber; it will come swiftly, and in all probability very suddenly upon many of you. You have reason to wonder, that you are not already in hell. ‘
At this point in his sermon Edwards is provoking his congregation into apparent self reflection. By stating that some of the members in the audience might be the very ones to be sentenced to damnation he is instilling fear amongst the audience. At this point in history fear tactics seemed to be the only strategy used to get inferiors to behave the way they were "supposed to". It's interesting how Edwards points out that many members of the congregation may be damned to Hell but he is sure to not include himself in this. Potentially he viewed himself in a Godly way where he could do no wrong? I see similarities between Edwards and the conquistadors of the previous/same era, they are the one to be exalted and they are the end-all-say-all, the only difference is that Edwards wasn't using deadly force as a fear tactic he was using his words. Just a thought.
It was the 31st of August in 1962 that 18 of us traveled twenty-six miles to the county courthouse in Indianola to try to register to try to become first-class citizens. We was met in Indianola by Mississippi men, highway patrolmens, and they only allowed two of us in to take the literacy test at the time. After we had taken this test and started back to Ruleville, we was held up by the City Police and the State Highway Patrolmen and carried back to Indianola, where the bus driver was charged that day with driving a bus the wrong color.
The first hand account of what happened to Mrs Fannie Lou Hamer was just terrible. She uses her voice to showcase the prejudices and racism of that time. It's really sad to read but this is our history. Not fair at all what someone have to endure because the color of their skin. No one deserves to be treated as a nobody or like a piece of trash and then the audacity these police authority had to recruit other African american men to do there dirty work. Mrs. Hamer was a brave women to stand up and continue to try to register to be a first class citizen through all the abuse.
I question America, is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave where we have to sleep with our telephones off of the hooks because our lives be threatened daily because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?
On a separate note, since we are talking about testimonies and the Jim Crow South and the racism of the past, I want to share a different perspective, one most of us have not thought about and how history has not changed as much as we have hoped. When I was in the UO, I majored in Sociology. My favorite professor was Chuck Hunt, who would tell us stories about how all of his knuckles were broken during peaceful protests that the police pushed too far in the 1970’s or his numerous arrests for protests throughout the year. He was a very engaging teacher. I graduated from college 13 years ago and there is one lecture that still resonates with me today. We had a guest lecturer, and forgive me, I don’t remember his name, come to talk to us. This gentleman was probably in his 60s or 70s. He came to talk to us about his life growing up in the south as a young black man. He did not tell us anything that we had not already heard. Until he spoke about moving to San Francisco in the 1950's. He explained that in the South, racism was evident- “separate but equal”. When he moved to San Francisco, racism was still going strong, but it was hidden. There were no labels of where he could and could not go. This gentleman went on to speak about how much more dangerous it was for him to not know and stated at least in the South he knew what was considered “acceptable” and could keep himself safe. His story from 70 years ago is STILL relevant today. Racism is still around. It’s just hidden and dangerous. Before I saw the video of George Floyd I justified it in my head “it had to be an accident. Restraints can get dangerous”. After seeing the video, there was no accident. The actions of that white police officer are eerily similar to the police officers of the past. And that makes me very, very sad. We as a nation are failing each other.
It's not something you're looking forward to. But that's alright h k Th · ' • you t m . ere tsn t really all that much to it. Just keep it simple. Read it quick-ly and . mark whatever you see.
Very short sentence structure so far in this introduction paragraph.
Okay. You've got a student paper you have to read and make comments on for Thursday. It's not something you're looking forward to. But that's alright h k Th · ' • you t m . ere tsn t really all that much to it. Just keep it simple. Read it quick-ly and . mark whatever you see. Say something about the introduction. S~)methmg about details and examples.
So far, many of the sentences have been very short, as if the author were speaking out loud. The short and choppy sentences give the writing character and voice that helps me, as a reader, imagine the tone.
don't lead them to think that all is fine and well when it's not.
This is a very important thing to note. You may be thinking you are being supportive, but it is counterproductive to let the writer believe that everything is just perfect when it isn't. It will end up doing more harm than good, so it is better to be constructive with criticism.
One of the biggest changes, administrators say, has been encouraging students to take a full load of classes so that they can graduate in four years.
While this is ideal, some people just can't handle that amount of workload. Pushing someone to do something in moderation is good but if they know their limits, it's best not to. Also, why is that you have to graduate in four years, why is that the goal?
College matters so much because it isn’t just about book learning or the development of tangible skills. It’s one of the first obstacle courses of adult life.
Before starting college I really had to sit down with myself and realize that this is a choice; these classes and this next four years are because I want to learn. High school was never a choice and I think that's why a lot of students don't take it seriously.
I sowed the good seed, in spite of him, by throwing a second tract in at the window of the cab.
It's just mind-blowing how satisfied she gets from distributing her tracts among random people who could not be clearer about their reluctance to receive them. Clack, much like Betteredge, assumes she knows the depths of people and is so judgmental of the unconventional (e.g., Rachel) but completely fails to recognize that her own behavior is far from being desired, and is, to all eyes, the unconventional and deplorable one.
I wonder if this is Collins' way to humorously ridicule this phenomenon. More broadly, I wonder if Collins' use of extreme and blatantly hypocritical narrators who inspire hatred (e.g., Clack and Betteredge), is his calling for moderation in society.
But it is a maxim of mine that men (being superior creatures) are bound to improve women–if they can
Once again Betteredge frames femininity through male action. it is the responsibility of the man to improve his woman. It's an interesting sort of twist though where although he places the moral superiority and power in the hands of the men, the men are working to improve the character of the women apparently for the sake of the women themselves. He doesn't say it's so that they may make better wives or are better suited for men, he just leaves it at improving.
because Prometheus, with crooked plans, deceived him. For that reason he [Zeus] devised plans that were to be baneful for humankind.
Why does Zeus decide to punish mortals as well as Prometheus? It's Prometheus who deceived him, the mortals just enjoyed the benefits of his deceit.
I enjoyed reading the paper by Cecchini et al. on using wide-field calcium imaging in mice to assess propagation of motor-related cortical network activity before and after focal photo-thrombotic stroke. The paper is well-written and relatively easy to follow because of the lengthy (perhaps even verbose and at times jargonny) explanations of the methods and results. The authors are clearly experts in the field, having published on the topic of stroke recovery in recent years, and in the methods employed, especially in the analysis approach, which they recently developed (cf. Allegra Mascaro et al., 2019). They also cite many of the relevant papers in the field. After decades of stroke research documenting various aspects of molecular or anatomical changes in circuits after stroke, studies such as this one that focus on alterations in network activity, are very important. The main technique used, single-photon calcium imaging through the skull of bulk signals on the cortical surface, is elegant in its simplicity and has clear advantages over similar wide-field imaging techniques using voltage sensors (which includes sub-threshold activity not related to action potentials) or intrinsic signals (which depend on blood flow/volume and are hard to interpret in the context of stroke). The authors then use sophisticated quantitative approaches to analyze three aspects of the propagation of cortical network activity (duration, smoothness, and angle) and how they are affected by stroke and by two rehabilitative strategies. The main findings can be summarized as follows: 1) These three indicators are stable over time (4 weeks) in healthy mice; 2) After stroke, network events last longer and are more chaotic (lower smoothness); 3) A combination of motor training and silencing the healthy hemisphere after stroke drastically alters these three parameters.
The main strengths of the paper, in my opinion, include the novelty of their analysis of wide-field calcium imaging in the context of stroke, especially when coupled with a rehabilitative strategy, and the results showing differences in propagation of activity between stroke and healthy controls. However, I have noted the following issues, some of which I consider serious.
One problem I encountered is that the authors do not provide sufficient data on the impact of stroke, both in terms of size/location and its impact on function (motor pull task), or about the pharmacological silencing approach. Although they refer to their previous paper (Allegra Mascaro 2019), I could not find clear answers there either.
My first recommendation is that the authors present data on the location and size of the infarcts they produced in each of the mice used in the present study. They should show at least a couple of histological examples of infarcts and, more importantly, a graph that plots infarct volume for all the individual mice (this could be in a suppl. figure), and ideally the location of the infarct with respect to the landmarks of M1. PT strokes can be quite variable, and one wonders whether some mice suffered large infarcts whereas in others they are negligible or may have missed M1 altogether.
Second, they should clarify in a lot more detail what the behavioral deficits are after such a stroke, if any, not just as detected by the robot task but also with other behavior assays. In the Allegra Mascaro paper, the plots in Fig. 1D indicate that normal control mice have gradual reductions in peak amplitude and in slope of the force over 5 days of training (whereas stroke mice do not), but it's not clear whether this is statistically significant. Moreover, in the Results section of that paper, they claim the "amplitude and slope of the force task (...) were not significantly different across groups." I believe the authors need to show their behavior data for this new cohort of mice. In fact, if they can't find significant deficits in forelimb function with the pull task after PT stroke, then the authors should clearly state that their robot assay is insensitive (which would seriously undermine the significance of their findings.) The present manuscript states that the combined treatment promotes "a generalized recovery of the forelimb dexterity" (line 358), but this is not supported by any data provided. If the authors are unable to provide behavior data, any statements about the robot task should be modified, if not removed. Solely referring to their 2019 paper is not appropriate, since this is an entirely new group of animals. I'm very much hoping that the authors actually have these data on behavioral performance across time for all mice in the study, because they would be in a position to actually correlate changes in pulling (amplitude, slope) with network activity data and provide a more robust narrative. However, Fig. 6 indicates that the effects of Rehab were the same for all types of events (F vs. nF, Act vs. Pass, or RP vs. nRP), which suggests that there is probably no correlation between training and network activity.
Third, regarding the BoNT/E experiments, neither the Allegra Mascaro 2019 paper, nor this one, provides any evidence that the procedure actually works as intended. The authors should either do in vivo wide-field calcium imaging in a subset of mice in the injected hemisphere to show that spontaneous and motor-related cortical activations are eliminated in toxin-injected mice (or some ephys in slices at the very least), with appropriate controls of course, such as a mice injected with vehicle or with denatured toxin. An important control that is currently missing is a BoNT/E alone group, without stroke (see comment #1 below).
Lastly, I am concerned about the sample size they use for statistics. Although they discuss the numbers of mice in their power analysis, all the plots they show include many more individual points than the number of mice (what are those, FOVs? events?). The preferred sample size would be to use the number of mice. I believe the authors should show the data (and perform statistics) only for individual mice. Otherwise they need to justify why they didn't do stats with n= # mice.
Other comments (not necessarily minor):
1) I agree that the pattern of activity is different in the Rehab group (presumably an effect of silencing the contralesional, healthy hemisphere). But, since it is also very different from the pattern of propagation in healthy control mice (or pre-stroke baseline), it is also possible that this is also a pathologic pattern, not necessarily reflecting a "new functional efficacy (line 358-9). The authors should comment on this possibility in the Discussion, namely that Rehab did not restore activity to a control pattern, but to a different pattern altogether. This will be easier once they analyze a BoNT/E control group in which mice are injected with BoNT but do not receive a stroke. This is a critical control that will allow the reader to determine whether the effects they see in the Rehab group reflect adaptive plasticity to restore functional connectivity, or simply disconnection from the silenced hemisphere.
2) Regarding the standardized maps for cortical brain regions in Fig. 1, the authors should explain in more detail how the imaging fields of view (FOV) were superimposed and aligned to the contours; it is briefly described in terms of aligning to Bregman and Lambda, but more information would help if there is concern for animal to animal variability (being off by 3 pixels in any direction is >0.5 mm.) In Fig. 1d it looks like the imaging field of view is actually quite caudal, with very little motor cortex included. Is this a typical representation or was there some variability from animal to animal in the location of the imaging FOV? I recommend that the authors provide the exact location of the imaging FOV rectangle for each animal and an outline of where the PT stroke was located in the same figure. I would also recommend redrawing the contours that demarcate brain regions in Fig. 1c and d so that they do not appear so thick.
3) I was surprised that spatiotemporal dynamics of the calcium signals did not change with learning the task; the authors suggest this is because mice learn the task so quickly (line 401-8). I wonder if, alternatively, the reason is because they don't learn at all (since they did not report significant differences across days in control mice in their 2019 paper) or because it doesn't require learning. The robot task extends the forelimb into an uncomfortable position and the mice may simply reflexively pull it back into a more comfortable resting position.
And about this time I had a vision—and I saw white spirits and black spirits engaged in battle, and the sun was darkened—the thunder rolled in the Heavens, and blood flowed in streams—and I heard a voice saying, “Such is your luck, such you are called to see, and let it come rough or smooth, you must surely bare it.”
In reading this confession, it appears that people may have seen Nat Turner as slower in intellect than the average slave. He managed to run away for a few weeks then returned and the other slaves thought him crazy to return. But then he goes on to say he had a vision from God. With religion and faith tied to everything in those days, it's almost like he is comparing himself to Moses and feels he was called to lead lead the slaves in this revolt. Parts of his confession sound similar to the what Moses told the Pharaoh prior to the slaves being freed from Egypt (the sun going dark, blood flowed in the rivers, etc.). Was a bloody revolution what Nat thought was supposed to happen with this vision? Or was he suffering from something that could cause delusions/ hallucinations? In that time the health of slaves was not a priority as they could be replaced at any time. Even when Moses freed the slaves they never laid a hand on any of the Egyptians, they just stood by and left everything to God.
And on the 12th of May, 1828, I heard a loud noise in the heavens, and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosened, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and that I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first should be last and the last should be first.
I feel this passage is Nat Turners way of saying he finally found the perfect opportunity for revenge. It's so unfortunate that mental health definitely played a major role in the outcome of his rebellion. For years he was used, mistreated and abused both verbally and physically. He sought hope in God's will. He walked by faith as he knew that God would alert him as to when the time would come to avenge. He makes reference of a serpent being the white man just as God references the enemy as a serpent in the bible. In retrospect, Nat doesn't see himself as being a bad person for the actions he would take and had taken although others would say he was the serpent.
It's unfortunate that so many men, women, and children were murdered during this rebellion. However, it is quite common for all living things to become casualties of war when there is an act of "war". I don't agree fully with Nat Turner murdering so many individuals. Nevertheless, he may have seen his rebellion as an act of God because of the way he was treated from birth. Sometimes you have to put yourself in another's shoes to understand why they say what they say and to understand their actions.
Murder is condemned in the Bible but Nat felt God called upon him to rid the world of it's evils which so happened to be the many he killed. I think if the shoe were on the other foot and it had been us in present day in his shoes we may have done the same thing. The lengths an individual will go to for freedom can come in many forms when you have been mistreated and beaten and ripped of your dignity. Just as we experience psychological events now that cause trauma. We have to acknowledged the trauma he endured and his ancestors endured which led to his breaking point along with many other's who participated in the rebellion.
Again, I'm not saying murder is okay and was the answer but I cannot make judgement on the situation when I did not live during his time, nor do I know what it is like to be stripped of your freedom and dignity. I cannot say my actions would have been of anything less than his and the others which is sad to say but truthful. All he had was his faith in God and he felt God chose him to lead and make a statement of his rebellion.
He drew a long breath as he threw back the last great iron door and stepped into the fetid slime within. Here at last was peace,
i think it's really interesting that the cavern/vaults have just been described as filled with fetid slime, and yet jim considers it to be peaceful. that says a lot about how jim has been treated above ground, and we find out later that that's probably because of his race. this is probably one of those many hints about jim's race. it also is a contrast to how the vaults quickly become a horrible thing later after the comet passes over; instead of providing peace it's like a trap.
One of the greatest challenges of leadership is acting consistently even when no one is looking
I think this is really important. I remember learning about To Kill a Mockingbird and I remember the line about Atticus Finch being the same person in and outside of the house and that stuck with me. One should embody their ideal character not just when it's visible to someone- it should be continuous all the time
ction than language. We can look at Snapchat/social media more generally and see the ways in which it is made up and "fake" but also the very real ways it influences d
The Imaginary also designates a field that is non-linguistic, but image-based (image = imaginary). It's not the Imaginary because it's false or fictional, but because it is organized around and by images. The operations of it are unavailable to consciousness directly, though, so it would be a bit more complicated than just analyzing images in Snap or Insta
I took the same approach with _layout.svelte and not just for the svelte-apollo client. Except I put all of that setup into another module (setup.js) and imported from _layout. I just couldn't stomach having all that code actually in my _layout file. It's for layout, supposedly, but it's the only component that is a parent to the whole app.
Day8 and days they taught us. I cannot forget it andway—so they can help themselves and do better !1 wish 1 was very rich aild could P«Y th em ; but I knowYour truly, !they do 80 because they are full of faith in God andEtahdleuh Doanmoe. j faithful.
IT's interesting that kids don't seem to have a recognition for the bad things that happen to them. He seems to be joyful and grateful for all that he is learning, while just afew sentences earlier he's concerned he might forget all languages entirely, thereby losing the means to express himself. OF course, it should be noted that he's just a kid and perhaps exagerrating, but it still does raise some concerns
The pupils have joined the Sunday Schools of the differentchurches in the city, and are beginning to respond tothe earnest and kindly efforts of the teachers to instillinto their darkened minds Christian truths, and a desire to seek God and to know His word
Growing up, I considered something like this to be honorable and right. I remember the story of Jim Elliot, thinking about how the "savages" killed him and how wrong that what. And thinking about how he was just trying to moralize them. They did, after all, only wear clothes around their most private parts. And I think there's a small part of me that still thinks "it's nice that they did this for them! They just wanted them to be better". But if I dig deeper and think about what it means to be "better" according to the white people, I realize most of this is rooted in a white superiority complex and points to some very deep issues. Their "Darkened minds" might benefit from the love of Christ, but you don't show love to someone by stripping them of all that makes them them.
For the story to work, of course, the ump must make the right call, and we must know it to be right. Here, the close-up and slow motion come into play just as they would in a real instant replay to let us see both how close the call is and that the umpire has indeed made the right call. The runner is out. The manager's charge from the dugout is classic baseball protest, and the ump's self-control and slow walk away from the angry manager are gestures in a ritual we all know. That's right, we think, that's the way it's done. We know these moves the way the contemporaries of Aeschylus and Sophocles knew the myths upon which the Greek tragedies were based. Baseball is already a ritual, and a ritual we partake of mostly through the medium of television. The commercial has only to organize these images in a certain way to create a powerful narrative.
Taking note of actions, movements, camera angles
“It’s the utter lack of planning and guidance that’s creating problems,” said one state official, speaking on the condition of anonymity for fear that federal officials might retaliate by giving the state less aid. “Their approach is to just throw things over the fence to the states and to say, ‘Take this, and deal with the problem.’ ”
Direct Quotation-Two Sentences
Now, if I notice a moment in a past Are.na conversation that highlights the topic, I add it to the topic's channel. Now the text block sits in the middle of a Venn diagram — both part of a chat log and part of a curated selection from conversations I have.
This sounds a lot like a zettelkasten and the way it branches, it's just being done between multiple people and the zettelkasten instead of just one person.
Suddenly I knew just what she wanted to hear. “I wish you were mymother.”Right away I felt bad.
why did she think that's what Ms. Crosman wanted to hear? and does this signify giving up her identity because it's what she thinks will appease others? automatically she feels bad for the severance because she knows it's wrong to forego yourself that way.
We would like to thank the three reviewers for their efforts and the constructive feedback. Below, we describe how we will address the reviewers’ comments in an updated manuscript.
Summary:
All of the reviewers expressed concerns about the advance that the work described in the paper represents. These issues were a focus of the consultation among the reviewers. The main concern is that the work needs to go beyond demonstrating that some ganglion cells exhibit nonlinear integration for naturalistic inputs - as that point is quite well established in the literature. The comparison between natural stimuli and gratings could help in this regard, but several issues confound that comparison (e.g. differences in dynamics of the two types of stimuli). These concerns are detailed in the individual reviews below.
Reviewer #1:
This paper investigates how retinal ganglion cells integrate inputs across space, with a focus on natural images. Nonlinear spatial integration is a well-studied property of ganglion cells, but it has been largely characterized using grating stimuli. A few studies have extended this to look at spatial integration in the context of natural images, but we certainly lack a comprehensive treatment of that issue. The current paper has a number of strengths - notably using a number of complementary stimuli and analysis tools to study a large population of ganglion cells and linking properties of responses to artificial stimuli with those to natural stimuli. It also has a few weaknesses (some detailed carefully in the paper) - such as the inability to identify ganglion cell types (aside from a few), and to pinpoint specific circuit mechanisms. These are limitations of the techniques used. This is not a request as much as setting the context of the contribution of the paper. Generally the paper was in good shape, and the data supported the conclusions well. I do think there are a number of issues that could be strengthened. Those are listed below in rough order of importance.
Statistical correlations in natural scenes:
A number of analyses in the paper rely on estimating the spatial contrast from an image and comparing the dependence of various measures of the cells' responses on spatial contrast. A danger in this analysis is that spatial contrast is likely correlated with many other statistical properties of the image, so attributing a given response property to spatial contrast has some potential confounds. This issue should be discussed as a possible caveat, unless the authors can rule it out. The paper, accurately, describes the results in terms of correlations (and not causal relationships), but some discussion of the complexity of natural image statistics would be helpful.
Spatial contrast is defined in our work via the variance of pixel intensity inside the receptive field. Indeed, spatial contrast may reflect different aspects of visual scenes, such as object boundaries, textures, or gradients in light intensity. Differences in the effects of these image features on a ganglion cell’s response will not be captured by our analysis. However, the goal of relating spatial contrast to spike count was primarily to analyze whether the spatial structure of light intensity inside the receptive field was related to the response of a given ganglion cell (beyond the mean illumination), and the pixel intensity variance provides a simple, straightforward measure of this spatial structure. To clarify this aspect and better relate it to the complexity of natural images, we will add a corresponding paragraph in the Discussion.
Comparison of grating and natural scene spatial scale:
The section starting around line 233 was confusing for several reasons. First, this section starts by measuring the spatial scale associated with the grating responses, and then comparing that to LN model performance for natural inputs. It's not clear why the spatial scale is the relevant aspect of the responses to gratings. Indeed, the next paragraph provides a measure of the relative sensitivity of the nonlinear and linear response components (via a comparison of F1 and F2 responses). It would be helpful to include some initial text to motivate the different measures of the grating responses and to anticipate that you will look at both spatial scale and sensitivity.
A related issue that bears more directly on the scientific conclusions comes up later in the blurring experiments. The issue is whether it is valid to directly compare the apparent spatial scale of nonlinear responses to images (estimated via blurring) with that of the grating responses. Natural images should have much higher power at low spatial frequencies, and this may strongly impact the spatial scale identified with the blurring experiments.
We agree that the writing may not have been entirely clear, and we will reorganize the material to discuss the extracted spatial scale and nonlinearity index in parallel as suggested. Regarding the difference in spatial scales from reversing gratings and blurred natural images: yes, it is also our interpretation that the power at low spatial frequencies plays a key role. Our main point here was to assess whether and to what degree the typical analyses of spatial nonlinearity as measured from reversing gratings translate to natural images despite the differences in spatial and temporal structure of the two stimulus classes. In a revised manuscript, we will make sure to earlier clarify the role of low spatial frequencies.
Clustering of orientation-selective cells:
An interesting suggestion in the paper is that the orientation-selective cells can be divided into two groups that differ in their spatial integration properties. Do these groups represent different orientations, as suggested in the text? That seems a simple piece of information to add. Related to this, I would suggest moving Figure S4 into the main text.
We do not have information about the absolute preferred orientations of the orientation-selective (OS) cells, as we did not keep track of retinal orientation when placing the retinas on the multielectrode array. At this point, we can therefore only rely on indirect analyses of relative preferred orientations between pairs of OS cells in the same retina. These indicate that pairs of two nonlinear OS cells tend to have aligned preferred orientation (and similarly for pairs of linear OFF OS cells), but pairs of a linear and a nonlinear OFF cell tend to have divergent preferred orientations. This is shown in Fig. S4C. For a revised manuscript, we will consider integrating Fig. S4 into the main text, as suggested.
Presentation of checkerboard stimuli and results:
The checkerboard analysis, particularly how it isolates properties of spatial integration, could get introduced more thoroughly for a reader unfamiliar with it. A related issue is how well the chosen isoresponse contour captures structure in the full distribution of responses. In some cases that looks pretty good, but in others it is less clear. Could you add a supplementary figure or something similar that characterizes how consistent the isoresponse contours are for different response levels?
These are good suggestions, and we will aim at clarifying the analysis as proposed and add information about the consistency of iso-response contours for different response levels. In the present analysis, the iso-response contours are used just for illustration, whereas the quantification of rectification and integration of preferred contrast are extracted from specific points in the stimulus-response space, which we found to work robustly for a population analysis without being strongly effected by threshold or saturation effects of the cells. We will explain this more clearly in a revised manuscript.
Drift in responses over time:
Some of the rasters - e.g. the bottom left in Figure 1C - show considerable drift over time. It is important that this drift not be interpreted as a failure of the LN model and hence indicative of nonlinear spatial integration. Can you test for drift like this across cells, and exclude any that seem potentially problematic? More generally, some assurance that the variability in the responses for a given generator signal value is real variability across images is needed.
The presentation of all 300 natural images over ten trials takes about 50 minutes and some drift over this period seems unavoidable. To minimize systematic effects of experimental drift on the measured average responses for different images, we applied randomization within trials, which assured that all images were presented once in random order in each trial before the next trial started. In addition, to quantify the real variability over images of the average response for a given generator signal, we applied a goodness-of-fit measure (CCnorm) that takes into account variability over trials.
We now also tested directly for the drift mentioned by the reviewer, but observed sizeable effects in only a small subset of cells that were included in the analysis. In most cases, drift corresponded to a global scaling that approximately affected responses to all images proportionally. This is reflected in a high correlation over images between the average responses of the first five and last five trials; 94% of analyzed cells had a correlation coefficient of at least 0.7. Such global scaling of responses does not affect the analysis of differences in average responses. In a revised manuscript, we will provide analyses of drift effects and exclude cells that contain drift effects that appear to deviate from global response scaling.
Reviewer #2:
Summary:
Understanding how retinal ganglion cells respond to natural stimuli is a central but daunting question, which retinal neurophysiologists have begun to tackle recently. Here Karamanlis and Gollisch perform large-scale multi-electrode recordings in the mouse retina and demonstrate that the responses of many ganglion cells cannot be predicted by standard linear-nonlinear models (L-LN). They go on to test a variety of clever artificial stimuli that emphasize and allow for the quantification of the non-linear aspects of RGCs responses and convincingly demonstrate that non-linear processing is associated with sensitivity to fine spatial contrasts (subunits) and local rectification. While these aspects of RGC receptive fields have been previously described, demonstrating their applicability to natural vision is a significant advancement.
Major Comments:
My first main concern is with the way the paper is written. It does not highlight the significant advancements but rather emphasizes what is already known from other studies. For example, many of the conclusions of non-linear spatial integration & signal rectification arising in bipolar cells have been well described previously. By contrast, novel aspects like the sensitivity of reversal gratings being unrelated to LN model performance for natural scenes should be explained more in detail. The authors should more clearly state the major advancements that are being made here beyond what has already been shown previously (e.g. Turner and Rieke, 2016)
It is possible that our efforts to provide context by relating our results to established findings in retinal signal integration overshadowed the novel aspects of our work. As suggested, we will aim at pointing out these aspects more clearly. For example, compared to the work of Turner and Rieke (2016), we a) focused on a different species with more diversity in accessible RGC types, b) generalized the connection of spatial integration and natural scene encoding to a wider range of cell types (e.g. including also spatially linear and nonlinear ON-OFF cells as well as cells that are inversely sensitive to spatial contrast), and c) developed methods to assess and quantitatively characterize subunit nonlinearities with multielectrode recordings of many cells in parallel, without the need for intracellular recordings or knowledge of the receptive field location.
Second, the authors never include non-linear subunits in their model to demonstrate improved performance. Testing models with filters that incorporate rectification and convexity as experimentally determined will enable them to show their utility more convincingly. Without this, the reader is left with the conclusion that there are RGCs that exhibit non-linear or linear spatial integration (already known) and that non-linear integrators cause LN models to perform poorly with natural images (Turner and Rieke, 2016).
The aim of the present work was to assess how well models with linear receptive fields account for responses to natural images in various cells of the mouse retina and whether the models’ shortcomings can be related to the cells’ spatial stimulus integration characteristics. While we agree that models with nonlinear subunits could help support the conclusions, fitting such models to recorded data is – we believe – beyond the scope of the current manuscript. The many parameters of nonlinear subunit models, such as the number, shape, and layout of subunits or their nonlinearity and weight, all likely vary considerably across the diverse population of cells in our recordings. To avoid extensive parameter fitting, simplified models with ad hoc selection of subunit layouts and nonlinearities could help assess whether spatial nonlinearities are important, as in the work by Turner and Rieke (2016). Instead, as an alternative, we chose to analyze the importance of spatial nonlinearities via the effect of spatial contrast in images with similar mean intensity in the receptive field (e.g. Fig. 2). For our data, an advantage of this approach is that it is directly applicable to cell types with diverse spatial integration characteristics, such as the cells that are inversely sensitive to spatial contrast, which wouldn’t be captured by a standard subunit model with rectifying subunit nonlinearities. In future work, however, we plan to analyze subunit models that can account for the diversity of observed response patterns.
Third, I'm not sure how 'natural' their natural images are, given static images are flashed over the cell intermittently. While such stimuli might simulate some sort of saccadic eye movements, whether this is relevant for mouse vision is not clear. Would linear models be more predictive for responses to natural movies? Some discussion on this issue would be helpful.
Rather than aiming for fully natural movie-like stimuli, we used flashed images in our work to focus on aspects of spatial integration. This indeed entails a simplification of the temporal structure of natural stimuli, which was intended, but it preserves natural spatial structure, such as the occurrence of objects, boundaries, textures, and intensity gradients, as well as continuously decreasing power for higher spatial frequencies. Nonlinear spatial integration in the presence of this natural spatial structure will likely also shape responses under natural movies. To clarify this approach, we will re-evaluate our wording regarding the application of natural stimuli in our work and discuss the simplification compared to natural movies, as suggested.
Reviewer #3:
The manuscript by Karamanlis and Gollisch examines the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to natural stimuli. The primary conclusion of the manuscript is that spatial integration of stimuli within the receptive field is nonlinear. This nonlinear integration is consistent with "local signal rectification". This results in a set of RGCs that are sensitive to spatial contrast within the RF. The Authors also note the presence of cells that are suppressed by contrast and cells that prefer uniform stimulation of the RF. To reach these conclusions the authors use multi-electrode array recordings from isolated mouse retina. Spatial RFs are estimated using white noise stimuli, which are then used to generate a null-model for linear spatial summation. They compare predictions of this null-model to the responses of the same RGCs to briefly flashed natural images. The authors find some RGCs that are consistent with this null model and many that are not consistent. The authors correlate deviations from linear spatial summation to deviations revealed by contrast reversing gratings. They also used a mixed-contrast, flashed-checkerboard paradigm to map the contrast tuning and rectification of RF subunits. Finally, the authors show that some of these results track with functionally distinct RGC types such as direction-selective and "IRS" RGCs.
The data and analyses presented in this manuscript are high quality. However, I think the study is largely consistent with many previous studies that demonstrate nonlinear spatial integration among RGCs in the mammalian (including mouse) retina. I think the Authors view the use of natural stimuli as a major departure from previous work, but I'm not convinced of this for two reasons. First, I don't see a compelling reason to think that results using contrast reversing gratings or other 'textured stimuli' (e.g. Schwartz et al Nat Neuro 2012) would fail to generalize to flashed natural scenes. Second, the implicit claim here is that a 200ms flashed natural scene interleaved with an 800ms gray screen is a natural stimulus. I think this assumes a lot about the space-time separability of the RF mechanisms, and these assumptions are not well justified.
Major Concerns:
1) I think the introduction of the manuscript is building a straw man argument, suggesting that many (or most) scientists think the retina is predominantly linear. A pubmed search of 'retinal ganglion cell' and 'nonlinear' produced more than 300 studies. Specifying subunit nonlinearity produces 28 studies. The discovery of subunit nonlinearities is roughly 50 years old and many manuscripts demonstrate Y-like receptive fields are more common across RGC types than X-like receptive fields.
The goal of our work was not to show that receptive fields of mouse retinal ganglion cell are (often) spatially nonlinear, but to test whether these nonlinearities matter for natural images. It is conceivable that spatial nonlinearities as measured with typical artificial stimuli such as spatial gratings or spatiotemporal white noise are not (as) relevant for natural images because the simultaneous occurrence of strong positive and negative contrast inside a receptive field is much rarer in natural images. Indeed, in our work we find that traditional measurements of spatial nonlinearities with reversing gratings do not provide a robust quantitative prediction of whether spatial nonlinearities matter under natural images for a given ganglion cell. As laid out in the Introduction, there is surprisingly little research yet on how spatial nonlinearities affect the encoding of natural images, and in a revised version of the manuscript, we will aim at clarifying that this is the focus of our work here.
2) The authors seem to be arguing that the spatial nonlinearities engaged by the contrast reversing gratings are not the same as those engaged by their natural scenes (Figure 3). However, I think the authors are assuming too much that the spatial and temporal components of the RFs are separable. The flashed natural scenes are interleaved with relatively long gray screens. The contrast reverse granting are reversed in a square-wave fashion with no interleaved gray screen. These distinct spatiotemporal dynamics in the stimuli seem likely to explain the difference. This would also seem likely to explain why the flashed checkerboards in Figure 4 produced results more correlated to flashed scenes in Figure 1. In summary, I don't see a strong reason to think the authors are observing anything other than subunit rectification of the sort described by Hochstein and Shapley in the 1970s and followed up in many subsequent studies.
We do not think that spatial nonlinearities as observed with reversing gratings or with natural stimuli are related to different mechanisms. The point of our analysis was rather to assess whether typical assessments of spatial nonlinearities with reversing gratings allow quantitative predictions about the relevance of spatial nonlinearities under flashed natural images, and we find that this is often not the case. We believe that this is largely due to the differences in spatial structure, in particular, the prevalence of high-contrast edges in the gratings. Yet, indeed, differences in temporal stimulus structure might also contribute. We actually tested flash-like presentations of gratings in some of our recordings, and results were quite similar to those obtained with contrast-reversing gratings and led to the same conclusions. We will describe this in the revised manuscript for clarification.
3) It is not clear to this reviewer that flashed natural images interleaved by a gray screen is qualitative more natural than white noise, sinusoidal gratings, or square-wave gratings.
The spatial structure of natural images is the focus of the present work. It is in this aspect that flashed photographs are more natural than typical artificial stimuli like spatiotemporal white noise or gratings. In particular, natural images contain a broad spectrum of spatial frequencies with relatively more power at smaller frequencies, and they combine occasional edges with intensity gradients and textures. Gratings, for example, are characterized by high power at large spatial frequencies, that is, high spatial contrast, which is well suited for triggering effects of spatial nonlinearities but occurs much more rarely in natural images. Thus, understanding whether spatial nonlinearities are important in a natural setting requires considering stimuli that match the natural spatial structure. It seems likely that nonlinear spatial integration observed under flashed presentation of natural images remains relevant when stimuli are supplemented with natural temporal structure, even though the latter may likely trigger additional effects that shape the responses (e.g. adaptation or nonlinear temporal integration).
4) The null-model constructed by the authors in Figure 1 assumes the RF follows a specific functional form (e.g. Gaussian). However, many studies show that individual RFs frequently exhibit strong deviations from a Gaussian RF. To what extent are the deviations from the null model produced by deviations from linear summation or just linear mechanisms that deviate from the specific parametric form imposed by the model?
Measuring the detailed structure of receptive fields (RFs) with high precision from time-limited experiments is a challenge, and using a fitted (elliptical) Gaussian profile is a standard procedure for limiting the effect of noise in the RF structure. We also tried using the pixel-wise spatial profile obtained from the reverse-correlation analysis as a spatial filter, but results were similar, yet often more noisy. We therefore settled on the standard procedure of using a Gaussian fit to the RF. Deviations from the Gaussian profile can indeed contribute to deviations of the model. Yet, for natural images, which have most of their power in low spatial frequencies, these deviations are likely to be small. Furthermore, our subsequent analyses show that the Gaussian RF model provides a useful baseline because it allows us to extract the relation between model deviations and image structure. In addition, the results from the model analysis were supported by the findings under presentation of blurred natural images, which did not require any assumptions about the underlying RF model. In a revised manuscript, we will point out that relying on Gaussian RFs is a choice that we make and that deviations of the receptive field structure may contribute to decreased model performance, but that the subsequent analyses support the usefulness of the applied Gaussian RF model.
5) It was unclear how the authors rule out the contribution of differences in (nonlinear) temporal integration to the effects in this study. In general, RGC RFs are not space-time separable, and it seems that the analyses in the manuscript assume they are.
Our choice of using flashed images as stimuli with no temporal structure beyond onset and offset and assessing responses via elicited spike counts was motivated by focusing on spatial stimulus integration and minimizing effects of temporal processing. Nonetheless, our extraction of receptive fields from measurements under spatiotemporal white-noise stimulation uses a space-time separation of the spike-triggered average. Thus, the lack of space-time separability of ganglion cell receptive fields can contribute to the putative underestimation of surround components, which we have discussed in the manuscript. In a revised manuscript, we will add an explicit reference to the issue of space-time separability.
6) This study overlaps significantly with Cao, Merwine and Grzywacs (2011), 'Dependence of retinal Ganglion cell's responses on local textures of natural scenes', Journal of Vision. This article is not cited here, but in my view, the major conclusions are similar.
Thank you for pointing us to this paper, which is indeed relevant for our work. Both the Cao et al. paper and our manuscript evaluate the effect of spatial contrast in natural images by relating spatial contrast to response deviations from a linear-RF model, albeit with different methods. An important difference, apart from the different species, is that our work then focuses on relating the identified effects of spatial contrast to functional characterizations of the specific nonlinear operations inside the receptive field (e.g. rectification). Furthermore, we also focus on the diversity of spatial-integration properties between cells and cell types, including the description of spatially linear cells and cells that are inversely sensitive to spatial contrast. In a revised manuscript, we will add a comparison to the methods and results from Cao et al.
7) In my experience, the strength of subunit rectification can be labile during ex vivo experiments. What controls have the author's performed to ensure the effect they are studying remain stable over the duration of their recordings?
Experimental rundown could, of course, affect subunit rectification as well as other response aspects, such as overall sensitivity. However, we observed that responses for different repeats of the same natural images were typically quite stable over the course of the hour-long stimulus. As also discussed in the response to Reviewer 1, we now analyzed how responses to late trials deviated from responses to early trials and found that only a small subset of cells displayed sizeable drift. Furthermore, those cases were mostly affected by a global drift in response size, keeping the relative responses for different images approximately constant. (For 94% of cells, the correlation of images was larger than 0.7 between average responses for the first five and for the last five trials; approximately on the level of estimated random trial-by-trial variability.) This indicates that the features of stimulus integration did not change substantially over the course of the experiment. In addition, nonlinearities as assessed with our flashed checkerboards were strongly correlated to nonlinearities under natural images, despite the fact that these stimuli were applied 1-2 hours apart. Thus, the strength of subunit rectification appears to be sufficiently stable to allow comparison over different stimuli.
Pozzo: He wants to impress me, so that I'll keep him.
this piece struck me as tragic as Lucky seems to be this man's personal workhorse, and Lucky is desperate to do anything to gain his approval, to keep a job or to just have Pozzo want to keep him around. I think this moment is ironic, considering one would think "why would a slave want to gain the approval of his master" similar to griffin's point. I think this as a whole reminds me of this idea of working our whole lives for someone else, 40 hr work week in the hopes of getting some illusive "American dream" or in other countries, this idea that if you give all of yourself to someone to prove how far you'll go, they'll certainly somehow find respect in you through that and want to keep you around. People are bound to system in the hopes it will serve them when the time comes, but mostly they just bare the brute of it. Even when Pozzo notices Lucky is tired he makes the other men leave him be, but he still bosses Lucky around. This is tragic in terms of how I perceive it's overall message of working for approval for a boss or someone who doesn't value you at all, and that life is inevitable in this manner.
I’ve been thinking about that a lot, about how we can’t cover sports right now, or ever, as an individual and separate thing because sports are the gift we get for making our society as just and fair as possible. Right now, we’re seeing that multiplied a hundred times, because you have athletes who are feeling the urgency and have the power to come out and say what they believe politically. ESPN was saying just a few years ago that they wouldn’t cover politics at all. Now there’s no choice there. It’s been made really clear by the athletes, the people who play the sports, that they don’t want that distinction there themselves. So, who are we to decide that it must be imposed?
Or cooking, members of the NYT Cooking Club cough or singing, members of Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choirs ...
a professor of law at the University of South Carolina School of Law, in Columbia, who helped draft the bill. “The former is abduction. Kidnapping by fraud is if I tell them a lie to get them to accompany me to a location. It’s the same thing with rape by deception. If someone is pretending to be someone’s boyfriend or spouse and they think they’re consenting to a sexual act with that person, that seems to be rape by fraud in the same way as kidnapping by fraud.”
Just like lying and giving the wrong location to kidnap is deception then pretending to be someone else's boyfriend or husband to obtain sex should also be wrongfully just as the kidnapping is
From the press and the pulpit we have suffered much by being incorrectly represented
it's so important to just let the people that are important right now tell their stories. it is the Black Lives Matter movement, so let black lives tell their stories and show their perspective
it’s saying that ideas or other creative products, like writing or art, are protected just like “real” property (e.g. cars, personal possessions, etc.).
The writings, art, and music composed by an individual should be protected like personal possessions, because they work hard to compose each of those pieces in their minds. Those thoughts come from research, and time consuming skills.
One, we're very quick decision makers. Once we've made a decision about something, we stop scanning, right? We've made our minds up, we stop scanning. So we're not processing anymore. And secondly, it's about experience and expectations. We've never experienced him looking like this, and so we don't expect it.
Reading this I find where I have been at fault many times as a student and as a member of society. It is the classic "never judge a book by it's cover," and I think that more often than not, people find themselves assuming before they reach past the surface of an individual. Someone does a similar action or has a similar characteristics to someone they've disliked in the past and immediately a red flag is thrown. Very unfortunate, and it is important that while it is important to learn from past mistakes and experiences, we must keep an open mind and understand that there is more than just what we know as individuals.
We could never change their gender or their color without the other person noticing. We notice some difference more than others. It's automatic. It's like that. We just notice.
Speaks loudly about our society. Kandola is right, it may not be a bad thing that someone consciously notices a difference in gender and colour, but the reality is that in today's political climate, we are conditioned to treat people differently, whether that's positively or negatively, based on race and gender. I know as a woman in certain instances, like going for a walk, I am VERY aware of whether or not I am walking by a man or a woman. This is an extremely negative thought process, but is a reality many have to face.
Check out the doc.drop version
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Workshop Goals

mindful/reflect on what does and doesn't.
in academia you write with a goal in mind.
process-oriented, helpful to view the big picture, and know what steps are in the process.
consistent and sustainable, if it's not sustainable it can't be consistent.
what other characteristics?
Collaborative. Get a second pair of eyes!
Difficult and distracting times:

Writing Reflection:
A1: I try to be organized and thorough but it definitely feels like slow going, and there are distractions everywhere. My writing process has been writing a rough draft in notion coming from the annotations in hypothesi.s. I have attempted to make thorough organization of vocabulary definitions or concepts, a way to streamline the process
A2: I feel like for the most part, they get the job done, but I sometimes struggle to get two to three sentences out in a row. And the distractions constantly pull me away from the writing.
A3: I hope to learn about different strategies or ways to blockade my attention from constant phone notifications.
Others
Crunch time and missed deadlines are an issue.
Preliminary outlines is an effective strat.
Focus or lack thereof is a big issue.
Mindfulness in Writing
Think about your writing process and look at ways to change them so they work for you — I have been doing this recently, not just with writing but with reading.
Hey I've been discussing my writing with faculty and colleagues to improve my writing! That's wild.
Goal Setting
Prioritize your project list. Budget time for writing, revision, regular breaks and account for unforeseen setbacks.
Reflection: Right now, I only struggled with synthesis paper but that's partly because I had a lot of readings to include. My biggest problem right now is transferring what I've read, into my own words, not just my own words, but in a structured and effective way (at least in my own view).
I think I am also doubting my own understanding of the assignments and causing myself more trouble. The biggest challenge is overwriting, and therefore having to clean up and organize my writing at the end.
Goals
Eisenhower Decision Matrix
Goal setting
Embrace mini-sessions
be flexible | establish good habits
Cut back distractions
Set this up in notion as a Koban table.
I think unless the matrix is easy to set up, you might want to be mindful of not overcomplicating the process and have that take away from your writing.
Consistency in Writing
Daily writing practice:
touch a writing project once a day, keep your hand moving, gradual progress.
Hold yourself accountable
virtual writing groups or writing partners | reflection - I have been doing this with Dr. Dagmar, my wife. But I'd love to get a writing group fo colleagues.
Schedule time for writing and everything else
Protect your writing time. Treat the writing time as sacred. Do not use this time to complete other tasks.
Use Technology that supports your writing
Study music on youtube Coffivity (ambient noise for writing) Rescue time (tracks how you spend time online) Google sheets for project management.
reflection: I am using Notion for centralizing all of my writing work and resources.
Environment
Consider your workspace.
Determine your working style
Lean on community
Know when to log off
GOOD QUESTION: Prioritizing reading vs. writing.
Schedule reading time as much as writing time. Budget time for reading completion. Set a goal of time and pages read.
Present bias shows up not just in experiments, of course, but in the real world.
This is true because in science experiments you can always try again if your theories were wrong, but in the real world, what's done it's done and you can't change what happened. If you were wrong about something, you'll have to live with that forever on.
The gambler’s fallacy makes us absolutely certain that, if a coin has landed heads up five times in a row, it’s more likely to land tails up the sixth time. In fact, the odds are still 50-50.
This bias is interesting to me because I can think of so many situations where I know the odds remain the same, but I still can't help but feel as is there no way the same outcome can happen that many times in a row. There is no real reason to back up that feeling, and I am more than old enough to know that the odds of something don't change just because I feel it's time for them to, but subconsciously I always think that they will.
Optimism bias leads us to consistently underestimate the costs and the duration of basically every project we undertake. Availability bias makes us think that, say, traveling
Having zero bias is impossible. How do we separate our bias from what we are seeing? Is it even possible? Maybe it's just a matter of recognizing our biases and 'taking the risk'.
We believe that sexual politics under patriarchy is as pervasive in Black women’s lives as are the politics of class and race. We also often find it difficult to separate race from class from sex oppression because in our lives they are most often experienced simultaneously. We know that there is such a thing as racial-sexual oppression which is neither solely racial nor solely sexual, e.g., the history of rape of Black women by white men as a weapon of political repression.
This paragraph is a great example of the importance of intersectionality. When the authors write that their is such thing as racial-sexual oppression that is not just racial or sexual, it's both, and therefore different. Though the term intersectionality did not exist yet, the idea of it is touched on here.
The Needed Skills in the New Media CultureIf it were possible to define generally the mission of education, it could be said that its fundamental purpose is to ensure that all students bene-fit from learning in ways that allow them to participate fully in public, community, [creative,] and economic life
Why is creative put in brackets, almost like it's not meant to be included? If you ask me, that's one of the most essential things we can learn how to be. Not just for those who want to make a career out of creativity, but being able to think on your feet and come up with unique solutions to problems. Creativity is fundamental in public, community and creative life
“Testing has such bad connotation; people think of standardized testing or teaching to the test,” Dr. Roediger said. “Maybe we need to call it something else, but this is one of the most powerful learning tools we have.”Of course, one reason the thought of testing tightens people’s stomachs is that tests are so often hard. Paradoxically, it is just this difficulty that makes them such effective study tools, research suggests. The harder it is to remember something, the harder it is to later forget. This effect, which researchers call “desirable difficulty,” is evident in daily life. The name of the actor who played Linc in “The Mod Squad”? Francie’s brother in “A Tree Grows in Brooklyn”? The name of the co-discoverer, with Newton, of calculus?
Testing gets a bad wrap but the benefits outway the stress. It's The difficulty of it all which make the information easier to remember.
Woman: Gresham. Gloria Gresham. (Pause. She turns around from her wanderings and faces him, smiling with immense understanding.) Of course, you don't remember me. I don't blame you. It's so long ago! I myself had forgotten until I came across your name in the newspapers. I couldn't believe it was really you! But there it all was: "COLOURED SOUTH AFRICAN ACHIEVES INTERNATIONAL FAME: FIRST EMINENT BLACK PSYCHIATRIST TO PRACTICE IN LONDON'S HARLEY STREET." Well, I was absolutely bowled over just seeing your name in print! (Slight Pause.) Anyway, how does it feel? To be the first eminent psychiatrist of your race, I mean?
There are many quotable pieces of dialog in this play. I chose this one because it is a microcosm of society at large. This man is a black psychiatrist who grew up in South Africa. He himself wants to be a humble man and try to be a good educated man. Yet, being a minority in a high ranking profession means that people would judge him by his skin, not his talents. This is something that is seen in society today. People say backhanded compliments such as "You are smart for a insert minority race here" or "You are beautiful for a minority race. They are treated as marvels of humanity instead of being treated for the humans that they are. -Sk Ayon
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It's very important that white, cis, able-bodied women do not become the "baseline" and "standard" for planning when trying to incorporate "women's needs" just as white, cis, able-bodied men have been the baseline for city planning for people in general
The product manager isn’t the one that’s just sitting around overseeing the various teams and seeing whether it’s on track to meet the scheduled delivery or launch date. They are the ones who need to understand the market and that means knowing who the competitors are, what consumers want, and being able to help the marketing and sales teams better target them.
So in place of Scott's definition of science, I offer the following: science is the attempt to explain the real world by means of real processes. This doctrine may be called "methodological realism" and is a more plausible conception of science than methodological materialism.
Completely agree -- realism addresses the supernatural controversy because no one knows if it's 100% real or fake, they only have faith that it is. 'Real' is a more accurate term to use than 'material'. It could be that the supernatural IS in fact material, but that humans just have not been able to prove that it is real in terms of our current understanding of reality because of limited technological abilities.
Further, maybe we should say that "science is the attempt to explain the real world by means of real, widely used *processes that have proven to be reliable and valid
I wonder if it’s that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem.
He's a colored man during the Harlem Renaissance, and even through such a creative and artistic time and growth for colored people, discrimination was still going on, so he wonders if things are as simple as they seem to the public, that its simply just being a "young colored man"
The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.
As society continues to be ruled by a patriarchy that often operates in a manner where women's decisions are made for them, I feel as though this fact is very much relevant, especially in the way it's articulated beyond this sentence. I also feel as though this applies for not just women but anyone who doesn't identify as a straight, white man.
Essentially, their belief is the same as Dr. Lipton’s: The first seven years are critical to who we become for the rest of our life. Theta Theta, as I understand it, is a state of hypnosis. Before you can become ‘conscious,’ you need to go through theta (occurs during childhood from 0-7 years of age) via observing others, yourself, animals, society etc. It’s essentially a mega download of life through your own interpretation – perception is the reality, which is interesting because this perception stays with you for life; and yet it is formed when you have little to no context on most things ( 0 to 7 years of age). Dr. Bruce Lipton states that we are being programmed for our first seven years, and that 95% of the results in our life come from that programming of the subconscious. In the interview, he goes on to explain that wherever you are struggling in life, your subconscious has been programmed not to support what you are going after (ambition, etc.). Basically, you’re subconscious is saying ‘Hey, this isn’t what you were designed to do. This is unrealistic. This isn’t for you…’ The programming you underwent as a child may be causing internal grief and/or success today. Dr Bruce Lipton explains that we can consciously learn from reading new books, going to lectures, courses, apprenticeships, etc., but we have to get into the subconscious mind to truly rewire our first seven years and the mindset that period etched in our brain. This is changing what I call our hard wiring. To rewire yourself, you need repetition of a new thought/way of thinking and self-affirmation. This form of repetition will change the way your subconscious functions. There is no magic pill or solution to turn yourself into a business person, happy individual, entrepreneur, philanthropist, etc. overnight. If you’re not one today but want to be, it is going to take reps – just as it would if you are in the gym trying to resculpt your 300-pound fatty body into a triathlete.
It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
Marx's view here seems to be that capitalism is in a lot of ways a lot worse than feudalism. Feudalism at least had subtlety: people under it at least had worth, some sort of decent level of understanding that they were human. Under capitalism, however, people are only valued at their market value. People are no more than products under capitalism: they are not valued for who they are, their humanity, or anything other than the amount of capital they can bring a business.
Feudalism still had tons of exploitation and was still terrible, and Marx doesn't try to distance himself from that fact. While he does say that capitalism is worse in that its exploitation is "naked, shameless, direct, brutal", it's still just that: exploitation. Both of these systems are unjust and exploitative, they just differ in levels of how exploitative they are and on what they base the value of the people living and working within those systems.
The primary concern regarding this emergency legal framework has long been that it affords officials too much discretion, with too few checks on poor decisions.
This makes a lot of sense to me but it is not something I ever thought about when It comes to the United States’ response to Covid-19. I know that it is important to have checks and balances, but I feel like there should be a line where public health and the safety of people shouldn’t be political anymore. It’s just when can we decide when this is appropriate.
I really wanted to give this game more stars, because it could have been absolutely perfect. However, as many of the reviews have stated, Mario sunshine and 64 both are locked at 30fps and 64 has a measling 4:3 screen ratio. Rom hackers have achieved more with less profit, which is an extremely major disappointment; this means that you can find better versions of these games for 100% free on the PC. To further put my personal disgust with how Nintendo released all-stars 3D, they fixed backwards long jumping on mario 64. This is a glitch that speed runners use to run world-record speed runs, they had the nerve to patch this out of the game which leaves the game as a downgraded version of Mario 64 DS, with 50% less content. Nintendo could have done more by doing less. Leaving backwards long jumping in the game wouldn't effect normal players, all it does is generate more anti-consumer product. I don't even use backwards long jump, but the fact that they removed that and left more important problems in the game just feels like they half-assed this release. Now, I'm not saying you wont have fun playing these games, because you definitely will because they are the best in their own genre. Nintendo could have done a hell of a lot more for 80 CAD.
Lastly, here's an example of a bad review of the game. While there are of lot of these to choose from, I chose this negative review specifically because it gave explanations for why the points of the game that were bad, are bad. It's not enough to just bash something if you didn't enjoy it, you have to have a reason, and a well thought out one at that. When you read reviews on these professional sites, they give plenty of explanations as for why they made their conclusions about whatever piece of media they're reviewing .
. I took the diary away, read it through, and found that he hadsuffered from a form of persecution complex. The writing was most confused and incoherent, and he had made many wild statements; moreover he had omitted to give any dates, so that only by the colour of the ink and the differences in the writing could one tell that it was not written at one time. Certain sections, however, were not altogether disconnected, and I have copied out a part to serve as a subject for medicalresearch.
in the introduction of the madman's dairy, the author uses his brilliant skills in writing to deliver a specific massage without getting involved in issues that he wants to avoid. We see that by the confliction of the introduction and how some details are suspicious. For example, the author diagnosed the little brother with a specific detail just by reading his dairies, also not giving any names or dates or any kind of information that would lead to a place or time. Also it's rather convent that as a doctor he usually rights reports of cases and that he would be off the grid if he wrote that story as a case report
in the introduction of the madman's dairy, the author uses his brilliant skills in writing to deliver a specific massage without getting involved in issues that he wants to avoid. We see that by the confliction of the introduction and how some details are suspicious. For example, the author diagnosed the little brother with a specific detail just by reading his dairies, also not giving any names or dates or any kind of information that would lead to a place or time. Also it's rather convent that as a doctor he usually rights reports of cases and that he would be off the grid if he wrote that story as a case report
The paper has potential. It's not there yet.
The paper presents a sequencing study describing the evolution of Spiroplasma over various years in lab cultures. Spiroplasma is a fascinating bacteria that induces some unique phenotypes including enhancing insect immunity or "protection" and male-killing. The premise for the study was that sometimes these phenotypes disappear in cultures and thus the bacteria is likely quickly evolving and subject to frequent mutation. The researchers sequence various cultures of Spiroplasma (sHy and sMel), assemble and annotate genomes, compare the genomes, quantify the rates of evolution and compare these rates to some other studies on viruses, human microbiota/pathogens, and wolbachia. They find that Spiroplasma evolve real fast and speculate that the mechanism for this is a lack of various Mut repair enzymes. They look at fast evolving proteins of interest including RIP toxins which kill nematodes and spaid which is an inducer of male killing. So essentially the big result here is that Spiroplasma evolves real fast.
In my opinion the paper is weak in a few senses. It doesn't reflect hypothesis driven science. It's mostly observational data and the researchers do not test any hypotheses. Now I don't think this is a deal breaker, but I do think it weakens the paper. Also, my comment should not imply that there isn't valuable data herein; and in fact I think the other big weakness is that the researchers do NOT exploit the true value of the data to derive and test novel hypotheses.
For example: one aspect I was most excited about was to see how the researchers dissect and annotate evolutionary differences induced by axenic culture systems. The authors have the ability to compare and contrast genomes of Spiroplasma cultured in host insects AND Spiroplasma cultured without insects in axenic culture. Within these genome comparisons are likely novel insights that could shed light on mechanisms of maternal transmission and mechanisms of cell invasion etc... However, I was shocked to see that there is no in-depth analysis of specific proteins that are changing and evolving in these two diverse culture systems. I thought the analysis was entirely insufficient and didn't extract or present the real value of the datasets here. There are some brief mentions in the discussion of adherin binding proteins, but that was essentially it. I think the researchers focused too much on the past, ( the RIP toxins and spaid) rather than pointing out new interesting genes and hypotheses about them.
For example: Maternal transmission would no longer be required in axenic culture, what genes got mutated? This is perhaps the most interesting thing that is not even touched upon.
So essentially my main criticism is the added value from this paper which is the potential ability to compare symbiont genomes in hosts to symbionts with Axenic culture was NOT exploited. Given the novelty and impact of the axenic culture studies by Bruno, I would have hoped to see this upfront.
Also there are some paragraphs comparing broad genomic differences between sHy and sMel, but I didn't think the differences in how these genomes evolved over time in comparison to their earlier selves was emphasized or explained in enough detail.
Another example of not exploiting the value of the data: The plasmids are usually where much of the action is in microbes. There should be detailed annotations and figures of the plasmids. Tell me what is on them. Tell me which genes are evolving. Tell me if there are operons. Tell me what pathways are in the plasmids. I found the discussions of plasmid results wholly lacking. I also inherently felt that discussions of plasmids should be kept completely separate from discussions of chromosome evolution, regardless of similar rates of evolution or not... Plasmids are unique selfish entities and I imagine their evolution is wholly distinct from the evolution of chromosomes. They deserve their own sections and figures (in my opinion).
The figure legends are completely insufficient and they ask me to read other papers to understand them, which is annoying.
Other minor comments:
What about presence/absence of recA?
There are differences in dna extraction prior to genome sequencing for each of the strains. I suspect this is because different individuals sequenced different genomes. But I worry that different protocols could produce different results and therefore a comparison might be tainted by dna extraction and library prep specifics. Can you at least explain to the reader why this is not an issue, if it is not an issue?
Examples:
181 - why were heads removed? Why was this dna extraction protocol here different from the hemolymph extraction protocol? Might this have changed anything?
195 - how much heterogeneity do you expect in any given fly. Do you have SNP data differences amongst good reads that could point out different alleles within a Spiroplasma population within an individual fly? It would be interesting to know which genes have a large amount of different alleles.
199 - another DNA extraction protocol. There isn't consistency here. If the reads and coverage are good enough, it shouldn't be a problem. But if there were data issues or assembly issues, this would raise concern in my mind. Can the researchers discuss or alleviate concerns here? Some assemblies have 6 chromosomes, some have 3 chromosomes. I presume these were different strains of Spiroplasma and not the same one?
Figure 1: were the samples that are 6 years apart (red) sequence in exactly the same way with the same technology? Could this produce any relics? Also, why display information for sMel in a table and information for sHy in a figure? Can't you creatively standardize a visual means of showing this information and compile information to one item?
I wonder what would happen if you took the same sample and did different DNA extraction protocols, different library prep protocols, and different illumina rounds of sequencing and independent algorithm assemblies... how much would they come out the same? Has anyone ever done this experiment? Is there any reference for this control that shows they would in fact come out the same? This is essentially what I am worried about here. This could be a minor issue, if the researchers could just confidently explain why this is NOT an issue.
Line 30 - you introduce sHy and sMel without defining what they are yet? Clarify immediately that they are both S.poulsoni
line 247 - They found fragmented genes with orthofinder, if it was less than 60% length homology... why set an arbitrary cutoff of 60? Anything less than 100 is possibly a pseudogenization if the last amino acid is important, or the C-terminus is important, which it often is... What is the rationale here?
To quantify an evolutionary rate, I read that they counted the number of changes in 3rd codon wobble positions/year. Why just wobble codons... why not all SNPs period? But then in the figure 2, it seemed like they are tallying a percentage of a total 100% = 570 "variants" or changes in the sequences (I wouldn't use the word variants, as this makes me think of strains; better to say "changes", no?). These changes include snps, insertions, deletions, and "complex"... no idea what complex is? The figure legends are completely insufficient. And I still don't know if you are tallying in some kind of number of recombinations and psuedogenizations into the mix (I assume these are included in the frame-shifts)? The quantification is murky to me.
The adhesin proteins are evolving fast. But aren't Spiroplasma commonly intracellular... so why would it be binding an extracellular protein? ... can you discuss this? I presume invasion or something?
There might be a correlation with genome size and speed of evolution. You mention this in the discussion, but briefly. Can you elaborate on this, especially because Spiroplasmas are close to mycoplasmas which are REALLY small genomes.
Figure 3 is really confusing. I assume FS is frameshift, is IF induced fragmentation? After about 10 minutes I could decode it. Is this really the best way to think about these results? Perhaps? But perhaps not? ARP? I think it's adhesin stuff, but you don't say this until later.
he latest debate in the 2020 presidential race has exposed the limits of how far Democrats are willing to go on voting rights. It began with a question to Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), from a volunteer with the American Civil Liberties Union at an Iowa town hall in April: Should people in prison be allowed to vote? Sanders said yes, and then doubled down on his answer. At a CNN town hall a couple weeks later, Sanders was asked if the Boston marathon bomber should be allowed to vote — and, again, said yes. In a USA Today op-ed, he defended his position, arguing that “the right to vote is an inalienable and universal principle that applies to all American citizens 18 years and older. Period.” Since Sanders was first asked, other Democratic candidates have been questioned about their stances. Most other candidates have yet to say that prisoners should be given the right to vote, instead defending the right to vote only for nonviolent offenders or people who completed their sentences. Some appear undecided. Only two states — Maine and Vermont, where Sanders is from — currently let all people vote while they’re in prison. Other states apply restrictions based on whether someone is in prison, on probation, on parole, or has completed a sentence. (They don’t typically make a distinction on whether a person’s crime was violent or not.) (function() { var l = function() { new pym.Parent( 'vox-felony-disenfranchisement-laws-by-state-3__graphic', 'https://apps.voxmedia.com/at/vox-felony-disenfranchisement-laws-by-state-3/'); }; if(typeof(pym) === 'undefined') { var h = document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0], s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = 'https://pym.nprapps.org/pym.v1.min.js'; s.onload = l; h.appendChild(s); } else { l(); } })(); As of 2016, 6.1 million people were prevented from voting due to a felony conviction, and about 1.3 million were in state or federal prison, the Sentencing Project, an advocacy group, found. Since black Americans are more likely to go to prison, these laws have a disproportionate impact on black voters, in part reflecting their roots in the Jim Crow era: More than 20 percent of black voters were disenfranchised in Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia in 2016. There appears to be some support for giving people convicted of felonies their voting rights back. Last fall, Florida voted to let most people with felony records vote once they complete their sentences — giving the right to vote back to, potentially, more than 1 million people (although that’s now in question as Republican lawmakers place new restrictions on who can vote). What Sanders is calling for, though, goes much further, enfranchising literally hundreds of thousands or millions of people across the country — in a way that could especially benefit black voters. For some Democrats, who have paid more attention to voting rights in recent years, and for activists with the ACLU who are aiming to get candidates on the record on this topic, it’s a logical next step. But the discussion has shown there are limits in how far even some Democrats — let alone the public — are willing to go in expanding voting rights. The polls so far show that giving people in prison the right to vote is unpopular among the majority of voters and Democrats. And in a Democratic primary where so much of the attention, even beyond policy specifics, is going to finding the candidate who can beat President Donald Trump, that unpopularity is drawing concerns about whether a politically risky issue like this one should be discussed at all. Modern felony disenfranchisement laws have some roots in Jim Crow Felony disenfranchisement laws slotted into the push after the Civil War, particularly in the South, to limit civil rights gains following the end of slavery and ratification of constitutional amendments — the 13th, 14th, and 15th — protecting minority rights. The resistance to civil rights gains also included the Jim Crow laws behind legally enforced racial segregation and other limits on black voting power. It’s been a decades-long project for civil rights activists to undo all of these laws. After the civil right movement, Democrats have taken up the banner to protect minority voting rights. Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was fairly bipartisan, but since then Republicans in particular have moved to curtail access to the polls through voter ID laws, cuts to early voting, and purges of the voter rolls. Democrats have fought back against Republicans on these issues, but the Democratic efforts haven’t included much advocacy on prisoner disenfranchisement laws. Preventing people with criminal records from voting in the US goes back to the colonial era and the concept of “civil death” — the notion that some bad actions effectively left a person dead in terms of civic engagement. But there’s also a uniquely American and racist twist to this story, rooted in Jim Crow. After the South lost the Civil War, state lawmakers in Florida, for example, enacted laws — the Black Codes — to constrain black rights. They created crimes, such as disobedience and “disrespect to the employer,” that could be enforced in a way that would target and criminalize black people in particular, according to a 2016 report by the Brennan Center for Justice, an advocacy group. Then, when Florida was forced to write voting rights protections for men of all races into its state constitution, lawmakers added an exception that would exempt victims of the Black Codes: Article XIV, Section 2, imposed a lifetime voting ban for people with felony convictions. Section 4 of this same suffrage article directed the legislature to “enact the necessary laws to exclude from ... the right of suffrage, all persons convicted of bribery, perjury, larceny, or of infamous crime” — the same crimes the legislature had recently recognized and expanded through the Black Code. Brennan went on: “Shortly after the 1868 constitution was approved, a moderate Republican leader boasted that he had kept Florida from becoming ‘niggerized.’” Since then, Florida has changed its constitution and laws, Brennan noted, and the felony disenfranchisement law was reformed again after the report, in the 2018 elections. But the roots of its post–Civil War disenfranchisement laws linger. Florida was not alone. Journalists and historians have documented similar efforts in Virginia and other Southern states. And of course, the federal government had to enact the (now-weakened) Voting Rights Act of 1965 to shield black voters from state-level discrimination, as well as other civil rights laws to prohibit other forms of systemic racism. But the criminal justice system remains one path toward disenfranchising voters, with a criminal or felony record often costing people various legal rights and protections even after they get out of jail or prison. And this system is rife with racial disparities, as the Washington Post’s Radley Balko explained in his thorough breakdown of the research. “We use our criminal justice system to label people of color ‘criminals’ and then engage in all the practices we supposedly left behind,” Michelle Alexander argued in her influential (and at times criticized) book The New Jim Crow. “Today it is perfectly legal to discriminate against criminals in nearly all the ways that it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans.” Still, felony disenfranchisement laws have survived legal challenges. Courts, including the US Supreme Court, have generally upheld such voting restrictions under the US Constitution’s 14th Amendment, which suggests that the government may abridge the right to vote due to “participation in rebellion, or other crime.” Without the courts, the only real hope for these efforts is to turn influential politicians and public opinion around on the issue — which is what Sanders seems to be trying to do and what some activists are encouraging. This might have to trickle down to the state level too, because there’s some scholarly debate about whether Congress even has the power to end felony disenfranchisement at the federal level. Where Democrats stand on felony disenfranchisement With the debate about voting from prison, Democrats now have a chance to expand the broader debate about voting rights. But, besides Sanders, most other candidates haven’t committed to full voting rights for people in prison. Sanders has been very explicit in his case: He argues that voting is a right that should never be taken away from anyone in a democracy. And that means people, no matter how terrible they prove to be, should keep their right to vote. “Even if Trump’s former campaign manager and personal lawyer end up in jail, they should still be able to vote — regardless of who they cast their vote for,” he wrote in USA Today. He later added, “In my view, the crooks on Wall Street who caused the great recession of 2008 that hurt millions of Americans are not ‘good’ people. But they have the right to vote, and it should never be taken away.” Some journalists, pundits, and activists have sided with Sanders. Writing in New York magazine, Zak Cheney-Rice argued that people aren’t imprisoned just because of bad decisions or mistakes, but also due to systemic factors that led them on a wrong path. Denying these people the right to vote robs them of the opportunity to express how society has failed them, how society continues to fail them through torturous and unconstitutional prison environments, and how society should and can be corrected, he argued. “A society that expels from its conception of humanity so many people who are sick, or in pain, or who make mistakes based upon which their entire lives are suddenly deprived of the opportunity for redemption, is an immoral society,” Cheney-Rice wrote. “But most Americans will not see that unless prisoners have a voice in that society. Giving them the vote is not the whole answer, nor is it the only one. But it is an essential beginning.” He pointed out that, beyond Maine and Vermont, several countries let people vote from prison to varying degrees, including France, Israel, Japan, and Sweden. But so far, other Democratic candidates have mostly distanced themselves, to varying degrees, from Sanders’s proposal. South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg spoke in stark terms, arguing, “I do believe that when you are out, when you have served your sentence, then part of being restored to society is that you are part of the political life of this nation again — and one of the things that needs to be restored is your right to vote.” He added, “But part of the punishment when you’re convicted of a crime and you’re incarcerated is you lose certain rights, you lose your freedom. And I think during that period it does not make sense to have an exception for the right to vote.” Former Rep. Beto O’Rourke (D-TX), meanwhile, suggested that maybe there should be an exception for nonviolent offenders: “I would think especially for nonviolent offenders that we rethink removing the right to vote and allow everyone, or as many as possible, to participate in our democracy. For violent criminals, it’s much harder for me to reach that conclusion.” Other candidates suggested they’re undecided. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), for example, said, “Once someone pays their debt to society, they’re out there expected to pay taxes, they’re expected to abide by the law, they’re expected to support themselves and their families. I think that means they’ve got a right to vote. While they’re still incarcerated, I think it’s a different question. And I think that’s something that we could have more conversation about.” Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA) similarly said, “I think we should have that conversation.” It’s a philosophical question: Can someone at some point do something so terrible that he loses his right to vote? For Sanders, the answer is no. For others, the answer is yes, though just how terrible the act has to be before that right is lost, and how long the right is lost for, varies from candidate to candidate. Sanders’s stance is very unpopular One reason Sanders’s Democratic opponents may be reluctant to support his idea: politics. The idea of letting people in prison vote is very unpopular. A recent poll from the Hill and Harris X found that 69 percent of registered voters — and 61 percent of Democrats — said people who are incarcerated for a felony shouldn’t be allowed to vote. Another poll by YouGov found that 65 percent of Americans disagree with Sanders’s statement that all prisoners, including “terrible people” like the Boston Marathon bomber, should be allowed to vote. There is support for letting people vote after they complete their sentences. YouGov found that 65 percent of Americans agree that people convicted of a nonviolent felony should be allowed to vote after they have completed their sentences. And in Florida, voters approved an initiative, with nearly 65 percent in favor, letting people convicted of felonies vote once they’ve completed their sentences, with exceptions for those convicted of murder or felony sex offenses. But with the poll numbers on prisoners’ voting rights, it’s not hard to guess why a bunch of Democratic candidates might be cautious about supporting the idea. This has come up with some other issues in the Democratic primaries, like reparations. While some Democrats may truly believe that reparations are good policy, they’re still widely viewed as politically toxic. Sanders himself previously took this approach when asked about reparations, calling the idea “very divisive” in 2016. But in other instances, and seemingly with prisoner voting rights, Sanders has stuck his neck out in support of political causes. He is, after all, a self-described socialist willing to take on the establishment. His entire 2016 campaign against Hillary Clinton was widely considered a long shot, but he launched it anyway largely to move the party to the left on issues like college and health care. To Sanders’s credit, this worked. Today, Democrats are tripping over themselves in voicing their support for Medicare-for-all or at least some sort of expansion of public health insurance. It’s hard to see that happening, or the broader conversation about single-payer health care in general, without Sanders putting the issue at the front of his 2016 bid for the White House. For activists, this is what they want to see. As the ACLU explained, “If we can raise the volume on key issues like criminal justice reform, immigration, voting rights and reproductive freedom with presidential candidates before the 2020 primaries, we can make sure civil rights and civil liberties are front and center.” For many Democrats, though, this isn’t the time for stands purely based on principle. An overwhelming focus of the 2020 Democratic primaries is to find a candidate who can beat Trump. The notion of “electability” is one of the reasons that former Vice President Joe Biden is leading in the polls. So taking up a cause that is very unpopular and could help Democrats lose the 2020 election is a nonstarter for many, even those who may in theory support giving people in prison the right to vote nationwide. There may be some political incentives for Democrats to embrace Sanders’s views on prisoner voting rights, though. The research indicates that letting people convicted of felonies vote could disproportionately benefit Democrats. That’s made Republicans more resistant to the idea — Trump and Vice President Mike Pence criticized Sanders’s comments — but it could make Democrats more receptive, too. But, at least for now, most of the public, Democrats, and the presidential candidates are not on board. 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Here’s how the Democratic candidates plan to tackle it. Show More Family issues 6 We asked all the 2020 Democrats how they’d fix child care. Here’s what they said. Kamala Harris’s new paid family leave plan is the most generous yet Elizabeth Warren’s universal child care plan, explained Kamala Harris’s plan to close the gender wage gap, explained Kirsten Gillibrand is making paid family leave a defining issue in her 2020 run Kirsten Gillibrand’s new policy platform is about making parenting affordable Foreign policy 8 The 2020 Democrats’ foreign policy divide Democrats want to challenge Trump’s foreign policy in 2020. They’re still working out how. Democrats are increasingly critical of Israel. Not Pete Buttigieg. Bernie Sanders’s political revolution on foreign policy, explained John Delaney has a serious foreign policy plan Why Kirsten Gillibrand’s foreign policy plan is one of the strongest yet Why Joe Biden’s foreign policy experience is both a weakness and a strength in 2020 Joe Biden wants to restore the pre-Trump world order Guns 6 Here’s where every 2020 candidate stands on guns Joe Biden’s gun plan calls for universal background checks and an assault weapons ban Elizabeth Warren has a new plan to reduce gun violence by 80 percent Bernie Sanders’s record on gun control, explained Pete Buttigieg’s plan to combat domestic terrorists and pass gun control laws, explained Cory Booker’s ambitious new gun control plan, explained Abortion 4 Here’s where all the 2020 Democratic candidates stand on abortion rights Elizabeth Warren just announced her abortion platform. It’s aggressive. 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I have recently heard many debates on this and some people ask " why dont people in prison vote" and my opinion on that is that they should be allowed everyone has the right to vote even with their bad actions. I dont think its right that some states allow and dont allow prisoners to vote, whether or not they commited a crime or it wasnt as severe.
African-American acknowledges that. Any term that emphasizes the color and not theheritage separates us from our heritage
This entire article is very interesting. I think that I stand in the middle. I feel that people should be able to capitalize the 'B' in black if they want to. It's so hard to enforce grammar rules on to people, especially considering the fact that not everyone will agree to this rule. People will want to know if every race should now be capitalized. I see the world "black" being capitalized now more than ever and it may just be due to the climate that we are living in.
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Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
Molenaars et al., describe a protocol to extract and quantify a wide range of polar and apolar metabolites from the same C. elegans sample using methanol-chloroform based phase separation. The authors assess the method across different input amounts, in comparison to a 1-phase extraction method and through metabolic perturbations using RNAi against several metabolic enzymes. Finally, they provide a metabolomics analysis of metabolite variation across several C. elegans strains. The data are of overall high quality and presented in a clearly written manuscript.
We really appreciate the positive words from the reviewer.
To help assessing the value of the method to other approaches, several controls are suggested below:
1.Fig.1: Metabolite abundance in the polar phase should be compared to 1-phase extraction methods (analogous to Fig. 2I, which compares metabolites in the apolar phase to 1-phase extraction)
We acknowledge the apparent asymmetry in the text; comparing our two-phase method to a single phase lipidomics method indeed suggests a similar comparison for metabolomics. However, our established polar metabolomics method has always been based on this exact two-phase extraction. The current method exclusively asks whether it is possible to integrate our dedicated lipidomics platform into our established two-phase polar metabolomics method, by utilizing the apolar phase that is usually discarded. This way, the method enables comprehensive metabolomics/lipidomics screening while limiting the need of culturing twice the amount of material.
Our manuscript does not necessarily ask the more fundamental question of the advantages of a one-phase vs two-phase extraction for polar metabolites. Interestingly, the one-phase vs two-phase metabolomics methods have been compared previously and the authors show here that the two-phase method achieved broader metabolite coverage, satisfactory extraction reproducibility, acceptable recovery and safety (DOI: 10.1038/srep38885). This is most probably due to the cHILIC column being sensitive for contamination and therefore excluding lipids from your samples is beneficial for measuring polar metabolites. We hence believe that developing a single phase polar method would appear superfluous for the purpose of this study.
2.Are polar metabolites also detected in the apolar phase? Can the less hydrophobic lipids missing from the apolar phase detected in the polar phase?
This is an interesting question that mostly relates to the lyso-lipids that are not detected in the lipid phase of our two-phase extraction. The first point to make is that sample solvents that are used at the final stage of extraction are not compatible between methods. In other words, the solvent we normally use for the lipids phase (xxx) cannot be injected on the cHILIC column. So, in a practical sense, we would not be able to measure these compounds, even if they would technically be dissolved in the other layer. However, we tried a few different alternative approaches to get more information on this point:
We have attempted to integrate the lyso-lipids in the cHILIC measurements, in the polar layer, using the polar sample solvents. This was unsuccessful; no reproducible peaks, not even the internal standards, were measured. We will include a note on these results in our manuscript. We have, albeit for a different sample matrix, attempted to dissolve both layers of the two-phase extraction in the cHILIC sample solvents. While we cannot guarantee this for all metabolites, it appears that most polar metabolites are exclusively found in the polar layer. We were not able to integrate even a single peak from any of the sugar, amino acids, nucleotides, etc in the apolar layer dissolved in polar solvents. We have reconstituted both the polar and apolar layer of our two-phase extraction in 50:50 methanol:chloroform and analyzed them on the lipidomics platform. We did find some of the lipid internal standards partition to the polar phase, especially LPG (and to a lesser extent LPE and LPA) compared to for instance PE, SM, PG and PC that all end up in the apolar phase. We will include these data in the revised manuscript as a supplemental figure as it demonstrates that the lyso-lipids are poorly measured in the two-phase extraction. This is also why in the text we advise to use the dedicated one-phase extraction when interested primarily in these species.
3.Fig.3l-n: The authors claim that extracting metabolites from the polar and apolar phases of the same sample leads to better cross-correlation than if metabolites are extracted from different samples using methods optimized for the respective metabolite classes. To provide experimental evidence, metabolite abundance should be compared directly when metabolites are extracted from the same or from different samples using suitable methods.
We agree with this point. We will amend the text to not overstate these advantages.
Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):
The methodological and conceptual advancement of the present study is rather incremental. The authors essentially use the classical chloroform/methanol/water phase separation protocols developed by Bligh & Dyer and Folch, which have been used extensively for lipid extraction for many decades now. However, the effort to carefully measure the metabolites contained in the aqueous phase is laudable. For method validation, the authors use well-understood perturbations that yield predictable results. Overall, I consider the study more appropriate for a publication as a methods protocol, which could be of interest to the metabolomics community, rather than as a research paper.
We agree; our goal was indeed to create and share a method, we will make sure to emphasize this in our cover letter.
While the extraction method we use is not novel per se and based on classical extraction procedures, it is important to underscore that we are only now able to use these extractions in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry. This opens new opportunities for basic discovery. The efficiency we achieve by using both phases of the two-phase procedure makes our method highly attractive for hypothesis generation, especially in sample sets where limited amounts of material are available.
Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
The authors provide a detailed description of a method to analyse both polar as well as lipophilic metabolites from the same nematode sample. This provides significant advantages over methods using individual samples. Moreover and by using internal standards they establish an extremely good correlation of individual metabolites. This paper is of immediate importance for the worms community and beyond.
We are very grateful to receive this positive response from the reviewer and for highlighting the advantages of our described method also beyond the worm community.
**Major comments:**
none **Minor comments:**
The correction process using internal standards could be described a bit more detailed.
In our revised manuscript, we will describe the internal standard use and corrections in more detail in the text. In summary: internal standards are selected for specific metabolites based on their Pearson correlation and %CV. Subsequently, metabolite peak areas were divided by the area of the appropriate internal standard. This corrects for any loss of sample during sample prep, for instance during the isolation of the two layers.
Jenni Watts has written a nice Worm Book chapter on lipids which may be cited in addition to reference 17, since it covers many of the metabolites and related enzymes contained in this manuscript
We will include a reference to this Worm book chapter reviewing fat regulation in C. elegans in our paper, thank you for the suggestion.
Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):
see above
Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
The manuscript is well written and consider. However, there is room for further improvements:
We thank the reviewer for the positive response and for the suggestions raised.
1) Author need to write exactly how many metabolites not just >, semi-quantitative analysis of >100 polar (metabolomics) and >1000 apolar (lipidomics) metabolites in C. elegans, for example they did with other papers in Table 1
We understand that this might appear vague. The notation was a compromise, based on the following considerations:
2) Authors also need to clarify on number of samples in the result section while describing the statistical analysis.
We understand this point raised by the reviewer and will specify not only the number of samples, but also that they are indeed biological replicates. This will be included in the figure legends.
Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):
This might be interesting paper for the research community who work with C.elegans (metabolism or in general)
Thank you, we are in fact utilizing this double extraction for other non-worm samples such as mice an human tissues and we believe this could also benefit the research community beyond the model organism C. elegans.
The authors must deposit the raw data and make it available for the public, so they could also benefit from this good work.
It is our full intention to share our data in a convenient and standardized way through for instance the MetaboLights database (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/). We agree and changes will be implemented as suggested.
Reviewer #4 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
**Summary:** The authors present a method for extraction of both lipid and polar metabolites from the model organism C. elegans. This extraction method is based on the well-established Blyth and Dyer method, with a slight modification to retain and utilize both the organic and non-polar fractions for LCMS analysis. They applied and tested this method against a monophasic extraction utilizing the same solvent system. They report that there is a loss of metabolites in the non-polar fraction to the polar fraction (of more polar metabolites) and small differences between the monophasic and biphasic extractions. They also expanded on the linearity of the extraction efficiency by increasing the number of worms. Further they applied the single extraction method to both knockdown mutants of C. elegans and Recombinant Inbred Lines derived from N2 and the natural isolate CB4856 to determine whether this method would still be able to differentiate the metabolome between the genetically different C. elegans populations.
We thank the reviewer for their comments and suggestions.
**Major comments:**
*Are the key conclusions convincing?*
As a whole the conclusions are convincing and valid.
We appreciate that the reviewer considers our work convincing and valid.
*Should the authors qualify some of their claims as preliminary or speculative, or remove them altogether?*
The use of the adjective "robust" is, to an extent, erroneous. As defined, a robust method implies that the method is capable of withstanding small (deliberate or not) changes or variations. In this case the robustness of the method was not assessed and not clear how replication was carried out.
We have in fact performed analysis on both biological replicates and repeated injections of pooled samples to determine robustness. We will clarify the biological replicates in the text and will place the pooled QC samples in the main text with additional explanation and relevant statistics such as % coefficient of variance (%CV) between them. For clarity, we plotted %CV of all polar as well as apolar metabolites. For polar metabolites 97% of the metabolites had a %CV lower than 30. For apolar metabolites 86% of the metabolites had a %CV lower than 30.
*Would additional experiments be essential to support the claims of the paper? Request additional experiments only where necessary for the paper as it is, and do not ask authors to open new lines of experimentation.*
Reproducibility would need to be assessed/quantified to establish how robust the method is. Even though linearity with an increase in the number of worms is a good indication, it does not satisfactorily establish the robustness of the method. The use of replicates to assess the agreement between measurements (i.e. bland-Altman plots), linearity as well as coefficients of variation (included in the sup material but not clear in the body of the manuscript) would characterize the methods best. The isolation of each variance originating from instrumental (pooled quality controls), biological (biological replication) and sample preparation (multiple extractions from the same biological source) is critical.
We have these data and will elaborate on this in our revised manuscript. We will discuss the quality control samples more prominently in the main body of the manuscript, and show one or more figures that specifically address both analytical and biological variance (see rebuttal figure 2). In summary, we assessed this variance using (a) a repeated injection of a pooled QC sample, and (b) biological replicates prepared individually. Especially the latter condition, in which we assess biological variance is representative for the actual method application. The %CV under these conditions is ≤20% for the majority of metabolites, which is why we consider our method robust.
*Are the suggested experiments realistic in terms of time and resources? It would help if you could add an estimated cost and time investment for substantial experiments.*
The suggested experiments are in-fact just further analysis with the already collected data. There would be no need for further experiments, however it is not clear whether pooled QCs/or reference materials were used and the number of replicates per experimental design.
All the data are available. These analyses will be included in the revision.
*Are the data and the methods presented in such a way that they can be reproduced?*
The methods are very well described. My only comment is to address how the replicates were grown/created and how many per strain/group. If the replicate measurements were done on the same samples (repeated injections), I believe that would weaken the findings (if not invalidate them altogether), however if these were biological replicates from independent starting populations the findings are valid and convincing.
We performed bona fide biological replicates. We will explicitly mention this in the paper together with the other descriptions of our validation protocols.
*Are the experiments adequately replicated and statistical analysis adequate?*
As per my above comments.
**Minor comments:**
*Specific experimental issues that are easily addressable.*
It is not clear how the sample preparation process was carried out (randomization, run order, QCs etc). As per the guidelines widely accepted from –Broadhurst, D., Goodacre, R., Reinke, S.N. et al. Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies. Metabolomics 14, 72 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-018-1367-3.
We will provide details on the analysis itself in a table. In summary: Samples were measured in a random order, with blanks and QC samples throughout the run.
*Are prior studies referenced appropriately?*
A major reference that has applied this extraction method before in the same model organism is missing:
Castro, C., Sar, F., Shaw, W.R. et al. A metabolomic strategy defines the regulation of lipid content and global metabolism by Δ9 desaturases in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics 13, 36 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-36
We will include this paper in our references. We would like to note though that this method requires not just an LC system to analyze lipids, but also GC with additional derivatization steps. Our method achieves comprehensive lipidomics using a single technique and no additional derivatization.
Further a recent publication that goes beyond the work described by the authors using similar approach: MPLEx: a Robust and Universal Protocol for Single-Sample Integrative Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses. Ernesto S. Nakayasu, Carrie D. Nicora, Amy C. Sims, Kristin E. Burnum-Johnson, Young-Mo Kim, Jennifer E. Kyle, Melissa M. Matzke, Anil K. Shukla, Rosalie K. Chu, Athena A. Schepmoes, Jon M. Jacobs, Ralph S. Baric, Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson, Richard D. Smith, Thomas O. Metz mSystems May 2016, 1 (3) e00043-16; DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00043-16
We will also include this paper, reporting 51 polar metabolites and 84 lipid species, in our references. While we recognize that they also make use of both phases and the protein pellet, we think our method is much more practical in several key ways:
Our metabolomics platform provides twice as many species and our lipids platform exceeds their analytical capabilities 10 fold. This means a far better coverage of differences within metabolite and lipid classes, allowing for far more intricate patterns to be detected. We show this for instance in our plots comparing carbon chain length to degree of saturation (Fig 4 and S2 in original manuscript); a comparison that is only possible with the data density that our method offers. The MPLEx metabolomics method also requires the use of a GC system and derivatization steps, while our method does not, making it much more user friendly and requiring only a single analytical system.
*Are the text and figures clear and accurate?*
Yes *Do you have suggestions that would help the authors improve the presentation of their data and conclusions? *
The figures, overall are of exceptional quality.
As per current scientific consensus, Box plots should also be overlaid with the actual datapoints (which was aptly done for the bar charts and other plots).
The supplementary data even though comprehensive is hard to understand. A "readme" file detailing what data each file contains would improve readability and comply with FAIR principles.
We agree that a readme file would make the supplemental data more understandable. We will provide such a file. For the box plots we will show the actual data points in our revised manuscript.
Reviewer #4 (Significance (Required)):
Even though the approach is not novel and has long been used in Natural Products Chemistry and in other organisms, it's highly significant to set an extraction method standard for the field of C. elegans metabolomics (including myself doing metabolomics and natural products chemistry with LCMS and NMR). However, this manuscript does not cover the technical aspects of the method with sufficient depth to hallmark this method as the standard for the field. Further information is needed to fill the missing gaps (as highlighted by the authors). Ratios between solvent and biological material amounts, reproducibility, recovery rates (even though buried in the supplementary files) and metabolite coverage are still missing.
As a side note, the disparity between the monophasic and biphasic extractions could be overcome by a sequential extraction of the same sample, with no incurred cost on performance (and removing the much-dreaded pipetting uncertainty near the line between solvents). The second aspect of the manuscript, which initially was a welcoming idea (and important), became >50% of the manuscript creating a disconnect between the information set by the abstract and introduction and the results/conclusion. The work is extremely relevant in both sections of the manuscript, but the technical aspect is still lacking details and/or analysis.
Strongly suggested: explicit compliance with the minimum reporting standards as per the Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI) and deposition of the data to a metabolomics repository (i.e. Metabolights or Metabolomics Workbench). These are internationally accepted requirements for metabolomics publications.
We are aware that the extraction itself is an analytical chemistry staple. However, it is precisely in this fact that we find novelty. It should be noted that both of the other papers mentioned by the reviewers that have attempted to integrate lipidomics and metabolomics have had to resort to labor intensive (as well as possibly expensive and destructive) derivatization steps and a separate analysis on GC. Our method does not have these requirements. It is indeed a single and very common extraction, after which each dried phase is reconstituted and immediately injected. But this simplicity is not a concession, as our metabolome coverage is easily more comprehensive than the other mentioned methods. We therefore feel that this simplicity should not discount our currently presented method, but be considered an additional advantage.
Sequential extractions may be an option to consider. However, we feel like they are less user friendly and unneeded. Because we use internal standards, it is never an issue to pipet slightly more or less of any particular sample; making it easy to avoid the line between solvents.
We will explicitly clarify where we already comply with the standards (such as the analysis of biological replicates and repeated injection of a QC sample) and are confident we can add figures and further information such as deposition of our data to comply with the rest.
REFEREES CROSS-COMMENTING
Completely agree with reviewer #1 comments, they are on point and I completely missed it. Relevant and should be addressed.
Reviewers #2 points out work worth acknowledging, the internal standard work was quite thorough and well designed.
Reviewer #3 and my comments overlap nicely, the need for further description of samples/replication and deposition of data in a metabolomics repository.
Further work is required to make this a good publication and standard for the field, without this extra work addressing the reviewers comments I feel this work could be to certain degree misleading and/or incomplete putting in cause its publication potential.
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Summary:
The authors present a method for extraction of both lipid and polar metabolites from the model organism C. elegans. This extraction method is based on the well-established Blyth and Dyer method, with a slight modification to retain and utilize both the organic and non-polar fractions for LCMS analysis. They applied and tested this method against a monophasic extraction utilizing the same solvent system. They report that there is a loss of metabolites in the non-polar fraction to the polar fraction (of more polar metabolites) and small differences between the monophasic and biphasic extractions. They also expanded on the linearity of the extraction efficiency by increasing the number of worms. Further they applied the single extraction method to both knockdown mutants of C. elegans and Recombinant Inbred Lines derived from N2 and the natural isolate CB4856 to determine whether this method would still be able to differentiate the metabolome between the genetically different C. elegans populations.
Major comments:
Are the key conclusions convincing?
As a whole the conclusions are convincing and valid.
Should the authors qualify some of their claims as preliminary or speculative, or remove them altogether?
The use of the adjective "robust" is, to an extent, erroneous. As defined, a robust method implies that the method is capable of withstanding small (deliberate or not) changes or variations. In this case the robustness of the method was not assessed and not clear how replication was carried out.
Would additional experiments be essential to support the claims of the paper? Request additional experiments only where necessary for the paper as it is, and do not ask authors to open new lines of experimentation.
Reproducibility would need to be assessed/quantified to establish how robust the method is. Even though linearity with an increase in the number of worms is a good indication, it does not satisfactorily establish the robustness of the method. The use of replicates to assess the agreement between measurements (i.e. bland-Altman plots), linearity as well as coefficients of variation (included in the sup material but not clear in the body of the manuscript) would characterize the methods best. The isolation of each variance originating from instrumental (pooled quality controls), biological (biological replication) and sample preparation (multiple extractions from the same biological source) is critical.
Are the suggested experiments realistic in terms of time and resources? It would help if you could add an estimated cost and time investment for substantial experiments.
The suggested experiments are in-fact just further analysis with the already collected data. There would be no need for further experiments, however it is not clear whether pooled QCs/or reference materials were used and the number of replicates per experimental design.
Are the data and the methods presented in such a way that they can be reproduced?
The methods are very well described. My only comment is to address how the replicates were grown/created and how many per strain/group. If the replicate measurements were done on the same samples (repeated injections), I believe that would weaken the findings (if not invalidate them altogether), however if these were biological replicates from independent starting populations the findings are valid and convincing.
Are the experiments adequately replicated and statistical analysis adequate?
As per my above comments.
Minor comments:
Specific experimental issues that are easily addressable.
It is not clear how the sample preparation process was carried out (randomization, run order, QCs etc). As per the guidelines widely accepted from -
Broadhurst, D., Goodacre, R., Reinke, S.N. et al. Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies. Metabolomics 14, 72 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-018-1367-3.
Are prior studies referenced appropriately?
A major reference that has applied this extraction method before in the same model organism is missing:
Castro, C., Sar, F., Shaw, W.R. et al. A metabolomic strategy defines the regulation of lipid content and global metabolism by Δ9 desaturases in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics 13, 36 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-36
Further a recent publication that goes beyond the work described by the authors using similar approach:
MPLEx: a Robust and Universal Protocol for Single-Sample Integrative Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses Ernesto S. Nakayasu, Carrie D. Nicora, Amy C. Sims, Kristin E. Burnum-Johnson, Young-Mo Kim, Jennifer E. Kyle, Melissa M. Matzke, Anil K. Shukla, Rosalie K. Chu, Athena A. Schepmoes, Jon M. Jacobs, Ralph S. Baric, Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson, Richard D. Smith, Thomas O. Metz mSystems May 2016, 1 (3) e00043-16; DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00043-16
Are the text and figures clear and accurate?
Yes
Do you have suggestions that would help the authors improve the presentation of their data and conclusions?
The figures, overall are of exceptional quality. As per current scientific consensus, Box plots should also be overlaid with the actual datapoints (which was aptly done for the bar charts and other plots). The supplementary data even though comprehensive is hard to understand. A "readme" file detailing what data each file contains would improve readability and comply with FAIR principles.
Even though the approach is not novel and has long been used in Natural Products Chemistry and in other organisms, it's highly significant to set an extraction method standard for the field of C. elegans metabolomics (including myself doing metabolomics and natural products chemistry with LCMS and NMR). However, this manuscript does not cover the technical aspects of the method with sufficient depth to hallmark this method as the standard for the field. Further information is needed to fill the missing gaps (as highlighted by the authors). Ratios between solvent and biological material amounts, reproducibility, recovery rates (even though buried in the supplementary files) and metabolite coverage are still missing.
As a side note, the disparity between the monophasic and biphasic extractions could be overcome by a sequential extraction of the same sample, with no incurred cost on performance (and removing the much-dreaded pipetting uncertainty near the line between solvents).
The second aspect of the manuscript, which initially was a welcoming idea (and important), became >50% of the manuscript creating a disconnect between the information set by the abstract and introduction and the results/conclusion. The work is extremely relevant in both sections of the manuscript, but the technical aspect is still lacking details and/or analysis.
Strongly suggested: explicit compliance with the minimum reporting standards as per the Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI) and deposition of the data to a metabolomics repository (i.e. Metabolights or Metabolomics Workbench). These are internationally accepted requirements for metabolomics publications.
REFEREES CROSS-COMMENTING
Completely agree with reviewer #1 comments, they are on point and I completely missed it. Relevant and should be addressed.
Reviewers #2 points out work worth acknowledging, the internal standard work was quite thorough and well designed.
Reviewer #3 and my comments overlap nicely, the need for further description of samples/replication and deposition of data in a metabolomics repository.
Further work is required to make this a good publication and standard for the field, without this extra work addressing the reviewers comments I feel this work could be to certain degree misleading and/or incomplete putting in cause its publication potential.
The Court took judicial notice that the likelihood of such an out-come by random selection was six in one million, but specifically said thatits decision did not depend on the probability analysis."7
I don't get this. It makes the discrimination very clear and is a good quantitative source of analysis, but it's just discarded.
video game
Ah! You said my trigger word Heartney. I THINK what you're saying is, because no actual human carnage was shown but instead flat targeting systems, it was easier for people to dissociate themselves from the real carnage that's happening? That's messed up... I've noticed it's a problem for social media and online gaming as well. It's too easy to forget that the person on the other side of the screen has thoughts and emotions just like you.
WebAssembly is pretty great, but should web applications just be rendered to a canvas, and every application brings its own graphics toolkit? Do we really want anti-aliasing differences between web applications? Applications-in-containers is a thing - look at Qubes - but it’s not really something that users should want.
Flutter seems intent on turning applications into mini-VNC sessions into webassembly, with CanvasKit work proceeding full steam ahead. can you please for the love of god NOT, Flutter? abomination.
the web is more than a means to pump pixels at people's faces; it is a system of structured information, that users, their navigators, & extensions have rights & capabilities to traverse.
It would be tiresome - and bloated - to include a class pass-through for every component or assigning custom properties (from the RFC linked) for all potential properties on every component, just in case it's gonna be used in layouts that requires it. Wrapping them in a wrapper div is certainly an option, but potentially creates 100s or 1000s (long lists, several lists etc.) of new elements in the DOM slowing down low-end devices.
About half of the inked-up population has between two and five, and 18 percent have six or more
why is this? heard somewhere that getting one is addicting - once you start you can't stop/just want more. is it because it's so grounding? is it something about the experience?
amphetamine
fun fact: any type of amphetamine has similar effects on the brain as meth, or methamphetamine; realistically prescription amphetamines and opioids are the same as legal meth and heroin. In fact, the only difference between adderall and meth is that meth has an extra methyl group bonded to a nitrogen while adderall just has two hydrogens on it's nitrogen
So while I was not deeply hurt or offended by little comments that are made, when I was reflecting on this, I honestly thought that I was just going to pack it up and go home. It’s just another day, right?
In this quote we can see how she asks a question being ironic and making the audience of the speech be put in her shoes and think what she is thinking. She says "Its just another day right" and this ironic question makes the audience think about what she is feeling and thinking in a deeper way
And he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio,Or Cassio him, or each do kill the other,
I really wish I could just annotate this whole scene, it actually infuriates me! There is so much "back stabbing" and the whole situation is just a mess of misconceptions, and it makes the vein on my forehead pop out! First of all Roderigo is so pathetic that he can't even tell he's being duped, and then tragically fails at his attempt to kill Casio. Then Iago basically fakes that he didn't know what was happening to Cassio and saves him and kills Roderigo, it's just so tragic! Seeing this unfold from the outside makes it so suspenseful, and makes me want to scream!
much dangerous prejudice
In this section of “Novum Organum”, Francis Bacon attributes the faultiness of the natural sciences in large part to the phenomenon known today as confirmation bias. The eagerness of man to ascribe an order or regularity to nature results in misleading and sometimes categorically false understandings of the natural world. Bacon laments this oversight seen in the natural sciences and seeks to restore the integrity of the field. Accordingly, Bacon draws attention to the human tendency to fall victim to confirmation bias.
Confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon that leads people to accept bits of information and evidence that support the beliefs they already hold, while ignoring information and evidence to the contrary. This mental error is problematic as it causes people to ignore or deny issues that may disrupt their way of life, for example Republicans denying climate change. It also may result in false attributions in regard to the causality of events or phenomena. As Mark Twain famously said: “It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you in trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.” In this selection, Francis Bacon warns that this tendency causes a domino effect where more falsities arise, predicated upon that initial bit of misinformation. He asserts that instead, we should seek to disprove what we already believe to be true, and through that method we might systematically identify and root out false assumptions, discovering valuable knowledge as a result.
Kenrick, Douglas T., Adam B. Cohen, Steven L. Neuberg, and Robert B. Cialdini. “The Science of Antiscience Thinking.” Scientific American 319, no. 1 (2018): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0718-36.
National Geographic: “Nudity and sensationalism, especially in stories on barbaric foreign people.”
I don't like how they use the word 'barbaric' here. I'm sure there are people who actually think that way, but just because you don't understand another person's culture, it doesn't mean it's barbaric. I think that's also what media like National Geographic is trying to show, which makes it such a good resource for classrooms.
I agree, too, that giving privately is not enough, and that we ought to be campaigning actively for entirely new standards for both public and private con- tributions to famine relief. Indeed, I would sympathize with someone who thought that campaigning was more important than giving one- self, although I doubt whether preaching what one does not practice would be very effective. Unfortunately, for many people the idea that "it's the government's responsibility" is a reason for not giving which does not appear to entail any political action either.
I think to some extent privately is probably the best way to give aid/campaign through those means. Because depending, which country your in some governments are just not setup to sustain famine relief. The taxes would have to be shifted dramatically, military budget and Medicare. The way I look at the comment made by the author about why people do not give because they think its the "government' responsibility" is not necessarily true. For me I think the government is meant keep order and try to keep people a float, education and protect us. I would still donate to others because I know I do not trust the government to help out the very poor. Its sham politics are.. those politicians always just wanting the best for themselves. I want to believe the system truly works, but it has failed so many times for so many countries.
I would never write a paper where I outright state the purpose of it. Also, this is such a long, run-on sentence that is usually frowned upon especially when it's just one paragraph.
It is not just religion or ethnicity alone that explains each conflict but often the overlay of multiple identities with specific cultural, geographic, and political histories and grievances that may be rekindled under certain conditions.6
I agree with this point that it's never only the religion there a lot of major conflicts which are not told
Sexuality education helps people with intellectual disability to recognize inappropriatesexual advances and be able to report incidents of suspected sexual abuse, as well asteaching some of those essential skills in social etiquette and self-care [9]. Whilst beingeducated around body and self contributes to the reduction in vulnerability, it also reducesinappropriate sexual expression
This seems like it should be a mandatory education for everyone, especially those with intellectual disabilities who may have difficulty in the social aspects of sex. It's also important because it will prevent them from accidentally engaging in something that will get them in trouble with the law, or end up on the sex offender registry, when they just didn't know the social implications behind what they were doing
yet when I thought of my beloved Elizabeth, of her tears and endless sorrow, when she should find her lover so barbarously snatched from her, tears, the first I had shed for many months, streamed from my eyes,
It's interesting to me that Victor only cries when thinking of how upset Elizabeth is going to be when he's the one who's going to die. He fits the whole "man be rational and women emotional" cultural phenomenon of the time to a tee. He's stone faced going into losing battle, but Elizabeth will be just soooooooooo sad and sooooooooo sorrowful. While I'm on the topic, the characterization of Elizabeth TOTALLY fits in while the "passive wife who's in charge of the emotional side of family," to a point where Mary Shelley is a satirist. Also the use of barbarous to describe the Creature is just textbook Othering in the way that demotes the Creature to a irrational and animalistic creature.
Just as English is the private language that helps Li connect to herself, the right way of interpreting artwork is by accessing a “private language” that helps readers connect to the author. When we as readers find ourselves baffled trying to interpret a piece of writing, it is not because there is no way to interpret it, it’s just we haven’t yet found the “private language,” the decoder.
Development
every time your dad feels the need to remark on how unnatural it is. If people can’t accept this, something so blessedly simple, how will they ever accept you?
That hits home in more ways than one. Just for someone to have no idea how true the situation was to you, and then openly criticize it, from someone you're supposed to respect and trust more than anyone else? It's heartbreaking.
Community, in this sense, is not merely something that one fits into; it is also something one chooses for oneself, through a process of self-discovery.
I think this helps tremendously clear confusion over what I thought a community was. It's not just a hobby, it's a life choice. It's introspection, it's a way your body finds a way to live in some way. To be happy.
Scottish English is sometimes impossible for me to decipher if i don't try to read it out loud It's hard for ppl to grow out of specific talking habits, that's probably why ppl were still talking the same even when the Television first came out.
"Familects" I like how that sounds, and tbh in a Desi household, it's hard to just stick with the traditional English slang, Hinglish is more commonly used in my house. I feel like cliques wore out a bit, now it's just "popular" and "not-popular" Such simple change in pronunciation can change the entire meaning of a phrase, that's pretty cool ngl
"might could", "may can" & "might should" sound so awkward ngl, yikes it sounds worse in a sentence These people collect so much info, they deserve to be appreciated more Curse words will always vary, who are we kidding? I love how old words are making a comeback, especially British ones cuz it's fun to mock the British Pronunciation of words is so annoying tbh, cuz you never know which pronunciation is actually correct, like me and mum disagree over pronunciations all the time since she pronounces things the Hindi-British way while i pronounce it the Western/American/Canadian way I've seen some of those respellings before on twt, and yeah it's now mainly known just as AAVE due to Black ppl being the main group of ppl that respelt things the way that they pronounce it
Internet best way to show how ppl talk nowadays I feel called out, I was one of those ppl that used smol and but I've been a weeb since 2017 so it cant fully apply to me heheheh >_> A lot of modern day slang was created by Black ppl and other pocs as well as ppl in the south of the US. Most slang that the younger gen is using was created by Black ppl. True, it's odd when locals respond to tweets about things they're not a part of like a fandom or something along those lines. It's just like how irl it's odd if a random person, who knows nothing about the topic being discussed, butts themselves into the convo. I use y'all but I'm not American, I wonder if I messed up their data hmmm
approach climate damages as minor perturbations
I also think it's worth noting that a lot of companies prefer not to plan for things they see as rare- it's just like the article about airline companies not preparing for a global pandemic. My question is, do companies count climate change as a freak accident (like if your shop burned down) or a potentially preventable thing (your shop burned down due to the california wildfires).
None of these predictions was borne out—the juvenile population did not behave as expected in the projections.
It's important to remember that we aren't just statistics. Behind each crime and case is a real human being.
One research study showed that adolescents who did household chores felt a stronger sense of purpose. Why? The researchers believe it’s because they’re contributing to something bigger: their family. Another study found that cheering up a friend was an activity that created meaning in a young adult’s life.
here, smith is using logos through providing statistical data to support her point! giving real numbers further solidifies her argument to an audience....it shows that instead of just theories and anecdotes, smith also has cold hard facts to support her argument