Angelina was the doer, the activist, and Sarah was the thinker, the theorist.

running after trivial pursuits,

. h'. I . op 1st1ca cva.tw1

Why l /1 should we suppose that stimulating the emotions is always overstimulating them?

legitimate sphere

Why should she not be an embodiment of every thing pure, lovely, and of good rcport?

They arc instruments through which divine instruction is communicated to the people.

Tongue

At the same time, Palmer deplored "emotive, subjective pietism"12 and empha-sized rationality in guiding the seeker to conviction.

Yes, the women could speak-but only if it was obvious that the Holy Spirit was providing their words.

"I will just nakedly tell you what is in my heart."

Al the same time, the more experienced received support in their own "bands."

decisive emotional experienc

Douglass's complex rhetorical stance opened new possibilities for rhetoric in the Western cultural tradition.

to make common cause among ensla'ved black people, free but oppressed black people. and oppressed white working-class people.

By his very presence at the podium, Douglass increased the possibilities for rhetoric,

In the new middle-class colleges, composition was a required course taught by assistant professors and graduate assistants,

Alcohol constituted the "drug problem" of the age, and ii was largely a male problem, from which women suffered because it contributed to the physical abuse of women and children, diverted family finances from needed supplies, and encour-aged prostitution and other social ills.

Thus Sarah Grimke had to develop a feminist critique of the social and rhetorical limitations

until every career is open lo them

Newman takes up the question of how people give credence to any proposition that is not subject to demonstration. He concludes that we assent quite justifiably to a great variety of propositions on the strength of accumulated probabilities, propositions for which we cannot adduce ir-refutable proof or a clear logical argument.

reatise on practical psychological rhetoric

but any assertion about experience

Apparently no new theory was needed; certainly none was forthcoming.

"Polite"

!>ciencc and technology came into their own.

Industrial Revolution

The climate scientists gave the conspiracy theorists an opening by letting their advocacy color their science, which compromised the legitimacy of their enterprise and, ironically, weakened the political movement itself.

This advocacy meme is widely used in law courts and political debates, and it can work well when the question at hand is one of taste or morality

But no one had claimed that the steel had melted, only that it had gotten hot enough to weaken and collapse, which it did.

Conspiracy theorists have connected a lot of dots.

The Conspiracy Meme

Then again, I suppose you can buy something you like without knowing why you like it. 

I suppose what’s at stake in taste is your ability to know why you ought to like something?

“Who gets to do rhetoric?” 

call this” community” developed rhetoric as opposed to “self” due to the fact that those around the young person shape the mind as they grow.

taste being a self-developed form of rhetoric that changes with the passing of time.

Rhetoric is required in order to determine what is tasteful; therefore, taste is rhetorical. Their relationship is closely intertwined. 

Although it seems subjective, Hume claims that proper taste can be refined through practice and education. 

Second, Hume’s Taste could be a rhetorical act itself; one’s Taste could produce some effect from an individual, including an alteration of his or her own Taste.

practice and objectiveness.

I can’t seem to find it

 Appealing to a “common audience,” therefore, does not mean an orator must lower his/her standards of taste (Hume 839).

The rhetorics of normalcy is not restricted to size and proportion, but here are expanded to bodily sensations and, consequently, judgments.

a social aspect here as well, which is one of the ways that taste is rhetorical – it is a product of the dynamic relationship between the self and the world.

“Beauty is no quality in things themselves. It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty.”

And so in this way, taste is rhetorical in that it wrestles both within itself and between its other interpretations for a decisive standard

It seems that Hume grapples with a similar problem.

Hume’s Taste can be understood as an amalgamation of personal preference or opinion and virtuosity.

amalgamation

mean

Tyler

completely subjective

if Cicero had stopped at this point.

I proceed to what is of more real use, to point ~ ~ . out the assistance that can be given, not with re-cl,"~ spect to the invention, but with respect to the dis-• •P . , position and conduct of arguments.

Conviction affects the understanding only; persuasion, the will and the practice. It is the businci.s of the philosopher to convince me of truth; it is the business of the orator to persuade me to act agreeably to it, by engaging my affections on its side. Conviction and persuasion do not always go together. They ought, indeed, to go together; and 111011/d do so, if our inclination regularly followed the dictates of our understanding.

Every object which makes any impression on the human mind, is constantly accompanied with certain circumstances and relations, that strike us at the same time. It never presents itself to our view, isole, as the French express it; that is, inde-pendent of, and separ.ited from

Time overthrows the illusions of opinion, but es-.k~6' •r tablishes the decisions of nature

When these sentiments are perverted by ignorance or prejudice, they are ca-pable of being rectified by reason

the majority

Must we collect the voices of others, before we fonn any judgment for our-selves, of what deserves applause in eloquence or poetry?

Laplander

Hottentot

o close is the connex-ion between thoughts, and the words in which they arc clothed.

Rhetoric serves to add the polish; and we know that none but firm and solid bodies can be polished well.

preserve classical goals amid changing social conditions and new developments

Another remark on this article that deserves our notice is, that the less improved in knowl-edge and discernment the hearers are, the easier it is for the speaker to work upon their passions, and by working on their passions, to obtain his end.

Part V. Connexion of Place

These two qualities, therefore, PROBABILITY and PLAUSIBILITY

Here again there is commonly scope for argu-menl. 22 Probability results from evidence, and begets belief. Belief invigorates our ideas. Belief raised to the highest becomes certainty. Certainty flows either from the force of the evidence, real or apparent, that is produced: or without any evi-dence produced by the speaker, from the previ-ous notoriety of the fact.

On the contrary, they arc by nature, as will perhaps appear afterwards, more friendly to truth than to falsehood, and more easily retained in the cause of virtue, than in that of vice.

Our eyes and hands and feet will give us the ~~'.r , same assistance in doing mischief as in doing ~. good; but it would not therefore be better for the "'""- world that all mankind were blind and lame

they arc her handmaids •

spent at a Book than al a Look-ing Glass

This may be due lo the weakness of our nature, which prompts us to take an inordi-nate delight in ourselves and in our own pursuits.

Again I say, this is harmful,\ since the invention of arguments is by nature prior 10 the judgment of their validity,

Since imagination has always been esteemed a most favorable omen of future development, it should in no way be dulled.

There is a danger that in-struction in advanced philosophical criticism may lead to an abnonnal growth of abstract intel-lectualism, and render young people unfit for the practice of eloquence.

cleanse

Such are the "instruments" employed by our modem sciences; let us now turn to the comple-menlary aids employed in the various sectors of our culture

As for the aim, it should circulate, like a blood-stream, through the entire body of the learning process.

navoidable inconveniences or our own

ours or the Ancients'

knew.much stiJI unknown to us

how we may remedy

esuit

He also urges greater use of pathetic appeals and of histrionic gestur

1ginable, and fonnsthe pre­f the heroes. ''Whalisthis,") toJOSABl:,, fi nding her inHAN, the priest of BAAL, ifDAVID speak tothis trai­d, lest the earth shouldopen tdevour you both? Or lest uldfall and crushyou to­purpose? Why comesthe to poison theair, which we Tid presence'!"Suchsenti­.vith great applause on the , atLONDON the .spectators :h pleased lo hearAcmLLES 11 he was a clog inhis fore­is heart, or Jurrnm threaten lrubbing, ifshewill notbe lesarc also a blemish inany •hen they rise up to supcrsti­emsclves into every senli.e from any connection withsc for the poet, that the cus­had burthened life with somnies and observances, thatmpl from that yoke. It mustIS in PETRARCH to compareto JESUS Cl!RlST. Nor is it!l agreeable libertine, Boe­y to give thanks to Goo1die.s, for their assistance in,t hii; enemie.s.Mary Astel

Giambattista Vico

:J one more deeply than all . cl • • ~ m mo erauon. :f. , The lady of Andros 511-59] t rience to see an individual " II of his efforts on a single j ho has spent all his life on ; is, by far, more important '1 sec him inclined lo make ·3 Jlty to matters wholly for-1 e due lo the weakness of~ npts us to take an inordi.'~ s and in our own pursuits. ~ of delivering false judg-[ am particularly afraid of ews on eloquence, since I defense of my assignment lischargcd it, permit me to :ally indebted to any one · with pertinence and with heir intrinsic purport, the Jghl up, so as to free me te will be certain lo enlist re intent to do so. Thomas Sheridan

notation.

nall let/er relating lo he arm is oflen placed fash with a preceding •served No. I. In such hat the position of the nd that the transverse s changed. Here each ·hole semicircle from ded. ,, I ol1.c~&.4.,~•;."-'J wt. ~~11'\·l~ Figure

relation

Nay, there scarcely is any man, who can boast of great constancy and uniformity in this particular.

These are in continual flux and revolution.

Where men vary in their judgments, some defect or perversion in the faculties may commonly be remarked;

Many men, when left to themselves, have but a faint and dubious perception of beauty, who yet are capable of rel-ishing any fine stroke, which is pointed out to them.

mbarrassing;

composition, even the most poetical, is nothing arts is observed, even during the most polished but a chain of propositions and reasonings

prejudice

is not conformable to that which is required by lhe performance.

being found incompatible

practice

But a delicate taste of wit or beauty must always be a desirable quality; because it is the source of all the finest and most innocent enjoy-ments, of which human nature is susceptible

A good palate is not tried ,• by strong flavours; but by a mixture of small in-~ gredients, where we are still sensible of each a part, notwithstanding its minuteness and its con-~ fusion with the rest

The great resemblance between mental and bodily taste will easily teach us to apply this story.

man in a fever would not ""-~3 insist on his palate as able to decide concerning -.+,. fl~vours

proper time and place

If they are found I I to please, they cannot be faults; let the pleasure, which they produce, be ever so unexpected and unaccountable

experience;

a priori,

It is evident that none of the rules of composi-1 l tion are fixed by reasonings a priori,

at least, a decision, afforded, confirming one sentiment, and condemning an-s~ other

really does no more than is implied in the terms themselves.

fundamentally empiri-cal, based on experience rather than a priori ideals or abstract rules

sentiments

retorted on us

Standard of Taste

Hume considers the possibility that there is, indeed, complete relativism in this matter. But his purpose is to find ways to reduce or eliminate disagreement, to set a standard

Eloquence, like the fair sex, has too prevailing beauties in it to suffer itself ever to be spoken ~~-•k..l, against. And it is in vain to find fault with those arts of deceiving, wherein men find pleasure to be deceived.

so indeed are perfect cheats

S1111111

First, to make known one man's (r thoughts or ideas to another; Secondly, to do it with as much ease and quickness as possible; and, Thirdly, thereby to convey the knowledge of things: language is either abused or deficient, when it fails of any of these three.

between

This should teach us moderation i11 imposing our own sense of old authors

that make such a noise in the world

the intervention of words

I think myself obliged to give a reason why I have followed this method.

especially those of figure and number, of which men have so clear and dis-tinct ideas

White and sweet, yellow and bitter, carry a very obvious meaning with them, which every one precisely comprehends, or easily perceives he is ignorant of, and seeks to be informed. But what precise collection of simple ideas modesty or frugality stand for, in another's use, is not so certainly known

From hence it will unavoidably follow, that the complex ideas of substances in men using the same names for them, will be very various, and so the significations of those names very uncer-tain.

ven in the mouths of those who had both the intention and the faculty of speaking as clearly as language was capable to express their thoughts.

And hence we see that, in the interpretation of laws, whether divine or human, there is no end; comments beget com• ments, and explications make new matter for ex-plications; and of limiting, distinguishing, vary-ing the signification of these moral words there is no end.

Besides, the rule and measure of propri-ety itself being nowhere established, it is often matter of dispute

who have scarce any standing rule to regulate themselves and their notions by, in such arbitrary ideas.

standards in 11at11

since one man's complex idea seldom agrees with another's, and often differs from his own-from that which he had yesterday, or WilJ have tomorrow

C•.-<\

I. Civil. II. Philosophical.

First, One for the recording of our own thoughts. Secondly, The other for the communicating of our thoughts to others

it is necessary first to consider their use and end:

These reflections lead \ ..μ.., -&AA:>.-lc..-~ Locke to insist on the need for clarity, especially in discussing knowledge. He at-~ tacks Scholastic philosophy for creating obscurities through disputation, and he at-wi.....+-~ tacks rhetoric for increasing ambiguities through excessive ornamentation.

Words are also the source of many of our ideas

ohn Locke powerfully aflccted the direction of rhetoric, and every other intellectual endeavor a~ well. in the eighteenth century.

The science of variation like the clinical gaze was believed to unearth all sides of truth and was therefore effectively applied as a form of industrial management in order to cope with population growth.

It ought necessarily to precede every other inquiry into social physics, since it is, as it were, the basis.

his own body

An anomaly is thus a mere difference in degree for which the norm will serve as metric.

science (and politics) of eugenics

Norms, have long inhabited the architect’s toolset

A technical project like that of a freeway system is, by contrast, saturated with interests; no one would argue for its being economically and politically neutral.

new technology, a particular form of decision-making, the incarnation of a new epistemology, the carriers of a new ideology, and even as a veritable modern myth

Algorithms have thus become agents, which is partly why they give rise to so many suggestive metaphors. Algorithms now do things.

Semantic confusion may in fact signal a threshold moment when it behooves us to revise entrenched assumptions about people and machines.

ignored its political dimension

His book is not for readers who think the devil is in the details; it is centered rather on a sweeping Faustian bargain: “humans agree to give up meaning in exchange for power.”

Algorithms, we have realized, can be carriers of shady interests and vehicles of corporate guile. And so, as a new batch of commentators urge, we must “make algorithms accountable.”

Rhetoric selects,

MEDIEVAL RHETORIC

This style of reading will change what we’re constructing here, so let’s see where it goes.

It presents rhetoric spatially, away from “us,”

not an object

insert Michelle Obama side-eye

who is a lobbyist and has very little patience for rhetoric

not once did anyone ask “What is that?”

comforting, but also too-close-to-home description

The writer, serving as his own audience, becomes persuaded and formed through his own writing.

The Foucault reading surprised me because I never thought of self writing as a rhetorical activity.

Raj

and they are effects that can only be produced because of the fact that rhetoric metamorphoses throughout time and space.

it is this approach of using the past as a tool for moving toward the future that makes it important to focus on the “has been” of rhetoric just as much as the “will be” of the term.

importance on gathering data and experiences of the past

Rhetoric is the home of uncertainty and doubt that we go to in order to find harmony and sustenance in things that do.

question

As consciousness and capacities continue to evolve, new rhetorical heads grow from the stems of the old.

Rhetorical Hydra

as Muckelbauer does

Although the sophists took great pride in their rhetorical methods, the Greeks frowned upon their usage of the methods and found the act to be distrustful.

If this chain of annotations doesn’t demonstrate what rhetoric is, I don’t know if we will ever understand this elusive concept.

Tolookatlanguageself-consciouslyistoplaygameswithit;tolookthroughlanguageunselfconsciouslyistoactpurposivelywithit

Itdidnotsimplytrain,itcreated,thepublicperson

TheStrongDefensearguesthat,sincetruthcomestohumankindinsomanydiverseanddisagreeingforms,wecannotbaseapolityuponit.

ourmotives

Soallthatisworthwhileinhumanlifecomesdown,atlast,tostudyingaboutthePlatonicSocrateswith,presumably,AllanBloom

religiousway

Wewererightallalong;thewell-informedmanisthevirtuouscitizen.Asourcivicsteacherpromised,theworldwillbesavedbythe currenteventsclub

HisstateddefenseistheWeakone:"Rhetoricismerelyatool,nobadthinginitself.Orrather,itistheboxoftoolsforper-suasiontakentogether,availableforpersuadersgoodandbad"

"Virtuosityissomeevidenceofvirtue"(71)

theinterfacebetweenabsoluteandcontingentstatements

communicationandconstruction

endangeringpossibilities

Restrictingrhetorictostyleanddelivery,Ramussolvesthe"Q"ques-tionbydefinition.Rhetoricisacosmetic,andbadgirlswearmakeupaswellasgoodones,probablybetter.

SuchshiftingiswhatRamushatedthemost:"Forartsoughttoconsistofsubjectsthatareconstant,perpetual,andunchanging,andtheyshouldconsideronlythoseconceptswhichPlatosaysarearchetypalandeternal"(99)

Truthoncecreatedinthiswaybecomesreferential,asinlegalprecedent.

fyouseparatethedisciplineofdiscourseintoessenceandornament,intophilosophyandrhetoric,andmakeeachaseparatediscipline,itmakesthemeasiertothinkabout.Thusbeginsmoderninquiry'slonghistoryoflookingforitslostkeysnotwhereitlostthembutunderthelamppost,wheretheyareeasiertofind.

Isocrates

paideia

symbol

Nor can rhetoricsimply arrive as a package deal. Rather, it coalesces out of multiple cultural, material, andsemiotic strands that are mutually entangled and coevolving.

Chauvet Cave