10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2020
    1. transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

      These are very hard words to describe how the foreign mercenaries treated the colonists. These descriptive words exemplifies how the American Colonists felt they were being treated.

    1. The Commissioners of the United States in Congress assembled, shall restore allthe prisoners taken from the Indians, during the late war, to the Head-Men and Warriors ofthe Cherokees, as early as is practicable

      This clause seems humanized.

    2. ARTICLES of a TREATY, Concluded at HOPEWELL, on the KEOWEE, betweenBENJAMIN HAWKINS,ANDREW PICKENS, JOSEPH MARTIN and LACKLANM'INTOSH, COMMISSIONERS PLENIPOTENTIARY of the UNITED STATES ofAMERICA, of the one Part, and HEAD-MEN and WARRIORS of all the CHEROKEES ofthe other.

      I am very confuse of all the promises , traties, deals the Americans had with Natives becuase I cannot comprehend how the government of the states can not follow throguth their promoses.

    3. The Commissioners of the United States in Congress assembled, shall restore allthe prisoners taken from the Indians, during the late war, to the Head-Men and Warriors ofthe Cherokees, as early as is practicable

      "as early as is practicable" Translation: give us our prisoners and we may or may not give you yours :)

    4. The Head-Men and Warriors of all the Cherokees, shall restore all the prisoners,citizens of the United States, or subjects of their allies, to their intire liberty: They shall alsorestore all the negroes, and all other property taken during the late war from the citizens, tosuch person, and at such time and place, as the commissioners shall appoin

      why is this so important when the same respect is not given to natives???

    5. HEAD-MEN and WARRIORS

      Who were the head-men and who were the warriors? Could there be an overlap of both, because on what I've learned is that warriors held a lot of political power.

    1. But this saying I fear, and I will not hide it from you, Leto. They say that Apollo will be one that is very haughty and will greatly lord it among gods and men all over the fruitful earth. [70] Therefore, I greatly fear in heart and spirit that as soon as he sees the light of the sun, he will scorn this island —for truly I have but a hard, rocky soil —and overturn me and thrust me down with his feet in the depths of the sea; then will the great ocean wash deep above my head for ever

      Why would Apollo be upset that someone built him a temple? Or am I misunderstanding what's going on here

    1. Our people have started a great many houses, had a considerable number of rails made, land broken and fenced, and under cultivation; have about 68 houses up, and have made many improvements upon their farms. They have employed Seminoles, and paid them for their la-bor on their houses and farms, by selling them horses. We have about 500 hogs left, having lost about 2000 head during the hght last August, between the wild bands and the United States troops at the Wichita agency. We also lost some horses and a good many cattle. Our fences were destroyed and some houses were burned in that fight. We had very good corn. The drouth damaged it but little. The Indians en-gaged in the fight, destroyed it because we would not assist them against the United States. This caused considerable suffering from hunger Cherokees, and our other brethren in the eastern portion of the Terri-tory have better protection. We are more exposed to thieves and the lawless. As soon as we get a start in property, the wild Indians steal our corn and other produce, and kill our cattle and hogs. While we lived on the Brazos Reserve we had many horses, hogs, and cattle, and were living like the Creeks. We had houses and farms, raised wheat and oats, corn and vegetables. "VY hen we had a good start there, and doing well, the citizens of Palo Pinto and Earth counties, who wanted our reserve, came upon us, and made war against us, causing us to lose the greatest portion of the property we had.

      Basically when this person's tribes is succeeding, wild Indians or the US government/colonizers step in and bring them back down, either by damaging their crops, killing their livestock, burning their land, etc...

    2. We have about 500 hogs left, having lost about 2000 head during the hght last August, between the wild bands and the United States troops at the Wichita agency. We also lost some horses and a good many cattle

      They are suffering the consequences of a conflict that they were put directly in the middle of

    3. We have about 500 hogs left, having lost about 2000 head during the hght last August, between the wild bands and the United States troops at the Wichita agency. We also lost some horses and a good many cattle.

      They're caught in the middle of a fight and they are paying the price for it.

    1. It's just the beasts under your bedIn your closet in your head

      The three prepositions in a row give the Metallica song an unending feel, but not in a /bad/ way just in a bad way in the sense that this song is terrifying. The nightmarish tone is added to be this sentence structure. The feeling of the nightmare being inescapable, in that they are under the bed and in your closet AND in your head. I know this has been noted before but the imperative structure also makes this scary. Its a command to endure these bad things.

    1. And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties should it for the future be conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress.

      seems to good to be true...

    2. George Washington, who had bought thousands of acres in veterans’ claims to “bounty” land. Thomas Jefferson, who had participated in three different ventures that would have yielded him a total of 17,000 acres of land, were it not for the restrictions placed on the land from the Proclamation. Patrick Henry, who had joined in at least five land ventures between 1767 and 1773, and knew that his money would have been wasted if London had its way.

      I remember hearing about these figures as a child. History glorified them. "The Founding Fathers," people who fought for independence against tyrants. In a sense they are romanticized and portrayed as heroes. I had that image in my head for years until I picked up Howard Zinn's History of the US and read all the atrocities these men committed. In no way are they heroes, rather money/power-hungry Imperialists who shaped history to benefit their interests.

    3. And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties should it for the future be conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress.

      It sounds good! Finally they got their status in this war.

    4. Delaware religious prophet.

      I think the only way natives were able to get angry about the policies and actions the Americans were doing was through the use of Religion. In History we constantly see that natives are very passive, head down lets be civil but once they start beliving their prophet everything chance.

    5. And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties should it for the future be conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress

      this makes it seem like there is mutual respect....but obviously that was not the case

    1. person I took the most notice of

      The superlative "most" shows that even when she wasn't being overtly defiant, her priority and interests alwasy lay with other people in her position. She paints Hetty as heroic and courageous, strong as "the most actvie", once again using a superlative in an attmept to heighten the status of Hetty to the very top. The "most" important perosn there, despite the attitudes the slave owners held of themsleves. Prince is silently defiant here in not seeing them as the focus for her attention. Publishing this thought strengthens the defiance, showing slave owners that they cannot control the hierarchy inside one's head so will never truly have the control they want.

    2. the eagle returnsFrom nightly prey, and lifts his golden beak to the pure east,Shaking the dust from his immortal pinions to awake

      The use of the dynamic verbs 'lifts' and 'shaking' connotes a sense of pride and redemption, by lifting his beak, the eagle physically elevates himself above others, reiterating the notion of hierarchal status within the text. This is particularly relevant in relation to Theotormon, who looks down on Oothoon and Bromion for their supposed 'betrayal' of him. Hence, the eagle's 'shaking the dust' is arguably symbolic of Theotormon ridding himself of Oothoon now that she is no longer a virgin. Despite the idea of lifting one's head and shaking the dust off oneself connoting a sense of self-assurance and freedom, the ironic reality is that Theotormon is tormented by the chains of the patriarchal notion of virginity in which Oothoon's value has been lost due to the rape she endured at the hands of Bromion.

    1. Knowles, Holton, and Swanson emphasize that “adults resent and resist situations in which they feel others are imposing their wills on them.” (1998, 65) In spite of their need for autonomy, previous schooling has made them dependent learners. It is the job of the adult educator to move adult students away from their old habits and into new patterns of learning where they become self-directed, taking responsibility for their own learning and the direction it takes. Technology is a perfect path for the facilitation of self-direction. The ultimate ability of initiatives such as web-based learning to be non-linear allows an adult to follow the path that most appropriately reflects their need to learn. It becomes extremely important for those who are designing technology-based adult learning to use all of the capabilities of the technology including branching, the ability to skip sections a student already understands, and multiple forms of presentation of material which can assist people with various learning styles. All of these can be used to permit studentsto follow a path of learning that most appropriately suits them.

      The author, Delores Fidishun, is the Head Librarian at Penn State Abington College and holds a doctorate in education. This article proposes that just adding technology to instruction is not enough. It must be intentional. Fidishun summarizes six assumptions of andragogy which include the learner's need to know, the learner's self-concept, the role of the learner's experience, a student's readiness to learn, the student's orientation to learning, and the student's motivation to learn.

      Rating: 7/10

    1. Do not think so; you shall not find it so: And God forgive them that so much have sway'd Your majesty's good thoughts away from me! I will redeem all this on Percy's head And in the closing of some glorious day Be bold to tell you that I am your son;

      It really seems like this tends to be a recurring theme through a lot of stories that shape up like this. The disgruntled son who seeks the approval of his father rather than seeing the other people in his life who support him. This one of several things that seemed to be carried over into the work of another highly published British writer, Tolkien.

    1. The borders that surround both types of areas are asmuch political and economic as they are sexualised,gendered and raced. Above in the park or below in thesubway at Grand Army Plaza, there is no escaping theliteral and figurative intersection of these oppressions

      it is necessary for gay individuals to always be aware of the geography of their location and to have mental boundaries set in their head.

    Annotators

    1. Tail-docking and sow crates and beak-clipping would disappear overnight, and the days of slaughtering 400 head of cattle an hour would come to an e

      I would place a comma inbetween all of these and get rid of the word "and" until the last comma then use it

    2. The first time I opened Peter Singer’s “Animal Liberation,” I was dining alone at the Palm, trying to enjoy a rib-eye steak cooked medium-rare. If this sounds like a good recipe for cognitive dissonance (if not indigestion), that was sort of the idea. Preposterous as it might seem, to supporters of animal rights, what I was doing was tantamount to reading “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” on a plantation in the Deep South in 1852. Singer and the swelling ranks of his followers ask us to imagine a future in which people will look back on my meal, and this steakhouse, as relics of an equally backward age. Eating animals, wearing animals, experimenting on animals, killing animals for sport: all these practices, so resolutely normal to us, will be seen as the barbarities they are, and we will come to view “speciesism”–a neologism I had encountered before only in jokes–as a form of discrimination as indefensible as racism or anti-Semitism. Even in 1975, when “Animal Liberation” was first published, Singer, an Australian philosopher now teaching at Princeton, was confident that he had the wind of history at his back. The recent civil rights past was prologue, as one liberation movement followed on the heels of another. Slowly but surely, the white man’s circle of moral consideration was expanded to admit first blacks, then women, then homosexuals. In each case, a group once thought to be so different from the prevailing “we” as to be undeserving of civil rights was, after a struggle, admitted to the club. Now it was animals’ turn. That animal liberation is the logical next step in the forward march of moral progress is no longer the fringe idea it was back in 1975. A growing and increasingly influential movement of philosophers, ethicists, law professors and activists are convinced that the great moral struggle of our time will be for the rights of animals. So far the movement has scored some of its biggest victories in Europe. Earlier this year, Germany became the first nation to grant animals a constitutional right: the words “and animals” were added to a provision obliging the state to respect and protect the dignity of human beings. The farming of animals for fur was recently banned in England. In several European nations, sows may no longer be confined to crates nor laying hens to “battery cages”–stacked wired cages so small the birds cannot stretch their wings. The Swiss are amending their laws to change the status of animals from “things” to “beings.” Though animals are still very much “things” in the eyes of American law, change is in the air. Thirty-seven states have recently passed laws making some forms of animal cruelty a crime, 21 of them by ballot initiative. Following protests by activists, McDonald’s and Burger King forced significant improvements in the way the U.S. meat industry slaughters animals. Agribusiness and the cosmetics and apparel industries are all struggling to defuse mounting public concerns over animal welfare. Once thought of as a left-wing concern, the movement now cuts across ideological lines. Perhaps the most eloquent recent plea on behalf of animals, a new book called “Dominion,” was written by a former speechwriter for President Bush. And once outlandish ideas are finding their way into mainstream opinion. A recent Zogby poll found that 51 percent of Americans believe that primates are entitled to the same rights as human children. What is going on here? A certain amount of cultural confusion, for one thing. For at the same time many people seem eager to extend the circle of our moral consideration to animals, in our factory farms and laboratories we are inflicting more suffering on more animals than at any time in history. One by one, science is dismantling our claims to uniqueness as a species, discovering that such things as culture, tool making, language and even possibly self-consciousness are not the exclusive domain of Homo sapiens. Yet most of the animals we kill lead lives organized very much in the spirit of Descartes, who famously claimed that animals were mere machines, incapable of thought or feeling. There’s a schizoid quality to our relationship with animals, in which sentiment and brutality exist side by side. Half the dogs in America will receive Christmas presents this year, yet few of us pause to consider the miserable life of the pig–an animal easily as intelligent as a dog–that becomes the Christmas ham. We tolerate this disconnect because the life of the pig has moved out of view. When’s the last time you saw a pig? (Babe doesn’t count.) Except for our pets, real animals–animals living and dying–no longer figure in our everyday lives. Meat comes from the grocery store, where it is cut and packaged to look as little like parts of animals as possible. The disappearance of animals from our lives has opened a space in which there’s no reality check, either on the sentiment or the brutality. This is pretty much where we live now, with respect to animals, and it is a space in which the Peter Singers and Frank Perdues of the world can evidently thrive equally well. Several years ago, the English critic John Berger wrote an essay, “Why Look at Animals?” in which he suggested that the loss of everyday contact between ourselves and animals–and specifically the loss of eye contact–has left us deeply confused about the terms of our relationship to other species. That eye contact, always slightly uncanny, had provided a vivid daily reminder that animals were at once crucially like and unlike us; in their eyes we glimpsed something unmistakably familiar (pain, fear, tenderness) and something irretrievably alien. Upon this paradox people built a relationship in which they felt they could both honor and eat animals without looking away. But that accommodation has pretty much broken down; nowadays, it seems, we either look away or become vegetarians. For my own part, neither option seemed especially appetizing. Which might explain how I found myself reading “Animal Liberation” in a steakhouse. This is not something I’d recommend if you’re determined to continue eating meat. Combining rigorous philosophical argument with journalistic description, “Animal Liberation” is one of those rare books that demand that you either defend the way you live or change it. Because Singer is so skilled in argument, for many readers it is easier to change. His book has converted countless thousands to vegetarianism, and it didn’t take long for me to see why: within a few pages, he had succeeded in throwing me on the defensive. Singer’s argument is disarmingly simple and, if you accept its premises, difficult to refute. Take the premise of equality, which most people readily accept. Yet what do we really mean by it? People are not, as a matter of fact, equal at all–some are smarter than others, better looking, more gifted. “Equality is a moral idea,” Singer points out, “not an assertion of fact.” The moral idea is that everyone’s interests ought to receive equal consideration, regardless of “what abilities they may possess.” Fair enough; many philosophers have gone this far. But fewer have taken the next logical step. “If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his or her own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit nonhumans for the same purpose?” This is the nub of Singer’s argument, and right around here I began scribbling objections in the margin. But humans differ from animals in morally significant ways. Yes they do, Singer acknowledges, which is why we shouldn’t treat pigs and children alike. Equal consideration of interests is not the same as equal treatment, he points out: children have an interest in being educated; pigs, in rooting around in the dirt. But where their interests are the same, the principle of equality demands they receive the same consideration. And the one all-important interest that we share with pigs, as with all sentient creatures, is an interest in avoiding pain. Here Singer quotes a famous passage from Jeremy Bentham, the 18th-century utilitarian philosopher, that is the wellspring of the animal rights movement. Bentham was writing in 1789, soon after the French colonies freed black slaves, granting them fundamental rights. “The day may come,” he speculates, “when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights.” Bentham then asks what characteristic entitles any being to moral consideration. “Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse?” Obviously not, since “a full-grown horse or dog is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant.” He concludes: “The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?” Bentham here is playing a powerful card philosophers call the “argument from marginal cases,” or A.M.C. for short. It goes like this: there are humans–infants, the severely retarded, the demented–whose mental function cannot match that of a chimpanzee. Even though these people cannot reciprocate our moral attentions, we nevertheless include them in the circle of our moral consideration. So on what basis do we exclude the chimpanzee? Because he’s a chimp, I furiously scribbled in the margin, and they’re human! For Singer that’s not good enough. To exclude the chimp from moral consideration simply because he’s not human is no different from excluding the slave simply because he’s not white. In the same way we’d call that exclusion racist, the animal rightist contends that it is speciesist to discriminate against the chimpanzee solely because he’s not human. But the differences between blacks and whites are trivial compared with the differences between my son and a chimp. Singer counters by asking us to imagine a hypothetical society that discriminates against people on the basis of something nontrivial–say, intelligence. If that scheme offends our sense of equality, then why is the fact that animals lack certain human characteristics any more just as a basis for discrimination? Either we do not owe any justice to the severely retarded, he concludes, or we do owe it to animals with higher capabilities. This is where I put down my fork. If I believe in equality, and equality is based on interests rather than characteristics, then either I have to take the interests of the steer I’m eating into account or concede that I am a speciesist. For the time being, I decided to plead guilty as charged. I finished my steak. But Singer had planted a troubling notion, and in the days afterward, it grew and grew, watered by the other animal rights thinkers I began reading: the philosophers Tom Regan and James Rachels; the legal theorist Steven M. Wise; the writers Joy Williams and Matthew Scully. I didn’t think I minded being a speciesist, but could it be, as several of these writers suggest, that we will someday come to regard speciesism as an evil comparable to racism? Will history someday judge us as harshly as it judges the Germans who went about their ordinary lives in the shadow of Treblinka? Precisely that question was recently posed by J.M. Coetzee, the South African novelist, in a lecture delivered at Princeton; he answered it in the affirmative. If animal rightists are right, “a crime of stupefying proportions” (in Coetzee’s words) is going on all around us every day, just beneath our notice. It’s an idea almost impossible to entertain seriously, much less to accept, and in the weeks following my restaurant face-off between Singer and the steak, I found myself marshaling whatever mental power I could muster to try to refute it. Yet Singer and his allies managed to trump almost all my objections. My first line of defense was obvious. Animals kill one another all the time. Why treat animals more ethically than they treat one another? (Ben Franklin tried this one long before me: during a fishing trip, he wondered, “If you eat one another, I don’t see why we may not eat you.” He admits, however, that the rationale didn’t occur to him until the fish were in the frying pan, smelling “admirably well.” The advantage of being a “reasonable creature,” Franklin remarks, is that you can find a reason for whatever you want to do.) To the “they do it, too” defense, the animal rightist has a devastating reply: do you really want to base your morality on the natural order? Murder and rape are natural, too. Besides, humans don’t need to kill other creatures in order to survive; animals do. (Though if my cat, Otis, is any guide, animals sometimes kill for sheer pleasure.) This suggests another defense. Wouldn’t life in the wild be worse for these farm animals? “Defenders of slavery imposed on black Africans often made a similar point,” Singer retorts. “The life of freedom is to be preferred.” But domesticated animals can’t survive in the wild; in fact, without us they wouldn’t exist at all. Or as one 19th-century political philosopher put it, “The pig has a stronger interest than anyone in the demand for bacon. If all the world were Jewish, there would be no pigs at all.” But it turns out that this would be fine by the animal rightists: for if pigs don’t exist, they can’t be wronged. Animals on factory farms have never known any other life. Singer replies that “animals feel a need to exercise, stretch their limbs or wings, groom themselves and turn around, whether or not they have ever lived in conditions that permit this.” The measure of their suffering is not their prior experiences but the unremitting daily frustration of their instincts. O.K., the suffering of animals is a legitimate problem, but the world is full of problems, and surely human problems must come first! Sounds good, and yet all the animal people are asking me to do is to stop eating meat and wearing animal furs and hides. There’s no reason I can’t devote myself to solving humankind’s problems while being a vegetarian who wears synthetics. But doesn’t the fact that we could choose to forgo meat for moral reasons point to a crucial moral difference between animals and humans? As Kant pointed out, the human being is the only moral animal, the only one even capable of entertaining a concept of “rights.” What’s wrong with reserving moral consideration for those able to reciprocate it? Right here is where you run smack into the A.M.C.: the moral status of the retarded, the insane, the infant and the Alzheimer’s patient. Such “marginal cases,” in the detestable argot of modern moral philosophy, cannot participate in moral decision making any more than a monkey can, yet we nevertheless grant them rights. That’s right, I respond, for the simple reason that they’re one of us. And all of us have been, and will probably once again be, marginal cases ourselves. What’s more, these people have fathers and mothers, daughters and sons, which makes our interest in their welfare deeper than our interest in the welfare of even the most brilliant ape. Alas, none of these arguments evade the charge of speciesism; the racist, too, claims that it’s natural to give special consideration to one’s own kind. A utilitarian like Singer would agree, however, that the feelings of relatives do count for something. Yet the principle of equal consideration of interests demands that, given the choice between performing a painful medical experiment on a severely retarded orphan and on a normal ape, we must sacrifice the child. Why? Because the ape has a greater capacity for pain. Here in a nutshell is the problem with the A.M.C.: it can be used to help the animals, but just as often it winds up hurting the marginal cases. Giving up our speciesism will bring us to a moral cliff from which we may not be prepared to jump, even when logic is pushing us. And yet this isn’t the moral choice I am being asked to make. (Too bad; it would be so much easier!) In everyday life, the choice is not between babies and chimps but between the pork and the tofu. Even if we reject the “hard utilitarianism” of a Peter Singer, there remains the question of whether we owe animals that can feel pain any moral consideration, and this seems impossible to deny. And if we do owe them moral consideration, how can we justify eating them? This is why killing animals for meat (and clothing) poses the most difficult animal rights challenge. In the case of animal testing, all but the most radical animal rightists are willing to balance the human benefit against the cost to the animals. That’s because the unique qualities of human consciousness carry weight in the utilitarian calculus: human pain counts for more than that of a mouse, since our pain is amplified by emotions like dread; similarly, our deaths are worse than an animal’s because we understand what death is in a way they don’t. So the argument over animal testing is really in the details: is this particular procedure or test really necessary to save human lives? (Very often it’s not, in which case we probably shouldn’t do it.) But if humans no longer need to eat meat or wear skins, then what exactly are we putting on the human side of the scale to outweigh the interests of the animal? I suspect that this is finally why the animal people managed to throw me on the defensive. It’s one thing to choose between the chimp and the retarded child or to accept the sacrifice of all those pigs surgeons practiced on to develop heart-bypass surgery. But what happens when the choice is between “a lifetime of suffering for a nonhuman animal and the gastronomic preference of a human being?” You look away–or you stop eating animals. And if you don’t want to do either? Then you have to try to determine if the animals you’re eating have really endured “a lifetime of suffering.” Whether our interest in eating animals outweighs their interest in not being eaten (assuming for the moment that is their interest) turns on the vexed question of animal suffering. Vexed, because it is impossible to know what really goes on in the mind of a cow or a pig or even an ape. Strictly speaking, this is true of other humans, too, but since humans are all basically wired the same way, we have excellent reason to assume that other people’s experience of pain feels much like our own. Can we say that about animals? Yes and no. I have yet to find anyone who still subscribes to Descartes’s belief that animals cannot feel pain because they lack a soul. The general consensus among scientists and philosophers is that when it comes to pain, the higher animals are wired much like we are for the same evolutionary reasons, so we should take the writhings of the kicked dog at face value. Indeed, the very premise of a great deal of animal testing–the reason it has value–is that animals’ experience of physical and even some psychological pain closely resembles our own. Otherwise, why would cosmetics testers drip chemicals into the eyes of rabbits to see if they sting? Why would researchers study head trauma by traumatizing chimpanzee heads? Why would psychologists attempt to induce depression and “learned helplessness” in dogs by exposing them to ceaseless random patterns of electrical shock? That said, it can be argued that human pain differs from animal pain by an order of magnitude. This qualitative difference is largely the result of our possession of language and, by virtue of language, an ability to have thoughts about thoughts and to imagine alternatives to our current reality. The philosopher Daniel C. Dennett suggests that we would do well to draw a distinction between pain, which a great many animals experience, and suffering, which depends on a degree of self-consciousness only a few animals appear to command. Suffering in this view is not just lots of pain but pain intensified by human emotions like loss, sadness, worry, regret, self-pity, shame, humiliation and dread. Consider castration. No one would deny the procedure is painful to animals, yet animals appear to get over it in a way humans do not. (Some rhesus monkeys competing for mates will bite off a rival’s testicle; the very next day the victim may be observed mating, seemingly little the worse for wear.) Surely the suffering of a man able to comprehend the full implications of castration, to anticipate the event and contemplate its aftermath, represents an agony of another order. By the same token, however, language and all that comes with it can also make certain kinds of pain more bearable. A trip to the dentist would be a torment for an ape that couldn’t be made to understand the purpose and duration of the procedure. As humans contemplating the pain and suffering of animals, we do need to guard against projecting on to them what the same experience would feel like to us. Watching a steer force-marched up the ramp to the kill-floor door, as I have done, I need to remind myself that this is not Sean Penn in “Dead Man Walking,” that in a bovine brain the concept of nonexistence is blissfully absent. “If we fail to find suffering in the animal lives we can see,” Dennett writes in “Kinds of Minds,” “we can rest assured there is no invisible suffering somewhere in their brains. If we find suffering, we will recognize it without difficulty.” Which brings us–reluctantly, necessarily–to the American factory farm, the place where all such distinctions turn to dust. It’s not easy to draw lines between pain and suffering in a modern egg or confinement hog operation. These are places where the subtleties of moral philosophy and animal cognition mean less than nothing, where everything we’ve learned about animals at least since Darwin has been simply . . . set aside. To visit a modern CAFO (Confined Animal Feeding Operation) is to enter a world that, for all its technological sophistication, is still designed according to Cartesian principles: animals are machines incapable of feeling pain. Since no thinking person can possibly believe this any more, industrial animal agriculture depends on a suspension of disbelief on the part of the people who operate it and a willingness to avert your eyes on the part of everyone else. From everything I’ve read, egg and hog operations are the worst. Beef cattle in America at least still live outdoors, albeit standing ankle deep in their own waste eating a diet that makes them sick. And broiler chickens, although they do get their beaks snipped off with a hot knife to keep them from cannibalizing one another under the stress of their confinement, at least don’t spend their eight-week lives in cages too small to ever stretch a wing. That fate is reserved for the American laying hen, who passes her brief span piled together with a half-dozen other hens in a wire cage whose floor a single page of this magazine could carpet. Every natural instinct of this animal is thwarted, leading to a range of behavioral “vices” that can include cannibalizing her cagemates and rubbing her body against the wire mesh until it is featherless and bleeding. Pain? Suffering? Madness? The operative suspension of disbelief depends on more neutral descriptors, like “vices” and “stress.” Whatever you want to call what’s going on in those cages, the 10 percent or so of hens that can’t bear it and simply die is built into the cost of production. And when the output of the others begins to ebb, the hens will be “force-molted”–starved of food and water and light for several days in order to stimulate a final bout of egg laying before their life’s work is done. Simply reciting these facts, most of which are drawn from poultry-trade magazines, makes me sound like one of those animal people, doesn’t it? I don’t mean to, but this is what can happen when . . . you look. It certainly wasn’t my intention to ruin anyone’s breakfast. But now that I probably have spoiled the eggs, I do want to say one thing about the bacon, mention a single practice (by no means the worst) in modern hog production that points to the compound madness of an impeccable industrial logic. Piglets in confinement operations are weaned from their mothers 10 days after birth (compared with 13 weeks in nature) because they gain weight faster on their hormone- and antibiotic-fortified feed. This premature weaning leaves the pigs with a lifelong craving to suck and chew, a desire they gratify in confinement by biting the tail of the animal in front of them. A normal pig would fight off his molester, but a demoralized pig has stopped caring. “Learned helplessness” is the psychological term, and it’s not uncommon in confinement operations, where tens of thousands of hogs spend their entire lives ignorant of sunshine or earth or straw, crowded together beneath a metal roof upon metal slats suspended over a manure pit. So it’s not surprising that an animal as sensitive and intelligent as a pig would get depressed, and a depressed pig will allow his tail to be chewed on to the point of infection. Sick pigs, being underperforming “production units,” are clubbed to death on the spot. The U.S.D.A.’s recommended solution to the problem is called “tail docking.” Using a pair of pliers (and no anesthetic), most but not all of the tail is snipped off. Why the little stump? Because the whole point of the exercise is not to remove the object of tail-biting so much as to render it more sensitive. Now, a bite on the tail is so painful that even the most demoralized pig will mount a struggle to avoid it. Much of this description is drawn from “Dominion,” Matthew Scully’s recent book in which he offers a harrowing description of a North Carolina hog operation. Scully, a Christian conservative, has no patience for lefty rights talk, arguing instead that while God did give man “dominion” over animals (“Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you”), he also admonished us to show them mercy. “We are called to treat them with kindness, not because they have rights or power or some claim to equality but . . . because they stand unequal and powerless before us.” Scully calls the contemporary factory farm “our own worst nightmare” and, to his credit, doesn’t shrink from naming the root cause of this evil: unfettered capitalism. (Perhaps this explains why he resigned from the Bush administration just before his book’s publication.) A tension has always existed between the capitalist imperative to maximize efficiency and the moral imperatives of religion or community, which have historically served as a counterweight to the moral blindness of the market. This is one of “the cultural contradictions of capitalism”–the tendency of the economic impulse to erode the moral underpinnings of society. Mercy toward animals is one such casualty. More than any other institution, the American industrial animal farm offers a nightmarish glimpse of what capitalism can look like in the absence of moral or regulatory constraint. Here in these places life itself is redefined–as protein production–and with it suffering. That venerable word becomes “stress,” an economic problem in search of a cost-effective solution, like tail-docking or beak-clipping or, in the industry’s latest plan, by simply engineering the “stress gene” out of pigs and chickens. “Our own worst nightmare” such a place may well be; it is also real life for the billions of animals unlucky enough to have been born beneath these grim steel roofs, into the brief, pitiless life of a “production unit” in the days before the suffering gene was found. Vegetarianism doesn’t seem an unreasonable response to such an evil. Who would want to be made complicit in the agony of these animals by eating them? You want to throw something against the walls of those infernal sheds, whether it’s the Bible, a new constitutional right or a whole platoon of animal rightists bent on breaking in and liberating the inmates. In the shadow of these factory farms, Coetzee’s notion of a “stupefying crime” doesn’t seem far-fetched at all. But before you swear off meat entirely, let me describe a very different sort of animal farm. It is typical of nothing, and yet its very existence puts the whole moral question of animal agriculture in a different light. Polyface Farm occupies 550 acres of rolling grassland and forest in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Here, Joel Salatin and his family raise six different food animals–cattle, pigs, chickens, rabbits, turkeys and sheep–in an intricate dance of symbiosis designed to allow each species, in Salatin’s words, “to fully express its physiological distinctiveness.” What this means in practice is that Salatin’s chickens live like chickens; his cows, like cows; pigs, pigs. As in nature, where birds tend to follow herbivores, once Salatin’s cows have finished grazing a pasture, he moves them out and tows in his “eggmobile,” a portable chicken coop that houses several hundred laying hens–roughly the natural size of a flock. The hens fan out over the pasture, eating the short grass and picking insect larvae out of the cowpats–all the while spreading the cow manure and eliminating the farm’s parasite problem. A diet of grubs and grass makes for exceptionally tasty eggs and contented chickens, and their nitrogenous manure feeds the pasture. A few weeks later, the chickens move out, and the sheep come in, dining on the lush new growth, as well as on the weed species (nettles, nightshade) that the cattle and chickens won’t touch. Meanwhile, the pigs are in the barn turning the compost. All winter long, while the cattle were indoors, Salatin layered their manure with straw, wood chips–and corn. By March, this steaming compost layer cake stands three feet high, and the pigs, whose powerful snouts can sniff out and retrieve the fermented corn at the bottom, get to spend a few happy weeks rooting through the pile, aerating it as they work. All you can see of these pigs, intently nosing out the tasty alcoholic morsels, are their upturned pink hams and corkscrew tails churning the air. The finished compost will go to feed the grass; the grass, the cattle; the cattle, the chickens; and eventually all of these animals will feed us. I thought a lot about vegetarianism and animal rights during the day I spent on Joel Salatin’s extraordinary farm. So much of what I’d read, so much of what I’d accepted, looked very different from here. To many animal rightists, even Polyface Farm is a death camp. But to look at these animals is to see this for the sentimental conceit it is. In the same way that we can probably recognize animal suffering when we see it, animal happiness is unmistakable, too, and here I was seeing it in abundance. For any animal, happiness seems to consist in the opportunity to express its creaturely character–its essential pigness or wolfness or chickenness. Aristotle speaks of each creature’s “characteristic form of life.” For domesticated species, the good life, if we can call it that, cannot be achieved apart from humans–apart from our farms and, therefore, our meat eating. This, it seems to me, is where animal rightists betray a profound ignorance about the workings of nature. To think of domestication as a form of enslavement or even exploitation is to misconstrue the whole relationship, to project a human idea of power onto what is, in fact, an instance of mutualism between species. Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political, development. It is certainly not a regime humans imposed on animals some 10,000 years ago. Rather, domestication happened when a small handful of especially opportunistic species discovered through Darwinian trial and error that they were more likely to survive and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection, in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and–yes–their flesh. Both parties were transformed by the relationship: animals grew tame and lost their ability to fend for themselves (evolution tends to edit out unneeded traits), and the humans gave up their hunter-gatherer ways for the settled life of agriculturists. (Humans changed biologically, too, evolving such new traits as a tolerance for lactose as adults.) From the animals’ point of view, the bargain with humanity has been a great success, at least until our own time. Cows, pigs, dogs, cats and chickens have thrived, while their wild ancestors have languished. (There are 10,000 wolves in North America, 50,000,000 dogs.) Nor does their loss of autonomy seem to trouble these creatures. It is wrong, the rightists say, to treat animals as “means” rather than “ends,” yet the happiness of a working animal like the dog consists precisely in serving as a “means.” Liberation is the last thing such a creature wants. To say of one of Joel Salatin’s caged chickens that “the life of freedom is to be preferred” betrays an ignorance about chicken preferences–which on this farm are heavily focused on not getting their heads bitten off by weasels. But haven’t these chickens simply traded one predator for another–weasels for humans? True enough, and for the chickens this is probably not a bad deal. For brief as it is, the life expectancy of a farm animal would be considerably briefer in the world beyond the pasture fence or chicken coop. A sheep farmer told me that a bear will eat a lactating ewe alive, starting with her udders. “As a rule,” he explained, “animals don’t get ‘good deaths’ surrounded by their loved ones.” The very existence of predation–animals eating animals–is the cause of much anguished hand-wringing in animal rights circles. “It must be admitted,” Singer writes, “that the existence of carnivorous animals does pose one problem for the ethics of Animal Liberation, and that is whether we should do anything about it.” Some animal rightists train their dogs and cats to become vegetarians. (Note: cats will require nutritional supplements to stay healthy.) Matthew Scully calls predation “the intrinsic evil in nature’s design . . . among the hardest of all things to fathom.” Really? A deep Puritan streak pervades animal rights activists, an abiding discomfort not only with our animality, but with the animals’ animality too. However it may appear to us, predation is not a matter of morality or politics; it, also, is a matter of symbiosis. Hard as the wolf may be on the deer he eats, the herd depends on him for its well-being; without predators to cull the herd, deer overrun their habitat and starve. In many places, human hunters have taken over the predator’s ecological role. Chickens also depend for their continued well-being on their human predators–not individual chickens, but chickens as a species. The surest way to achieve the extinction of the chicken would be to grant chickens a “right to life.” Yet here’s the rub: the animal rightist is not concerned with species, only individuals. Tom Regan, author of “The Case for Animal Rights,” bluntly asserts that because “species are not individuals . . . the rights view does not recognize the moral rights of species to anything, including survival.” Singer concurs, insisting that only sentient individuals have interests. But surely a species can have interests–in its survival, say–just as a nation or community or a corporation can. The animal rights movement’s exclusive concern with individual animals makes perfect sense given its roots in a culture of liberal individualism, but does it make any sense in nature? Consider this hypothetical scenario: In 1611 Juan da Goma (aka Juan the Disoriented) made accidental landfall on Wrightson Island, a six-square-mile rock in the Indian Ocean. The island’s sole distinction is as the only known home of the Arcania tree and the bird that nests in it, the Wrightson giant sea sparrow. Da Goma and his crew stayed a week, much of that time spent in a failed bid to recapture the ship’s escaped goat — who happened to be pregnant. Nearly four centuries later, Wrightson Island is home to 380 goats that have consumed virtually every scrap of vegetation in their reach. The youngest Arcania tree on the island is more than 300 years old, and only 52 sea sparrows remain. In the animal rights view, any one of those goats have at least as much right to life as the last Wrightson sparrow on earth, and the trees, because they are not sentient, warrant no moral consideration whatsoever. (In the mid-80’s a British environmental group set out to shoot the goats, but was forced to cancel the expedition after the Mammal Liberation Front bombed its offices.) The story of Wrightson Island (recounted by the biologist David Ehrenfeld in “Beginning Again”) suggests at the very least that a human morality based on individual rights makes for an awkward fit when applied to the natural world. This should come as no surprise: morality is an artifact of human culture, devised to help us negotiate social relations. It’s very good for that. But just as we recognize that nature doesn’t provide an adequate guide for human social conduct, isn’t it anthropocentric to assume that our moral system offers an adequate guide for nature? We may require a different set of ethics to guide our dealings with the natural world, one as well suited to the particular needs of plants and animals and habitats (where sentience counts for little) as rights suit us humans today. To contemplate such questions from the vantage of a farm is to appreciate just how parochial and urban an ideology animals rights really is. It could thrive only in a world where people have lost contact with the natural world, where animals no longer pose a threat to us and human mastery of nature seems absolute. “In our normal life,” Singer writes, “there is no serious clash of interests between human and nonhuman animals.” Such a statement assumes a decidedly urbanized “normal life,” one that certainly no farmer would recognize. The farmer would point out that even vegans have a “serious clash of interests” with other animals. The grain that the vegan eats is harvested with a combine that shreds field mice, while the farmer’s tractor crushes woodchucks in their burrows, and his pesticides drop songbirds from the sky. Steve Davis, an animal scientist at Oregon State University, has estimated that if America were to adopt a strictly vegetarian diet, the total number of animals killed every year would actually increase, as animal pasture gave way to row crops. Davis contends that if our goal is to kill as few animals as possible, then people should eat the largest possible animal that can live on the least intensively cultivated land: grass-fed beef for everybody. It would appear that killing animals is unavoidable no matter what we choose to eat. When I talked to Joel Salatin about the vegetarian utopia, he pointed out that it would also condemn him and his neighbors to importing their food from distant places, since the Shenandoah Valley receives too little rainfall to grow many row crops. Much the same would hold true where I live, in New England. We get plenty of rain, but the hilliness of the land has dictated an agriculture based on animals since the time of the Pilgrims. The world is full of places where the best, if not the only, way to obtain food from the land is by grazing animals on it–especially ruminants, which alone can transform grass into protein and whose presence can actually improve the health of the land. The vegetarian utopia would make us even more dependent than we already are on an industrialized national food chain. That food chain would in turn be even more dependent than it already is on fossil fuels and chemical fertilizer, since food would need to travel farther and manure would be in short supply. Indeed, it is doubtful that you can build a more sustainable agriculture without animals to cycle nutrients and support local food production. If our concern is for the health of nature–rather than, say, the internal consistency of our moral code or the condition of our souls–then eating animals may sometimes be the most ethical thing to do. There is, too, the fact that we humans have been eating animals as long as we have lived on this earth. Humans may not need to eat meat in order to survive, yet doing so is part of our evolutionary heritage, reflected in the design of our teeth and the structure of our digestion. Eating meat helped make us what we are, in a social and biological sense. Under the pressure of the hunt, the human brain grew in size and complexity, and around the fire where the meat was cooked, human culture first flourished. Granting rights to animals may lift us up from the brutal world of predation, but it will entail the sacrifice of part of our identity–our own animality. Surely this is one of the odder paradoxes of animal rights doctrine. It asks us to recognize all that we share with animals and then demands that we act toward them in a most unanimalistic way. Whether or not this is a good idea, we should at least acknowledge that our desire to eat meat is not a trivial matter, no mere “gastronomic preference.” We might as well call sex–also now technically unnecessary–a mere “recreational preference.” Whatever else it is, our meat eating is something very deep indeed. Are any of these good enough reasons to eat animals? I’m mindful of Ben Franklin’s definition of the reasonable creature as one who can come up with reasons for whatever he wants to do. So I decided I would track down Peter Singer and ask him what he thought. In an e-mail message, I described Polyface and asked him about the implications for his position of the Good Farm–one where animals got to live according to their nature and to all appearances did not suffer. “I agree with you that it is better for these animals to have lived and died than not to have lived at all,” Singer wrote back. Since the utilitarian is concerned exclusively with the sum of happiness and suffering and the slaughter of an animal that doesn’t comprehend that death need not involve suffering, the Good Farm adds to the total of animal happiness, provided you replace the slaughtered animal with a new one. However, he added, this line of thinking doesn’t obviate the wrongness of killing an animal that “has a sense of its own existence over time and can have preferences for its own future.” In other words, it’s O.K. to eat the chicken, but he’s not so sure about the pig. Yet, he wrote, “I would not be sufficiently confident of my arguments to condemn someone who purchased meat from one of these farms.” Singer went on to express serious doubts that such farms could be practical on a large scale, since the pressures of the marketplace will lead their owners to cut costs and corners at the expense of the animals. He suggested, too, that killing animals is not conducive to treating them with respect. Also, since humanely raised food will be more expensive, only the well-to-do can afford morally defensible animal protein. These are important considerations, but they don’t alter my essential point: what’s wrong with animal agriculture–with eating animals–is the practice, not the principle. What this suggests to me is that people who care should be working not for animal rights but animal welfare–to ensure that farm animals don’t suffer and that their deaths are swift and painless. In fact, the decent-life-merciful-death line is how Jeremy Bentham justified his own meat eating. Yes, the philosophical father of animal rights was himself a carnivore. In a passage rather less frequently quoted by animal rightists, Bentham defended eating animals on the grounds that “we are the better for it, and they are never the worse. . . . The death they suffer in our hands commonly is, and always may be, a speedier and, by that means, a less painful one than that which would await them in the inevitable course of nature.” My guess is that Bentham never looked too closely at what happens in a slaughterhouse, but the argument suggests that, in theory at least, a utilitarian can justify the killing of humanely treated animals–for meat or, presumably, for clothing. (Though leather and fur pose distinct moral problems. Leather is a byproduct of raising domestic animals for food, which can be done humanely. However, furs are usually made from wild animals that die brutal deaths–usually in leg-hold traps–and since most fur species aren’t domesticated, raising them on farms isn’t necessarily more humane.) But whether the issue is food or fur or hunting, what should concern us is the suffering, not the killing. All of which I was feeling pretty good about–until I remembered that utilitarians can also justify killing retarded orphans. Killing just isn’t the problem for them that it is for other people, including me. During my visit to Polyface Farm, I asked Salatin where his animals were slaughtered. He does the chickens and rabbits right on the farm, and would do the cattle, pigs and sheep there too if only the U.S.D.A. would let him. Salatin showed me the open-air abattoir he built behind the farmhouse–a sort of outdoor kitchen on a concrete slab, with stainless-steel sinks, scalding tanks, a feather-plucking machine and metal cones to hold the birds upside down while they’re being bled. Processing chickens is not a pleasant job, but Salatin insists on doing it himself because he’s convinced he can do it more humanely and cleanly than any processing plant. He slaughters every other Saturday through the summer. Anyone’s welcome to watch. I asked Salatin how he could bring himself to kill a chicken. “People have a soul; animals don’t,” he said. “It’s a bedrock belief of mine.” Salatin is a devout Christian. “Unlike us, animals are not created in God’s image, so when they die, they just die.” The notion that only in modern times have people grown uneasy about killing animals is a flattering conceit. Taking a life is momentous, and people have been working to justify the slaughter of animals for thousands of years. Religion and especially ritual has played a crucial part in helping us reckon the moral costs. Native Americans and other hunter-gathers would give thanks to their prey for giving up its life so the eater might live (sort of like saying grace). Many cultures have offered sacrificial animals to the gods, perhaps as a way to convince themselves that it was the gods’ desires that demanded the slaughter, not their own. In ancient Greece, the priests responsible for the slaughter (priests!–now we entrust the job to minimum-wage workers) would sprinkle holy water on the sacrificial animal’s brow. The beast would promptly shake its head, and this was taken as a sign of assent. Slaughter doesn’t necessarily preclude respect. For all these people, it was the ceremony that allowed them to look, then to eat. Apart from a few surviving religious practices, we no longer have any rituals governing the slaughter or eating of animals, which perhaps helps to explain why we find ourselves where we do, feeling that our only choice is to either look away or give up meat. Frank Perdue is happy to serve the first customer; Peter Singer, the second. Until my visit to Polyface Farm, I had assumed these were the only two options. But on Salatin’s farm, the eye contact between people and animals whose loss John Berger mourned is still a fact of life–and of death, for neither the lives nor the deaths of these animals have been secreted behind steel walls. “Food with a face,” Salatin likes to call what he’s selling, a slogan that probably scares off some customers. People see very different things when they look into the eyes of a pig or a chicken or a steer–a being without a soul, a “subject of a life” entitled to rights, a link in a food chain, a vessel for pain and pleasure, a tasty lunch. But figuring out what we do think, and what we can eat, might begin with the looking. We certainly won’t philosophize our way to an answer. Salatin told me the story of a man who showed up at the farm one Saturday morning. When Salatin noticed a PETA bumper sticker on the man’s car, he figured he was in for it. But the man had a different agenda. He explained that after 16 years as a vegetarian, he had decided that the only way he could ever eat meat again was if he killed the animal himself. He had come to look. “Ten minutes later we were in the processing shed with a chicken,” Salatin recalled. “He slit the bird’s throat and watched it die. He saw that the animal did not look at him accusingly, didn’t do a Disney double take. The animal had been treated with respect when it was alive, and he saw that it could also have a respectful death–that it wasn’t being treated as a pile of protoplasm.” Salatin’s open-air abattoir is a morally powerful idea. Someone slaughtering a chicken in a place where he can be watched is apt to do it scrupulously, with consideration for the animal as well as for the eater. This is going to sound quixotic, but maybe all we need to do to redeem industrial animal agriculture in this country is to pass a law requiring that the steel and concrete walls of the CAFO’s and slaughterhouses be replaced with . . . glass. If there’s any new “right” we need to establish, maybe it’s this one: the right to look. No doubt the sight of some of these places would turn many people into vegetarians. Many others would look elsewhere for their meat, to farmers like Salatin. There are more of them than I would have imagined. Despite the relentless consolidation of the American meat industry, there has been a revival of small farms where animals still live their “characteristic form of life.” I’m thinking of the ranches where cattle still spend their lives on grass, the poultry farms where chickens still go outside and the hog farms where pigs live as they did 50 years ago–in contact with the sun, the earth and the gaze of a farmer. For my own part, I’ve discovered that if you’re willing to make the effort, it’s entirely possible to limit the meat you eat to nonindustrial animals. I’m tempted to think that we need a new dietary category, to go with the vegan and lactovegetarian and piscatorian. I don’t have a catchy name for it yet (humanocarnivore?), but this is the only sort of meat eating I feel comfortable with these days. I’ve become the sort of shopper who looks for labels indicating that his meat and eggs have been humanely grown (the American Humane Association’s new “Free Farmed” label seems to be catching on), who visits the farms where his chicken and pork come from and who asks kinky-sounding questions about touring slaughterhouses. I’ve actually found a couple of small processing plants willing to let a customer onto the kill floor, including one, in Cannon Falls, Minn., with a glass abattoir. The industrialization–and dehumanization–of American animal farming is a relatively new, evitable and local phenomenon: no other country raises and slaughters its food animals quite as intensively or as brutally as we do. Were the walls of our meat industry to become transparent, literally or even figuratively, we would not long continue to do it this way. Tail-docking and sow crates and beak-clipping would disappear overnight, and the days of slaughtering 400 head of cattle an hour would come to an end. For who could stand the sight? Yes, meat would get more expensive. We’d probably eat less of it, too, but maybe when we did eat animals, we’d eat them with the consciousness, ceremony and respect they deserve.  

      I think that Pollan did an amazing job in this piece here. He showed signs of reading with the grain while alos arguing against the animal topic by preaching his own beleifs.

    3. Native Americans and other hunter-gathers would give thanks to their prey for giving up its life so the eater might live (sort of like saying grace). Many cultures have offered sacrificial animals to the gods, perhaps as a way to convince themselves that it was the gods’ desires that demanded the slaughter, not their own. In ancient Greece, the priests responsible for the slaughter (priests!–now we entrust the job to minimum-wage workers) would sprinkle holy water on the sacrificial animal’s brow. The beast would promptly shake its head, and this was taken as a sign of assent. Slaughter doesn’t necessarily preclude respect. For all these people, it was the ceremony that allowed them to look, then to eat.

      This whole argument just proves that we as humans hunted thousands and thousands of years ago and it was part of rituals, diets, and ESPECIALLY how we grew up eating. Now why would you want to take that away from our food chain- it's been in our system for years

    4. n minutes later we were in the processing shed with a chicken,” Salatin recalled. “He slit the bird’s throat and watched it die. He saw that the animal did not look at him accusingly, didn’t do a Disney double take. The animal had been treated with respect when it was alive, and he saw that it could also have a respectful death–that it wasn’t being treated as a pile of protoplasm.”

      i said before that we own chickens and this make me think of when my mom had to kill one of the roosters we had years ago and she cut off its head and it did indeed run around without its head.

    1. he had met God and that God had given him a dance and

      I do agree with Solnit’s description of the Ghost dance based on how Rising Wolf describes it. Louis Warren describes the story as Jack Wilson collapsed and when he wakes up, he remembers meeting god. He met god and God gave him a dance and a sacred code for the people. The people should perform the dance and live by this code. Although many European and American settlers were not particularly worried about the dance, in South Dakota where Lakota Sioux had their reservations, there was fear that the Indians were planning some uprising. They saw it as a war dance and because of powerful interests from the US government, the army ordered them to stop dancing. In Solnit’s description, the story was described in the exact same way. Saying that one night a white man, who spoke all languages, who had been nailed to a tree, teaches a dance. “Then he taught us the song and the dance which white people call the ghost dance, and we danced all together, and while we danced near him he sat with bowed head.” (page 299) The story then goes into detail about how the army came. “On the fourth night, while we danced, soldiers came riding down the hills, and their chiefs, in shining white hats, came to watch us.” (page 299) The agents had guns in their hands and it made the Indian people very weavy.

    1. A brief perusal of some of the history of public schooling in theUnited States documents the way that we have accumulated aneducation debt over time. In 1827 Massachusetts passed a law mak-ing all grades of public school open to all pupils free of charge. Atabout the same time, most Southern states already had laws for-bidding the teaching of enslaved Africans to read. By 1837, whenHorace Mann had become head of the newly formed Massachu-setts State Board of Education, Edmund Dwight, a wealthy Bostonindustrialist, felt that the state board was crucial to factory ownersand offered to supplement the state salary with his own money.What is omitted from this history is that the major raw material ofthose textile factories, which drove the economy of the East, wascotton—the crop that depended primarily on the labor of enslavedAfricans (Farrow, Lang, & Frank, 2005). Thus one of the ironiesof the historical debt is that while African Americans were enslavedand prohibited from schooling, the product of their labor was usedto profit Northern industrialists who already had the benefits ofeducation.

      You can see how the education problems and disparities we are facing today were really paved over the last two centuries. Black slaved were barred from education and used for the manufacturing and production of goods. At the time where "cotton is king" the planation economy was raving in the eastern United States, where the labor of the black slaves was ultimately used to further build a bridge between their own education and that of white America. It's crazy to think the effect of King Cotton still leaves it mark on todays education system.

    2. The nation’s debt hit the $1 billion markin 1863 and the $1 trillion mark in 1981

      1861 was the start of the Civil War. The civil war could be classified as a race war. Also an economic war. All Wars are Banker's wars. This reminds me of the first funding of Head Start. Head Start only received a small amount of federal budget funds in the 1960s and 1970s , while the Vietnam War budget received trillions.

    3. It is important to point out that the historical debt was notmerely imposed by ignorant masses that were xenophobic and vir-ulently racist. The major leaders of the nation endorsed ideasabout the inferiority of Black, Latina/o, and Native peoples.Thomas Jefferson (1816), who advocated for the education of theAmerican citizen, simultaneously decried the notion that Blackswere capable of education. George Washington, while deeply con-flicted about slavery, maintained a substantial number of slaves onhis Mount Vernon Plantation and gave no thought to educatingenslaved children.

      I think this is extremely important to note. The higher up the chain of command you go, the easier it is to see education fall to the wayside. I think of who the president placed as the head of the Education Dept. (Betsy DeVos), someone with no personal experience in education or the public school system. Yet she is in charge of what happens to public school children. There is a complete lack of advocacy in government which leads to many oversights and complications.

    1. Background: Oncology patients have had to adapt to minimize the risks of contracting COVID-19. We assessed patient knowledge of COVID, and the impact of the pandemic on their behaviours, concerns and healthcare experience, to identify any further education/quality improvement needs. Methods: Following ethical approval, a 16 page survey was distributed to 120 oncology patients attending the day unit of a tertiary Irish cancer center for systemic anti-cancer therapy (May/June 2020). The Irish COVID rate during this period was 33.8 new cases/day (pop. 4.9 million). Results: 101 responses were received. Cancer types included breast (19%), gastrointestinal (29%), head and neck (11%), and lung (13%). 31% had been tested for COVID; just 1 patient was positive. 100% were aware of advice to “cocoon” and reported good understanding of this. 75% reported complete compliance, but of those, 73% were not social-distancing within their homes, 22% received visitors, and 36% continued to shop in-store; of these, 42% shopped as/more often than pre-COVID. Of the 51 patients regularly shopping, many were not using risk-reduction strategies e.g. social distancing (22%), mask-wearing (20%), using “priority shopping’ hours (31%), avoiding public transport (26%). 94% felt confident/very confident in recognizing COVID symptoms, but 66% did not recognize two or more key symptoms from a list of 10, most frequently aches/pains (58%), fatigue (55%), altered smell/taste (33%) and dyspnea (14%). The number recognized did not correlate with confidence (p = 0.9) or desire for more information about COVID (p = 0.9). 40% did not feel they were at higher risk of contracting COVID, while 15% thought they were no more likely to be very sick than an average person if infected. Many did not know that chemotherapy, steroids, radiation, and immunotherapy can impact morbidity/mortality in COVID (31%, 70%, 44% and 49% respectively). 46% were somewhat/very fearful of COVID, but this did not strongly predict for either protective (e.g. mask-wearing: OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.3-4.8 p = 0.9), or risk behaviors (e.g. continuing to shop frequently: OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.1-1.4 p = 0.2). 66% would like more cancer specific information, particularly about prevention (45%) and symptoms (33%), with a preference for written information (74%). Conclusions: Despite self-reported confidence in knowledge, patient’s self-assessments of their risk category and the preventative strategies they should use may be inaccurate. Increased education about risk, cocooning and symptom recognition is necessary.
    1. During the evil reign of Alexander, the descendants of Darab privately lived in distant lands, wandering with Kurdish shepherds. Papak did not know that Sasan was descended from the family of Darab, son of Darae. One night Papak saw in a dream as though the sun was shining from the head of Sasan and giving light to the whole world.

      the perspective of the ruler is solely depending on the civilization. the history that we learn in school celebrates Alexander as being this great ruler. Infact his title is Alexander the Great. While in this text its the opposite.

    1. Round the sides of his head–without the slightest gradation of grey to break the force of the extraordinary contrast–it had turned completely white. The line between the two colours preserved no sort of regularity.

      A point of personal interest for me is the use of chiaroscuro in the book, and this passage is the most clear usage of it yet. The phrase "black and white" is used often in the context of truth and "grey" is a metaphor for ambiguity. The fact that the man's hair has no grey such that there was "no sort of regularity" between black and white suggests a lack of ambiguity and clarity of thought. It may be fruitful to investigate the contrast values throughout the text to see which narratives are "grey" and which are "black and white".

    2. Speaking as a servant, I am deeply indebted to you. Speaking as a man, I consider you to be a person whose head is full of maggots, and I take up my testimony against your experiment as a delusion and a snare

      Hahahahahahahha. Loyalty to the Verinder family really is Betteredge's primary motivation at all times, even when he completely disagrees with what he's being asked to do. It also makes me wonder that like, Ezra based this experiment off of his personal experience with opium as well as a medical book right? Why is everyone taking it as some kind of superstitious magic? Like Betteredge himself here says something along the lines of he can't approve of this as he's a good Christian.

    1. Relatabella

      I created a brandable Instagram Handle and Profile Picture to seem professional and make it easier to recognise. I used a creative name that shows professionalism, while having meaning at the same time. I absolutely love fairy tales, so having my name as Relatabella made it personal to me and depicts my personality as someone who is pretty girly and usually has her head up in the clouds. Other famous accounts also create brandable handles and profile pictures, as seen in these examples: https://www.instagram.com/quotes/ https://www.instagram.com/quoteoftheday/

    1. To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits of the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides. Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded [sic] your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds, and to education of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen. As we have proved our loyalty to you in the past, nursing your children, watching by the sick-bed of your mothers and fathers, and often following them with tear-dimmed eyes to their graves, so in the future, in our humble way, we shall stand by you with a devotion that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in defence of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.

      In this part, Booker T. Washington addresses the white people and basically asks them to be accepting of who African Americans are and appreciate them for building up the south and helping the progress of it. He tells them how loyal and docile his people are and that they will realize that soon. He is known to be a peacemaker between the White and Black people. He wishes to live in harmony and peace and this portion of the document is his calling out to the white people since only african americans shouldn't have to put in all the effort and sacrifices.

    1. So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn

      I quickly tried to diagram this sentence in my head. It seems so simple but has both a present participial phrase and a relative clause. These small additions working as adjectives add so much color to the prose. Grammar is fun :)

    1. In Step 1: We generate lots of ideas without analysis or comments. Quantity rules. and Step 2: After generating a lot of ideas, set aside the ones that are not opportunities for you now.

      This reminds of brainstorming, and how someone would start off by listing anything from the top of their head and then ruling out unreasonable solutions. It's like a math problem going through the process of elimination.

    1. Bend from the waist, not from your back, for better posture. Take the club back with the arms, not wrists, during the takeaway. Frankly, a poor setup is downright inexcusable—you don’t even have to hit a golf ball to get it right.

      Make sure you bend at the waist and keep your head down. Do not bend your wrists at takeaway or the ball will slice when it is hit.

    1. Exposed to all the dangers of war, but with none of its enthusiasms or splendid élan, he is condemned to sit like an animal in its burrow and hear the shells whistle over his head and take their little daily toll from his comrades.

      Seems like he could expose himself to shell shock while doing that.

    1. [Raising his staff angrily.]

      In the Natya Shastra, Bharata Muni wrote in depth on how actors should portray anger: "One should show anger ... with knitting of eyebrows, fierce look, bitten lips, hands clasping each other, and touching one's own head and breast".

    1. A good place to experience this illusion is a jet airplane. Safely seated on a plastic cushion, carried in a winged aluminum tube, streaking miles above the earth, through air nearly thin enough to boil the blood, at a speed that seems to make the sun stand still, it is easy to believe that

      It takes a point of the rebuttal saying that he understands why, as humans we have gotten to this point of hubris. He says that we were somehow able to make a giant metal cylinder fly in the sky, it would make sense to have feel that power and have it go to your head, which is exactly what we did.

    1. He had slightly slipped a little into his pocket, but being detected, they seized him, and taking his hat and wig from his head, threw them, together with the tea

      Why was he treated so badly, he was only trying to get a morsel of tea, and there could have been no way the British knew it was tea from that specific ship.

    1. Cut off a flatworm’s head, and it’ll grow a new one. Cut it in half, and you’ll have two new worms. Fire some radiation at it, and it’ll repair itself. Scientists have wanted to work out the mechanisms involved for some time, but the secret has eluded them. Enter an AI coded at Tufts University, Massachusetts. By analysing and simulating countless scenarios, the computer was able to solve the mystery of the flatworm’s regeneration in just 42 hours. In the end it produced a comprehensive model of how the flatworm’s genes allow it to regenerate.

      Why does the author use the example of the flatworm?

    1. We can’t get into Trump’s head here. He may be feigning numbness to the nuances of racist as a power ploy. Or he may genuinely not perceive the racism in his current rhetoric. I suspect he may not, for the simple reason that to imagine how he would feel about a straight-talking Finn in Congress would require a thought experiment, and nothing the man has ever said or done suggests the remotest inclination or ability to process layers, hypotheticals, or subtlety. A man clueless enough to accidentally give away to a national television reporter that he fired James Comey to detract from the investigation of his ties to Russia doesn’t do intersectionality.

      just searing!

    1. Similar antropomorphic imagines were designed by Johannes Romberch von Host in his Con-gestorium artifi ciosae memoriae,published for the fi rst time in 1520. He associated the declention of nouns to body parts: if we want remember the word “smith” in the nominative case, we should mark him with a blister on his head, in the accusative with a blister on the chest, in the vocative on the belly, etc.; the singular forms are supposed to be dressed up, while the plurals are nude.

      Memory methods for Latin Grammar that could be interesting.

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. For instance, if someone replies to a post on Twitter, the reply gets sent back here as a comment. However if I reply here to that comment, it doesn’t get sent back to Twitter.

      This is an interesting problem. It also becomes an issue of having the comment reply on the WP site be able to have the Twitter responses to that come back to the original, potentially as a comment with a URL with a fragment.

    2. There’s a lot of overlap between Micro.blog and IndieWeb (webmentions being the most significant commonality), and IndieWeb isn’t one monolithic thing.

      micro.blog is a paid hosting service that can allow one to have an IndieWeb website, while at the same time is open enough that one can have their own separate site and connect with the micro.blog community using it primarily as a reader.

      What micro.blog is to you is highly dependent on what tools you're already bringing to the table.

    1. But we don’t just want people to read our work. We want people to spread our work — to be so moved by what we wrote or said that they log on to Facebook and share it with their friends or head over to Reddit and try to tell the world. That’s how you get those dots to multiply. But people don’t share quiet voices. They share loud voices. They share work that moves them, that helps them express to their friends who they are and how they feel. Social platforms are about curating and expressing a public-facing identity. They’re about saying, “I’m a person who cares about this, likes that, and loathes this other thing.” They are about signaling the groups you belong to and, just as important, the groups you don’t belong to.
    1. I imagine that the first part of this project will focus on how it got to be this way, what got missed or ignored in some of the early warnings about what was happening online and how those warnings were swamped by the hype depicting the Internet as a space of radical democratization.

      I love the brewing idea here. We definitely need this.

      Some broad initial bibliography from the top of my head:

      Larry Sanger (co-founder of Wikipedia)

      Some useful history/timelines: https://indieweb.org/timeline https://indieweb.org/history

    1. Whereas the enemies of the United States have endeavored, by every artifice in their power, to possess the Indians in general with an opinion, that it is the design of the States aforesaid, to extirpate the Indians and take possession of their country to obviate such false suggestion, the United States do engage to guarantee to the aforesaid nation of Delawares, and their heirs, all their territorial rights in the fullest and most ample manner, as it bath been bounded by former treaties, as long as they the said Delaware nation shall abide by, and hold fast the chain of friendship now entered into. And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties should it for the future be found conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress: Provided, nothing contained in this article to be considered as conclusive until it nneets with the approbation of Congress. And it is also the intent and meaning of this article, that no protection or countenance shall be afforded to any who are at present our enemies, by which they might escape the punishment they deserve.

      the opening line here in article VI is very powerful and addresses the influence and manipulation the Native Americans have to endure constantly.

    1. The fact that the GENRE (kind of writing), PURPOSE (why do we write), and AUDIENCE (to whom we are writing; who will read what we have written) are always connected gives us a better understanding of how a person can write well. It is also important to understand that writing can be FICTIONAL or NON-FICTIONAL. What compels us to write (are we forced to do it because it is a school assignment or are we writing to satisfy our own ego in the hope that someone will read it and like it, thus fulfilling the constant human need of external approval, much like a kid riding a bike with no hands down the hill, en route to smashing his head in a tree, screaming “Look, mom!”) should also be taken into account before formulating the ultimate guide to successful writing. The theory of writing (or if you will, the theory of literature), is deeply connected with the science of literature. Since Universities became the most important centers of scientific investigation that a process began since the second half of the XIX Century in order to understand the nature and science of literary studies. In Germany there has been since the XIX Century the expression Literaturkritik, a word that refers to judging literary works and their worth. Literaturwissenschaft is the investigation and analysis of Universities using scientific methods and criteria. While one could go on for the length of approximately four weddings and a funeral, I will use a more direct approach thus saving time and three weddings.  Let us start with the formula for academic writing – e.g. an essay on the evolution of linguistics or a PhD Thesis on Clapton’s Chord Progression. It would be NON-FICTIONAL writing, compelled by the need of a good grade (or at least a good enough grade to succeed in the course). The writing MUST be formal. Any jokes and/or vocabulary that do not belong to that register (such as the everyday “heck”, “gosh”, or “ain’t”) would be as welcome as Stewed Beef being served at an Indian party back in New Delhi, or a severe case of presidential flatulence during the State of the Union Address - which, on that particular occasion, would be transmitted live worldwide. An example of this is Martin Luther King Junior’s letter. His writing is very formal and the choice of words is exemplary, like choosing ‘’seldom’’ instead of ‘’rarely’’(pg. 1), or ‘’moratorium’’ instead of ‘’postpone, delay, ban’’.  One uses those words when he wants to show that he can write, or when he wants to impress his future mother-in-law. Or maybe you just had lunch with the Queen.

      Quite thoughtful but I'd like to see you condense this and provide a sharper message

    1. the signifier, and the second element - the corresponding ''';:lIi rim\ concept it triggered off in your head - the signified.

      Using signifier/signified as context.

    1. Write an interpreter that handles arithmetic expressions like “7 - 3 + 2 - 1” from scratch. Use any programming language you’re comfortable with and write it off the top of your head without looking at the examples. When you do that, think about components involved: a lexer that takes an input and converts it into a stream of tokens, a parser that feeds off the stream of the tokens provided by the lexer and tries to recognize a structure in that stream, and an interpreter that generates results after the parser has successfully parsed (recognized) a valid arithmetic expression. String those pieces together. Spend some time translating the knowledge you’ve acquired into a working interpreter for arithmetic expressions

      This can be a great exercise. If you are looking at this highlight, I highly recommend you to do this. :)

    1. This stands out as a beautiful, beautiful thing for all generations. (Yes) Shakespeare had Horatio to say some beautiful words as he stood over the dead body of Hamlet. And today, as I stand over the remains of these beautiful, darling girls, I paraphrase the words of Shakespeare: (Yeah, Well): Good night, sweet princesses. Good night, those who symbolize a new day. (Yeah, Yes) And may the flight of angels (That’s right) take thee to thy eternal rest. God bless you.

      King quotes Shakespeares excerpt from hamlet to conclude his speech in a rather beautiful and uplifting way. He compares what would be today the eulogy of both the girls who passed and hamlet by saying, “Good night, sweet princesses”. Then concludes, by saying, “and may the flight of angels take thee to thy eternal rest. God bless you”. This last sentence lays a sense of peace and tranquility over the crowd for the loss of the young girls. King knows that this event is such a heavy baggage to carry for the African American community but just as much of an awakening to take this adversity head on and come back stronger.

    1. Social contagion is a well-studied phenomenon in which people adopt beliefs that they are exposed to by their neighbors, and then pass those beliefs along to others. Research (and daily life) shows that people prefer to adopt beliefs that are consistent with those they already hold. However, scholars do not often account for interactions between beliefs in their models of social contagion. Instead, they assume that beliefs spread independently of one another. Is this a harmless simplification? Or does omitting interdependence between beliefs suppress important dynamics, and change the outcome of social contagion? This paper performs a head-to-head comparison between independent and interdependent diffusion. Simulations identify two social processes that emerge when diffusants interact, and predict that as a result of interdependent diffusion, worldviews will emerge that are unconstrained by external truth, and polarization will develop in homogenous populations. A controlled laboratory experiment confirms these predictions with 2400 participants in 120 artificial social networks. I conclude that the assumption of independence between diffusants is not as universally appropriate as its ubiquity would suggest. Instead, interdependence between diffusants is likely to be both common and consequential.
    1. The murder is the severing of the head. Social media is the pike on which it is planted.

      Key quote

      Atrocity porn: cold-blooded violence and the immortalization of this violence via shares on social media

    1. so both will confess and end up serving sentences of five years

      Where did the 5 years come from? Two sentences back it said "If each confesses and implicates the other, both will be sentenced to three years." Not surprising that people find it hard to get their head around this stuff.

    1. A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama, looking down into the swift water twenty feet below. The man’s hands were behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely encircled his neck. It was attached to a stout cross-timber above his head and the slack fell to the level of his knees. Some loose boards laid upon the sleepers sup-porting the metals of the railway supplied a footing for him and his executioners

      The author does not hesitate to get into the harsher unpleasant details, yet also quickly capturing the reader's attention. Making them wonder; "who is this man?" "why is he being executed?" "what did he do wrong?" "did he actually commit a crime?"

    2. The man’s hands were behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely encircled his neck. It was attached to a stout cross-timber above his head and the slack fell to the level of his knees. Some loose boards laid upon the sleepers sup-porting the metals of the railway supplied a footing for him and his executioners

      Right off the bat, the story describes a a man who is about to be executed.

  2. inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. From an academic perspective, a small group should never be “done” talking about any topic they are given.

      Allow the topic to marinate in ones head post-discussion to allow your brain to gain understanding of the concepts and questions to arise.

    1. 131 let an expert hand trim your head and beard.And no long nails, and make sure they’re dirt-free:and no hairs (please) sprouting from your nostrils. No bad breath exhaled from unwholesome mouth:don’t offend the nose like a herdsman or his floc

      making sure that you have a proper, or good outlook during the dinner time

    1. a fear in George of his wife’s activism: he understands the threat she poses to his authority, and his only way to control it is to dominate her and to ridicule her activities.

      very sexist by not letting the women dominate the house, it just follows the theme that men are the head of the household. The question " who wears the pants in the relationship" ties into this. A man always has to be dominant in any situation or else its " weird/unusual" or the house is "unbalanced" if that makes sense.

    1. knew him.He came toward me, smiling, and shook me by the hand, saying, "It's a long timesince we last met—how are you?"With a nod of my head, I agre

      In reading and rereading this story, I find myself continuously perplexed and curious about who this middle-aged man is supposed to be. He says to the main character, an old man at this point as we later come to find out, that it had been a while since they had last met. The only conclusion I am able to come to is that it may not matter who this man is, just that the main character knows deep down that he does know the man, but the passage of time has not been kind to him and therefore he is not able to place him. I'm curious what anyone else has to say about who this man might have been or if knowing who he is would matter to the story.

    1. If you see somebody wearing the badge of an organisation to which you also belong,

      or if a muslim girl sees another muslim girl wearing a hijab or scarf on head.

    1. Upon its head, with red extended mouth and single/alone eye of fire, sat the extremely ugly beast whose craft had flirted with me into murder, and whose informing voice had gave/given me to the hangman.

      He thought it was not his fault.

    1. dynamic radars

      More variety in graphics with these radars, but could be hard to comprehend even for stats-fans. Takes a while to get your head around the statistics and what it means in regards to the player.

    1. The proper noun does not need to be the head of the proper name. For example, in the United States of America, the head is states.

      That principle is the same in the french language. In "The United States of America" which means "Les Etats Unis d'Amerique" in french, the proper noun (America / Amerique) doesn't need to be the head of the proper name which is a composition of one adjective UNITED, one common noun STATES and one proper noun AMERICA.

    2. The mistake was not that of Liberia but of its president, and yet we find the ‘s inflection at the end of the whole phrase and not attached to the head noun, president. Indeed, in informal varieties of English, the word to which the ‘s attaches doesn’t even have to be a noun:

      This explanation makes sense to me.Simple and straight.

    3. Notes

      Criticism/ Feedback on Chapter: Again, and with the previous chapter, the author(s) do a compelling job of conveying the information in a succinct manner. There are a few mistakes in this chapter: For example, if I’m not mistaken, “head word” is a compound word.

      This sentence is missing commas: If you find it more helpful to show these hidden levels, then (comma) by all means (comma) put them in your own diagrams[,] (omit this comma) but do so consistently.

      Spelling error: “Although there’s nothing wrong with this representation, we can simplfy.” (Here, the word “simply” is spelled wrong).

      Redundancy: “The noun phrase also resembles the verb phrase in that it can contain contain complements.” The word “contain” is repeated twice in this sentence.

      Sentence in need of comma: “Of course (comma) that change in meaning is no proof that there is actually a silent determiner present in the bare NP.” I would omit the word “actually”. That’s been a consistent pattern throughout—though, I understand and like the formality in tone I do like brevity.

      Overall, good chapter. It was easy to understand and the examples were necessary to understand the information. My only concern was the few mistakes I found (listed above), and comma splice issues.

    1. If in a Poem there should be found a series of lines, or even a single line, in which the language, though naturally arranged and according to the strict laws of metre,  does not differ from that of prose, there is a numerous class of critics, who, when they stumble upon these prosaisms as they call them, imagine that they have made a  notable discovery, and exult over the Poet as over a man ignorant of his own profession. Now these men would establish a canon of criticism which the Reader will  conclude he must utterly reject, if he wishes to be pleased with these volumes. And it would be a most easy task to prove to him, that not only the language of a large  portion of every good poem, even of the most elevated character, must necessarily, except with reference to the metre, in no respect differ from that of good prose,  but likewise that some of the most interesting parts of the best poems will be found to be strictly the language of prose, when prose is well written. The truth of this  assertion might be demonstrated by innumerable passages from almost all the poetical writings, even of Milton himself. I have not space for much quotation; but, to  illustrate the subject in a general manner, I will here adduce a short composition of Gray, who was at the head of those who by their reasonings have attempted to  widen the space of separation betwixt Prose and Metrical composition, and was more than any other man curiously elaborate in the structure of his own poetic  diction.    

      ?

    2. And it would be a most easy task to prove to him, that not only the language of a large  portion of every good poem, even of the most elevated character, must necessarily, except with reference to the metre, in no respect differ from that of good prose,  but likewise that some of the most interesting parts of the best poems will be found to be strictly the language of prose, when prose is well written. The truth of this  assertion might be demonstrated by innumerable passages from almost all the poetical writings, even of Milton himself. I have not space for much quotation; but, to  illustrate the subject in a general manner, I will here adduce a short composition of Gray, who was at the head of those who by their reasonings have attempted to  widen the space of separation betwixt Prose and Metrical composition, and was more than any other man curiously elaborate in the structure of his own poetic  diction.

      Yes I agree that there is some good prose language found in poems as it helps the poem gain structure and fluidity

    1. burning brimstone is extended abroad under you

      Here he is depicting the underworld in a dark and descriptive way instead of writing the word outright. It creates a sense of imagery where the reader paints a picture in their head of a dark place full of flames

    1. And late Saturday night, as the threats pounded "like ham-mers at my head," she decided that she couldn't fight anymore

      used a metaphor to showcase how she was done with the fighting what could this lead to? why cant she fight anymore? who is she fighting and why?

    Annotators

    1. a javelin thrower lobbing a missile, and a pole vaulter soaring over a barbed-wire fence

      that brings up an interesting image of the graffiti in my head. I wonder who was that message intended for, or, what inspired him to make that piece at the time. I get the olympics part, but the war metaphors?

    1. What does it suggest about power?

      At Lawrenceville, the Harkness table in most Humanities class rooms eliminates the notion of a "head of table" which makes a considerable difference in flow/progression of conversations. I find that few students after the first week look towards me to address their questions; instead, the students address them around the table!

    1. How, how, Cordelia! mend your speech a little,Lest it may mar your fortunes.

      Early on in the play the reader can see Lear's tragic flaw is his excessive pride and ego. He is using his power and holding it over the head of his daughters just so he can be reinforced of how much he is loved. I am a little surprised that Shakespeare didn't wait long before revealing Lear as a tragic character. I was expecting a little more build up and fall like we saw in Othello but this shows that Lear is already a broken man looking for anything to make him feel like the king he once was.

    1. a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes.

      his weak description contrasts with the fact that he is in jail and about to be hanged, usually meaning he committed a horrible crime. His description makes readers wonder what he could've done that was so bad

    1. Mental health may be in your head, but it affects your body, your loved ones and your community. It’s time we acknowledge that mental health isn’t something we can ignore.

      This ending line is like a final wrap up appealing to pathos and logs saying that mental health does not only affect the individual and should be taken seriously. Here the author is trying to get the readers to feel a passion to go out and help and get involved to support mental health.

    1. ‘‘to have the right hand cut off . . . the head severed from the body, the body divided into four quarters

      Columbus did this to to the original settlers.

    1. Hamm: Look at the sea. Clov: It’s the same. Hamm: Look at the ocean!<

      quote: pg 106 annotation: pgs 106-108

      At Hamm’s request, Clov stands on a ladder looking out at the sea. Though he previously declared that nothing had changed, he is captured by the peculiar sunset. When he initially looks, there is a bit of light left, but it is quickly gone. Clove becomes distracted from Hamm’s attempts to communicate with him momentarily as he’s absorbed by the sight and begins to fixate on the waves in particular. When Hamm asks how the waves are, Clov states that they are lead, and when Hamm asks about the sun, Clov responds “zero.” Hamm claims the sun should be sinking but Clov curses the sun and says that the sky is grey, normally first, aggressively yelling next, then whispering it to get Hamm’s attention. When Hamm asks him if it is grey, Clov says it is light black and Hamm tells him that he is exaggerating. While Clov is agitated and excited by what he saw and convinced that something is happening, Hamm dismisses his excitement as his imagination, stating that any rational being will get ideas in his head if he looks at something long enough. Their reactions seem to hint at a human proclivity to project meaning onto objects in our environment regardless of their actual or lack of significance.

    2. HAMM: [Wearily.] Quiet, quiet, you're keeping me awake. [Pause.] Talk softer. [Pause.] If I could sleep I might make love. I'd go into the woods. My eyes would see ... the sky, the earth. I'd run, run, they wouldn't catch me. [Pause.] Nature! [Pause.] There's something dripping in my head. [Pause.] A heart, a heart in my head.

      In this scene, Hamm draws a reminiscent reference to nature, a past one that hasn’t decayed much as it does at this moment, a paralleled situation that resembles his blindness and inability to stand up. He has nothing left but being a wretched existence, codependent to his servant Clov. Here the mood is bleak and his attitude is nostalgic, a forlorn combination that provides a stark contrast between the desolation and his warm longing which seems only to be in vain. This draws back to Nell and Nagg's conversation in the previous dialogue, where Nagg mentions the loss of a tooth. "I had it yesterday." "Ah, yesterday!" The characters speak of nature, though keep referring back to themselves in the end, for they degenerate as the nature decays. However, we don't know if the cause of their physical disability is ecological, or are the two only analogical.

    3. I wonder. [Pause.] Imagine if a rational being came back to earth, wouldn't he be liable to get ideas into his head if he observed us long enough

      I was struck by the timing of this delightfully brief and slightly meta exchange about meaning, which follows immediately after the discussion of the apocalyptic state of the natural world outside. Thinking way back to "Greening the Absurd," I can't really seem to decide whether the characters think of nature within the environmental or ecological framework. I know you've said that Hamm and Clove's circumstance can be read as ecological: which makes sense, they are so deeply defined and subject to their natural surroundings (or subversion thereof). Their environment certainly does seem to serve as a metaphor—a reflection of Hamm + Clov's interior landscape. This reflection is a causal one: at least that's what's explicitly referenced by Hamm and implicitly understood by an audience with our own troubled reality.

      The connection to nature and meaning is a pretty direct cue to look closer, because it's an association poets and artists and writers have drawn for like...ever, not necessarily in the character's reality but certainly in our own. What these few lines (and indeed, the play as a whole) achieve is to invert our own erroneous understanding of the relationship between meaning and nature, an inherently unsustainable one that returns relentlessly (either out of instinct or arrogance) to nature as the metaphor that never stops giving. Think of whole "Pastoral" genre we learned about a while ago in whatever survey class. Or the "Transcendentalist" painting movement in early America. We milk it, reduce it to an image and load up that image with all of the emotion we're incapable of just expressing outright. We exploit it (much the same way we do for resources) for meaning, reframing and reframing to our convenience (dare I say, even laziness?). Like so many screenshots of the same jpeg image, a clear and truthful image becomes corrupt.* Imagination becomes reality the same way meaning becomes causality. All of this to say we don't think of it as OUR ecosystem anymore but a tabula rasa for us to manipulate into the perfect reflection of ourselves, until we stop existing as a part of it, and it starts (or ceases) existing as a part of us. O, inadequate poetic imagination!

      I just realized now I haven't gotten around to your question, bear with me. I was initially interested in this passage because Hamm does seem to share or at least be aware of our poorly-balanced causal understanding of nature. Perhaps he is so emotional because of this reversal, wherein nature gives meaning to him , and an ugly one, too.

      *I realize how ironic it is that I'm using a technological metaphor here, I just didn't want to use a natural one.

    4. If I could drag myself down to the sea! I'd make a pillow of sand for my head and the tide would come. CLOV: There's no more tide.

      These two lines serve to highlight how Hamm and Clov view nature in entirely different ways. Hamm seems to almost be over-indulging himself in his admiration of nature here as he is willing to fully submit himself to that environment. Whether or not he is implying that he would drown himself, that idea alone marks a very stark turn for nature's role in this play. Throughout the play, the outside world is described as being very desolate and baron. For Hamm, a man who cannot see this new outside world, to conjure up such a powerful image of nature shows how he is holding onto an image of nature from the past. There is certainly a level of awe for Hamm here. On the other side, Clov, who appears to have never seen nature like that, downcasts Hamm's image. For Clov, this image of nature and the power that it would own, does not exist. Clov's frustration and dismay comes through here, as he was born into this new world built off the works of prior generations like Hamm, where images of nature like this do not exist.

    1. She had not wanted anyone to touch her.What kind of world was this to chance bringing a child into even if the father werewilling to stay and help raise it?

      Rye knows what Obsidian is doing and that he is attracted to her but with the current state the world is in she wants no one to touch her not to bring a child into this world. This shows that even though Rye has been affected by the illness she still has a good head on her shoulders.

    2. He touched her, touched himself, pointed toward thefloor. In effect, "We are here." She knew he wanted to know where she was going.She wanted to tell him, but she shook her head sadly. She had lost reading andwriting.

      Obsidian is curious about where Rye is going but she can’t tell him because she can’t read the map.

    3. both had admittedwhat it was not safe to admit, and there had been no violence. He tapped his mouthand forehead and shook his head. He did not speak or comprehend spokenlanguage. The illness had played with them, taking away, she suspected, what eachvalued most

      They both talked to each other and came to an understanding after Rye wanted to kill the man. The man noticed the troubled/killing look and they both had a conversation. No violence and death, they had a civilized conversation unlike everyone else who fight and act violent in a disagreement.

    4. they passed blocks of burned, abandoned buildings, empty lots, and wreckedor stripped cars, he slipped a gold chain over his head and handed it to her. Thependant attached to it was a smooth, glassy, black rock. Obsidian. His name mightbe Rock or Peter or Black, but she decided to think of him as Obsidian. Even hersometimes useless memory would retain a name like Obsidian

      There seem to be a riot or violence that happened throughout the city or town, this can also show how this led to the death of Rye’s family. Also when he man hands her a pendent, she picks a not normal name, being obsidian. Rye suggest that it was her bad memories that she gives him this nickname, but maybe she doesn’t want to be social, due to her careful nature, trauma and violence she faced. Maybe she doesn’t want to get familiar because she fears of losing something or someone

    1. Another possible reason: seeing the contrast between China's experience of the pandemic and that of other countries, say public opinion experts. China has confirmed just over 85,000 coronavirus cases this year. Globally, there are more than 25 million confirmed cases, and nearly 7 million in the U.S. "The disappointing performance of Europe and the U.S. increased Chinese confidence in their own political system," says Qi Zhongxiang, the head of Womin Technology, a public relations consultancy that advises Chinese Communist Party and government bodies.

      There is no way that the numbers that the Chinese government are accurate, but there is no way that they ever budge from this stance.

    1. Be not afraid then to read my appeal; it is not written in the heat of passion or prejudice, but in that solemn calmness which is the result of conviction and duty. It is true, I am going to tell you unwelcome truths, but I mean to speak those truths in love, and remember Solomon says, “faithful are the wounds of a friend.” I do not believe the time has yet come when Christian women “will not endure sound doctrine,” even on the subject of Slavery, if it is spoken to them in tenderness and love, therefore I now address you.

      Angelina is making sure in the text that she has thought about this through and through. And, she has come to the conclusion that she needs to share with her friends and relatives and community the truth about slavery. She is trying to persuade her audience that the righteous ones will listen and head to her advice. She has complete faith in the audience and their faith that they will listen to her advice and use sound judgement.

    1. I. Dynamometer Pressure. The greatest possible squeeze of the hand may be thought by many to be a purely physiological quantity. It is, however, impossible to separate bodily from mental energy. The 'sense of effort' and the effects of volition on the body are among the questions most discussed in psychology and even in metaphysics. Interesting experiments may be made on the relation between volitional control or emotional excitement and dynamometer pressure. Other determinations of bodily power could be made (in the second series I have included the 'archer's pull' and pressure of the thumb and fore-finger), but the squeeze of the hand seems the most convenient. It may be readily made, cannot prove injurious, is dependent on mental conditions, and allows comparison of right-and left-handed power. The experimentee should be shown how to hold the dynamometer in order to obtain the maximum pressure. I allow two trials with each hand (the order being right, left, right, left), and record the maximum pressure of each hand. II. Rate of Movement. Such a determination seems to be of considerable interest, especially in connexion with the preceding. [p.375] Indeed, its physiological importance is such as to make it surprising that careful measurements have not hitherto been made. The rate of movement has the same psychological bearings as the force of movement. Notice, in addition to the subjects already mentioned, the connexion between force and rate of movement on the one hand and the 'four temperaments' on the other. I am now making experiments to determine the rate of different movements. As a general test, I suggest the quickest possible movement of the right hand and arm from rest through 50 cm. A piece of apparatus for this purpose can be obtained from Clay & Torbensen, Philadelphia. An electric current is closed by the first movement of the hand, and broken when the movement through 50 cm. has been completed. I measure the time the current has been closed with the Hipp chronoscope, but it may be done by any chronographic method. The Hipp chronoscope is to be obtained from Peyer & Favarger, Neuchâtel. It is a very convenient apparatus, but care must be taken in regulating and controlling it (see MIND No. 42).[3] III. Sensation-areas. The distance on the skin by which two points must be separated in order that they may be felt as two is a constant, interesting both to the physiologist and psychologist. Its variation in different parts of the body (from 1 to 68 mm.) was a most important discovery. What the individual variation may be, and what inferences may be drawn from it, cannot be foreseen; but anything which may throw light on the development of the idea of space deserves careful study. Only one part of the body can be tested in a series such as the present. I suggest the back of the closed right band, between the tendons of the first and second fingers, and in a longitudinal direction. Compasses with rounded wooden or rubber tips should be used, and I suggest that the curvature have a radius of 5mm. This experiment requires some care and skill on the part of the experimenter. The points must be touched simultaneously, and not too hard. The experimentee must turn away his head. In order to obtain exact results, a large number of experiments would be necessary, and all the tact of the experimenter will be required to determine, without undue expenditure of time, the distance at which the touches may just be distinguished. IV. Pressure causing Pain. This, like the rate of movement, is a determination not hitherto much considered, and if other more important tests can be devised they might be substituted for these. But the point at which pressure causes pain may be an important constant, and in any case it would be valuable in the diagnosis of nervous diseases and in studying abnormal states of consciousness. The determination of any fixed point or quantity in pleasure or pain is a matter of great interest in theoretical and practical ethics, and I should be glad to include. some such test [p.376] the present series. To determine the pressure causing pain, I use an instrument (to be obtained from Clav & Torbensen) which measures the pressure applied by a tip of hard rubber 5 mm. in radius. I am now determining the pressure causing pain in different parts of the body; for the present series commend the centre of the forehead. The pressure should be gradually increased and the maximum read from the indicator after the experiment is complete. As a rule, the point at which the experimentee says the pressure is painful should be recorded, but in some cases it may be necessary to record the point at which signs of pain are shown. I make two trials, and record both. V. Least noticeable difference in Weight. The just noticeable sensation and the least noticeable difference in sensation are psychological constants of great interest. Indeed, the measurement of mental intensity is probably the most important question with which experimental psychology has at present to deal. The just noticeable sensation can only be determined with great pains, if at all: the point usually found being in reality the least noticeable difference for faint stimuli. This latter point is itself so difficult to determine that I have postponed it to the second series. The least noticeable difference in sensation for stimuli of a given intensity can be more readily determined, but it requires some time, and consequently not more than one sense and intensity can be tested in a preliminary series. I follow Mr. Galton in selecting 'sense of effort' or weight. I use small wooden boxes, the standard one weighing 100 gms. and the others 101, 102, up to 110 gms. The standard weight and another (beginning with 105 gms.) being given to the experimentee, he is asked which is the heavier. I allow him about 10 secs for decision. I record the point at which he is usually right, being careful to note that he is always right with the next heavier weight. VI. Reaction-time for Sound. The time elapsing before a stimulus calls forth a movement should certainly be included in a series of psychophysical tests: the question to be decided is what stimulus should be chosen. I prefer sound; on it the reaction-time seems to be the shortest and most regular, and the apparatus is most easily arranged. I measure the time with a Hipp chronoscope, but various chronographic methods have been used. There is need of a simpler, cheaper and more portable apparatus for measuring short times. Mr. Galton uses an ingenious instrument, in which the time is measured by the motion of a falling rod, and electricity is dispensed with, but this method will not measure times longer than about 1/3 sec. In measuring the reaction-time, I suggest that three valid reactions be taken, and the minimum recorded. Later, the average and mean variation may be calculated.[4] VII. Time for naming Colours. A reaction is essentially reflex, [p.377] and, I think, in addition to it, the time of some process more purely mental should be measured. Several such processes are included in the second series; for the present series I suggest the time needed to see and name a colour. This time may be readily measured for a single colour by means of suitable apparatus (see MIND No. 42), but for general use sufficient accuracy may be attained by allowing the experimentee to name ten colours and taking the average. I paste coloured papers (red, yellow, green and blue) 2 cm. square, 1cm. apart, vertically on a strip of black pasteboard. This I suddenly uncover and start a chronoscope, which I stop when the ten colours have been named. I allow two trials (the order of colours being different in each) and record the average time per colour in the quickest trial. VIII. Bisection of a 50 cm Line. The accuracy with which space and time are judged may be readily tested, and with interesting results. I follow Mr. Galton in letting the experimentee divide an ebony rule (3 cm. wide) into two equal parts by means of a movable line, but I recommend 50 cm. in place of 1 ft., as with the latter the error is so small that it is difficult to measure, and the metric system seems preferable. The amount of error in mm. (the distance from the true middle) should be recorded, and whether it is to the right or left. One trial would seem to be sufficient. IX. Judgment of 10 sec. Time. This determination is easily made. I strike on the table with the end of a pencil and again after 10 seconds, and let the experimentee in turn strike when he judges an equal interval to have elapsed. I allow only one trial and record the time, from which the amount and direction of error can be seen. X. Number of Letters repeated on once Hearing. Memory and attention may be tested by determining how many letters can be repeated on hearing once. I name distinctly and at the rate of two per second six letters, and if the experimentee can repeat these after me I go on to seven, then eight, &c.; if the six are not correctly repeated after three trials (with different letters), I give five, four, &c. The maximum number of letters which can be grasped and remembered is thus determined. Consonants only should be used in order to avoid syllables.

      In this section of the article, Cattel shows how he went about the first ten trials and explains in detail how the sensations were measured and the procedure that is required to replicate these tests.

    1. We know that biology is a "proven" science and when psychology first began to gain interests the scientists did not or took little head in the sciences that were already showing evidence. Instead they took a new route and that route may have been wrong. So what he is getting at is with this one misstep psychology could be pushed back by years of misinformed knowledge.

    1. “I’m sure you’ve heard the expression ‘everyone is entitled to their opinion.’ Perhaps you’ve even said it yourself, maybe to head off an argument or bring one to a close. Well, as soon as you walk into this room, it’s no longer true. You are not entitled to your opinion. You are only entitled to what you can argue for.”

      This speaks loudly to me especially in today's polarized world. If you stand firm in your beliefs and attempt to open a dialogue with someone who disagrees, agreeing to disagree won't always end the argument. We all have opinions that our unique to our own ideology. Differing opinions can inadvertently cause upset without intention.

      "Meryl Dorey is the leader of the Australian Vaccination Network, which despite the name is vehemently anti-vaccine. Ms. Dorey has no medical qualifications, but argues (Links to an external site.) that if Bob Brown is allowed to comment on nuclear power despite not being a scientist, she should be allowed to comment on vaccines. But no-one assumes Dr. Brown is an authority on the physics of nuclear fission; his job is to comment on the policy responses to the science, not the science itself."

      Opinions do not surpass facts. Information becomes readily misinterpreted when opinion is perceived as factual. The author expressed an example above outlining how a person speaking based on opinion versus fact can mislead the reader or listener.

      "But this implies an equal right to be heard on a matter in which only one of the two parties has the relevant expertise. Again, if this was about policy responses to science, this would be reasonable."

      A non-expert should be careful with how they speak in terms of information they share. Experience is relevant however having facts to illustrate and confirm what is being portrayed is crucial. It is very easy to mislead and proves just how powerful words can be.

      "Mediawatch host Jonathan Holmes was considerably more blunt: “there’s evidence, and there’s bulldust (Links to an external site.),” and it’s not part of a reporter’s job to give bulldust equal time with serious expertise"

      Mr. Holmes was attempting to reaffirm that evidence based facts and expertise can far outweigh the opinions of someone sharing unfounded statements lacking credibility and facts.

      "So next time you hear someone declare they’re entitled to their opinion, ask them why they think that. Chances are, if nothing else, you’ll end up having a more enjoyable conversation that way."

      Fact versus fiction is relevant and needs to be on the forefront of differing opinions. We can have our own opinions however to argue them effectively, research should be done and misinformation should not be the catalyst of the argument despite how accurate you feel you are. An open, healthy dialogue allows for research based facts to support evidence versus what a person feels is correct.

    1. Finding Challenging, Satisfying Problems

      We know that the most challenging parts of life bring about the most learning and yet we often strive to protect children from any sort of adversity. This approach fights directly against that. To take on problems and challenges head-on – so much learning

    1. At this time in history Japan had closed itself off from the world for 200 years, but it was quickly showing countries not to mess with them. It wasn’t long until Japan and China went head to head, and in keeping with the pattern China was facing, it lost. This gave Japan the chance to help tear away at the Chinese empire. IT was forced to recognize,”the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea”, which wasn’t “completely independent” as Japan had installed a puppet government. China also had to pay a fine of 200 million taels to the Japanese, open 4 more treaty ports, and cede to Japan all of Taiwan, the Pescadores, and the Liaodong region of Manchuria. China was no longer the dominant force in the Pacific.

      This was an interesting post! I found it interesting that this was really big time for changes in China! It's ashamed so many Chinese left to get away and then were treated very poorly in America. I also was not aware of the tension between China and Japan.

    1. causes—yes, causes—of ADHD

      Similar to my earlier annotation, in my research for our civic paper, I read a few articles that did mention scientists were collecting research data to learn more about the causes of ADHD. Prematurity, prenatal exposures, and head injuries are all some common hypothesis that have been made.

    1. When Harley says "an alternative within GB treated head movement as a substitution operation", how would the head moving to T get the tense in T if it was substituting for T?

    1. Maija Rintola stood before her chattering class of twenty-three 7- and 8-year-olds one late April day in Kirkkojarven Koulu. A tangle of multicolored threads topped her copper hair like a painted wig. The 20-year teacher was trying out her look for Vappu, the day teachers and children come to school in riotous costumes to celebrate May Day. The morning sun poured through the slate and lemon linen shades onto containers of Easter grass growing on the wooden sills. Rintola smiled and held up her open hand at a slant—her time-tested “silent giraffe,” which signaled the kids to be quiet. Little hats, coats, shoes stowed in their cubbies, the children wiggled next to their desks in their stocking feet, waiting for a turn to tell their tale from the playground. They had just returned from their regular 15 minutes of playtime outdoors between lessons. “Play is important at this age,” Rintola would later say. “We value play.” With their wiggles unwound, the students took from their desks little bags of buttons, beans and laminated cards numbered 1 through 20. A teacher’s aide passed around yellow strips representing units of ten. At a smart board at the front of the room, Rintola ushered the class through the principles of base ten. One girl wore cat ears on her head, for no apparent reason. Another kept a stuffed mouse on her desk to remind her of home. Rintola roamed the room helping each child grasp the concepts. Those who finished early played an advanced “nut puzzle” game. After 40 minutes it was time for a hot lunch in the cathedral-like cafeteria.

      There's this sense of ease and, more importantly, a lack of stress in the day to day of school as the subjects are broken up with lots of play time; considered an integral part of education.

    2. Why Are Finland’s Schools Successful? The country’s achievements in education have other nations, especially the United States, doing their homework <img src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/thzZYTv2Evhq3x8iHdcaakihfVE=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/cd/ee/cdee1c82-f8e3-4de4-983e-8599d4485745/finland-smiles-wr.jpg" alt="Kirkkojarvi School" itemprop="image"> "This is what we do every day," says Kirkkojarvi Comprehensive School principal Kari Louhivuori, "prepare kids for life." (Stuart Conway) By LynNell Hancock Smithsonian Magazine | Subscribe September 2011 AddThis Sharing ButtonsShare to FacebookFacebookShare to TwitterTwitterShare to RedditReddit78Share to PinterestPinterest997Share to LinkedInLinkedInShare to FlipboardFlipboardShare to EmailEmailShare to PrintPrintShare to MoreAddThis934 It was the end of term at Kirkkojarvi Comprehensive School in Espoo, a sprawling suburb west of Helsinki, when Kari Louhivuori, a veteran teacher and the school’s principal, decided to try something extreme—by Finnish standards. One of his sixth-grade students, a Kosovo-Albanian boy, had drifted far off the learning grid, resisting his teacher’s best efforts. The school’s team of special educators—including a social worker, a nurse and a psychologist—convinced Louhivuori that laziness was not to blame. So he decided to hold the boy back a year, a measure so rare in Finland it’s practically obsolete. function dispatchComscoreLoadedEvent(){ let event = new Event('MPlayerComscoreLoaded'); window.dispatchEvent(event); } !function(e){var t={};function n(r){if(t[r])return t[r].exports;var i=t[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(i.exports,i,i.exports,n),i.l=!0,i.exports}n.m=e,n.c=t,n.d=function(e,t,r){n.o(e,t)||Object.defineProperty(e,t,{enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.r=function(e){"undefined"!==typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(e,t){if(1&t&&(e=n(e)),8&t)return e;if(4&t&&"object"===typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var r=Object.create(null);if(n.r(r),Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&t&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var i in e)n.d(r,i,function(t){return e[t]}.bind(null,i));return r},n.n=function(e){var t=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return 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n=r.generatePrerollTag(e,t);r.monetization.onPrerollAdOpportunity(n)}),f()(this,"onSeekedWhileAdInProgress",function(){r.monetization.onMidrollAdOpportunity()});var i=t.getState;this.monetization=n,this.videoTimeSubscriber=new qi(t,this),this.videoSeekSubscriber=new zi(t,this),this.prerollScheduler=new Gi(t,this);var o=_i.adTagUrlTemplate(i());this.adTagGenerator=new Wi(o)},Yi=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"generateAdRequest",value:function(e,t,n){var r=new google.ima.AdsRequest;return r.adTagUrl=e,Fn()||r.setAdWillPlayMuted(t),r.vastLoadTimeout=n,r}}]),e}(),Zi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad status",payload:e})}},Xi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set pending video status",payload:{pendingStatusObject:{type:e,value:""}}})}},Ji=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status",payload:e})}},Qi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update ad 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t=a.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=gn.volume(n());Bn()||gn.muted(n())?(e.setVolume(0),Qi(!0)(r)):(e.setVolume(gn.volume(n())),eo(i)(r),Qi(!1)(r))}),f()(this,"createIMAAdManager",function(t){a.IMAAdManager=t.getAdsManager(a.adVideoElement,e.getAdsRenderingSettings()),a.setAdVolume(a.IMAAdManager)}),f()(this,"registerToAdManagerEvents",function(){a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdErrorEvent.Type.AD_ERROR,a.onAdError),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_PAUSE_REQUESTED,a.onContentPauseRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_RESUME_REQUESTED,a.onContentResumeRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.STARTED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.IMPRESSION,a.onAdImpression),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.SKIPPED,a.onAdSkipped),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.COMPLETE,a.onAdCompleted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.PAUSED,a.onAdPaused),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.RESUMED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.AD_PROGRESS,a.onAdProgressChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_CHANGED,a.onVolumeChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_MUTED,a.onAdVolumeMutedChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.ALL_ADS_COMPLETED,a.onAdCompleted)}),f()(this,"onIMAAdsManagerLoaded",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;a.createIMAAdManager(e),a.registerToAdManagerEvents(),Zi("loaded")(t)}),f()(this,"onAdError",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;!function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad error",payload:e})}}(e.getError().getMessage())(t),Ji(!1),a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdImpression",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch,n=!e.getAd().g.vpaid;a.setPodInfo(e),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter"})}(t),function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad",payload:e})}}(n)(t)}),f()(this,"onVolumeChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;eo(e.target.getVolume())(t)}),f()(this,"onAdVolumeMutedChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;0===e.target.getVolume()?Qi(!0)(t):Qi(!1)(t)}),f()(this,"continuePlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.getState,n=e.dispatch,r=hn.videoTagStatus(t());Xi("idle"===r?"play":"resume")(n)}),f()(this,"stopPlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Xi("pause")(e)}),f()(this,"onContentPauseRequested",function(){a.stopPlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onContentResumeRequested",function(){a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdPaused",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("paused")(e)}),f()(this,"setPodInfo",function(e){var t=e&&e.getAd()&&e.getAd().getAdPodInfo();if(!Un(t)){var n=a.store.dispatch;!function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[MONETIZATION] change pod info",payload:{slotNumber:e,podNumber:t}})}}(t.getAdPosition(),a.totalAdRequestMadeAmount)(n)}}),f()(this,"onAdStarted",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=gn.volume(n());Zi("playing")(t),0===a.IMAAdManager.getVolume()?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):window.shouldPlayAdRule||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(r),a.onResize()}),f()(this,"onAdCompleted",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("completed")(e)}),f()(this,"onAdSkipped",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("skipped")(e)}),f()(this,"onResize",function(){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(a.IMAAdManager.resize(a.videoPlayerElement.clientWidth,a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,google.ima.ViewMode.NORMAL),a.adContainerElement.style.height="".concat(a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,"px"))}),f()(this,"onAdProgressChanged",function(e){var t,n,r=a.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState,s=e.getAdData().currentTime,u=e.getAdData().duration,c=_i.adDuration(o());(t=s,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time",payload:t})})(i),c!==u&&(n=u,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration",payload:n})})(i)}),f()(this,"onAnchorStatusChanged",function(){var e=a.store.getState;"processing"!==Pr(e())&&a.onResize()}),f()(this,"changeAdVolume",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e)}),f()(this,"changeAdMuted",function(e,t){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(t?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e))}),f()(this,"changeAdStatus",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||("playing"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.resume(),"paused"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.pause())});var s=t.getState;this.store=t,this.adVideoElement=r,this.videoPlayerElement=i,this.adContainerElement=n,this.adDisplayContainer=new google.ima.AdDisplayContainer(n,r),this.createAdLoader(s(),this.adDisplayContainer),this.adDisplayContainer.initialize(),this.anchorStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorDependencies,this.onAnchorStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.registerForWindowResize(),this.initMutationObserver(o)};f()(to,"getAdsRenderingSettings",function(){var e=new google.ima.AdsRenderingSettings;return e.restoreCustomPlaybackStateOnAdBreakComplete=!0,e.enablePreloading=!1,e.uiElements=[],e.loadVideoTimeout=15e3,e}),f()(to,"getAnchorDependencies",function(e){return[Pr(e)]});var no=function e(t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"playerId",void 0),f()(this,"adScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"adHandler",void 0),f()(this,"imaLoadingStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adContainer",void 0),f()(this,"adVideoElement",void 0),f()(this,"videoPlayerElement",void 0),f()(this,"playerContainer",void 0),f()(this,"pendingMidrollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdTag",null),f()(this,"pendingMidrollNumber",null),f()(this,"pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adMutedStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adVolumeStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"onMidrollAdOpportunity",function(){var e=s.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=_i.adStatus(n()),i=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(n());"loaded"===r?s.playAd(!0):"requested"===r&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0,i||(Xi("pause")(t),Ji(!0)(t))),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter"})}(t)}),f()(this,"onPrerollAdOpportunity",function(e){var t=s.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=Fi.loadingImaStatus(n());Un(s.adHandler)?"loading"!==i&&""!==i||(Ji(!0)(r),s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=e):(s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,Ji(!0)(r),s.adHandler.loadNewAd(e,"preroll"))}),f()(this,"onPreMidrollAdOpportunity",function(e,t){Un(s.adHandler)||(e.currentTime>=e.midrollTime&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0),s.pendingMidrollNumber=e.midrollNumber,s.adHandler.loadNewAd(t,"midroll"))}),f()(this,"hasPendingAd",function(){return s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()||s.hasPendingPrerollAdPlay()}),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=s.store.dispatch,n=_i.adStatus(e);"completed"===n&&Ji(!1)(t);var r=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(e),i=_i.loadingAd(e);"playing"!==n&&"error"!==n||r||!i||Ji(!1)(t),s.hasPendingAd()&&"loaded"===n?s.playAd(s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()):s.hasPendingAd()&&"error"===n?(Ji(!1),s.clearPendingMidroll(),s.clearPendingPreroll()):Hi(n)||(Ji(!1),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data"})}(t))}),f()(this,"clearPendingMidroll",function(){s.pendingMidrollNumber=null,s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!1}),f()(this,"clearPendingPreroll",function(){s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!1,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=null}),f()(this,"onVideoTagStatusChanged",function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls"})}(s.store.dispatch)}),f()(this,"hasPendingMidrollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingMidrollAdPlay}),f()(this,"hasPendingPrerollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingPrerollAdPlay}),f()(this,"playAd",function(e){var t,n=s.store.dispatch,r=s.adHandler.playAd();e?((t=s.pendingMidrollNumber,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] add 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Ki(t,this),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this)),e.canUseIMA(u())?this.adHandler=new to(t,r,i,o,a):this.imaLoadingStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getIMALoadingStatusDependencies,this.onIMALoadingStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingAdStatusDependencies,this.onPendingAdStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.adMutedStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdMutedDependencies,this.onAdMutedChanged.bind(this)),this.adVolumeStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdVolumeDependencies,this.onAdVolumeChanged.bind(this))};f()(no,"getAdStatusDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getIMALoadingStatusDependencies",function(e){return[Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"canUseIMA",function(e){return"success"===Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)}),f()(no,"getPendingAdStatusDependencies",function(e){return[_i.pendingAdStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getAdMutedDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adMuted(e)]}),f()(no,"getAdVolumeDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adVolume(e)]});var ro=function(e,t){!function(e,t){var n=document.getElementById(vn(t));B(b(Li,{store:e,playerId:t}),n)}(e,t);var n=function(e){var t=Ri(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),r=function(e){var t=Bn()?Di(e):En(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),i=function(e){var t=En(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),o=function(e){var t=bn(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t);return new no(e,t,n,r,i,o)},io=n(4),oo=n.n(io),ao=n(7),so=n.n(ao),uo=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"duration",void 0),f()(this,"position",void 0),f()(this,"previousPosition",void 0),f()(this,"loadTime",void 0),f()(this,"adOrder",void 0),f()(this,"adType",void 0),f()(this,"adDuration",void 0),f()(this,"errorMessage",void 0),f()(this,"adPodNumber",void 0),f()(this,"adSlotNumber",void 0)}return Vi()(e,[{key:"setDuration",value:function(e){return this.duration=e,this}},{key:"setPosition",value:function(e){return this.position=e,this}},{key:"setPreviousPosition",value:function(e){return this.previousPosition=e,this}},{key:"setLoadTime",value:function(e){return this.loadTime=e,this}},{key:"setAdOrder",value:function(e){return this.adOrder=e,this}},{key:"setAdType",value:function(e){return this.adType=e,this}},{key:"setAdDuration",value:function(e){return this.adDuration=e,this}},{key:"setErrorMessage",value:function(e){return this.errorMessage=e,this}},{key:"setAdPodNumber",value:function(e){return this.adPodNumber=e,this}},{key:"setAdSlotNumber",value:function(e){return this.adSlotNumber=e,this}},{key:"build",value:function(){var e=[];return jn(this.position)||e.push("video current position=".concat(Hn(this.position),"sec")),jn(this.duration)||e.push("video duration time=".concat(Hn(this.duration),"sec")),jn(this.loadTime)||e.push("video load time=".concat(this.loadTime,"milliseconds")),jn(this.previousPosition)||e.push("previous position=".concat(Hn(this.previousPosition),"sec")),jn(this.adOrder)||e.push("ad order=".concat(this.adOrder)),jn(this.adType)||e.push("ad type=".concat(this.adType)),jn(this.adDuration)||e.push("ad duration=".concat(Hn(Number(this.adDuration)),"sec")),jn(this.adPodNumber)||e.push("pod number=".concat(this.adPodNumber)),jn(this.adSlotNumber)||e.push("slot number=".concat(this.adSlotNumber)),jn(this.errorMessage)||e.push("error message=".concat(this.errorMessage)),e.join(";")}}]),e}(),co="mmPlus GTM data ready to GA",lo="mmPlus GTM event to GA",po={EMBED:"vplayer video player embed",FIRST_PLAY:"vplayer video first play",COMPLETION_25_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 25% complete",COMPLETION_50_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 50% complete",COMPLETION_75_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 75% complete",COMPLETION_90_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 90% complete",AD_BLOCK:"vplayer video ad block",AD_REQUEST:"vplayer video ad request",AD_IMPRESSION:"vplayer video ad impression",AD_ERROR:"vplayer video ad error",AD_VIEWABLE_IMPRESSION:"vplayer video ad viewable impression",AD_COMPLETE:"vplayer video ad complete",AD_SKIP:"vplayer video ad skip",AD_PAUSE:"vplayer video ad pause",VIDEO_COMPLETE:"vplayer video complete",FULLSCREEN_ON:"vplayer video fullscreen on",FULLSCREEN_OFF:"vplayer video fullscreen off",SEEK:"vplayer video position seeked",VIDEO_MUTE:"vplayer video mute",VIDEO_UNMUTE:"vplayer video unmute",CONTROLS_MUTE_OR_UNMUTE:"controls 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t=gn.fullscreen(e),n=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),i=(new uo).setPosition(n).build(),o=t?po.FULLSCREEN_ON:po.FULLSCREEN_OFF;r.analyticsEventsCallbacks.onEvent(o,i)}),this.store=t,this.analyticsEventsCallbacks=n,this.videoMuteSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoMuteDependencies,this.onMuteStateChanged.bind(this)),this.videoFullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoFullscreenDependencies,this.onFullsScreenStateChanged.bind(this))};f()(yo,"getVideoMuteDependencies",function(e){return[gn.muted(e)]}),f()(yo,"getVideoFullscreenDependencies",function(e){return[gn.fullscreen(e)]});var go=n(3),vo=n.n(go),mo=n(8),bo=n.n(mo),Oo=n(9),_o=n.n(Oo),So=n(5),Eo=n.n(So);n(20);var wo={root:null,threshold:.5,rootMargin:"0px"},Po=function(){function e(t,n,r){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"observableElement",void 0),f()(this,"callback",void 0),f()(this,"isViewableTimeoutHandler",null),f()(this,"observer",void 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e=this.store.getState;this.didReport=!0,this.callback(e()),this.unobserve()}}]),e}();function To(e){var t=function(){if("undefined"===typeof Reflect||!Reflect.construct)return!1;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return!1;if("function"===typeof Proxy)return!0;try{return Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date,[],function(){})),!0}catch(e){return!1}}();return function(){var n,r=Eo()(e);if(t){var i=Eo()(this).constructor;n=Reflect.construct(r,arguments,i)}else n=r.apply(this,arguments);return _o()(this,n)}}var Ao=function(e){bo()(n,e);var t=To(n);function n(e,r,i){var o;return Ai()(this,n),o=t.call(this,e,r,i),f()(vo()(o),"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(vo()(o),"onVideoTagStatusChanged",function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);"playing"===t?o.onPlay():"paused"===t||"seeking"===t?o.onPause():"complete"!==t&&"error"!==t||o.onComplete()}),o.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(e,n.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,o.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(vo()(o))),o}return 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t=hn.videoTagStatus(e),n=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e);if(!(n===o.firstPlayReportedIndex)&&"playing"===t){o.firstPlayReportedIndex=n;var r=o.getFirstPlayLabel(e);o.analyticsEventsCallbacks.onEvent(po.FIRST_PLAY,r)}}),f()(this,"reportVideoViewableImpression",function(e){var t=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),n=(new uo).setPosition(t).build();o.analyticsEventsCallbacks.onEvent(po.CONTENT_VIEWABLE_IMPRESSION,n)}),this.store=t,this.analyticsEventsCallbacks=n,this.videoViewableImpressionObserver=new Ao(t,r,this.reportVideoViewableImpression.bind(this)),this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTagDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.registerVideoCallbacksIdNeeded(t.getState(),i)};f()(Co,"getVideoTagDependencies",function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]});var Ro=[25,50,75,90],Do=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"lastReportedPercentage",void 0),this.lastReportedPercentage=0}return Vi()(e,[{key:"clear",value:function(){this.lastReportedPercentage=0}},{key:"updateConsumption",value:function(e,t){var n=e.position,r=e.duration,i=Math.round(n/r*100);i>this.lastReportedPercentage&&this.notifyReportableConsumption(e,i,t)}},{key:"notifyReportableConsumption",value:function(e,t,n){var r=this;Ro.filter(function(e){return e>r.lastReportedPercentage&&e<=t}).forEach(function(t){return n(t,e.position,e.duration)}),this.lastReportedPercentage=t}}]),e}(),Mo=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"analyticsEventsCallbacks",void 0),f()(this,"videoTimeSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoDataStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"percentageConsumption",void 0),f()(this,"previousVideoTagStatus",void 0),f()(this,"lastPlayedPosition",void 0),f()(this,"getVideoPercentageAction",function(e){switch(e){case 25:return po.COMPLETION_25_PERCENTAGE;case 50:return po.COMPLETION_50_PERCENTAGE;case 75:return 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store":return ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.powered_by_strip,r=t.brand_logo,i=t.brand_logo_click_url,o=t.brand_color;return ga(ga({},e),{},{showVoltaxLogo:Un(n)?e.showVoltaxLogo:n,brandingLogoSrc:Un(r)?e.brandingLogoSrc:r,brandingLogoUrl:Un(i)?e.brandingLogoUrl:i,brandingColor:Un(o)?e.brandingColor:o})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},anchorOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Oa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return ba({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.anchoring_appearance,i=n.can_close,o=n.closable_ad,a=n.close_after,s=n.continue_streaming,u=n.orientation,c=n.margins,l=n.sticky_below_class_name,d=n.width,p=Un(c)?e.margins:{top:Number.isInteger(c.top)?c.top:e.margins.top,bottom:Number.isInteger(c.bottom)?c.bottom:e.margins.bottom,left:Number.isInteger(c.left)?c.left:e.margins.left,right:Number.isInteger(c.right)?c.right:e.margins.right};return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchoringAppearance:r||e.anchoringAppearance,canClose:Un(i)?e.canClose:i,orientation:Un(u)?e.orientation:u,closableAd:Un(o)?e.closableAd:o,closeAfter:Un(a)?e.closeAfter:a,continueStreaming:Un(s)?e.continueStreaming:s,stickyBelowClassName:Un(l)?e.stickyBelowClassName:l,width:Un(d)?e.width:d,margins:p,anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:!0})})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set anchor enable":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:t.payload})});case"[ANCHOR] update is anchor status":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorStatus:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set anchor disabled by user":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorDisabledByUser:t.payload})});default:return e}},monetization:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Sa({},function(e,t){var n=t.monetization;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.ad_tag,i=n.ad_type,o=n.vpaid_mode,a=n.ad_request_timeout,s=n.continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad,u=n.midrolls,c=u&&u.on&&u.on.sort(Wn),l=Un(s)?e.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:s,d=c?c.indexOf(0):-1,p=-1!==d&&!l;return p&&(c=c.splice(d,1)),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{midrolls:Sa(Sa({},e.midrolls),{},{every:u&&u.every,on:c}),prerollEnabled:p,adRequestTimeout:Un(a)?e.adRequestTimeout:parseInt(a,10),vpaidMode:Un(o)?e.vpaidMode:o,continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:l,adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adType:Un(i)?e.adsData.adType:i,adTagUrlTemplate:Un(r)?e.adsData.adTagUrlTemplate:r})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set new ad tag url template":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adTagUrlTemplate:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:t.payload,adErrorMessage:null})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad tag":var n=t.payload,r=n.adUnit,i=n.adTag;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{currentAdTag:i,adUnit:r})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pending ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{pendingAdStatus:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad error":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:"error",adErrorMessage:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter":var o=e.adsData.adImpression;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adImpression:o+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter":var a=e.adsData.adOpportunity;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOpportunity:a+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] add played midroll number":var s=e.adsData.playedMidrolls,u=In()(s);return u.push(t.payload),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:t.payload,playedMidrolls:u})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{playedMidrolls:[]})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:0,currentAdTag:null,adDuration:0,adUnit:""})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adDuration:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{isVastAd:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adCurrentTime:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update ad muted":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adMuted:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad volume":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adVolume:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pod info":var c=t.payload,l=c.podNumber,d=c.slotNumber;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{podNumber:l,slotNumber:d})});case"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{loadingAd:t.payload})});default:return e}},mediaData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:ja,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Va({},function(e,t){var n=t.content_type,r=t.media_id,i=t.display_title;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaType:Un(n)?e.mediaType:n,mediaId:Un(r)?e.mediaId:r,videoData:Va(Va({},e.videoData),{},{showTitle:!!Un(i)||i})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[CORE] load video request":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!0});case"[CORE] load video request success":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,videoList:t.payload});case"[CORE] set current video":var n=t.payload,r=n.index,i=n.videoData;return Va(Va({},e),{},{activeVideoIndex:r,videoData:i});case"[CORE] load video request error":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,mediaLoadingError:t.payload});case"[COMMON] media request":var o=t.payload.mediaRequestObject;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaRequest:Va({},o)});default:return e}},semanticOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Ba,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Fa({},function(e,t){var n=t.semantic_options;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.minimum_date_factor,i=n.promoted_videos,o=n.scan_images_on_page,a=n.scanned_element,s=n.scanned_element_type,u=n.scoped_keywords,c=n.tags;return Fa(Fa({},e),{},{minimumDateFactor:Un(r)?e.minimumDateFactor:r,promotedVideos:Un(i)?e.promotedVideos:i,scanImagesOnPage:Un(o)?e.scanImagesOnPage:o,scannedElement:Un(a)?e.scannedElement:a,scannedElementType:Un(s)?e.scannedElementType:s,scopedKeywords:Un(u)?e.scopedKeywords:u,tags:Un(c)?e.tags:c})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},userInteraction:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[USER INTERACTION] change user interaction":return qa(qa({},e),{},{userInteractionType:t.payload});default:return e}},splitView:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:$a,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.split_view,i=n.split_view_ratio;return Ga(Ga({},e),{},{splitViewRatio:Un(r)||!r||Un(i)?e.splitViewRatio:i})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},discovery:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Za,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ya({},function(e,t){var n=t.next_video;return Un(n)?e:Ya(Ya({},e),{},{nextVideo:Xa(n)})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[DISCOVERY] show up next":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showUpNext:t.payload});case"[DISCOVERY] show skippable content":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showSkippableContent:t.payload});default:return e}}}),Qa=[],es=!1,ts=function e(){return function(t){return function(n){if(es)return Qa.push(n),null;es=!0;var r=t(n);return es=!1,Qa.length>0&&e()(t)(Qa.shift()),r}}},ns=function(e){var t=[];if(function(e){return!Un(e)&&!Un(e.enable_redux_debugging)&&e.enable_redux_debugging}(e)){var n=window&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__();"function"===typeof n&&t.push(n)}var r=Et.apply(void 0,[wt(ua,ts)].concat(t));return vt(Ja,r)},rs=function(){function e(t){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfLazyplay",!0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable",!0),f()(this,"videoPausedByObserver",!1),this.store=t,this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=null,this.playAccordingToPlaybackMethod()}return Vi()(e,[{key:"lazyplayHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5&&(this.playVideo(),this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay=!1)}},{key:"autoplayWhenViewableHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5?this.playVideo():this.pauseVideo()}},{key:"onPlayerVisibilityChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.playbackMethod(e);"lazyplay"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay&&this.lazyplayHandler(e),"autoplay_when_viewable"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable&&this.autoplayWhenViewableHandler(e)}},{key:"onVideoTagStatusChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);"paused"!==t||this.videoPausedByObserver||(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!1),"playing"===t&&(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!0,this.videoPausedByObserver=!1)}},{key:"initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber",value:function(){this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getPlayerVisibilityDependencies,this.onPlayerVisibilityChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber",value:function(){this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"playVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"idle"===hn.videoTagStatus(n())?on("play")(t):on("resume")(t)}},{key:"pauseVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"paused"!==hn.videoTagStatus(n())&&(this.videoPausedByObserver=!0,on("pause")(t))}},{key:"playAccordingToPlaybackMethod",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=(0,e.getState)();switch(hn.playbackMethod(n)){case"autoplay":this.playVideo();break;case"lazyplay":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber();break;case"autoplay_when_viewable":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber(),this.initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber();break;case"none":an(!1)(t)}}}],[{key:"getPlayerVisibilityDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.playerVisibility(e)]}},{key:"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}}]),e}(),is=function(){function e(t,n,r,i){var o=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoListSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"mediaRequestSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playbackMethodManager",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"loadContent",function(e,t,n,r){o.loadMedia(t,n,r).then(function(){o.playbackMethodManager=new rs(e)})}),f()(this,"loadMedia",function(e,t,n){var r=o.store,i=r.dispatch,a=r.getState,s=Dn.showTitle(a());if("semantic"===e){var u=pn.semanticOptions(a());return Na(u,s,n)(i)}return ka(t,s,n)(i)}),this.store=t,this.videoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoStatusDependencies,this.onVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoListSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoListDependencies,this.onVideoListChanged.bind(this)),this.mediaRequestSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getMediaRequestDependencies,this.onMediaRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.loadContent(t,r,n,i)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n,r,i){return new e(t,n,r,i)}}]),Vi()(e,[{key:"playNextVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e)+1;n.length>1&&r>=n.length&&(r=0),r<n.length&&(!function(e){e({type:"[CORE] reset player data time params"})}(t),La(r,n[r])(t),on("play")(t))}},{key:"playPreviousVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e);if(r>0){var i=r-1;La(i,n[i])(t),on("play")(t)}}},{key:"onVideoStatusChanged",value:function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&this.playNextVideo(e)}},{key:"onVideoListChanged",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e);!jn(n)&&n.length>0&&La(0,n[0])(t)}},{key:"onMediaRequestChanged",value:function(e){var t=Cn.mediaRequest(e);switch(t.type){case"playNewVideo":this.loadMedia("specific",t.value);break;case"playNextVideo":this.playNextVideo(e);break;case"playPreviousVideo":this.playPreviousVideo(e)}}}],[{key:"getVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getVideoListDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.videoList(e)]}},{key:"getMediaRequestDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.mediaRequest(e)]}}]),e}(),os=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"onDependencyFailure",function(e,t){console.log("onDependencyFailure",e,t);var r=n.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState;switch(e){case"ima":"blocked"!==Fi.loadingImaStatus(o())&&Qn("error")(i);break;case"hls":er("error")(i)}}),f()(this,"onDependencyReady",function(e){var t=n.store.dispatch;switch(e){case"ima":Qn("success")(t);break;case"hls":er("success")(t)}}),this.store=t},as=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set fullscreen",payload:e})}},ss=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"pendingFullscreenSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerUniqId",void 0),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=_i.adStatus(e),n=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;"playing"===t&&Bn()&&n&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"isPlayerInFullscreen",function(){var e=document,t=Bn()?En(r.playerUniqId):bn(r.playerUniqId);return Un(e.fullscreenElement)?!Un(e.webkitFullscreenElement)&&0===e.webkitFullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t):0===e.fullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t)}),f()(this,"changePlayerWidth",function(e){r.videoTag.style.width=e?"100%":"auto"}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChanged",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.isPlayerInFullscreen();r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChangedIos",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;t||on("resume")(e),r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged",function(e){var t=gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e);"enter"===t?r.enterFullscreen(r.videoTag):"exit"===t&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"getFullScreenElement",function(e,t){var n=document.getElementById(bn(r.playerUniqId));return Bn()?t:e?document:n}),f()(this,"enterFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!1,e);Bn()?t.webkitEnterFullscreen():document.webkitExitFullscreen?t.webkitRequestFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitRequestFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozRequestFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msRequestFullscreen()}),f()(this,"exitFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!0,e);document.webkitExitFullscreen||Bn()?t.webkitExitFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitCancelFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozCancelFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msExitFullscreen()}),this.store=t,this.videoTag=document.getElementById(En(n)),this.playerUniqId=n,document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),document.addEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),Bn()&&(this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitendfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this)),this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitbeginfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this))),this.pendingFullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingFullscreenDependencies,this.onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n){return new e(t,n)}}]),Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getPendingFullscreenDependencies",value:function(e){return[gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e)]}},{key:"getAdStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}}]),e}();function us(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function cs(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?us(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):us(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var ls,ds=function(e){return function(e){return e&&window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e)?function(e){return window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e):window.monti.playerConfigs?window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[Object.keys(window.monti.playerConfigs)[0]]:null},ps=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"isBufferError",void 0),f()(this,"hls",void 0),f()(this,"hlsSetup",function(e,t,r,i){n.initiateHls(e),n.loadHlsSource(e,t,r,i)}),f()(this,"detachMedia",function(){Un(n.hls)||(n.hls.detachMedia(),n.hls.destroy(),n.hls=null)}),f()(this,"initiateHls",function(e){n.hls=new e,n.hls.attachMedia(n.videoTag)}),f()(this,"loadHlsSource",function(e,t,r,i){n.hls.on(e.Events.MEDIA_ATTACHED,function(){n.hls.loadSource(t)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.ERROR,function(t,o){n.mapHlsToErrors(e,o,i),t.details===e.ErrorDetails.BUFFER_STALLED_ERROR&&(r(!0),n.isBufferError=!0)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.FRAG_BUFFERED,function(){n.isBufferError&&(r(!1),n.isBufferError=!1)})}),f()(this,"mapHlsToErrors",function(e,t,r){if(t.fatal)switch(t.type){case e.ErrorTypes.NETWORK_ERROR:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.startLoad();break;case e.ErrorTypes.MEDIA_ERROR:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.recoverMediaError();break;default:r(Xn.GENERAL_ERROR),n.hls.destroy()}}),this.hls=void 0,this.videoTag=t,this.isBufferError=!1},fs=function e(){var t=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoStreaming",void 0),f()(this,"hlsLibrarySetup",function(e,n,r,i){Un(t.videoStreaming)||t.videoStreaming.detachMedia(),t.videoStreaming=new ps(e),t.videoStreaming.hlsSetup(ls,n,r,i)})};f()(fs,"shouldLoadVideoStreamingSrcDirectly",function(e,t,n){return"no-need"===n&&!(""===e.canPlayType("application/vnd.apple.mpegurl"))}),f()(fs,"shouldUseHlsLibrary",function(e,t){return"success"===t&&(ls=void 0!==window.Hls?Hls:mmHls).isSupported()}),f()(fs,"isValidHlsUrl",function(e){return!Un(e)&&!e.includes(".mp4")}),f()(fs,"suitableVideoSource",function(e,t,n){return fs.isValidHlsUrl(t)?fs.shouldUseHlsLibrary(t,n)?"m3u8 with hls":fs.shouldLoadVideoStreamingSrcDirectly(e,t,n)?"m3u8 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{"is_conflicting_with_other_jw_players":false,"programmatic_play_with_sound_on_desktop":false,"referrer_id":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","width":"100","comscore_publisher_id":"18120612","monetization":{"ad_type":"static_tag","continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad":false,"strategy":"on_player_load","ad_request_timeout":"10000","midrolls":{"on":[0]},"vpaid_mode":"ENABLED","ad_tag":"https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ads?sz=400x300|640x480|480x270|640x360&iu=/175840252/MMPlus/smithsonianmag/Video&impl=s&gdfp_req=1&env=vp&output=vast&unviewed_position_start=1&url=##REFERRER_URL_UNESC##&description_url=##DESCRIPTION_URL_UNESC##&correlator=##CACHEBUSTER##&cust_params=mm_midroll%3D##MIDROLL_ORDER##%26video_ID%3D##VIDEO_ID##"},"sponsorship":false,"player_identifier":"mplayer","recommendation_id":null,"brand_color":"#FF9900","powered_by_strip":true,"platform":"buffy","type":"video","config_name":"MM+ | Smithsonianmag | Podding","player_id":"3v9g2u2f","playlist_id":"fSkmeWKF","playback_method":"autoplay","anchor_viewability_method":"none","player_version":"v4","playlist_type":"semantic","semantic_options":{"scan_images_on_page":true,"scanned_element":"","tags":"geogrophy,nature,animals,habitat,outdoors,science,history","minimum_date_factor":30,"scanned_element_type":"tag","scoped_keywords":"mentalfloss","promoted_videos":[]},"script_destination":"mm","publisher_contribution":"floor8","general_script_description":"","brand_logo":"","brand_logo_click_url":"","next_video":"none","uniq_key":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","content_id":"fSkmeWKF","content_type":"semantic"})); Finland has vastly improved in reading, math and science literacy over the past decade in large part because its teachers are trusted to do whatever it takes to turn young lives around. This 13-year-old, Besart Kabashi, received something akin to royal tutoring. “I took Besart on that year as my private student,” Louhivuori told me in his office, which boasted a Beatles “Yellow Submarine” poster on the wall and an electric guitar in the closet. When Besart was not studying science, geography and math, he was parked next to Louhivuori’s desk at the front of his class of 9- and 10-year- olds, cracking open books from a tall stack, slowly reading one, then another, then devouring them by the dozens. By the end of the year, the son of Kosovo war refugees had conquered his adopted country’s vowel-rich language and arrived at the realization that he could, in fact, learn. Years later, a 20-year-old Besart showed up at Kirkkojarvi’s Christmas party with a bottle of Cognac and a big grin. “You helped me,” he told his former teacher. Besart had opened his own car repair firm and a cleaning company. “No big fuss,” Louhivuori told me. “This is what we do every day, prepare kids for life.” This tale of a single rescued child hints at some of the reasons for the tiny Nordic nation’s staggering record of education success, a phenomenon that has inspired, baffled and even irked many of America’s parents and educators. Finnish schooling became an unlikely hot topic after the 2010 documentary film Waiting for “Superman” contrasted it with America’s troubled public schools. “Whatever it takes” is an attitude that drives not just Kirkkojarvi’s 30 teachers, but most of Finland’s 62,000 educators in 3,500 schools from Lapland to Turku—professionals selected from the top 10 percent of the nation’s graduates to earn a required master’s degree in education. Many schools are small enough so that teachers know every student. If one method fails, teachers consult with colleagues to try something else. They seem to relish the challenges. Nearly 30 percent of Finland’s children receive some kind of special help during their first nine years of school. The school where Louhivuori teaches served 240 first through ninth graders last year; and in contrast with Finland’s reputation for ethnic homogeneity, more than half of its 150 elementary-level students are immigrants—from Somalia, Iraq, Russia, Bangladesh, Estonia and Ethiopia, among other nations. “Children from wealthy families with lots of education can be taught by stupid teachers,” Louhivuori said, smiling. “We try to catch the weak students. It’s deep in our thinking.” Advertisement scroll for more The transformation of the Finns’ education system began some 40 years ago as the key propellent of the country’s economic recovery plan. Educators had little idea it was so successful until 2000, when the first results from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a standardized test given to 15-year-olds in more than 40 global venues, revealed Finnish youth to be the best young readers in the world. Three years later, they led in math. By 2006, Finland was first out of 57 countries (and a few cities) in science. In the 2009 PISA scores released last year, the nation came in second in science, third in reading and sixth in math among nearly half a million students worldwide. “I’m still surprised,” said Arjariita Heikkinen, principal of a Helsinki comprehensive school. “I didn’t realize we were that good.” In the United States, which has muddled along in the middle for the past decade, government officials have attempted to introduce marketplace competition into public schools. In recent years, a group of Wall Street financiers and philanthropists such as Bill Gates have put money behind private-sector ideas, such as vouchers, data-driven curriculum and charter schools, which have doubled in number in the past decade. President Obama, too, has apparently bet on compe­tition. His Race to the Top initiative invites states to compete for federal dollars using tests and other methods to measure teachers, a philosophy that would not fly in Finland. “I think, in fact, teachers would tear off their shirts,” said Timo Heikkinen, a Helsinki principal with 24 years of teaching experience. “If you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect.”

      The facts show that America has it all wrong in putting to much emphasis on national "data-driven" competition. These approaches take away from the unique aspects of each child.

    3. t was the end of term at Kirkkojarvi Comprehensive School in Espoo, a sprawling suburb west of Helsinki, when Kari Louhivuori, a veteran teacher and the school’s principal, decided to try something extreme—by Finnish standards. One of his sixth-grade students, a Kosovo-Albanian boy, had drifted far off the learning grid, resisting his teacher’s best efforts. The school’s team of special educators—including a social worker, a nurse and a psychologist—convinced Louhivuori that laziness was not to blame. 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t="midroll".concat(e.midrollNumber);return r.adTagGenerator.generate(t,e.mediaId)}),f()(this,"generatePrerollTag",function(e,t){var n="preroll".concat(t);return r.adTagGenerator.generate(n,e)}),f()(this,"onAdTimeReached",function(){r.monetization.onMidrollAdOpportunity()}),f()(this,"onPreAdTimeReached",function(e){r.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e)}),f()(this,"onSeekToAdOpportunity",function(e){r.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e)}),f()(this,"isMidrollAlreadyRequested",function(e){return e.midrollNumber===r.lastRequestedMidroll.midrollNumber&&e.mediaId===r.lastRequestedMidroll.mediaId&&e.midrollTime===r.lastRequestedMidroll.midrollTime}),f()(this,"onPreMidrollAdOpportunity",function(e){if(Un(r.lastRequestedMidroll)||!r.isMidrollAlreadyRequested(e)){r.lastRequestedMidroll=e;var t=r.generateMidrollTag(e);r.monetization.onPreMidrollAdOpportunity(e,t)}}),f()(this,"onPrerollReached",function(e,t){var n=r.generatePrerollTag(e,t);r.monetization.onPrerollAdOpportunity(n)}),f()(this,"onSeekedWhileAdInProgress",function(){r.monetization.onMidrollAdOpportunity()});var i=t.getState;this.monetization=n,this.videoTimeSubscriber=new qi(t,this),this.videoSeekSubscriber=new zi(t,this),this.prerollScheduler=new Gi(t,this);var o=_i.adTagUrlTemplate(i());this.adTagGenerator=new Wi(o)},Yi=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"generateAdRequest",value:function(e,t,n){var r=new google.ima.AdsRequest;return r.adTagUrl=e,Fn()||r.setAdWillPlayMuted(t),r.vastLoadTimeout=n,r}}]),e}(),Zi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad status",payload:e})}},Xi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set pending video status",payload:{pendingStatusObject:{type:e,value:""}}})}},Ji=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status",payload:e})}},Qi=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update ad muted",payload:e})}},eo=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad volume",payload:e})}},to=function e(t,n,r,i,o){var a=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"IMAAdManager",void 0),f()(this,"adsLoader",void 0),f()(this,"adDisplayContainer",void 0),f()(this,"adVideoElement",void 0),f()(this,"videoPlayerElement",void 0),f()(this,"adContainerElement",void 0),f()(this,"anchorStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"totalAdRequestMadeAmount",0),f()(this,"registerForWindowResize",function(){var e=zn(a.onResize.bind(a),80);window.addEventListener("resize",e)}),f()(this,"initMutationObserver",function(e){new MutationObserver(a.onResize).observe(e,{attributes:!0,childList:!1,subtree:!1})}),f()(this,"loadNewAd",function(e,t){var n=a.store.dispatch;a.clearOldAdManagerIfExist();var r=a.createAdRequest(e);try{a.validateAdRequestCorrectness(r),a.adsLoader.requestAds(r),function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad 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google.ima.AdsLoader(t),a.adsLoader.getSettings().setDisableCustomPlaybackForIOS10Plus(!0),a.adsLoader.getSettings().setVpaidMode(google.ima.ImaSdkSettings.VpaidMode[n]),a.adsLoader.addEventListener(google.ima.AdsManagerLoadedEvent.Type.ADS_MANAGER_LOADED,a.onIMAAdsManagerLoaded.bind(a),!1,a),a.adsLoader.addEventListener(google.ima.AdErrorEvent.Type.AD_ERROR,a.onAdError.bind(a),!1,a)}),f()(this,"createAdRequest",function(e){var t=a.store.getState,n=gn.muted(t()),r=bi.adRequestTimeout(t());return Yi.generateAdRequest(e,n,r)}),f()(this,"validateAdRequestCorrectness",function(e){e&&e.adTagUrl&&decodeURIComponent(e.adTagUrl.replace(/\+/g," "))}),f()(this,"getLoadingError",function(e){var t=function(){return"bad ad request ".concat(JSON.stringify(e))};return{getError:function(){return{getMessage:t}}}}),f()(this,"getPlayAdError",function(e){var t=function(){return"play ad error: 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t=a.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=gn.volume(n());Bn()||gn.muted(n())?(e.setVolume(0),Qi(!0)(r)):(e.setVolume(gn.volume(n())),eo(i)(r),Qi(!1)(r))}),f()(this,"createIMAAdManager",function(t){a.IMAAdManager=t.getAdsManager(a.adVideoElement,e.getAdsRenderingSettings()),a.setAdVolume(a.IMAAdManager)}),f()(this,"registerToAdManagerEvents",function(){a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdErrorEvent.Type.AD_ERROR,a.onAdError),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_PAUSE_REQUESTED,a.onContentPauseRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.CONTENT_RESUME_REQUESTED,a.onContentResumeRequested),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.STARTED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.IMPRESSION,a.onAdImpression),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.SKIPPED,a.onAdSkipped),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.COMPLETE,a.onAdCompleted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.PAUSED,a.onAdPaused),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.RESUMED,a.onAdStarted),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.AD_PROGRESS,a.onAdProgressChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_CHANGED,a.onVolumeChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.VOLUME_MUTED,a.onAdVolumeMutedChanged),a.IMAAdManager.addEventListener(google.ima.AdEvent.Type.ALL_ADS_COMPLETED,a.onAdCompleted)}),f()(this,"onIMAAdsManagerLoaded",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;a.createIMAAdManager(e),a.registerToAdManagerEvents(),Zi("loaded")(t)}),f()(this,"onAdError",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;!function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad error",payload:e})}}(e.getError().getMessage())(t),Ji(!1),a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdImpression",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch,n=!e.getAd().g.vpaid;a.setPodInfo(e),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter"})}(t),function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad",payload:e})}}(n)(t)}),f()(this,"onVolumeChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;eo(e.target.getVolume())(t)}),f()(this,"onAdVolumeMutedChanged",function(e){var t=a.store.dispatch;0===e.target.getVolume()?Qi(!0)(t):Qi(!1)(t)}),f()(this,"continuePlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.getState,n=e.dispatch,r=hn.videoTagStatus(t());Xi("idle"===r?"play":"resume")(n)}),f()(this,"stopPlayingContent",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Xi("pause")(e)}),f()(this,"onContentPauseRequested",function(){a.stopPlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onContentResumeRequested",function(){a.continuePlayingContent()}),f()(this,"onAdPaused",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("paused")(e)}),f()(this,"setPodInfo",function(e){var t=e&&e.getAd()&&e.getAd().getAdPodInfo();if(!Un(t)){var n=a.store.dispatch;!function(e,t){return function(n){n({type:"[MONETIZATION] change pod info",payload:{slotNumber:e,podNumber:t}})}}(t.getAdPosition(),a.totalAdRequestMadeAmount)(n)}}),f()(this,"onAdStarted",function(){var e=a.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=gn.volume(n());Zi("playing")(t),0===a.IMAAdManager.getVolume()?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):window.shouldPlayAdRule||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(r),a.onResize()}),f()(this,"onAdCompleted",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("completed")(e)}),f()(this,"onAdSkipped",function(){var e=a.store.dispatch;Zi("skipped")(e)}),f()(this,"onResize",function(){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(a.IMAAdManager.resize(a.videoPlayerElement.clientWidth,a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,google.ima.ViewMode.NORMAL),a.adContainerElement.style.height="".concat(a.videoPlayerElement.clientHeight,"px"))}),f()(this,"onAdProgressChanged",function(e){var t,n,r=a.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState,s=e.getAdData().currentTime,u=e.getAdData().duration,c=_i.adDuration(o());(t=s,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time",payload:t})})(i),c!==u&&(n=u,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration",payload:n})})(i)}),f()(this,"onAnchorStatusChanged",function(){var e=a.store.getState;"processing"!==Pr(e())&&a.onResize()}),f()(this,"changeAdVolume",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e)}),f()(this,"changeAdMuted",function(e,t){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||(t?a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(0):a.IMAAdManager.setVolume(e))}),f()(this,"changeAdStatus",function(e){Un(a.IMAAdManager)||("playing"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.resume(),"paused"===e&&a.IMAAdManager.pause())});var s=t.getState;this.store=t,this.adVideoElement=r,this.videoPlayerElement=i,this.adContainerElement=n,this.adDisplayContainer=new google.ima.AdDisplayContainer(n,r),this.createAdLoader(s(),this.adDisplayContainer),this.adDisplayContainer.initialize(),this.anchorStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorDependencies,this.onAnchorStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.registerForWindowResize(),this.initMutationObserver(o)};f()(to,"getAdsRenderingSettings",function(){var e=new google.ima.AdsRenderingSettings;return e.restoreCustomPlaybackStateOnAdBreakComplete=!0,e.enablePreloading=!1,e.uiElements=[],e.loadVideoTimeout=15e3,e}),f()(to,"getAnchorDependencies",function(e){return[Pr(e)]});var no=function e(t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"playerId",void 0),f()(this,"adScheduler",void 0),f()(this,"adHandler",void 0),f()(this,"imaLoadingStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adContainer",void 0),f()(this,"adVideoElement",void 0),f()(this,"videoPlayerElement",void 0),f()(this,"playerContainer",void 0),f()(this,"pendingMidrollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdPlay",!1),f()(this,"pendingPrerollAdTag",null),f()(this,"pendingMidrollNumber",null),f()(this,"pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adMutedStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adVolumeStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"onMidrollAdOpportunity",function(){var e=s.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState,r=_i.adStatus(n()),i=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(n());"loaded"===r?s.playAd(!0):"requested"===r&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0,i||(Xi("pause")(t),Ji(!0)(t))),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter"})}(t)}),f()(this,"onPrerollAdOpportunity",function(e){var t=s.store,n=t.getState,r=t.dispatch,i=Fi.loadingImaStatus(n());Un(s.adHandler)?"loading"!==i&&""!==i||(Ji(!0)(r),s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=e):(s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!0,Ji(!0)(r),s.adHandler.loadNewAd(e,"preroll"))}),f()(this,"onPreMidrollAdOpportunity",function(e,t){Un(s.adHandler)||(e.currentTime>=e.midrollTime&&(s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!0),s.pendingMidrollNumber=e.midrollNumber,s.adHandler.loadNewAd(t,"midroll"))}),f()(this,"hasPendingAd",function(){return s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()||s.hasPendingPrerollAdPlay()}),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=s.store.dispatch,n=_i.adStatus(e);"completed"===n&&Ji(!1)(t);var r=bi.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd(e),i=_i.loadingAd(e);"playing"!==n&&"error"!==n||r||!i||Ji(!1)(t),s.hasPendingAd()&&"loaded"===n?s.playAd(s.hasPendingMidrollAdPlay()):s.hasPendingAd()&&"error"===n?(Ji(!1),s.clearPendingMidroll(),s.clearPendingPreroll()):Hi(n)||(Ji(!1),function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data"})}(t))}),f()(this,"clearPendingMidroll",function(){s.pendingMidrollNumber=null,s.pendingMidrollAdPlay=!1}),f()(this,"clearPendingPreroll",function(){s.pendingPrerollAdPlay=!1,s.pendingPrerollAdTag=null}),f()(this,"onVideoTagStatusChanged",function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls"})}(s.store.dispatch)}),f()(this,"hasPendingMidrollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingMidrollAdPlay}),f()(this,"hasPendingPrerollAdPlay",function(){return s.pendingPrerollAdPlay}),f()(this,"playAd",function(e){var t,n=s.store.dispatch,r=s.adHandler.playAd();e?((t=s.pendingMidrollNumber,function(e){e({type:"[MONETIZATION] add 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Ki(t,this),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this)),e.canUseIMA(u())?this.adHandler=new to(t,r,i,o,a):this.imaLoadingStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getIMALoadingStatusDependencies,this.onIMALoadingStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.pendingAdStatusStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingAdStatusDependencies,this.onPendingAdStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.adMutedStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdMutedDependencies,this.onAdMutedChanged.bind(this)),this.adVolumeStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdVolumeDependencies,this.onAdVolumeChanged.bind(this))};f()(no,"getAdStatusDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getIMALoadingStatusDependencies",function(e){return[Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"canUseIMA",function(e){return"success"===Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)}),f()(no,"getPendingAdStatusDependencies",function(e){return[_i.pendingAdStatus(e)]}),f()(no,"getAdMutedDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adMuted(e)]}),f()(no,"getAdVolumeDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adVolume(e)]});var ro=function(e,t){!function(e,t){var n=document.getElementById(vn(t));B(b(Li,{store:e,playerId:t}),n)}(e,t);var n=function(e){var t=Ri(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),r=function(e){var t=Bn()?Di(e):En(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),i=function(e){var t=En(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t),o=function(e){var t=bn(e);return document.getElementById(t)}(t);return new no(e,t,n,r,i,o)},io=n(4),oo=n.n(io),ao=n(7),so=n.n(ao),uo=function(){function e(){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"duration",void 0),f()(this,"position",void 0),f()(this,"previousPosition",void 0),f()(this,"loadTime",void 0),f()(this,"adOrder",void 0),f()(this,"adType",void 0),f()(this,"adDuration",void 0),f()(this,"errorMessage",void 0),f()(this,"adPodNumber",void 0),f()(this,"adSlotNumber",void 0)}return Vi()(e,[{key:"setDuration",value:function(e){return this.duration=e,this}},{key:"setPosition",value:function(e){return this.position=e,this}},{key:"setPreviousPosition",value:function(e){return this.previousPosition=e,this}},{key:"setLoadTime",value:function(e){return this.loadTime=e,this}},{key:"setAdOrder",value:function(e){return this.adOrder=e,this}},{key:"setAdType",value:function(e){return this.adType=e,this}},{key:"setAdDuration",value:function(e){return this.adDuration=e,this}},{key:"setErrorMessage",value:function(e){return this.errorMessage=e,this}},{key:"setAdPodNumber",value:function(e){return this.adPodNumber=e,this}},{key:"setAdSlotNumber",value:function(e){return this.adSlotNumber=e,this}},{key:"build",value:function(){var e=[];return jn(this.position)||e.push("video current position=".concat(Hn(this.position),"sec")),jn(this.duration)||e.push("video duration time=".concat(Hn(this.duration),"sec")),jn(this.loadTime)||e.push("video load time=".concat(this.loadTime,"milliseconds")),jn(this.previousPosition)||e.push("previous position=".concat(Hn(this.previousPosition),"sec")),jn(this.adOrder)||e.push("ad order=".concat(this.adOrder)),jn(this.adType)||e.push("ad type=".concat(this.adType)),jn(this.adDuration)||e.push("ad duration=".concat(Hn(Number(this.adDuration)),"sec")),jn(this.adPodNumber)||e.push("pod number=".concat(this.adPodNumber)),jn(this.adSlotNumber)||e.push("slot number=".concat(this.adSlotNumber)),jn(this.errorMessage)||e.push("error message=".concat(this.errorMessage)),e.join(";")}}]),e}(),co="mmPlus GTM data ready to GA",lo="mmPlus GTM event to GA",po={EMBED:"vplayer video player embed",FIRST_PLAY:"vplayer video first play",COMPLETION_25_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 25% complete",COMPLETION_50_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 50% complete",COMPLETION_75_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 75% complete",COMPLETION_90_PERCENTAGE:"vplayer video 90% complete",AD_BLOCK:"vplayer video ad block",AD_REQUEST:"vplayer video ad request",AD_IMPRESSION:"vplayer video ad impression",AD_ERROR:"vplayer video ad error",AD_VIEWABLE_IMPRESSION:"vplayer video ad viewable impression",AD_COMPLETE:"vplayer video ad complete",AD_SKIP:"vplayer video ad skip",AD_PAUSE:"vplayer video ad pause",VIDEO_COMPLETE:"vplayer video complete",FULLSCREEN_ON:"vplayer video fullscreen on",FULLSCREEN_OFF:"vplayer video fullscreen off",SEEK:"vplayer video position seeked",VIDEO_MUTE:"vplayer video mute",VIDEO_UNMUTE:"vplayer video unmute",CONTROLS_MUTE_OR_UNMUTE:"controls 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t=gn.fullscreen(e),n=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),i=(new uo).setPosition(n).build(),o=t?po.FULLSCREEN_ON:po.FULLSCREEN_OFF;r.analyticsEventsCallbacks.onEvent(o,i)}),this.store=t,this.analyticsEventsCallbacks=n,this.videoMuteSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoMuteDependencies,this.onMuteStateChanged.bind(this)),this.videoFullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoFullscreenDependencies,this.onFullsScreenStateChanged.bind(this))};f()(yo,"getVideoMuteDependencies",function(e){return[gn.muted(e)]}),f()(yo,"getVideoFullscreenDependencies",function(e){return[gn.fullscreen(e)]});var go=n(3),vo=n.n(go),mo=n(8),bo=n.n(mo),Oo=n(9),_o=n.n(Oo),So=n(5),Eo=n.n(So);n(20);var wo={root:null,threshold:.5,rootMargin:"0px"},Po=function(){function e(t,n,r){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"observableElement",void 0),f()(this,"callback",void 0),f()(this,"isViewableTimeoutHandler",null),f()(this,"observer",void 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The initial state may not be undefined, but can be null.')})}(n)}catch(s){o=s}return function(e,t){if(void 0===e&&(e={}),o)throw o;for(var r=!1,i={},s=0;s<a.length;s++){var u=a[s],c=n[u],l=e[u],d=c(l,t);if("undefined"===typeof d){var p=mt(u,t);throw new Error(p)}i[u]=d,r=r||d!==l}return(r=r||a.length!==Object.keys(e).length)?i:e}}({dependenciesLoadingStatus:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:da,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] update hls status":return la(la({},e),{},{loadingHLSStatus:t.payload});case"[CORE] update ima status":return la(la({},e),{},{loadingImaStatus:t.payload});default:return e}},playerData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:ha,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":var n=t.payload;return fa({},function(e,t,n){var r=t.playback_method,i=t.player_id;return fa(fa({},e),{},{playbackMethod:Un(r)?e.playbackMethod:r,playerId:Un(i)?e.playerId:i,playerInstanceUniqId:n,playerMode:Fn()?"mobile":"desktop"})}(e,n.initiateParams,n.playerInstanceUniqId));case"[CORE] reset player data time params":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTimeFragment:0,currentVideoBufferedTime:0,currentVideoDuration:0,currentVideoTime:0});case"[COMMON] set mute video":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{muted:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set volume":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{volume:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change selected settings category":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{selectedSettingsCategory:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change settings speed":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{speed:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] change settings quality":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{quality:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set fullscreen":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{fullscreen:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings.fullscreen),{},{isFullscreenOn:t.payload,pendingFullscreenRequest:""})})});case"[COMMON] set fullscreen request":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSettings:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings),{},{fullscreen:fa(fa({},e.playerSettings.fullscreen),{},{pendingFullscreenRequest:t.payload})})});case"[COMMON] set pending video status":var r=t.payload.pendingStatusObject;return fa(fa({},e),{},{pendingVideoTagStatus:fa({},r)});case"[COMMON] set player mode":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerMode:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current fragment position":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTimeFragment:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current position":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoTime:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current buffered time":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoBufferedTime:t.payload});case"[CORE] update video current duration":return fa(fa({},e),{},{currentVideoDuration:t.payload});case"[CORE] change video tag status":return fa(fa({},e),{},{videoTagStatus:t.payload});case"[CORE] update player visibility":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerVisibility:t.payload});case"[CORE] update placeholder visibility":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerPlaceholderVisibility:t.payload});case"[CORE] change loading player status":return fa(fa({},e),{},{loadingPlayer:t.payload});case"[COMMON] show black screen with loader":return fa(fa({},e),{},{loader:fa(fa({},e.loader),{},{showBlackScreen:t.payload})});case"[CORE] set player size":return fa(fa({},e),{},{playerSize:t.payload});case"[COMMON] set error message":return fa(fa({},e),{},{errorMessage:t.payload});default:return e}},brandingData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:va,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.powered_by_strip,r=t.brand_logo,i=t.brand_logo_click_url,o=t.brand_color;return ga(ga({},e),{},{showVoltaxLogo:Un(n)?e.showVoltaxLogo:n,brandingLogoSrc:Un(r)?e.brandingLogoSrc:r,brandingLogoUrl:Un(i)?e.brandingLogoUrl:i,brandingColor:Un(o)?e.brandingColor:o})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},anchorOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Oa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return ba({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.anchoring_appearance,i=n.can_close,o=n.closable_ad,a=n.close_after,s=n.continue_streaming,u=n.orientation,c=n.margins,l=n.sticky_below_class_name,d=n.width,p=Un(c)?e.margins:{top:Number.isInteger(c.top)?c.top:e.margins.top,bottom:Number.isInteger(c.bottom)?c.bottom:e.margins.bottom,left:Number.isInteger(c.left)?c.left:e.margins.left,right:Number.isInteger(c.right)?c.right:e.margins.right};return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchoringAppearance:r||e.anchoringAppearance,canClose:Un(i)?e.canClose:i,orientation:Un(u)?e.orientation:u,closableAd:Un(o)?e.closableAd:o,closeAfter:Un(a)?e.closeAfter:a,continueStreaming:Un(s)?e.continueStreaming:s,stickyBelowClassName:Un(l)?e.stickyBelowClassName:l,width:Un(d)?e.width:d,margins:p,anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:!0})})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set anchor enable":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorEnabled:t.payload})});case"[ANCHOR] update is anchor status":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorStatus:t.payload})});case"[COMMON] set anchor disabled by user":return ba(ba({},e),{},{anchorData:ba(ba({},e.anchorData),{},{anchorDisabledByUser:t.payload})});default:return e}},monetization:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Sa({},function(e,t){var n=t.monetization;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.ad_tag,i=n.ad_type,o=n.vpaid_mode,a=n.ad_request_timeout,s=n.continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad,u=n.midrolls,c=u&&u.on&&u.on.sort(Wn),l=Un(s)?e.continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:s,d=c?c.indexOf(0):-1,p=-1!==d&&!l;return p&&(c=c.splice(d,1)),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{midrolls:Sa(Sa({},e.midrolls),{},{every:u&&u.every,on:c}),prerollEnabled:p,adRequestTimeout:Un(a)?e.adRequestTimeout:parseInt(a,10),vpaidMode:Un(o)?e.vpaidMode:o,continuePlayingWhileWaitingForAd:l,adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adType:Un(i)?e.adsData.adType:i,adTagUrlTemplate:Un(r)?e.adsData.adTagUrlTemplate:r})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[COMMON] set new ad tag url template":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adTagUrlTemplate:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:t.payload,adErrorMessage:null})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad tag":var n=t.payload,r=n.adUnit,i=n.adTag;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{currentAdTag:i,adUnit:r})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pending ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{pendingAdStatus:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad error":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adStatus:"error",adErrorMessage:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad impression counter":var o=e.adsData.adImpression;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adImpression:o+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] increase ad Opportunity counter":var a=e.adsData.adOpportunity;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOpportunity:a+1})});case"[MONETIZATION] add played midroll number":var s=e.adsData.playedMidrolls,u=In()(s);return u.push(t.payload),Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:t.payload,playedMidrolls:u})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear played midrolls":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{playedMidrolls:[]})});case"[MONETIZATION] clear ad data":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adOrder:0,currentAdTag:null,adDuration:0,adUnit:""})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad duration":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adDuration:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update is vast ad":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{isVastAd:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad current time":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adCurrentTime:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] update ad muted":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adMuted:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change ad volume":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{adVolume:t.payload})});case"[MONETIZATION] change pod info":var c=t.payload,l=c.podNumber,d=c.slotNumber;return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{podNumber:l,slotNumber:d})});case"[MONETIZATION] change loading ad status":return Sa(Sa({},e),{},{adsData:Sa(Sa({},e.adsData),{},{loadingAd:t.payload})});default:return e}},mediaData:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:ja,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Va({},function(e,t){var n=t.content_type,r=t.media_id,i=t.display_title;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaType:Un(n)?e.mediaType:n,mediaId:Un(r)?e.mediaId:r,videoData:Va(Va({},e.videoData),{},{showTitle:!!Un(i)||i})})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[CORE] load video request":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!0});case"[CORE] load video request success":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,videoList:t.payload});case"[CORE] set current video":var n=t.payload,r=n.index,i=n.videoData;return Va(Va({},e),{},{activeVideoIndex:r,videoData:i});case"[CORE] load video request error":return Va(Va({},e),{},{loadingMedia:!1,mediaLoadingError:t.payload});case"[COMMON] media request":var o=t.payload.mediaRequestObject;return Va(Va({},e),{},{mediaRequest:Va({},o)});default:return e}},semanticOptions:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Ba,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Fa({},function(e,t){var n=t.semantic_options;if(Un(n))return e;var r=n.minimum_date_factor,i=n.promoted_videos,o=n.scan_images_on_page,a=n.scanned_element,s=n.scanned_element_type,u=n.scoped_keywords,c=n.tags;return Fa(Fa({},e),{},{minimumDateFactor:Un(r)?e.minimumDateFactor:r,promotedVideos:Un(i)?e.promotedVideos:i,scanImagesOnPage:Un(o)?e.scanImagesOnPage:o,scannedElement:Un(a)?e.scannedElement:a,scannedElementType:Un(s)?e.scannedElementType:s,scopedKeywords:Un(u)?e.scopedKeywords:u,tags:Un(c)?e.tags:c})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},userInteraction:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Wa,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[USER INTERACTION] change user interaction":return qa(qa({},e),{},{userInteractionType:t.payload});default:return e}},splitView:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:$a,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ga({},function(e,t){var n=t.anchor_options;if(!Un(n)){var r=n.split_view,i=n.split_view_ratio;return Ga(Ga({},e),{},{splitViewRatio:Un(r)||!r||Un(i)?e.splitViewRatio:i})}return e}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));default:return e}},discovery:function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:Za,t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;switch(t.type){case"[CORE] initiate store":return Ya({},function(e,t){var n=t.next_video;return Un(n)?e:Ya(Ya({},e),{},{nextVideo:Xa(n)})}(e,t.payload.initiateParams));case"[DISCOVERY] show up next":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showUpNext:t.payload});case"[DISCOVERY] show skippable content":return Ya(Ya({},e),{},{showSkippableContent:t.payload});default:return e}}}),Qa=[],es=!1,ts=function e(){return function(t){return function(n){if(es)return Qa.push(n),null;es=!0;var r=t(n);return es=!1,Qa.length>0&&e()(t)(Qa.shift()),r}}},ns=function(e){var t=[];if(function(e){return!Un(e)&&!Un(e.enable_redux_debugging)&&e.enable_redux_debugging}(e)){var n=window&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__&&window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__();"function"===typeof n&&t.push(n)}var r=Et.apply(void 0,[wt(ua,ts)].concat(t));return vt(Ja,r)},rs=function(){function e(t){Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTagStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfLazyplay",!0),f()(this,"shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable",!0),f()(this,"videoPausedByObserver",!1),this.store=t,this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=null,this.playAccordingToPlaybackMethod()}return Vi()(e,[{key:"lazyplayHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5&&(this.playVideo(),this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay=!1)}},{key:"autoplayWhenViewableHandler",value:function(e){hn.playerVisibility(e)>=.5?this.playVideo():this.pauseVideo()}},{key:"onPlayerVisibilityChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.playbackMethod(e);"lazyplay"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfLazyplay&&this.lazyplayHandler(e),"autoplay_when_viewable"===t&&this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable&&this.autoplayWhenViewableHandler(e)}},{key:"onVideoTagStatusChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);"paused"!==t||this.videoPausedByObserver||(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!1),"playing"===t&&(this.shouldPlayIfAutoplayWhenViewable=!0,this.videoPausedByObserver=!1)}},{key:"initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber",value:function(){this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getPlayerVisibilityDependencies,this.onPlayerVisibilityChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber",value:function(){this.videoTagStatusSubscriber=new ji(this.store,e.getVideoTagStatusDependencies,this.onVideoTagStatusChanged.bind(this))}},{key:"playVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"idle"===hn.videoTagStatus(n())?on("play")(t):on("resume")(t)}},{key:"pauseVideo",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=e.getState;"paused"!==hn.videoTagStatus(n())&&(this.videoPausedByObserver=!0,on("pause")(t))}},{key:"playAccordingToPlaybackMethod",value:function(){var e=this.store,t=e.dispatch,n=(0,e.getState)();switch(hn.playbackMethod(n)){case"autoplay":this.playVideo();break;case"lazyplay":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber();break;case"autoplay_when_viewable":this.initiatePlayerVisibilitySubscriber(),this.initiateVideoTagStatusSubscriber();break;case"none":an(!1)(t)}}}],[{key:"getPlayerVisibilityDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.playerVisibility(e)]}},{key:"getVideoTagStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}}]),e}(),is=function(){function e(t,n,r,i){var o=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoListSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"mediaRequestSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerVisibilitySubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playbackMethodManager",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"loadContent",function(e,t,n,r){o.loadMedia(t,n,r).then(function(){o.playbackMethodManager=new rs(e)})}),f()(this,"loadMedia",function(e,t,n){var r=o.store,i=r.dispatch,a=r.getState,s=Dn.showTitle(a());if("semantic"===e){var u=pn.semanticOptions(a());return Na(u,s,n)(i)}return ka(t,s,n)(i)}),this.store=t,this.videoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoStatusDependencies,this.onVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoListSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoListDependencies,this.onVideoListChanged.bind(this)),this.mediaRequestSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getMediaRequestDependencies,this.onMediaRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.playerVisibilitySubscriber=null,this.loadContent(t,r,n,i)}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n,r,i){return new e(t,n,r,i)}}]),Vi()(e,[{key:"playNextVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e)+1;n.length>1&&r>=n.length&&(r=0),r<n.length&&(!function(e){e({type:"[CORE] reset player data time params"})}(t),La(r,n[r])(t),on("play")(t))}},{key:"playPreviousVideo",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e),r=Cn.activeVideoIndex(e);if(r>0){var i=r-1;La(i,n[i])(t),on("play")(t)}}},{key:"onVideoStatusChanged",value:function(e){"complete"===hn.videoTagStatus(e)&&this.playNextVideo(e)}},{key:"onVideoListChanged",value:function(e){var t=this.store.dispatch,n=Cn.videoList(e);!jn(n)&&n.length>0&&La(0,n[0])(t)}},{key:"onMediaRequestChanged",value:function(e){var t=Cn.mediaRequest(e);switch(t.type){case"playNewVideo":this.loadMedia("specific",t.value);break;case"playNextVideo":this.playNextVideo(e);break;case"playPreviousVideo":this.playPreviousVideo(e)}}}],[{key:"getVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getVideoListDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.videoList(e)]}},{key:"getMediaRequestDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.mediaRequest(e)]}}]),e}(),os=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"onDependencyFailure",function(e,t){console.log("onDependencyFailure",e,t);var r=n.store,i=r.dispatch,o=r.getState;switch(e){case"ima":"blocked"!==Fi.loadingImaStatus(o())&&Qn("error")(i);break;case"hls":er("error")(i)}}),f()(this,"onDependencyReady",function(e){var t=n.store.dispatch;switch(e){case"ima":Qn("success")(t);break;case"hls":er("success")(t)}}),this.store=t},as=function(e){return function(t){t({type:"[COMMON] set fullscreen",payload:e})}},ss=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"pendingFullscreenSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"adStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"playerUniqId",void 0),f()(this,"onAdStatusChanged",function(e){var t=_i.adStatus(e),n=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;"playing"===t&&Bn()&&n&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"isPlayerInFullscreen",function(){var e=document,t=Bn()?En(r.playerUniqId):bn(r.playerUniqId);return Un(e.fullscreenElement)?!Un(e.webkitFullscreenElement)&&0===e.webkitFullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t):0===e.fullscreenElement.id.localeCompare(t)}),f()(this,"changePlayerWidth",function(e){r.videoTag.style.width=e?"100%":"auto"}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChanged",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.isPlayerInFullscreen();r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onFullscreenChangedIos",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch,t=r.videoTag.webkitDisplayingFullscreen;t||on("resume")(e),r.changePlayerWidth(t),as(t)(e)}),f()(this,"onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged",function(e){var t=gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e);"enter"===t?r.enterFullscreen(r.videoTag):"exit"===t&&r.exitFullscreen(r.videoTag)}),f()(this,"getFullScreenElement",function(e,t){var n=document.getElementById(bn(r.playerUniqId));return Bn()?t:e?document:n}),f()(this,"enterFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!1,e);Bn()?t.webkitEnterFullscreen():document.webkitExitFullscreen?t.webkitRequestFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitRequestFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozRequestFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msRequestFullscreen()}),f()(this,"exitFullscreen",function(e){var t=r.getFullScreenElement(!0,e);document.webkitExitFullscreen||Bn()?t.webkitExitFullscreen():document.webkitCancelFullScreen?t.webkitCancelFullScreen():document.mozCancelFullScreen?t.mozCancelFullScreen():document.msExitFullscreen&&t.msExitFullscreen()}),this.store=t,this.videoTag=document.getElementById(En(n)),this.playerUniqId=n,document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),document.addEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange",this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),Bn()&&(this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitendfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this)),this.videoTag.addEventListener("webkitbeginfullscreen",this.onFullscreenChangedIos.bind(this))),this.pendingFullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingFullscreenDependencies,this.onPendingFullscreenRequestChanged.bind(this)),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n){return new e(t,n)}}]),Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getPendingFullscreenDependencies",value:function(e){return[gn.pendingFullscreenRequest(e)]}},{key:"getAdStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}}]),e}();function us(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function cs(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?us(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):us(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var ls,ds=function(e){return function(e){return e&&window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e)?function(e){return window.monti.playerConfigs[e]}(e):window.monti.playerConfigs?window.monti.playerConfigs&&window.monti.playerConfigs[Object.keys(window.monti.playerConfigs)[0]]:null},ps=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"videoTag",void 0),f()(this,"isBufferError",void 0),f()(this,"hls",void 0),f()(this,"hlsSetup",function(e,t,r,i){n.initiateHls(e),n.loadHlsSource(e,t,r,i)}),f()(this,"detachMedia",function(){Un(n.hls)||(n.hls.detachMedia(),n.hls.destroy(),n.hls=null)}),f()(this,"initiateHls",function(e){n.hls=new e,n.hls.attachMedia(n.videoTag)}),f()(this,"loadHlsSource",function(e,t,r,i){n.hls.on(e.Events.MEDIA_ATTACHED,function(){n.hls.loadSource(t)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.ERROR,function(t,o){n.mapHlsToErrors(e,o,i),t.details===e.ErrorDetails.BUFFER_STALLED_ERROR&&(r(!0),n.isBufferError=!0)}),n.hls.on(e.Events.FRAG_BUFFERED,function(){n.isBufferError&&(r(!1),n.isBufferError=!1)})}),f()(this,"mapHlsToErrors",function(e,t,r){if(t.fatal)switch(t.type){case 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t=hn.pendingVideoTagStatus(e),n=Dn.sources(e),i=Fi.loadingHLSStatus(e),o="blocked"===Fi.loadingImaStatus(e);r.handlePendingVideoStatus(t,n,i,o)}),f()(this,"onVideoDataChanged",function(){r.newVideoDataLoaded=!0}),f()(this,"sendPrerollPlayRequest",function(){var e=r.store.dispatch;hs("playPreroll")(e)}),f()(this,"handlePlayRequest",function(e,t,n){var i=r.store.dispatch;if(e&&e.length>0){if(r.newVideoDataLoaded&&(r.loadVideoSource(r.videoTag,e,t),r.newVideoDataLoaded=!1,r.prerollEnabled&&!n))return void r.sendPrerollPlayRequest();r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error playing the video: ",e)})}else dn(Xn.VIDEO_ERROR)(i)}),f()(this,"handlePendingVideoStatus",function(e,t,n,i){switch(e.type){case"play":r.handlePlayRequest(t,n,i);break;case"resume":r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error resuming the video: ",e)});break;case"pause":r.videoTag.pause();break;case"replay":r.videoTag.currentTime=0,r.videoTag.play().catch(function(e){return console.error("Error replaying the video: ",e)});break;case"seekTo":r.videoTag.pause(),r.videoTag.currentTime=e.value}}),f()(this,"loadMp4Source",function(e,t,n){var r=Ra(t,ys);n.setAttribute("src",r),n.load()}),f()(this,"loadVideoSource",function(e,t,n){var i=r.store.dispatch,o=Ra(t,gs);switch(fs.suitableVideoSource(e,o,n)){case"mp4":r.loadMp4Source(n,t,e);break;case"m3u8 with hls":r.videoStreamingManager.hlsLibrarySetup(e,o,function(e){return un(e)(i)},function(e){return dn(e)(i)});break;case"m3u8 directly":fs.loadHlsVideoDirectly(e,o)}}),this.store=t;var i=t.getState;this.videoStreamingManager=new fs,this.videoTag=document.getElementById(En(n)),this.prerollEnabled=bi.prerollEnabled(i()),this.pendingVideoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getPendingVideoStatusDependencies,this.onPendingVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoDataSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoDataDependencies,this.onVideoDataChanged.bind(this)),this.hlsLoadingStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getHLSLoadingStatusDependencies,this.onHlsLoadingStatusChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"createInstance",value:function(t,n){return new e(t,n)}}]),Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getHLSLoadingStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[Fi.loadingHLSStatus(e)]}},{key:"getPendingVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.pendingVideoTagStatus(e)]}},{key:"getVideoDataDependencies",value:function(e){return[Cn.videoData(e)]}}]),e}();function ms(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(r=r.filter(function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable})),n.push.apply(n,r)}return n}function bs(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?ms(Object(n),!0).forEach(function(t){f()(e,t,n[t])}):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):ms(Object(n)).forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))})}return e}var Os={READY_EVENT:"ready",PLAY_EVENT:"play",PAUSE_EVENT:"pause",TIME_EVENT:"time",SEEK_EVENT:"seek",COMPLETE_EVENT:"complete",VOLUME_EVENT:"volume",MUTE_EVENT:"mute"},_s=Object.values(Os),Ss={FULLSCREEN_EVENT:"fullscreen",ANCHOR_STATUS_EVENT:"anchorStatusChanged",ANCHOR_CLOSED_EVENT:"anchorClosed"},Es={AD_PLAY_EVENT:"adPlay",AD_PAUSE_EVENT:"adPause",AD_RESUME_EVENT:"adResume",AD_COMPLETE_EVENT:"adComplete",AD_TIME_EVENT:"adTime",AD_MUTE_EVENT:"adMute",AD_SKIPPED_EVENT:"adSkipped",AD_ERROR_EVENT:"adError",AD_BLOCK_EVENT:"adBlock",AD_REQUEST_EVENT:"adRequest",AD_OPPORTUNITY_EVENT:"adOpportunity",AD_IMPRESSION_EVENT:"adImpression"},ws=Object.values(Es),Ps=Object.values(bs(bs(bs({},Os),Es),Ss)),Ts=function(){function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"eventsCallbacksHandler",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"videoStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoMuteSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoVolumeSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoTimeFragmentSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"videoListStoreSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"previousVideoTagStatus",void 0),f()(this,"startSeekTime",0),f()(this,"canHandleReady",function(e,t,n){if(t===Os.READY_EVENT){var r=Cn.videoList(e);if(Array.isArray(r)&&r.length>0)return n(),!0}return!1}),f()(this,"canBeHandled",function(e,t){var n=r.store.getState;return r.canHandleReady(n(),e,t)}),f()(this,"reportSeekEnd",function(e){var t={position:hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),offset:r.startSeekTime};r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.SEEK_EVENT,t)}),f()(this,"onMuteStateChanged",function(e){var t=gn.muted(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.MUTE_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onVolumeChanged",function(e){var t=gn.muted(e),n=gn.volume(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.VOLUME_EVENT,{level:t?0:n})}),f()(this,"onVideoTimeFragmentChanged",function(e){var t=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e),n=hn.currentVideoDuration(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.TIME_EVENT,{duration:n,position:t})}),f()(this,"onVideoListChanged",function(){r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.READY_EVENT)}),this.store=t,this.eventsCallbacksHandler=n,this.videoStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoStatusDependencies,this.onVideoStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.videoMuteSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoMuteDependencies,this.onMuteStateChanged.bind(this)),this.videoVolumeSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVolumeDependencies,this.onVolumeChanged.bind(this)),this.videoTimeFragmentSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoTimeDependencies,this.onVideoTimeFragmentChanged.bind(this)),this.videoListStoreSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getVideoListDependencies,this.onVideoListChanged.bind(this)),this.previousVideoTagStatus=hn.videoTagStatus(t.getState())}return Vi()(e,[{key:"onVideoStatusChanged",value:function(e){var t=hn.videoTagStatus(e);switch("seeking"===this.previousVideoTagStatus&&this.reportSeekEnd(e),t){case"paused":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.PAUSE_EVENT);break;case"seeking":this.startSeekTime=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e);break;case"complete":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.COMPLETE_EVENT);break;case"playing":this.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Os.PLAY_EVENT)}this.previousVideoTagStatus=t}}],[{key:"getVideoStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[hn.videoTagStatus(e)]}}]),e}();f()(Ts,"getVideoMuteDependencies",function(e){return[gn.muted(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVolumeDependencies",function(e){return[gn.volume(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVideoTimeDependencies",function(e){return[hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e)]}),f()(Ts,"getVideoListDependencies",function(e){return[Cn.videoList(e)]}),f()(Ts,"isContentEvent",function(e){return _s.some(function(t){return t===e})});var As=function e(t,n){var r=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"eventsCallbacksHandler",void 0),f()(this,"store",void 0),f()(this,"fullscreenSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"anchorStatusSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"anchorDisabledByUserSubscriber",void 0),f()(this,"onFullscreenChanged",function(e){var t=gn.isFullscreenOn(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.FULLSCREEN_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onAnchorStatusChanged",function(e){var t="active"===Pr(e)?"activated":"deactivated";r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.ANCHOR_STATUS_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onAnchorDisabledByUser",function(e){if(wr(e)){var t=hn.currentVideoTimeFragment(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Ss.ANCHOR_CLOSED_EVENT,{position:t})}}),this.store=t,this.eventsCallbacksHandler=n,this.fullscreenSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getFullscreenDependencies,this.onFullscreenChanged.bind(this)),this.anchorStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAnchorStatusDependencies,this.onAnchorStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.anchorDisabledByUserSubscriber=new 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t=_i.adStatus(e),n=_i.currentAdTag(e);switch(t){case"requested":r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_REQUEST_EVENT,{tag:n});break;case"paused":r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_PAUSE_EVENT,{tag:n});break;case"completed":r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_COMPLETE_EVENT,{tag:n});break;case"skipped":r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_SKIPPED_EVENT,{tag:n});break;case"playing":"paused"===r.previousAdStatus?r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_RESUME_EVENT,{tag:n}):r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_PLAY_EVENT,{tag:n});break;case"error":var i=_i.adErrorMessage(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_ERROR_EVENT,{tag:n,message:i})}r.previousAdStatus=t}),f()(this,"onAtTimeChanged",function(e){var t=_i.adCurrentTime(e),n=_i.currentAdTag(e),i=_i.adDuration(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_TIME_EVENT,{position:t,tag:n,duration:i})}),f()(this,"onAdMuteChanged",function(e){var t=_i.adMuted(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_MUTE_EVENT,{state:t})}),f()(this,"onAdProviderLoadingChanged",function(e){"blocked"===Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)&&r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_BLOCK_EVENT)}),f()(this,"onAdImpressionChanged",function(e){var t=_i.currentAdTag(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_IMPRESSION_EVENT,{tag:t})}),f()(this,"onAdOpportunityChanged",function(e){var t=_i.currentAdTag(e);r.eventsCallbacksHandler.onEvent(Es.AD_OPPORTUNITY_EVENT,{tag:t})}),this.store=t,this.eventsCallbacksHandler=n,this.previousAdStatus=_i.adStatus(t.getState()),this.adStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdStatusDependencies,this.onAdStatusChanged.bind(this)),this.adTimeSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdTimeDependencies,this.onAtTimeChanged.bind(this)),this.adMuteSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdMuteDependencies,this.onAdMuteChanged.bind(this)),this.adImpressionSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdImpressionDependencies,this.onAdImpressionChanged.bind(this)),this.adOpportunitySubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdOpportunitySubscriberDependencies,this.onAdOpportunityChanged.bind(this)),this.adProviderLoadingStatusSubscriber=new ji(t,e.getAdProviderLoadingDependencies,this.onAdProviderLoadingChanged.bind(this))}return Vi()(e,null,[{key:"getAdStatusDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adStatus(e)]}},{key:"getAdTimeDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adCurrentTime(e)]}},{key:"getAdMuteDependencies",value:function(e){return[_i.adMuted(e)]}},{key:"getAdProviderLoadingDependencies",value:function(e){return[Fi.loadingImaStatus(e)]}}]),e}();f()(Cs,"isAdEvent",function(e){return ws.some(function(t){return t===e})}),f()(Cs,"getAdImpressionDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adImpression(e)]}),f()(Cs,"getAdOpportunitySubscriberDependencies",function(e){return[_i.adOpportunity(e)]});var Rs=function e(t){var n=this;Ai()(this,e),f()(this,"contentEvents",void 0),f()(this,"generalEvents",void 0),f()(this,"adEvents",void 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{"is_conflicting_with_other_jw_players":false,"programmatic_play_with_sound_on_desktop":false,"referrer_id":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","width":"100","comscore_publisher_id":"18120612","monetization":{"ad_type":"static_tag","continue_content_play_while_waiting_for_ad":false,"strategy":"on_player_load","ad_request_timeout":"10000","midrolls":{"on":[0]},"vpaid_mode":"ENABLED","ad_tag":"https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ads?sz=400x300|640x480|480x270|640x360&iu=/175840252/MMPlus/smithsonianmag/Video&impl=s&gdfp_req=1&env=vp&output=vast&unviewed_position_start=1&url=##REFERRER_URL_UNESC##&description_url=##DESCRIPTION_URL_UNESC##&correlator=##CACHEBUSTER##&cust_params=mm_midroll%3D##MIDROLL_ORDER##%26video_ID%3D##VIDEO_ID##"},"sponsorship":false,"player_identifier":"mplayer","recommendation_id":null,"brand_color":"#FF9900","powered_by_strip":true,"platform":"buffy","type":"video","config_name":"MM+ | Smithsonianmag | Podding","player_id":"3v9g2u2f","playlist_id":"fSkmeWKF","playback_method":"autoplay","anchor_viewability_method":"none","player_version":"v4","playlist_type":"semantic","semantic_options":{"scan_images_on_page":true,"scanned_element":"","tags":"geogrophy,nature,animals,habitat,outdoors,science,history","minimum_date_factor":30,"scanned_element_type":"tag","scoped_keywords":"mentalfloss","promoted_videos":[]},"script_destination":"mm","publisher_contribution":"floor8","general_script_description":"","brand_logo":"","brand_logo_click_url":"","next_video":"none","uniq_key":"af93e181-b289-0560-a2bf-808e93bb05bc","content_id":"fSkmeWKF","content_type":"semantic"})); Finland has vastly improved in reading, math and science literacy over the past decade in large part because its teachers are trusted to do whatever it takes to turn young lives around. This 13-year-old, Besart Kabashi, received something akin to royal tutoring.

      Kari Louhiuori, a principal at a Finnish school made a mostly unheaard of and uncanny decision to hold back an immigrant student from 6th grader named Besart because he hadnʻt felt that this young man was falling behind due to laziness but to a lack of comprehension. After a year of "royal tutoring," by allowing the boy to read at his own pace, it worked!

    1. In order to obtain housing for homeless single adults the Tenderloin Housing Clinic, which I head, began a Modified Payment Program in 1989. By January 1990 we had replaced the city’s entire 1000 person plus Hotline Hotel program of temporary housing with our permanent housing program. We then began leasing SRO’s in 1999 so that tenants would have nonprofit management

      His non profit organization

    1. can the leo p a rd change its spots?

      This reference comes from the Bible (Jeremiah 13:23). The full verse is, "Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil." I think it's interesting the author choose to use this phrase to express his point. In the biblical story, the mention of being unable to change one's skin references a metaphor of a black man being unable to change his skin, while the author references white South Africans being unable to change theirs. I'm not sure if this indirect contrast between black and white both wishing to step free of their skin was purposeful or not, but I found it interesting nevertheless. What I found more interesting however, was the second half of the quote, that the author cuts off. "Then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil." the Bible verse, in a backwards way, is making the point that those who have grown up in sin and evil, like a leopard growing up with spots, cannot be washed free of it. Although the biblical story accompanying the expression (Black skin as a metaphor for sin itself) is horrifically racist, I believe the author may have been once again trying to turn the original source material on it's head, and make the opposite point: in South Africa, it is white skin, not black, which becomes the metaphor for sin, a life lived in unwon superiority over others. The author is once again making the point that white South Africans, if they have grown up with the "sins" of superiority, cannot simply step away from it.

    1. affirmative action for whites.

      an almost hidden phenomenon - because whites inherently given more privilege, the law failing to recognize that and provide additional compensation for black people is actually affording white people more benefits and giving them a head start

    1. And the goddess glancing-eyed Athena girded and arrayed her in silver-white raiment; 575 and from her head she held with her hands a curiously embellished veil, a marvel to look upon: and Pallas Athena placed around her about her head lovely garlands fresh-budding with meadow-flowers, and around her head she set a golden coronet

      This relates back to the theme that women are always expected to look young, beautiful and virginal. But I'm reminded that if it's through artificial means like clothing, makeup, and jewelry then women are being deceptive. The expectations are so contradicting because if they don't use artificial means then their not hiding their vain mind.

    1. kara swisherYeah, that’s true. OK. So if you don’t shoot him too far, presumably. Let’s talk about Neuralink. I want you to explain what it is in the dumbest possible way for me, someone like me. This is a chip that goes in your brain.elon muskYeah, exactly. So think of it like a FitBit in your skull. Or an apple watch in your skull. So we take out a section of skull, we replace that with the chip and the inductive charger and Bluetooth antenna, and it’s really quite, almost quite literally like, a FitBit in your skull.kara swisherHow many people are going to do —elon muskWith tiny wires that go into your brain.kara swisherRight. When you think about putting it in people’s brains, do you think people are going to do that? I would do it. I would do it in a second. But convince someone who wouldn’t do it.elon muskWell, [CHUCKLES] I mean I think first of all we would have to do this many times. And we would start off with patients that are in the worst position. Like somebody’s a tetraplegic or has severe seizures or something like that. Because especially in the beginning it’s non-zero risk so we want the reward to be high so the reward balanced against the risk makes sense. And then actually a very important thing that we’re putting a lot of effort into is being able to remove the chip. So if you can remove the Neuralink you can put it in you can also remove the Neuralink and you can also upgrade it. So you can put a new one in. And do so without any damage or any noticeable damage. Because I think it’s going to actually be important to be able to have the upgrade. I mean, you wouldn’t want an iPhone one stuck in your head. [LAUGHTER] Like listen, everyone’s got the, whatever, iPhone 11 and —kara swisherIPhone 2 maybe but not the iPhone 1. No, no.elon muskNot the iPhone 1. I mean, it doesn’t even have the app store, you know?kara swisherRight. So many years ago when we met you said A.I. would treat us like house cats. That they’re too smart to hate us. And you said, we’ll be like house cats. That’s how they think of us. And then later, when I met with you at your office, you switched it to anthills, which was your analogy that when you see an anthill you don’t kick it over unless you’re kind of a jerk. But when you’re making a highway you just roll over it. Can you give a metaphor of where we are with AI right now?elon muskI was just pointing out with the anthill analogy that A.I. does not need to hate us to destroy us. In a sense, that if it decides that it needs to go in a particular direction and we’re in the way then it would without no hard feelings it would just roll over us. We would roll over an anthill that’s in the way of a road. You don’t hate ants. You’re just building a road. It’s a risk not a prediction. So, yeah. I think that we really need to think of intelligence as really not being uniquely confined to humans. And that the potential for intelligence in computers is far greater than in biology. Just far, far greater. There’s a great, quite a funny, essay called, I think it’s called, “They’re Made of Meat“. Which, like if some super advanced civilization coming across Earth and they’re obviously all computers and they just can’t believe we’re made of meat.kara swisherCan’t believe it.elon muskCan’t believe it. And it’s like, well how do they talk? It’s like well, they blow air through meat flaps. And they slowly move the meat flaps and have like a meat flute that makes different tones. And then they flap the meat and then that makes sounds. And then they talk — the communication rates very, very slow. Like, it’s not terabits. It’s like, it’s only maybe a few hundred bits per second.kara swisherRight. OK.elon muskWere talking at the speed of a tree.kara swisherOK. [LAUGHTER] Meat flaps. All right, I want you to yap your meat flaps and explain to me what we need to do about this.elon muskFlap the meat. Flap the meat.kara swisherFlap the meat. Sounds dirty. Can you just talk about — flap your meat and explain to us why then we need the Neuralink. What are you doing here? Because you’ve talked about the idea of, very Matrix-y, putting in in the back your brain. Explain for people what this would do. So we need to improve our meat or get out of the meat and put our brains somewhere else, right? Is that the —elon muskFlap the meat and get in a robot. [LAUGHTER]kara swisherYeah, so which of those things do we have to do? [LAUGHTER]elon muskGet out of the meat. That would be funny. Yes, so the Neuralink. So (SIGHING) we are already a cyborg. In the sense that you have your computers and your phones, and your apps on your phone, and stuff like that, and your social media or whatever. It’s like you’re already part electronic if you think about it. And in fact when somebody dies they still have their — these days — their electronic ghost is left around. You know their Instagram, Twitter, or whatever, Facebook, their emails, their website. It’s all still there. Even when their body died. So what are the constraints here? Even in a good scenario, a benign scenario, where the A.I. is trying to be as nice to us as possible, it still needs to be able to communicate quickly. And our rate of communication is very slow, especially our output. You think of, like, you’re trying to type things into your phone using your thumbs. We’re not even using 10 fingers.kara swisherRight.elon muskAnd the rate at which you’re typing things is maybe, optimistically — I mean, what is it several thumb taps per second, perhaps?kara swisherRight, so we’re a modem. We’re a 300 board modem or something.elon muskYeah, pretty much. We’re a 300 board modem. Very slowly outputting information into our phone or maybe a little bit faster into a computer if you’re using 10 fingers. And it’s just very hard to communicate. AI will diverge from us just because it can’t talk to us. It’s like in that movie —kara swisherYeah.elon musk— Her? So, you know, the computer just got bored.kara swisherBored, right, exactly.elon muskHe was talking to the guy and, sort of, being the guys virtual girlfriend or something. But the guy just took so long to reply that the computer just decided to just go away. It just left in between and it had been gone for eons in between each conversation. Eventually, it just got too bored and left. [LAUGHTER]kara swisherRight. So what do we do? What are you going to do with Neuralink? You’re putting them in monkeys right now? What are you doing? Because I think that we’re —elon muskIt’s to improve the bandwidth of our communication.kara swisherTo improve the bandwidth of our communication. So we can talk with A.I. and receive and transmit.elon muskYes. There’s also a lot of other good things that will be achieved, in that, any brain related disease or if somebody has a severed spinal cord and can’t walk. I mean, with a brain chip you could do a lot.kara swisherMm-hmm.elon muskYou can make people walk again. You could solve extreme depression or anxiety or schizophrenia or seizures. You could give a mother back her memory so she could remember who her kids are, you know. Basically, if you live long enough, you’re going to get dementia of some kind. And you’ll want to have something to help you.kara swisherCould it program in empathy? Or other things? Do you imagine that being part of this? [LAUGHTER] Or hey you could —elon muskYou could technically program anything. So empathy is probably a good one.kara swisherSo where are we in doing this?elon muskSo where we are right now is we’re still in a very, very primitive stage. Where thus far we’ve had a lot of successful implants in pigs. And we now have a pig that has had an implant that’s working well and it’s been there for over three months. And we now have implanted about a dozen pigs. And the sensors are working well. A large part of a pig brain is about its snout. So you can literally rub the pig on its snout and we can detect exactly where you touch the snout.kara swisherAnd so you would tell people you’d want to put it in there one, to solve these physical infirmities. But what else? Because here’s something that could be abused.elon muskNo I mean this is for sure an ethics first situation. The whole point of it — like I said, the initial value of Neuralink will be solving a whole bunch of brain injuries. And spinal cord injuries and that kind of thing. So it’s really hard to argue with the good of that.kara swisherRight, sure.elon muskYou know, it’s like listen, somebody can walk again. That’s definitely a good thing. And it’ll be like that for many years before we get to the esoteric long term, sort of, A.I. symbiosis thing. So it’s not like this is going to suddenly pounce on people out of nowhere. You’ll see it coming for years. And getting FDA approval will require a lot of intense examination and making sure that the good far outweighs the bad and that it’s reversible. Like I said, you can remove it if you want. So people shouldn’t be — there’s definitely not something to be worried about or think that it’s suddenly going to come out of nowhere. It’s not like internet software. You know, where you could just write some internet software and that could be on a million servers in two weeks. So you’ll really see it coming. I want to emphasize that you’ll see it coming from a mile off. And you’ll be like, is it closer? I’m not sure.kara swisherAre you funding this? Are you doing this? You’re doing this on your own?elon muskYeah. I mean, I created the company specifically to address the A.I. symbiosis problem, which I think is an existential threat. I mean, the reason I’m doing these things, at least aspirationally, is to maximize the probability that the future is good. So essentially, what set of actions can be taken to maximize the probability that the future is good. You know occasionally there’s some frivolous stuff. Because, you know, it’s nice to have frivolous things too. But —

      Neuralink Discussion

    1. ethnographically based project asking modern people why/how they pick mortuary goods

      I feel I should admit to my confusion here. Are you suggesting turning the traditional use of SNA in archaeology on its head, or are you suggesting that you might work with contemporary humans to find out whether or not mortuary goods are markers of anything important in the 21st century?

    1. He knocked her nun’s cap off her head, prodded her from be-hind with his feet, and said to her, “Get going!”Upon that, our holy Mother Walatta-Petros immediately let herself fall on the ground and acted as if dead. She kept silent and obstinately stopped moving

      okay this is a little funny to me

    Annotators

    1. king made up his mind to kill her, but yet again her husband saved her life by suggesting another compro-mise: exile.

      did her husband really care about her that much?...seems so by how he is always saving her but in the end he eliminates a head of the orthodox church, something she values more than anything else in the world and he knows that good and well...did he do that by the orders of someone else?

    2. Every week the king would ask the European head of the Roman Catholics whether he had succeeded, and every week he had to report that he had not.

      kinda embarrassing lol

    Annotators

    1. I think thou dost;And, for I know thou'rt full of love and honesty,And weigh'st thy words before thou givest them breath,

      The irony that he thinks that Iago loves and cares for him when he fact he is leading him to his downfall. Othello is invested with paranoia and distrust, brought on by rumors that have a real and a really bad situation that is misunderstood. Paranoia and fear are the enemies of reason. Because paranoia leads to fear or anger, lead irrationality which is unreasonable or illogical thinking. This way of thinking could be by the constant racism and distrust of the others who hate him for being superior to them in rank. However Desdemona who pretty gave up everything to be with him, Othello love and trusted her then and with just a small amount of rumors loses that trust that he had for her. If Othello was keeping a cool head he could investigated it further he would have found out that his wife was faithful and was trying to help Cassio. However love is a powerful thing it can bring great joy to someone, but when someone could possibly lose the person they love most will throw logic out the window as well as reason.

    2. Kneels

      Before class today I hadn't seen this scene as a marriage, but now I can't seem to get that idea out of my head. Even more than that, I can't stop relating it to King James, and his "Gentleman of the Bedchamber." Is this a joke on the part of Shakespeare at the King's expense, or is this in relation to Shakespeare's own relationship with the "beautiful youth?"

  3. inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. balanced on her head as usu . ut no dirty I dry fill up . . d . aun ed the basket that evening: curled msi e was the diminutive Stephen Heard

      Okay that's pretty fucking cool. But why would she want to rescue her master?

    1. No, you're not entitled to your opinion

      Every year, I try to do at least two things with my students at least once. First, I make a point of addressing them as “philosophers” – a bit cheesy, but hopefully it encourages active learning.

      Secondly, I say something like this: “I’m sure you’ve heard the expression ‘everyone is entitled to their opinion.’ Perhaps you’ve even said it yourself, maybe to head off an argument or bring one to a close. Well, as soon as you walk into this room, it’s no longer true. You are not entitled to your opinion. You are only entitled to what you can argue for.”

      A bit harsh? Perhaps, but philosophy teachers owe it to our students to teach them how to construct and defend an argument – and to recognize when a belief has become indefensible.

      The problem with “I’m entitled to my opinion” is that, all too often, it’s used to shelter beliefs that should have been abandoned. It becomes shorthand for “I can say or think whatever I like” – and by extension, continuing to argue is somehow disrespectful. And this attitude feeds, I suggest, into the false equivalence between experts and non-experts that is an increasingly pernicious feature of our public discourse.

      Firstly, what’s an opinion?

      Plato distinguished between opinion or common belief (doxa) and certain knowledge, and that’s still a workable distinction today: unlike “1+1=2” or “there are no square circles,” an opinion has a degree of subjectivity and uncertainty to it. But “opinion” ranges from tastes or preferences, through views about questions that concern most people such as prudence or politics, to views grounded in technical expertise, such as legal or scientific opinions.

      You can’t really argue about the first kind of opinion. I’d be silly to insist that you’re wrong to think strawberry ice cream is better than chocolate. The problem is that sometimes we implicitly seem to take opinions of the second and even the third sort to be unarguable in the way questions of taste are. Perhaps that’s one reason (no doubt there are others) why enthusiastic amateurs think they’re entitled to disagree with climate scientists and immunologists and have their views “respected.”

      Meryl Dorey is the leader of the Australian Vaccination Network, which despite the name is vehemently anti-vaccine. Ms. Dorey has no medical qualifications, but argues (Links to an external site.) that if Bob Brown is allowed to comment on nuclear power despite not being a scientist, she should be allowed to comment on vaccines. But no-one assumes Dr. Brown is an authority on the physics of nuclear fission; his job is to comment on the policy responses to the science, not the science itself.

      So what does it mean to be “entitled” to an opinion?

      If “Everyone’s entitled to their opinion” just means no-one has the right to stop people thinking and saying whatever they want, then the statement is true, but fairly trivial. No one can stop you saying that vaccines cause autism, no matter how many times that claim has been disproven.

      But if ‘entitled to an opinion’ means ‘entitled to have your views treated as serious candidates for the truth’ then it’s pretty clearly false. And this too is a distinction that tends to get blurred.

      On Monday, the ABC’s Mediawatch program took WIN-TV Wollongong to task for running a story on a measles outbreak which included comment from – you guessed it – Meryl Dorey. In a response to a viewer complaint, WIN said that the story was “accurate, fair and balanced and presented the views of the medical practitioners and of the choice groups (Links to an external site.).” But this implies an equal right to be heard on a matter in which only one of the two parties has the relevant expertise. Again, if this was about policy responses to science, this would be reasonable. But the so-called “debate” here is about the science itself, and the “choice groups” simply don’t have a claim on air time if that’s where the disagreement is supposed to lie.

      Mediawatch host Jonathan Holmes was considerably more blunt: “there’s evidence, and there’s bulldust (Links to an external site.),” and it’s not part of a reporter’s job to give bulldust equal time with serious expertise.

      The response from anti-vaccination voices was predictable. On the Mediawatch site, Ms. Dorey accused the ABC of “openly calling for censorship of a scientific debate.” This response confuses not having your views taken seriously with not being allowed to hold or express those views at all – or to borrow a phrase from Andrew Brown, it “confuses losing an argument with losing the right to argue (Links to an external site.).” Again, two senses of “entitlement” to an opinion are being conflated here.

      So next time you hear someone declare they’re entitled to their opinion, ask them why they think that. Chances are, if nothing else, you’ll end up having a more enjoyable conversation that way.

      Read more from Patrick Stokes: The ethics of bravery

    1. rob the userof the ability to grow from experience.

      Again, adversity leads to growth in most cases. If everyone did this how would anyone learn to move forward and address issues head on instead of avoiding them.

    Annotators

    1. Only this time, the victim’s family sat behind him. Every day during the proceedings, he heard their sobs, felt their pain. It’s hard, looking back at the complex geography of a life, to pinpoint truly decisive moments, to locate those pivotal nanoseconds before which you really were somebody else. But, for Paul, this was it: Sentenced to life plus 26 years, he couldn’t get the sound of their pain out of his own head.

      I'd say the writes use of verbs throughout the story is fairly solid. It adds another level of descriptiveness to the article and makes the story flow well, especially in this graf.

    1. git push origin master explicitly says "push the local branch 'master' to the remote named 'origin'". This does not define a persistent relationship, it just executes a push this one time. Note that the remote branch is assumed to be named "master". git push -u origin master is the same thing, except it first adds a persistent tracking relationship between your local branch "master" and the remote named "origin". As before, it is assumed the remote branch is named "master". If you have done a push with -u already, then the relationship is already defined. In the future, you can simply say git push or git pull, and git will automatically use the defined remote tracking branch without being told explicitly. You can view your tracking relationships with git branch -vv, which will list your local branches along with their current HEAD commit and, if one is set, the remote tracking branch. Here is an example.
    1. and I looked and saw the forms of men in different attitudes—and there were lights in the sky to which the children of darkness gave other names than what they really were—for they were the lights of the Savior’s hands, stretched forth from east to west, even as they were extended on the cross on Calvary for the redemption of sinners. And I wondered greatly at these miracles, and prayed to be informed of a certainty of the meaning thereof—and shortly afterwards, while laboring in the field, I discovered drops of blood on the corn as though it were dew from heaven

      What a visionary that's going on in his head to be able to describe what is going on in his head. Something so powerful and good in his eyes wasnt so holy if we think to the terms that that word carries today. He says drops of blood on the corn as though it were dew from the heavens. HE IS SAYING THE HEAVENS WERE DROPPING BLOOD ON THE CORNFIELD!!!! If that isnt scary enough in this confession that I really dont know what is.

    2. Nat Turner has been a figure of rebellion for many years. But, we have to try to understand the state in which he and his people may have been in to truly understand his purpose. Was he a delusional man that followed the voices in his head, bringing along his followers to commit such a heinous crime? Or was he truly a prophet-like man who attempted to deliver his people from evil, towards salvation, on a greater plan? The result of death was inevitable, as during the prime of slavery, no slave would ever have the right to live after such an act. Yet, he felt compelled to do so. What inclinations lead him to deliver his people towards freedom will always be considered as a heroic act today. In hindsight we realize slavery is a dark cloud on our nation's history, as well as the overall treatment they were given. The exhaustion of constant violence, rape, verbal abuse, hunger, fear, and families been torn apart would lead to a rebellion in my opinion. He was faulted then, but would he be faulted today? It could be considered an actual act of defense by today's standards. It is quite possible he was blessed by God with the facilities to maintain his devotion to the Lord, and thus listen to the overwhelming voice of his purpose.

    1. A Pew-funded Religious Identity and Influence Survey in 1996 identified that 85% of evangelicals believe that “the husband should be the head of the household” compared to 48% of the general public

      Statisitical information on headship model believers

    1. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered. The Mississippi Democratic Party continued to disfranchise the state’s African American voters. Civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and traveled to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to demand that the MFDP’s delegates, rather than the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party delegates, be seated in the convention. Although unsuccessful, her moving testimony was broadcast on national television and drew further attention to the plight of African Americans in the South.

      Fannie Lou Hamer was an African American that fought for civil and voting rights. African Americans did not have the right to vote, and they were not recognized as first class citizens. There were no forms of equality for African Americans in general. In addition, they were not accorded human decency, which means they were treated lesser than human beings. What stands out to me from Fannie Lou Hamer is the courage, bravery, and compassion she showed when she addressed civil rights, racial discrimination, and segregations. In addition, Hamer’s testimony put her and family in danger since she was targeted by those who opposed her ideologies. I find this very respectable since she did everything within her power to obtain rights for not just herself but for her African American community as well. Jim Crow south targeted the African American community and gave them limitations. Since Hamer stood up for her and African American community’s rights, she was viewed non-favorable and a threat. Jim Crow south ascertains physical and mental struggles African Americans went through during the segregation era. As mentioned previously, African Americans had limitations which included education therefore, Hamer was fighting for a way that would give African Americans the power to vote without going through the literacy tests, which was viewed as a way to suppress black voters. I admire Fanny Lou for her courage and being a strong woman. Being a woman at that time made it harder for her to create a platform to solve discrimination related issues. On top of being a woman, being African American at that time created more challenges. Overall, her legacy benefited the future generations.

    2. Thank you

      I can't imagine the pain and humiliation that she faced in her life. It is is simply evil. Yet, she holds her head up high, gracious and continues to work hard to advance her rights and those oppressed. God bless her!

    3. I was carried to the county jail and put in the booking room. They left some of the people in the booking room and began to place us in cells. I was placed in a cell with a young woman called Miss Euvester Simpson. After I was placed in the cell I began to hear the sound of kicks and horrible screams, and I could hear somebody say, “Can you say, yes sir, nigger? Can you say yes, sir?” And they would say other horrible names. She would say, “Yes, I can say yes, sir.” “So say it.” She says, “I don’t know you well enough.” They beat her, I don’t know how long, and after a while she began to pray, and asked God to have mercy on those people. And it wasn’t too long before three white men came to my cell. One of these men was a State Highway Patrolman and he asked me where I was from, and I told him Ruleville, he said, “We are going to check this.” And they left my cell and it wasn’t too long before they came back. He said, “You are from Ruleville all right,” and he used a curse wod, and he said, “We are going to make you wish you was dead.” I was carried out of that cell into another cell where they had two Negro prisoners. The State Highway Patrolmen ordered the first Negro to take the blackjack. The first Negro prisoner ordered me, by orders from the State Highway Patrolman for me, to lay down on a bunk bed on my face, and I laid on my face. The first Negro began to beat, and I was beat by the first Negro until he was exhausted, and I was holding my hands behind me at that time on my left side because I suffered from polio when I was six years old. After the first Negro had beat until he was exhausted the State Highway Patrolman ordered the second Negro to take the blackjack. The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat to set on my feet to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me my head and told me to hush. One white man—my dress had worked up high, he walked over and pulled my dress down—and he pulled my dress back, back up. I was in jail when Medgar Evers was murdered.

      This was a very emotional statement by her to reenact. I honestly got emotional when I read her statements. I cannot imagine the feeling of knowing that you will be the next one to be hurt. Her courage was so immense that she continue to fight for freedom, even after being beaten up and hurt mentally. I honestly have never heard of her name until today, but she will be a name that I will forget because I support her "fight."

    4. The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat to set on my feet to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me my head and told me to hush. One white man—my dress had worked up high, he walked over and pulled my dress down—and he pulled my dress back, back up.

      This was another example of Jim Crow. This shows a representation of Jim Crow by the State Highway Patrolman mandating another prisoner to beat on another African American while in custody. This statement stands out the most because, she mention how the patrolman made a comment on her wishing she was dead. After the two prisoners beat on her, she began to question if this how America was suppose to be.

    5. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered. The Mississippi Democratic Party continued to disfranchise the state’s African American voters. Civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and traveled to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to demand that the MFDP’s delegates, rather than the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party delegates, be seated in the convention. Although unsuccessful, her moving testimony was broadcast on national television and drew further attention to the plight of African Americans in the South.

      To answer the first question, "What stands out from Ms. Hamer's testimony and why?" I thought it took a lot of courage to describe her ordeal. The testimony took courage because she have already faced backlash for her standing up to demand freedom. She continue to have the courage to stand up to the obstacles that have left her damaged. She have a strong mentality and I respect her for her decisions. The Jim Crow South is a definition of communism because I emigrated from a communist regime, Vietnam. Her testimony is an important part of history and made the story of black suppression public. She understand that she may face punishment for her actions and she continue to risk it for equality. I thought the civil rights activists were very courageous, because they know they are risking their lives for freedom.

    6. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered. The Mississippi Democratic Party continued to disfranchise the state’s African American voters. Civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and traveled to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to demand that the MFDP’s delegates, rather than the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party delegates, be seated in the convention. Although unsuccessful, her moving testimony was broadcast on national television and drew further attention to the plight of African Americans in the South.

      I found it interesting but disturbing how African Americans were so called granted the right to vote, but had to jump through circus acts to attempt to vote. Many sadly lost their lives during the Jim Crows period.

    7. The first Negro began to beat, and I was beat by the first Negro until he was exhausted, and I was holding my hands behind me at that time on my left side because I suffered from polio when I was six years old. After the first Negro had beat until he was exhausted the State Highway Patrolman ordered the second Negro to take the blackjack. The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat to set on my feet to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me my head and told me to hush. One white man—my dress had worked up high, he walked over and pulled my dress down—and he pulled my dress back, back up.

      This passage stood out to me as the most horrific of them all. This entire experience was awful but the cruelty it took to make another black prisoner beat her for no reason is disgusting. It shows that the patrolmen didn't even think of them as human because there is no way a normal person could do this to another person. There is no way this is a stand alone incident either. I'll bet they made a practice out of using their power to intimidate and harm black Americans. - LaDonna Jones

    8. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964.

      I think that it was a significant moment in history that Hamer was even able to be present at the DNC at the compacity that she was. Her presence would pave future roads for other civil rights activists of color. Her fight for a seat of the Freedom Democratic Party.

      I actually found video footage of this testimony and it appears that Ms. Hamer was muffled out by a commentator in the middle of her testimony, perhaps an attempt at hiding her message to the public.

    1. These are the words of him who has the sharp two-edged sword

      Hebrews 4:12-13. "For the word of God is alive and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart. Nothing in all creation is hidden from God's sight. Everything is uncovered and laid bare before the eyes of him to whom we must give account."

      Jesus, who is the Word (John 1:1), searches and knows all things, and God the Father created all things through Jesus (1 Cor. 8:6). Jesus acts as God's divine agent through whom God reconciles all things to himself on earth and heaven (Col. 1:19). Jesus is the head of God's building, the church (Col. 1:18), and each member of the body lives through Christ's Spirit (1 Cor. 3:16). Jesus' prayer in John 17 shows us that God's plan is to have complete unity and oneness with man, having each person grow in the fullness of God (Eph. 1:23, 3:19).

    Annotators

  4. Sep 2020
    1. The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat to set on my feet to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me my head and told me to hush. One white man—my dress had worked up high, he walked over and pulled my dress down—and he pulled my dress back, back up.

      This is so heart breaking to know that this was going on in the south over wanting to vote. What stands out to me is that people were really against black people voting, they would even go as far as beating someone for wanting to go to a voters workshop. This will never be allowed in these days. The south was a truly scary place to be back in the day.

    2. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered.

      The courage that it took for Hamer to speak out during a time like this in which African Americans were dying for the right to vote is just simply amazing.

    3. econd Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat to set on my feet to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me my head and told me to hush. One white man—my dress had worked up high, he walked over and pulled my dress down—and he pulled my dress back, back up.

      The Black men were forced to participate in the beatings and honestly if they didn't the beatings would probably be worse. Further, the Black men could have been killed.

    4. I question America, is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave where we have to sleep with our telephones off of the hooks because our lives be threatened daily because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?

      On a separate note, since we are talking about testimonies and the Jim Crow South and the racism of the past, I want to share a different perspective, one most of us have not thought about and how history has not changed as much as we have hoped. When I was in the UO, I majored in Sociology. My favorite professor was Chuck Hunt, who would tell us stories about how all of his knuckles were broken during peaceful protests that the police pushed too far in the 1970’s or his numerous arrests for protests throughout the year. He was a very engaging teacher. I graduated from college 13 years ago and there is one lecture that still resonates with me today. We had a guest lecturer, and forgive me, I don’t remember his name, come to talk to us. This gentleman was probably in his 60s or 70s. He came to talk to us about his life growing up in the south as a young black man. He did not tell us anything that we had not already heard. Until he spoke about moving to San Francisco in the 1950's. He explained that in the South, racism was evident- “separate but equal”. When he moved to San Francisco, racism was still going strong, but it was hidden. There were no labels of where he could and could not go. This gentleman went on to speak about how much more dangerous it was for him to not know and stated at least in the South he knew what was considered “acceptable” and could keep himself safe. His story from 70 years ago is STILL relevant today. Racism is still around. It’s just hidden and dangerous. Before I saw the video of George Floyd I justified it in my head “it had to be an accident. Restraints can get dangerous”. After seeing the video, there was no accident. The actions of that white police officer are eerily similar to the police officers of the past. And that makes me very, very sad. We as a nation are failing each other.

    5. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered. The Mississippi Democratic Party continued to disfranchise the state’s African American voters. Civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and traveled to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to demand that the MFDP’s delegates, rather than the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party delegates, be seated in the convention. Although unsuccessful, her moving testimony was broadcast on national television and drew further attention to the plight of African Americans in the South.

      Being a woman activist was a powerful statement during this period. It made those around her to be more aware of the unfairness that was happening during that time. Fannie fighting for the rights of the MFDP, and wanting for them to sit in the front was a courageous move and I admire her for that. She did not let anyone to stop her passion of getting her people to vote regardless of whether they knew how to read or write.

    6. Civil rights activists struggled against the repressive violence of Mississippi’s racial regime. State NAACP head Medger Evers was murdered in 1963. Freedom Summer activists tried to register black voters in 1964. Three disappeared and were found murdered. The Mississippi Democratic Party continued to disfranchise the state’s African American voters.

      This introduction to the speech sets the background for the reader. Although it is 1963, it is clear that African Americans are still fighting for their rights to vote. Although the 15th Amendment granted that right in 1870. For African Americans in the south, nothing has really changed.

    1. You can't forget my suffering! And the others? What about those others left behind? Are you going to just shrug them off too?

      I think I see what role Gloria Gresham plays in this piece: she's the personification of some sort of Dr. Dan Kerry's conscious. I think she's sort of the voice in the back of his head, which might explain the sudden mood swings portrayed and the fact that a professional as himself would've entertained her for that long. Also in this paragraph, the last sentences are very resonant with immigrants and people who leave their home countries in search of better lives: What about the people, their families and their friends they left? Did they not deserve the opportunity, and maybe even sometimes luck, that you got to get where you are? Are you selfish for wanting to leave that part of history behind instead of fighting for a better life and improving it? I think these questions are really interesting one's to be asked,

    1. Otherwise, why would cosmetics testers drip chemicals into the eyes of rabbits to see if they sting? Why would researchers study head trauma by traumatizing chimpanzee heads? Why would psychologists attempt to induce depression and “learned helplessness” in dogs by exposing them to ceaseless random patterns of electrical shock?

      Another argument that I have heard is that most great advances in science came from doing something immoral. The polio vaccine was developed because cells were taken from a poor black woman with cancer and cultured. She, nor her family were never paid for this contribution.

    1. Chemistry is sometimes referred to as “the central science” due to its interconnectedness with a vast array of other STEM disciplines (STEM stands for areas of study in the science, technology, engineering, and math fields).

      I am shocked at how much chemistry is in our lives that I have never thought about. I never realized so many things are revolved around chemistry. I just had it engraved in my head that chemistry was just based on how a whole bunch of different chemicals based on my high school class 4 years ago...

    1. “I appreciate your coming such a long way to see us,” he said, “but my brother recovered some time ago and has gone elsewhere to take up an official post.” Then, laughing, he produced two volumes of his brother’s diary, saying that from these the nature of his past illness could be seen, and that there was no harm in showing them to an old friend.

      In this sentence, we see that the narrator went to see an old friend that is seriously ill. However, when arrived there, he/she noticed that the friend was heal and left the town for an official post. This story counts the life of someone that was supposedly mad and healed from it. Many questions comes to our head after reading it. How can someone with mental illness history can rehired to work for the government? Was that person really mad? or Is it not the sibling who stayed at home who is mad? and the last but not the least, does mad have another connotation in this sentence? After analysis of the historic period in which this story "A Madman's Diary" has been written, we noticed that it was a period of repression. In fact, all the Chinese population who did not agree with the government were severely reprimanded and seen differently. Mad mean someone that is unable to think in a clear and sensible way. We can assume that for the Chinese government at that time someone who was not thinking like them was mad. In other words, this sentence is talking about someone who does not share the vision and idea of his/her government.

    2. Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this bodes ill. This morning when I went out cautiously, Mr. Chao had a strange look in his eyes, as if he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others, who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of my seeing them. All the people I passed were like that. The fiercest among them grinned at me; whereupon I shivered from head to foot, knowing that their preparations were complete.

      When the author says "tonight there is no moon at all", I believe he refers to sadness and sorrow. He must have been so sick that when people saw him, they had a look of disgust and pity so it caused the people to take a s second look at him and then they spoke ill of him

    1. I am also on the fence regarding how important these holes and “repairing” them is to me; my project and captaset will always be incomplete, so, as long as I am transparent about those concessions and gaps, does it matter? To be determined.

      Wonderful! The myth of completeness=closer to the "truth" rears its ugly head 2000-fold in the digital environment. Consider also, perhaps, the difference between "known unknowns" and "unknown unknowns," to use those benighted expressions...

    1. But the reason of my return was, that the Spirit appeared to me and said I had my wishes directed to the things of this world, and not to the kingdom of Heaven, and that I should return to the service of my earthly master—“

      I really wish they would further question him to see who this "spirit" was that kept delivering these messages to him and kept pushing him on. Because it could have been an actual person or priest that was providing and filling his head with all this information. Or it could have been an actual voice that he states he would hear on occasion, further assuming that he was actively having hallucinations. If he was mentally ill, he deserved the right therapy and intervention that could have helped him out. However during this time, mental illness was pushed to the side and not fully acknowledged. Making it difficult to actually ask fro help and assistance.

    2. In August, 1831, Nat Turner led a group of enslaved and free Black men in a rebellion that killed over fifty white men, women, and children. Nat Turner understood his rebellion as an act of God. While he awaited trial, Turner spoke with the white attorney, Thomas Ruffin Gray, who wrote their conversations into the following document.

      It's hard for me to understand that Turner believes his rebellion as an act of God. How can such a horrible and heinous crime on women and children be an act of God? Our textbook states that he initiated the violence by killing his enslaver, he hit him with an ax on the head. Then led his group in killing 57 white men, women and children on 11 farms. It's cruel and unimaginable. This deadly rebellion as an act of God is hard to grasp.

    3. I heard a loud noise in the heavens, and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosened, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and that I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first should be last and the last should be first.

      Turner concludes his statement to Gray by saying the reason behind the rebellion was because of God, and I can only imagine what must be going through Gray's head at this moment.

    1. 58 REPRESENTATION: CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS AND S1GNIFYING PRACTICES Las Meninas shows the interior of a room - perhaps the painter's studio or some other room in the Spanish Royal Palace, the Escorial. The scene, though ·in its deeper recesses rather dark. is bathed in light from a window on the right. 'We are looking at a picture in which. the painter is in tum looking out at us,' says Foucault (1970, p. 4). To the left, looking forwards, is the painter himself, Velasquez. He is in the act of painting and his brush is raised, 'perhaps ... considering whether to add some finishing touch to the canvas' (p. 3). He is looking at his model, who is sitting in the place from which we are looking, but we cannot see who the model is because the canvas on which Velasquez is painting has its back to us, its face resolutely turned away from our gaze. In the centre of the painting stands what tradition recognizes as the little princess, the Infanta Maxagarita, who has come to watch the proceedings. She is the centre of the picture we are looking at, but she is not the 'subject' of Velasquez' canvas. The Infanta has with her an •entourage of duennas, maids of honour, courtiers and dwarfs' and her dog (p. 9). The courtiers stand behind, towards the hack on the right. Her maids of honour stand on either side of her, framing her. To the right at the front are two dwarfs, one a famous court jester. The eyes of many of these figures, like that of the painter himself, are looking out towards the front of the picture at the sitters. Who are they - the figures at whom everyone is looking but whom we cannot look at and whose portraits on the canvas we are forbidden to see? In fact, though at first we think we cannot see them, the picture tells us who they are because, behind the Irifanta's head and a little to the left of the centre of the picture, surrounded hy a heavy wooden frame, is a mirror; and in the mirror -at last - are reflected the sitters, who are in fact seated in the position from which we are looking: 'a reflection that shows us quite simply what is lacking in everyone's gaze' (p. 15). The figures reflected in the mirror are, in fact, the King, Philip rv. and his wife, Mariana. Beside the mirror, to the right of it, in the back wall, is another 'frame', but this is not a mirror reflecting forwards; itis a doorway leading backwards out of the room. On the stair, his feet placed on different steps, 'a man stands out in full-length silhouette'. He has just entered or is just leaving the scene and is looking at it from behind, observing what is going on in it but 'content to surprise those within without being seen himself'

      Everything that Hall says here can be observed by the reader but he still writes up everything that can be seen in the painting. The whole point of Hall thoroughly explaining what is going on in the painting is to simply state the topic, the thing that is being discussed and structurally set up the analysis that's about to follow.

    2. Saussure called the first element, the signifier. and the second element - the corresponding concept it triggered off in your head - the signified.

      Saussure's main idea is represented by this two words, signifier and signified. Signifier is what we all get the same idea, like when we see a toy and we can identified it is a teddy bear , but signified is different, because people think differently, some people will think it is for kids to play, some may think others.

    1. Dr. Arthur Caplan,now the head of the division of bioethics at New York University, said thatmemory-erasing treatments don’t really change who we are

      I feel like rats might not have the same sense of self and awareness as we do

    Annotators

    1. . Steve’s boyfriend smashed Steve’s head with a bottle. Several months later, he slit Steve’s throat. Even though Steve nearly died, he tried everything to avoid testifying, including committing himself to the psych ward during the trial – in response to his boyfriend’s manipulative mix of threats and expressions of love.

      Cases like this needs more attention, since we can clearly observe Steve's abusive relationship with his boyfriend, it shouldn't have been allowed for him to keep in contact with him or enter psych ward. Instead services should have been provided to Steve to help him deal with the trauma he experienced from his abusive boyfriend

    1. “You poor, poor dear.”I knew that I was in store for another bolt of sympathy, and bracedmyself by staring up into the umbrella.

      narrator is aware of the sympathy/pity. she fixates on being protected by privilege instead of addressing head-on

    1. He shakes his head at the desecration,then elaborates on a discovery that offers a glimmer of hope for anyone trying toestablish what happened to the more than , Guatemalans who were “disap-peared” in the years of civil strife between  and , missing and presumeddead, many of whom are believed to be interred not only in known mass graves incemeteries like Quetzaltenango’s but also strewn around the country in clandes-tine ones now being exhumed

      This is where s/he gives a historical problem that has no solution too.

    2. He shakes his head at the desecration,then elaborates on a discovery that offers a glimmer of hope for anyone trying toestablish what happened to the more than , Guatemalans who were “disap-peared” in the years of civil strife between  and , missing and presumeddead, many of whom are believed to be interred not only in known mass graves incemeteries like Quetzaltenango’s but also strewn around the country in clandes-tine ones now being exhumed.

      This sentence is where the author is stating the purpose of the the article. Here the author states the event that they want to discuss and while there may not be a true solution its a step towards awareness on the subject.

    1. So if a fly lands on your arm, here’s what happens: The fly touches your skin and stimulates a bunch of sensory nerves. The axon terminals in the nerves have a little fit and start action potential-ing, sending the signal up to the brain to tell on the fly. The signals head into the spinal cord and up to the somas in the somatosensory cortex.18 The somatosensory cortex then taps the motor cortex on the shoulder and tells it that there’s a fly on your arm and that it needs to deal with it (lazy). The particular somas in your motor cortex that connect to the muscles in your arm then start action potential-ing, sending the signals back into the spinal cord and then out to the muscles of the arm. The axon terminals at the end of those neurons stimulate your arm muscles, which constrict to shake your arm to get the fly off (by now the fly has already thrown up on your arm), and the fly (whose nervous system now goes through its own whole thing) flies off.

      meh @ "somatosensory taps motor" LOL...like where's PFC? but otherwise pretty cool

    1. Thought is not an inner process that lies behind, and brings about, the words I speak and write: it is my speaking and writing.

      I do not think that this is true. If this is true then what would you call the voice in your head.

    Annotators

    1. The poor soul sat ⌜sighing⌝ by a sycamore tree,  Sing all a green willow.45 Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee,  Sing willow, willow, willow. 215 Othello ACT 4. SC. 3  The fresh streams ran by her and murmured her  moans,  Sing willow, willow, willow;50 Her salt tears fell from her, and softened the  stones— Lay by these.  Sing willow, willow, willow. Prithee hie thee! He’ll come anon.55 Sing all a green willow must be my garland. Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve.

      This song is a great representation for Desdemona, and shows her hopelessness and avoidance of blame for Othello.

      Desdemona, not knowing of Iago's lies, blames herself

    1. He was barefooted, and the snake bit him right on the heel. Thatall comes of my being such a fool as to not remember that whereveryou leave a dead snake its mate always comes there and curls aroundit. Jim told me to chop off the snake’s head and throw it away, andthen skin the body and roast a piece of it. I done it, and he eat it andsaid it would help cure him. He made me take off the rattles and tiethem around his wrist, too. He said that that would help. Then I slidout quiet and throwed the snakes clear away amongst the bushes; forI warn’t going to let Jim find out it was all my fault, not if I couldhelp it.

      Huck feels bad for the snake biting Jim because of him. This action is done by a friend

    1. I am staring at a photograph of myself that shows me 20 years older than I am

      The first thing that catches my attention in this article is the bright, bold, red titling on the head of this page. I notice that they spelled "your" wrong, I wonder if this was done on purpose since the article title suggests it will relate to tricks on the brain?

    1. But I end up coming back to this simple stuff because I can’t shake the feeling that digital literacy needs to start with the mirror and head-checks before it gets to automotive repair or controlled skids. Because it is these simple behaviors, applied as habits and enforced as norms, that have the power to change the web as we know it, to break our cycle of reaction and recognition, and ultimately to get even our deeper investigations off to a better start.

      I find this quite interesting because of the analogies that are given. Many people find it hard or make it seem hard to investigate what is presented on the internet when in all honesty, the process will get easier to the point that it is considered a mirror check, something we humans do constantly.

    1. The results did indicate that SH and gender discriminationwas positively related to reports of increased nausea and head-aches. Hence, these are not just psychological concerns or issuesbut they do have somatic, physical consequences for womensubject to this category of abuse in the workplace.

      Somatic disorders means that there is physical reaction to an emotional disturbance. This is one of the first concepts in the paper that has been clearly related to psychology.

    1. The iceberg metaphor provides a visual image for critical thinking about what we perceive on the sur-face at the event level and what patterns, structures, and mental models lie beneath that contribute to the event.

      I really like this visual metaphor. I see this play out many times in my life, as well- something will happen, and sometimes it takes a lot of exploration to even consider it part of a pattern. Being in a social work field has helped noticing these underlying structures much easier to find, at least in my own head. I can eventually come to a conclusion about what schemas and perceptions might be making me see an event a certain way. This is something I would share with my clients and help them learn to pick up on these things "under the water", because it's helpful to notice them in order to subvert shame or feel more in control of my reactions.

    1. Galloping towards us on a stout Mongolian steed is the nomad's version of Brad Pitt returning home in "Legends of the Fall." Bundled inside a pinto jacket above richly embroidered trousers, he certainly catches the eye. A fox fur hat warms his head, and perched calmly on his right forearm is a golden eagle that's not merely a prop for a cheesy cologne advertisement.

      Test Test 1 2 3

    1. Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this bodes ill. This morning when I went out cautiously, Mr. Chao had a strange look in his eyes, as if he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others, who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of my seeing them. All the people I passed were like that. The fiercest among them grinned at me; whereupon I shivered from head to foot, knowing that their preparations were complete.

      This builds up on the idea that I started from the first line, of the author being quite paranoid, and mentally ill. The author mentions that the Mr. Chao had a look in his eyes as if he were afraid of him, then quickly changes to the idea that he wanted to murder him. Being afraid and wanting to kill someone are two quite different emotions/looks, giving evidence of a possible mental illness. Moreover, the author is very paranoid as he believes people are talking about him. Overall, this excerpt perfectly portrays the "crazy person" persona that the diary gives off.

    2. Tonight there is no moon at all, I know that this bodes ill. This morning when I went out cautiously, Mr. Chao had a strange look in his eyes, as if he were afraid of me, as if he wanted to murder me. There were seven or eight others, who discussed me in a whisper. And they were afraid of my seeing them. All the people I passed were like that. The fiercest among them grinned at me; whereupon I shivered from head to foot, knowing that their preparations were complete.I was not afraid, however, but continued on my way. A group of children in front were also discussing me, and the look in their eyes was just like that in Mr. Chao’s while their faces too were ghastly pale. I wondered what grudge these children could have against me to make them behave like this. I could not help calling out: “Tell me!” But then they ran away.I wonder what grudge Mr. Chao can have against me, what grudge the people on the road can have against me. I can think of nothing except that twenty years ago I trod on Mr. Ku Chiu’s account sheets for many years past, and Mr. Ku was very displeased. Although Mr. Chao does not know him, he must have heard talk of this and decided to avenge him, so he is conspiring against me with the people on the road, Butthen what of the children? At that time they were not yet born, so why should they eye me so strangely today, as if they were afraid of me, as if they wanted to murder me? This really frightens me, it is so bewildering and upsetting. I know. They must have learned this from their parents!

      I think at this point in the story we can see that the mn has phantasy. In his opinion everyone is suspicious. He insisted that others were talking about him. On one hand he felt panic and angry; on the other hand, he showed that he was brave and not affraid. He hs a very confused thinking.

    3. I can’t sleep at night. Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it.Those people, some of whom have been pilloried by the magistrate, slapped in the face by the local gentry, had their wives taken away by bailiffs, or their parents driven to suicide by creditors, never looked as frightened and as fierce then as they did yesterday.The most extraordinary thing was that woman on the street yesterday who spanked her son and said, “Little devil! I’d like to bite several mouthfuls out of you to work off my feelings!” Yet all the time she looked at me. I gave a start, unable to control myself; then all those green-faced, long-toothed people began to laugh derisively. Old Chen hurried forward and dragged me home.He dragged me home. The folk at home all pretended not to know me; they had the same look in their eyes as all the others. When I went into the study, they locked the door outside as if cooping up a chicken or a duck. This incident left me even more bewildered.A few days ago a tenant of ours from Wolf Cub Village came to report the failure of the crops, and told my elder brother that a notorious character in their village had been beaten to death; then some people had taken out his heart and liver, fried them in oil and eaten them, as a means of increasing their courage. When I interrupted, the tenant and my brother both stared at me. Only today have I realized that they had exactly the same look in their eyes as those people outside.Just to think of it sets me shivering from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet.They eat human beings, so they may eat me.I see that woman’s “bite several mouthfuls out of you,” the laughter of those green-faced, long-toothed people and the tenant’s story the other day are obviously secret signs. I realize all the poison in their speech, all the daggers in their laughter. Their teeth are white and glistening: they are all man-eaters. It seems to me, although I am not a bad man, ever since I trod on Mr. Ku’s accounts it has been touch-and-go. They seem to have secrets which I cannot guess, and once they are angry they will call anyone a bad character. I remember when my elder brother taught me to write compositions, no matter how good a man was, if I produced arguments to the contrary he would mark that passage to show his approval; while if I excused evil-doers, he would say: “Good for you, that shows originality.” How can I possibly guess their secret thoughts—especially when they are ready to eat people? Everything requires careful consideration if one is to understand it. In ancient times, as I recollect, people often ate human beings, but I am rather hazy about it. I tried to look this up, but my history has no chronology, and scrawled all over each page are the words: “Virtue and Morality.” Since I could not sleep anyway, I read intently half the night, until I began to see words between the lines, the whole book being filled with the two words—”Eat people.” All these words written in the book, all the words spoken by our tenant, gaze at me strangely with an enigmatic smile.I too am a man, and they want to eat me!

      I think here the madman is raving about cannibalism and fear. The narrator responded by saying that he is treated as if he's insane and kept inside. He's even convinced that his caretakers are working together to dive him to suicide so can remain blameless as they cannibalize him.

    1. Finally, I’d like to correct the ByLine article where it mentions me (in relation to the March claims by Prof Gupta above): I’m not the head of the UCL Institute for Global Health, though I do work there. 8/8
  5. learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com
    1. Cabo Verde

      I googled it ! :)) It is a small island in the Atlantic ocean called the green head. The official language is Portuguese. The population is around half a million.

    1. deceived her with cunning words and put her in his own belly,

      In other version of the story hephaestus cracks a hammar over Zeus's head and Athena pops out of it

    2. As far as the thighs he was of human shape and of such prodigious bulk that he out-topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars

      The description of Typhon here really wants the reader to imagine the sheer size of him. It's fun and terrifying to think of man/beast hybrid who is towering over mountains.

    3. In size and strength he surpassed all the offspring of Earth. As far as the thighs he was of human shape and of such prodigious bulk that he out-topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars. One of his hands reached out to the west and the other to the east, and from them projected a hundred dragons’ heads. From the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers, which when drawn out, reached to his very head and emitted a loud hissing. His body was all winged12 (Links to an external site.):unkempt hair streamed on the wind from his head and cheeks; and fire flashed from his eyes.

      This is such interesting imagery; I wonder how snakes were thought of in Greek and Roman culture. Whenever there is a villain or beast it frequently is associated (or shares body parts) with some sort of reptile.

    4. From the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers, which when drawn out, reached to his very head and emitted a loud hissing. His body was all winged12 (Links to an external site.):unkempt hair streamed on the wind from his head and cheeks; and fire flashed from his eyes.

      Even though reading the description in words is frightening seeing how he looks in visual representation will seriously freak you out!

    5. These were matchless in the bulk of their bodies and invincible in their might; terrible of aspect did they appear, with long locks drooping from their head and chin, and with the scales of dragons for feet.2 

      This description uses a form of imagery which sends shivers down the spines of who read it.

    6. But Zeus himself gave birth from his own head to bright-eyed Tritogeneia,29 (Links to an external site.) the awful, the strife-stirring, the host-leader, the unwearying, the queen, who delights in tumults and wars and battles.

      Ironically, Zeus tends to swallow those kin who seem to have amazing potential, due to his own insecurities. Though, Zeus has no problem in creating a tumultuous force himself for the world to enjoy.

    1. Preschool Education■In the 1960’s – 1970’s several randomized controlled early childhood education studies were completed to explore the impacted of early childhood education on future outcomes (up until these children reached 30+ years old) mostly in poor, low income populations. Children were randomized to participate in a structured early education program or no preschool. –Perry Preschool Project (1962–1967)–Abecedarian Project (1972 – 1977)–Chicago Child-Parent Centers (started 1986)■These studies found that the children who were randomized to the early childhood education program had better long-term outcomes compared to those who did not. –Fewer special education placements, Higher test scores, more likely to graduate from high school, less delinquency/criminal activity, lower rates of teen pregnancy...■A few recent studies/reports from Tennessee’s Voluntary Pre-K program and 2012 Head Start—found mixed results and the benefits not lasting■Leading some to now question if early childhood education makes a difference

      I utilized early childhood education with my oldest son. He learned some valuable educational material that was reinforced at home. As for the newer studies, things are a lot different from the 60s-70s. Lasting effects will rely on the area being serviced, amount of parental involvement, reinforcement in the home, and educational level of parents.

    1. I worked up a full head of steam because that was a blatant lie and not at all how I feel about domestic violence.

      The author uses a hyperbole to show how the people defended the show do not argue well, as they use strawman fallacies.

    1. he latest debate in the 2020 presidential race has exposed the limits of how far Democrats are willing to go on voting rights. It began with a question to Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), from a volunteer with the American Civil Liberties Union at an Iowa town hall in April: Should people in prison be allowed to vote? Sanders said yes, and then doubled down on his answer. At a CNN town hall a couple weeks later, Sanders was asked if the Boston marathon bomber should be allowed to vote — and, again, said yes. In a USA Today op-ed, he defended his position, arguing that “the right to vote is an inalienable and universal principle that applies to all American citizens 18 years and older. Period.” Since Sanders was first asked, other Democratic candidates have been questioned about their stances. Most other candidates have yet to say that prisoners should be given the right to vote, instead defending the right to vote only for nonviolent offenders or people who completed their sentences. Some appear undecided. Only two states — Maine and Vermont, where Sanders is from — currently let all people vote while they’re in prison. Other states apply restrictions based on whether someone is in prison, on probation, on parole, or has completed a sentence. (They don’t typically make a distinction on whether a person’s crime was violent or not.) (function() { var l = function() { new pym.Parent( 'vox-felony-disenfranchisement-laws-by-state-3__graphic', 'https://apps.voxmedia.com/at/vox-felony-disenfranchisement-laws-by-state-3/'); }; if(typeof(pym) === 'undefined') { var h = document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0], s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = 'https://pym.nprapps.org/pym.v1.min.js'; s.onload = l; h.appendChild(s); } else { l(); } })(); As of 2016, 6.1 million people were prevented from voting due to a felony conviction, and about 1.3 million were in state or federal prison, the Sentencing Project, an advocacy group, found. Since black Americans are more likely to go to prison, these laws have a disproportionate impact on black voters, in part reflecting their roots in the Jim Crow era: More than 20 percent of black voters were disenfranchised in Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia in 2016. There appears to be some support for giving people convicted of felonies their voting rights back. Last fall, Florida voted to let most people with felony records vote once they complete their sentences — giving the right to vote back to, potentially, more than 1 million people (although that’s now in question as Republican lawmakers place new restrictions on who can vote). What Sanders is calling for, though, goes much further, enfranchising literally hundreds of thousands or millions of people across the country — in a way that could especially benefit black voters. For some Democrats, who have paid more attention to voting rights in recent years, and for activists with the ACLU who are aiming to get candidates on the record on this topic, it’s a logical next step. But the discussion has shown there are limits in how far even some Democrats — let alone the public — are willing to go in expanding voting rights. The polls so far show that giving people in prison the right to vote is unpopular among the majority of voters and Democrats. And in a Democratic primary where so much of the attention, even beyond policy specifics, is going to finding the candidate who can beat President Donald Trump, that unpopularity is drawing concerns about whether a politically risky issue like this one should be discussed at all. Modern felony disenfranchisement laws have some roots in Jim Crow Felony disenfranchisement laws slotted into the push after the Civil War, particularly in the South, to limit civil rights gains following the end of slavery and ratification of constitutional amendments — the 13th, 14th, and 15th — protecting minority rights. The resistance to civil rights gains also included the Jim Crow laws behind legally enforced racial segregation and other limits on black voting power. It’s been a decades-long project for civil rights activists to undo all of these laws. After the civil right movement, Democrats have taken up the banner to protect minority voting rights. Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was fairly bipartisan, but since then Republicans in particular have moved to curtail access to the polls through voter ID laws, cuts to early voting, and purges of the voter rolls. Democrats have fought back against Republicans on these issues, but the Democratic efforts haven’t included much advocacy on prisoner disenfranchisement laws. Preventing people with criminal records from voting in the US goes back to the colonial era and the concept of “civil death” — the notion that some bad actions effectively left a person dead in terms of civic engagement. But there’s also a uniquely American and racist twist to this story, rooted in Jim Crow. After the South lost the Civil War, state lawmakers in Florida, for example, enacted laws — the Black Codes — to constrain black rights. They created crimes, such as disobedience and “disrespect to the employer,” that could be enforced in a way that would target and criminalize black people in particular, according to a 2016 report by the Brennan Center for Justice, an advocacy group. Then, when Florida was forced to write voting rights protections for men of all races into its state constitution, lawmakers added an exception that would exempt victims of the Black Codes: Article XIV, Section 2, imposed a lifetime voting ban for people with felony convictions. Section 4 of this same suffrage article directed the legislature to “enact the necessary laws to exclude from ... the right of suffrage, all persons convicted of bribery, perjury, larceny, or of infamous crime” — the same crimes the legislature had recently recognized and expanded through the Black Code. Brennan went on: “Shortly after the 1868 constitution was approved, a moderate Republican leader boasted that he had kept Florida from becoming ‘niggerized.’” Since then, Florida has changed its constitution and laws, Brennan noted, and the felony disenfranchisement law was reformed again after the report, in the 2018 elections. But the roots of its post–Civil War disenfranchisement laws linger. Florida was not alone. Journalists and historians have documented similar efforts in Virginia and other Southern states. And of course, the federal government had to enact the (now-weakened) Voting Rights Act of 1965 to shield black voters from state-level discrimination, as well as other civil rights laws to prohibit other forms of systemic racism. But the criminal justice system remains one path toward disenfranchising voters, with a criminal or felony record often costing people various legal rights and protections even after they get out of jail or prison. And this system is rife with racial disparities, as the Washington Post’s Radley Balko explained in his thorough breakdown of the research. “We use our criminal justice system to label people of color ‘criminals’ and then engage in all the practices we supposedly left behind,” Michelle Alexander argued in her influential (and at times criticized) book The New Jim Crow. “Today it is perfectly legal to discriminate against criminals in nearly all the ways that it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans.” Still, felony disenfranchisement laws have survived legal challenges. Courts, including the US Supreme Court, have generally upheld such voting restrictions under the US Constitution’s 14th Amendment, which suggests that the government may abridge the right to vote due to “participation in rebellion, or other crime.” Without the courts, the only real hope for these efforts is to turn influential politicians and public opinion around on the issue — which is what Sanders seems to be trying to do and what some activists are encouraging. This might have to trickle down to the state level too, because there’s some scholarly debate about whether Congress even has the power to end felony disenfranchisement at the federal level. Where Democrats stand on felony disenfranchisement With the debate about voting from prison, Democrats now have a chance to expand the broader debate about voting rights. But, besides Sanders, most other candidates haven’t committed to full voting rights for people in prison. Sanders has been very explicit in his case: He argues that voting is a right that should never be taken away from anyone in a democracy. And that means people, no matter how terrible they prove to be, should keep their right to vote. “Even if Trump’s former campaign manager and personal lawyer end up in jail, they should still be able to vote — regardless of who they cast their vote for,” he wrote in USA Today. He later added, “In my view, the crooks on Wall Street who caused the great recession of 2008 that hurt millions of Americans are not ‘good’ people. But they have the right to vote, and it should never be taken away.” Some journalists, pundits, and activists have sided with Sanders. Writing in New York magazine, Zak Cheney-Rice argued that people aren’t imprisoned just because of bad decisions or mistakes, but also due to systemic factors that led them on a wrong path. Denying these people the right to vote robs them of the opportunity to express how society has failed them, how society continues to fail them through torturous and unconstitutional prison environments, and how society should and can be corrected, he argued. “A society that expels from its conception of humanity so many people who are sick, or in pain, or who make mistakes based upon which their entire lives are suddenly deprived of the opportunity for redemption, is an immoral society,” Cheney-Rice wrote. “But most Americans will not see that unless prisoners have a voice in that society. Giving them the vote is not the whole answer, nor is it the only one. But it is an essential beginning.” He pointed out that, beyond Maine and Vermont, several countries let people vote from prison to varying degrees, including France, Israel, Japan, and Sweden. But so far, other Democratic candidates have mostly distanced themselves, to varying degrees, from Sanders’s proposal. South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg spoke in stark terms, arguing, “I do believe that when you are out, when you have served your sentence, then part of being restored to society is that you are part of the political life of this nation again — and one of the things that needs to be restored is your right to vote.” He added, “But part of the punishment when you’re convicted of a crime and you’re incarcerated is you lose certain rights, you lose your freedom. And I think during that period it does not make sense to have an exception for the right to vote.” Former Rep. Beto O’Rourke (D-TX), meanwhile, suggested that maybe there should be an exception for nonviolent offenders: “I would think especially for nonviolent offenders that we rethink removing the right to vote and allow everyone, or as many as possible, to participate in our democracy. For violent criminals, it’s much harder for me to reach that conclusion.” Other candidates suggested they’re undecided. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), for example, said, “Once someone pays their debt to society, they’re out there expected to pay taxes, they’re expected to abide by the law, they’re expected to support themselves and their families. I think that means they’ve got a right to vote. While they’re still incarcerated, I think it’s a different question. And I think that’s something that we could have more conversation about.” Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA) similarly said, “I think we should have that conversation.” It’s a philosophical question: Can someone at some point do something so terrible that he loses his right to vote? For Sanders, the answer is no. For others, the answer is yes, though just how terrible the act has to be before that right is lost, and how long the right is lost for, varies from candidate to candidate. Sanders’s stance is very unpopular One reason Sanders’s Democratic opponents may be reluctant to support his idea: politics. The idea of letting people in prison vote is very unpopular. A recent poll from the Hill and Harris X found that 69 percent of registered voters — and 61 percent of Democrats — said people who are incarcerated for a felony shouldn’t be allowed to vote. Another poll by YouGov found that 65 percent of Americans disagree with Sanders’s statement that all prisoners, including “terrible people” like the Boston Marathon bomber, should be allowed to vote. There is support for letting people vote after they complete their sentences. YouGov found that 65 percent of Americans agree that people convicted of a nonviolent felony should be allowed to vote after they have completed their sentences. And in Florida, voters approved an initiative, with nearly 65 percent in favor, letting people convicted of felonies vote once they’ve completed their sentences, with exceptions for those convicted of murder or felony sex offenses. But with the poll numbers on prisoners’ voting rights, it’s not hard to guess why a bunch of Democratic candidates might be cautious about supporting the idea. This has come up with some other issues in the Democratic primaries, like reparations. While some Democrats may truly believe that reparations are good policy, they’re still widely viewed as politically toxic. Sanders himself previously took this approach when asked about reparations, calling the idea “very divisive” in 2016. But in other instances, and seemingly with prisoner voting rights, Sanders has stuck his neck out in support of political causes. He is, after all, a self-described socialist willing to take on the establishment. His entire 2016 campaign against Hillary Clinton was widely considered a long shot, but he launched it anyway largely to move the party to the left on issues like college and health care. To Sanders’s credit, this worked. Today, Democrats are tripping over themselves in voicing their support for Medicare-for-all or at least some sort of expansion of public health insurance. It’s hard to see that happening, or the broader conversation about single-payer health care in general, without Sanders putting the issue at the front of his 2016 bid for the White House. For activists, this is what they want to see. As the ACLU explained, “If we can raise the volume on key issues like criminal justice reform, immigration, voting rights and reproductive freedom with presidential candidates before the 2020 primaries, we can make sure civil rights and civil liberties are front and center.” For many Democrats, though, this isn’t the time for stands purely based on principle. An overwhelming focus of the 2020 Democratic primaries is to find a candidate who can beat Trump. The notion of “electability” is one of the reasons that former Vice President Joe Biden is leading in the polls. So taking up a cause that is very unpopular and could help Democrats lose the 2020 election is a nonstarter for many, even those who may in theory support giving people in prison the right to vote nationwide. There may be some political incentives for Democrats to embrace Sanders’s views on prisoner voting rights, though. The research indicates that letting people convicted of felonies vote could disproportionately benefit Democrats. That’s made Republicans more resistant to the idea — Trump and Vice President Mike Pence criticized Sanders’s comments — but it could make Democrats more receptive, too. But, at least for now, most of the public, Democrats, and the presidential candidates are not on board. Content by Vox NEXT 360p 720p HD 1080p HD Auto (360p) About Connatix V60548 About Connatix V60548 Visit Advertiser website GO TO PAGE Skip 1/1 Vox’s guide to where 2020 Democrats stand on policy Health care 16 The metapolitics of Medicare-for-all Bernie Sanders’s Medicare-for-all plan, explained The Sanders-Warren dispute about how to pay for Medicare-for-all, explained Elizabeth Warren’s plan to pay for Medicare-for-all, explained Elizabeth Warren’s new Medicare-for-all plan starts out with a public option Joe Biden’s health care plan, explained Kamala Harris’s Medicare-for-all plan, explained Pete Buttigieg’s Medicare-for-all-who-want-it plan, explained Where 2020 Democrats agree and disagree on Medicare-for-all How the Democratic presidential candidates would combat the opioid epidemic Elizabeth Warren’s $100 billion plan to fight the opioid epidemic, explained Kamala Harris’s plan to reduce prescription drug costs, explained America’s first-ever public option, explained by Gov. Jay Inslee Elizabeth Warren’s ambitious new bill to lower generic drug prices, explained What 2020 Democrats would do about maternal mortality rates Democrats’ confused, and confusing, Medicare-for-all debate Show More Criminal justice 12 Bernie Sanders’s criminal justice reform plan, explained Elizabeth Warren’s criminal justice reform plan, explained Kamala Harris’s criminal justice reform plan, explained Cory Booker is a genuinely distinctive Democrat on one big issue: criminal justice Cory Booker has a plan to reform the criminal justice system — without Congress The controversial 1994 crime law that Joe Biden helped write, explained Amy Klobuchar’s record as a “tough on crime” prosecutor, explained Joe Biden’s long record supporting the war on drugs and mass incarceration, explained Kamala Harris just introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana Amy Klobuchar has a plan to reverse the war on drugs — and doesn’t need Congress to do it Kamala Harris wants public defenders to get paid as much as prosecutors Thousands of rape kits are currently untested. Kamala Harris has a plan to change that. Show More Taxes and economics 12 Bernie Sanders’s wealth tax proposal, explained Elizabeth Warren’s proposed tax on enormous fortunes, explained Bernie Sanders’s new plan to supercharge the estate tax, explained Elizabeth Warren’s latest big idea is “economic patriotism” Bernie Sanders wants to tax companies that pay their CEOs way more than their workers Elizabeth Warren’s plan to expand Social Security, explained The big divide among 2020 Democrats over trade — and why it matters Presidential hopefuls are promising workers a $15 minimum wage Elizabeth Warren’s vision for changing America’s trade policy, explained Elizabeth Warren’s plan to make farming great again, explained Amy Klobuchar’s $1 trillion infrastructure plan, explained Michael Bennet’s plan to prevent and end recessions, explained Show More Immigration 6 The 2020 Democratic immigration debate, explained Bernie Sanders’s immigration plan puts the rights of workers into focus Elizabeth Warren’s immigration proposal goes much further than a pathway to citizenship Julián Castro wants to radically restrict immigration enforcement Beto O’Rourke’s immigration plan would go even further on executive power than Trump Elizabeth Warren has endorsed the most radical immigration idea in the 2020 primary Climate change 12 A guide to how 2020 Democrats plan to fight climate change Kamala Harris’s climate plan would take polluters to court Bernie Sanders’s Green New Deal, explained Pete Buttigieg wants the US to be carbon-neutral by the time he’s 68 Elizabeth Warren thinks corruption is why the US hasn’t acted on climate change Julián Castro’s Green New Deal frames climate as a civil rights issue Beto O’Rourke now has the most robust climate proposal of any 2020 presidential candidate Andrew Yang’s plan to tackle climate change, explained Jay Inslee promised serious climate policy and he is delivering Jay Inslee has a radical plan to phase out fossil fuel production in the US Kirsten Gillibrand wants the fossil fuel industry to pay for climate damages Jay Inslee is writing the climate plan the next president should adopt Show More Identity and social justice 12 The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained Pete Buttigieg has a plan to win over women The one big policy change 2020 Democrats want to make for veterans, explained Julián Castro has an ambitious plan to fix American policing Marianne Williamson presents the 2020 Democratic primary’s first reparations plan Pete Buttigieg lays out his plan to help black Americans Julián Castro released an animal welfare plan. It’s good policy — and smart politics. Julián Castro’s indigenous communities plan is a 2020 first Elizabeth Warren has a plan to narrow the wage gap for women of color Amy Klobuchar releases plan to fight hate crimes in wake of El Paso shooting Study: Cory Booker’s baby bonds nearly close the racial wealth gap for young adults Beto O’Rourke just unveiled a comprehensive proposal to protect LGBTQ people Show More Education 8 Elizabeth Warren’s K-12 education plan, explained Elizabeth Warren’s free college plan, explained Bernie Sanders’s free college proposal just got a whole lot bigger Bernie Sanders is rolling out an education plan that cracks down on charter schools Kamala Harris’s plan to dramatically increase teacher salaries, explained Democrats’ ongoing argument about free college, explained Cory Booker’s massive overhaul of the Newark schools, explained Joe Biden’s plan to triple spending on low-income schools, explained Business, labor, and tech 12 Every 2020 frontrunner’s labor platform, explained Bernie Sanders’s plan to reshape corporate America, explained Elizabeth Warren wants to break up Google, Amazon, and Facebook Amy Klobuchar enters 2020 race ready to take on Big Tech Elizabeth Warren’s new plan to make sure Amazon (and other big companies) pays corporate tax, explained Elizabeth Warren wants CEOs to go to jail when their companies behave badly The 20-year argument between Joe Biden and Elizabeth Warren over bankruptcy, explained Bernie Sanders’s corporate employee ownership plan, explained Elizabeth Warren’s latest Wall Street enemy: private equity The big new plan to save unions endorsed by Bernie Sanders and Pete Buttigieg, explained Bernie Sanders’s ambitious plan to double union membership, explained Facial recognition tech is a problem. Here’s how the Democratic candidates plan to tackle it. Show More Family issues 6 We asked all the 2020 Democrats how they’d fix child care. Here’s what they said. Kamala Harris’s new paid family leave plan is the most generous yet Elizabeth Warren’s universal child care plan, explained Kamala Harris’s plan to close the gender wage gap, explained Kirsten Gillibrand is making paid family leave a defining issue in her 2020 run Kirsten Gillibrand’s new policy platform is about making parenting affordable Foreign policy 8 The 2020 Democrats’ foreign policy divide Democrats want to challenge Trump’s foreign policy in 2020. They’re still working out how. Democrats are increasingly critical of Israel. Not Pete Buttigieg. Bernie Sanders’s political revolution on foreign policy, explained John Delaney has a serious foreign policy plan Why Kirsten Gillibrand’s foreign policy plan is one of the strongest yet Why Joe Biden’s foreign policy experience is both a weakness and a strength in 2020 Joe Biden wants to restore the pre-Trump world order Guns 6 Here’s where every 2020 candidate stands on guns Joe Biden’s gun plan calls for universal background checks and an assault weapons ban Elizabeth Warren has a new plan to reduce gun violence by 80 percent Bernie Sanders’s record on gun control, explained Pete Buttigieg’s plan to combat domestic terrorists and pass gun control laws, explained Cory Booker’s ambitious new gun control plan, explained Abortion 4 Here’s where all the 2020 Democratic candidates stand on abortion rights Elizabeth Warren just announced her abortion platform. It’s aggressive. Kamala Harris has a plan to stop states from restricting abortion access Joe Biden’s evolution on abortion, explained Government reform and anti-corruption 8 Elizabeth Warren’s new remedy for corruption: a tax on lobbying Elizabeth Warren’s first priority as president: ending government corruption 2020 Democrats’ campaign finance pledges, explained Elizabeth Warren has a new plan to make voting easier The Democratic debate over filibuster reform, explained Elizabeth Warren says she wants to make it legal to indict presidents Kirsten Gillibrand’s plan to get more small donors into politics: give every voter $600 Elizabeth Warren’s new policy rollout targets Pentagon corruption Poverty and inequality 4 5 anti-poverty plans from 2020 Democratic presidential contenders, explained Kamala Harris’s new basic income-style bill is so frustratingly close to being great Why Andrew Yang wants to give a random Twitter follower a $12,000 basic income Elizabeth Warren’s plan to fix America’s digital divide, explained Housing 3 Bernie Sanders’s housing-for-all plan, explained Cory Booker’s plan to fix the housing crisis and make renting affordable Cory Booker and Kamala Harris’s affordable housing plans, explained Most Read <img class="c-dynamic-image " alt="A cartoon of a woman wearing a shirt that reads “super mom” sitting at a desk looking at an open laptop and a tablet on a stand." data-chorus-optimize-field="main_image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAUEBAAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs" data-cid="site/dynamic_size_image-1601047081_1441_33898" data-cdata='{"image_id":67450083,"ratio":"standard"}'> <noscript><img alt="A cartoon of a woman wearing a shirt that reads “super mom” sitting at a desk looking at an open laptop and a tablet on a stand." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/67450083/Header.0.jpg"></noscript> The hell that is remote learning, explained in a comic Here’s what one week of online school is like for my 7- and 5-year-old kids.

      I have recently heard many debates on this and some people ask " why dont people in prison vote" and my opinion on that is that they should be allowed everyone has the right to vote even with their bad actions. I dont think its right that some states allow and dont allow prisoners to vote, whether or not they commited a crime or it wasnt as severe.

    1. “He’d become, to his own race, a symbol of black manhood, but to whites, he was expected to be a voice for racial harmony.”

      because of the hardships he endured, he was expected to behave as a puppet figure head

    2. One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI Their courage made headlines across the country, hailing the African-American regiment as heroes even as they faced discrimination at home <img src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/dm6tCgdsm2yZH-wpopfnSEKYA08=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/a2/02/a202b692-24e1-46f3-9f8e-5778030d6e10/untitled-1.jpg" alt="Members of the 369th [African American] Infantry" itemprop="image"> Members of the 369th [African American] Infantry (National Archives Catalog) By Erick Trickey smithsonianmag.com May 14, 2018 Private Henry Johnson of Albany, New York, held tight his French Lebel rifle and stared into the darkness of no-man’s-land, listening for German raiders. Beyond the parapet, he could make out shapes and shadows under the waning moon. Johnson was a 25-year-old railroad baggage porter, the son of North Carolina tobacco farmers. Under French command, he manned the front line of the Great War about 115 miles east of Paris on the early morning of May 15, 1918. He heard a sound and turned to his partner in their tiny observation post, Needham Roberts, who gestured toward the direction of the noise. They heard it again: the snip of barbed wire being cut. Johnson fired an illumination rocket into the sky, then ducked as German grenades flew toward him. The grenades exploded behind him, and pain struck his left leg and side. Roberts, bleeding from his head, threw grenades of his own back over the parapet. The German forces rushed into the Americans’ dugout. Johnson shot one German in the chest, point-blank, then swung his rifle to club another. Two enemy soldiers tried to haul Roberts away, until Johnson drove his nine-inch knife into one of their skulls. Another German shot Johnson in the shoulder and thigh; Johnson lunged with his knife and slashed him down. The enemy soldiers ran. Johnson chucked grenades as they fled. Reviewing the carnage the next day, a U.S. Army captain estimated that Johnson had killed four of at least 24 German soldiers. Days later, Johnson and Roberts became the first Americans to receive the French Croix de Guerre – the first of many honors awarded to the 369th Infantry Regiment, better known as the Harlem Hellfighters. The Hellfighters, the most celebrated African-American regiment in World War I, confronted racism even as they trained for war, helped bring jazz to France, then battled Germany longer than almost any other American doughboys. (Their nickname’s origin is unclear: it was possibly coined by enemy soldiers, the American press, or both.) Like their predecessors in the Civil War and successors in the wars that followed, these African-American troops fought a war for a country that refused them basic rights – and their bravery stood as a rebuke to racism, a moral claim to first-class citizenship. They were mostly New Yorkers, the first black troops in their state’s National Guard. After years of lobbying by civic leaders from Harlem, Manhattan’s celebrated black neighborhood, Governor Charles Whitman finally formed the all-black unit, first known as the 15th New York National Guard Regiment, in 1916, as the U.S. prepared for possible entry into World War I. The majority of the enlistees actually came from Harlem, which was home to 50,000 of Manhattan’s 60,000 African-Americans in the 1910s. Others came from Brooklyn, towns up the Hudson River, and New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Some were teens, some in their mid-40s. Some were porters, doormen, or elevator operators, some teachers, night watchmen or mailmen. Their motives included adventure, patriotism and pride. “To be somebody you had to belong to the 15th Infantry,” wrote enlistee Arthur P. Davis of Harlem. Whitman named his former campaign manager, William Hayward, a white attorney and former Nebraska National Guard colonel, as commander. Hayward hired a mix of white officers, to please the governor, and black officers, to build support for the regiment in Harlem. Hayward told white officer candidates to “meet men according to their rank as soldiers,” and warned that if they “intended to take a narrower attitude, [they] had better stay out.” In the years to come, he would repeatedly advocate for fair treatment for his regiment within the Army. Hayward also recruited African-American bandleader James Reese Europe to form a first-rate marching band for parades, recruitment and fundraisers. Europe, a classically trained violinist and ragtime performer, enlisted as a lieutenant and convinced top Harlem musicians to join. Even before combat, the regiment faced unjust challenges from fellow Americans. In October 1917, six months after the official U.S. entrance into the war, they trained for combat in Jim Crow-ruled Spartanburg, South Carolina. There, the regiment pledged to follow an unusual military discipline: Hayward asked them to respond to racist insults and threats with “fortitude and without retaliation,” but to report any incidents to military authorities. “There had been all kind of insults hurled at our body who were on duty in town,” wrote musician Noble Sissle in his memoir. “Our boys had some pretty bitter pills to swallow.” Sissle himself was kicked and called a racial slur by a hotel’s proprietor when he stopped in to get some newspapers. A hundred black and white soldiers gathered at the hotel’s entrance, “bent on seeking restitution,” Sissle wrote, but Lieutenant Europe’s calm intervention defused the confrontation until military police arrived. “He really showed his mettle and ability to handle men in that very unpleasant episode,” Sissle recalled. “As a direct result of such repeated confrontations (not despite them),” wrote Peter N. Nelson in A More Unbending Battle, a history of the Hellfighters, “a bond was forged among the men of the 15th, a fighting spirit they hoped would serve them well when they got to France.” The 2,000 troops arrived in Brest, France, on the first day of 1918. On the docks, they surprised French soldiers and civilians with a jazz rendition of “La Marseillaise.” “As the band played eight or ten bars, there came over [the French people’s] faces an astonished look, quickly alert, snap-into-it-attention, and salute by every French soldier and sailor present,” wrote Sissle in his memoir. Though some Parisians had heard American jazz music before, the syncopated beats were likely new to Brest, a port town in Brittany. Renamed the U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment, they were assigned to the U.S. Army’s Services of Supply, unloading ships and cleaning latrines, a typical assignment for African-American soldiers at the time. But General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, soon offered the 369th to the French army to solve a political problem. The French and British were demanding American reinforcements for their badly depleted divisions. Pershing, under orders from President Woodrow Wilson, had insisted on forming an independent American force in France, to preserve troop morale and accountability for American casualties and to strengthen Wilson’s clout in eventual peace talks. Henry Johnson, left, and Neadham Roberts, right, were members of the 369th Regiment Infantry. (National Archives Catalog) New York's famous 369th regiment arrives home from France (National Archives Catalog) Unidentified African American recruits for the 15th New York National Guard Regiment heading to Camp Upton (Library of Congress) Yet Pershing made an exception for the black soldiers of the 369th, reassigning them to the French on March 10.

      different treatment on account of race

    1. The assignment: What kind of writing does the assignment call (or allow) for? Is the paper supposed to be a personal essay? A report? An analysis? An argument? Consider how well the paper before you meets the demands of the kind of writing the writer is taking up

      In high school I often saw my classmates struggling to stay in the certain head space that assignments called for. I also struggled with this at times. Keeping in mind what type of paper or essay is being writing is extremely important during the peer review process. You can point out to the reader places where they went off topic or began writing in a different voice. The writer doesn't always see that when reading their own work.

    1. got underway in the UAE on Saturday, September 19. Eight teams — Royal Challengers Bangalore, Rajasthan Royals, Kings XI Punjab, Kolkata Knight Riders, Mumbai Indians, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Chennai Super Kings and Delhi Capitals are competing for the coveted trophy.Like every other edition, this season will also see the leading run-scorer being awarded the Orange Cap. Below is the LIVE leaderboard for the most runs scored in the 2020 season of the tournament.READ | IPL 2020 schedule: Full IPL time table, match timings, fixtures, venues and teams  PositionPlayer, teamMatchesInningsRunsHighest scoreAverageStrike rate100s50s1KL Rahul (KXIP)22153132*153.00173.86102Faf du Plessis (CSK)2213072130.00160.49023Mayank Agarwal (KXIP)221158957.50143.75014Rohit Sharma (MI)22928046.00143.75015AB de Villiers (RCB)22795139.50164.58016Sanju Samson (RR)11747474.00231.25017Ambati Rayudu (CSK)11717171.00147.91018Steve Smith (RR)11696969.00146.80019Suryakumar Yadav (MI)22644732.00145.450010Saurabh Tiwary (MI)22634231.50143.1800 $(document).ready(function () { // Removing empty paragraphs first $("#content-body-26989124-32689722 p").filter(function () { var html = $.trim($(this).html()); if (html == '' || html == '&nbsp;') return true; }).remove(); // Taking a subset of paragraphs using offset and maximum var offset = 1; var max = -1; if (offset > 1) { $("#content-body-26989124-32689722").children().slice(0, offset - 1).remove(); } if (max > -1) { $("#content-body-26989124-32689722").children().slice(max).remove(); } // Show dateline field at the beginning of the first paragraph var showDateline = false; var datelineStr = "UAE"; if (offset <= 1 && showDateline == true && datelineStr != "") { var firstChild = $("#content-body-26989124-32689722").children().get(0); if ("P" == firstChild.nodeName.toUpperCase()) { $(firstChild).prepend("<span>" + datelineStr + " - </span>"); } else { $(firstChild).before("<span>" + datelineStr + "</span>"); } } }); userIdentify.then(function() { if(isDeviceEnabled("[medium, small]") && isNonSubcribedUser()) { var slotName = 'div-gpt-ad-1562741015059-0'; var idStart = "content-body-"; var articleSize = document.getElementsByClassName("blog-resize").length - 1; var componentContainer = document.getElementsByClassName("blog-resize")[articleSize].getElementsByTagName("div"); for (var i = 0; i < componentContainer.length; i++) { var id = componentContainer[i].id; if ((id.length >= idStart.length) && (id.substring(0, idStart.length) == idStart)) { var pTagList = componentContainer[i].getElementsByTagName('P'); if (pTagList.length > 1) { var secondPTag = componentContainer[i].getElementsByTagName('p')[1]; if(typeof secondPTag !== "undefined"){ Element.prototype.appendAfter = function(element) { element.parentNode.insertBefore(this, element.nextSibling); }; var newElement = document.createElement('div'); newElement.id = slotName; newElement.setAttribute("class", "dfp-ad mbot"); newElement.appendAfter(secondPTag); break; } } } } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1562741015059-0'); }); } }); userIdentify.then(function() { if(isDeviceEnabled("[large, medium]") && isNonSubcribedUser()) { var slotName = 'div-gpt-ad-1562741453010-0'; var idStart = "content-body-"; var articleSize = document.getElementsByClassName("blog-resize").length - 1; var componentContainer = document.getElementsByClassName("blog-resize")[articleSize].getElementsByTagName("div"); for (var i = 0; i < componentContainer.length; i++) { var id = componentContainer[i].id; if ((id.length >= idStart.length) && (id.substring(0, idStart.length) == idStart)) { var pTagList = componentContainer[i].getElementsByTagName('P'); if (pTagList.length > 1) { var secondPTag = componentContainer[i].getElementsByTagName('p')[1]; if(typeof secondPTag !== "undefined"){ Element.prototype.appendAfter = function(element) { element.parentNode.insertBefore(this, element.nextSibling); }; var newElement = document.createElement('div'); newElement.id = slotName; newElement.setAttribute("class", "dfp-ad mbot"); newElement.appendAfter(secondPTag); break; } } } } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1562741453010-0'); }); } }); $(document).ready(function () { $('div.tag-button').each(function() { var x = $(this).find("a").text() ; var x=$.trim(x); var url = $("a",this).attr('href'); var isAdded = false; $('div[id^="content-body"] > p').each(function() { if(!isAdded){ var re = new RegExp("((^" +x+"|"+ x + ")[,. 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      GOOD SCORES

    1. PRIORESS

      internet: "a woman who is head of a house of certain orders of nuns"

      Madam Eglantine

      most of her description is how she eats very carefully and neatly?? why was the speaker watching her eat so much. "imitate manners of court" she's tenderhearted and caring, basic nun stuff

    1. You must take it up on Christian ground, and fight against it with Christian weapons, whilst your feet are shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace.

      What comes into my head is her approach is very peaceful and remindful of the word of gospel. Taking a more Christian approach on Christian ground. Meaning the world is Gods creation and on on Christian ground fight against it with Christian weapons (USE YOUR VOICE).

    1. The word stands for or represents the concept, and can be used to reference or designate either a ‘real’ object in the world or indeed even some imaginary object, like angels dancing on the head of a pin, which no one has ever actually seen.

      I think I can say a few things about this phrase. I guess because this is a course regarding technology, this question can and should be asked, "Is the way in which we have envisioned and produced different modern technologies linked to social and cultural movements or stereotypes?" If we have preferred images that we engender from representative forms–words–then the way in which we, and our predecessors, is strong influenced by our cultural, social, and inevitably linguistic geography?

  6. ca2020.commons.gc.cuny.edu ca2020.commons.gc.cuny.edu
    1. A few vital threads of her life had snapped behind her neck and it feltas though she were shrivelling to death, from head to toe.

      This reminded me of when Margaret first started teaching and the children made fun of her for being a Masarwa. She stated she thought she snapped one of the children's necks like sticks (out of anger, and was relieved that she didn't), and now she is on the other side. After this occasion, Moleka came to her aid by eating from the same fork as a Masarwa, but now Moleka is on the other side.

    2. A roar of laughter came from Margaret. Dikeledi, who thought hername for the goat highl\ inventive, laughed too. She stepped daintil\around the puddles and pills and seated herself on the chair near the bed.³I came to ask \ou something, ́ she said smiling. ³Please make anotherpicture of me. I lost the one \ou made the other da\. ́It was a lie. She had taken the sketch home and shown it to Maru. Hehad taken it and put it in his pocket as if it were his rightful possession.Not an\ amount of pleading would make him give it back. All he said was:³She will make lots more for \ou. ́

      This scene seems so genuine and light-hearted, which somehow complicates the tensions with loving Moleka between these two women. Also, it is fascinating that when Dikeledi showed Maru the sketch and he took it, he brushed off the hard work of Margaret, but Dikeledi was reluctant to ask Margaret as to not burden her with a task that she doesn't gain anything from. This small act of respect and understanding is very unique to tropes of women fighting over one man, and I'm glad Head included this glimpse of light in this complicated relationship.

    3. Half-wa\ up the hill, a woman carr\ing a water bucket on her head turned to heran[iousl\ and asked: ³What is it? What is the matter? ́ She tottered past,breathing painfull\, without repl\ing. The woman stared after her, open-mouthed.

      Through this moving line, Head explores the cost of freedom and its impermanence. As the women approach Margaret and show concern for her, she becomes part of the picture she previously captured--the women “too fell in with the sunrise and the sunset” but Margaret is no longer able to “live in the shade” and “fall asleep inside herself”(64). She loses the peace she once felt as she enters restless seas(78). The presence Margaret begins to develop in the society that oppressed her while simultaneously facing the turmoil and loss of love highlight how cruel human nature can be. Through the last section of the novel, Maru and Moleka impose their power over Margaret’s paintings. They try to own and control her through these paintings. In her use of language and imagery, Head places Margaret in the scene she once observed. The “cold, dead world” Margaret now sees contrasts the freedom and fluidity she recognized before. Likewise, her relationship with Maru frees the Masarwa people but seems to trap Margaret. Her individuality and peace seem to fade away in this line and in this moment of the text.

    4. He fell in somewhere with those sunrises and sunsets, and thehuge, spreading beaut\ of an old Makoba tree, just outside her window.

      Bessie Head describes such a beautiful image with these words. In saying these words, Head is trying to further convey the idea that Maragret’s world doesn’t revolve around love. Although this is because of her supposed fate as a Masarwa, it has led her to have a well-balanced outlook on life. It is not that she ignores love completely because she believes it will never happen for her, but she acknowledges it and admires its beauty. Love is simply a part of the bigger picture of her life — just as the sunrise or sunset shining upon the Makoba tree outside her window.

    1. Of feather'd Cupid seal with wanton dullnessMy speculative and officed instruments,That my disports corrupt and taint my business,Let housewives make a skillet of my helm,And all indign and base adversitiesMake head against my estimation!

      Othello highlights the importance of reputation in this play, as well as his struggle between being a good husband and a good military leader. He expresses that it would shameful for him to spend time with his wife over keeping to his duties and that it would reflect poorly on his reputation. Othello chooses being a good military leader over being a good husband, as this reputation is what gives him his status in Venetian society.

    1. Author Response

      Summary:

      As you will see the reviewers agreed that the premise behind this manuscript is important and timely both in the context of basic auditory science and for informing technology. However, they raised largely consistent concerns about the generalizability of your observations to other auditory stimuli and to more naturalistic listening conditions.

      We appreciate the reviewers’ positive assessment underpinning the significance and timeliness of our present research endeavours. We assume generalizability of our findings to more naturalistic listening conditions because the proposed model framework successfully explained the outcomes of experiments that were conducted under listening conditions differing in reverberation and source stimuli. Those differences, however, only occurred across but not within experiments and thus were not considered in the model explicitly. The set of experiments and relevant cues was chosen such that the investigation of decision strategies for the combination or selection of cues in the context of perceptual externalization could be conducted on a limited but still divers set of cues. The proposed framework allows to easily extend the set of cues. For example, in another work (see Li et al., in press), we successfully modelled the impact of situational changes of the amount of reverberation on externalization perception by extending the framework to reverberation-related cues. This further strengthens our assumption that our findings can be generalized. Nevertheless, we understand that more direct evidence for this generalizability would further increase the confidence in the conclusions we draw.

      Reviewer #1:

      I agree with the authors that the question at the basis of this work is timely and important both from the point of view of understanding auditory perception and for informing technology. However I am not convinced that the findings here will necessarily generalize to other stimuli/listening situations.

      I think the biggest limiting factor here is that the primary data on which the modelling is based are drawn from many different studies which used different stimuli, different tasks, different presentation environments and different equipment). I can see how testing the model on existing data is an important first step, but I would think that a critical next step is to form a set of (contrasting) predictions to be tested on a single stimulus set, within a single group of participants, as a way of confirming model validity. In this experiment I would also avoid using static non-reverberant environments since we know that these factors greatly affect spatial perception.

      We do not follow the reasoning why the above mentioned diversity of experimental paradigms is a limitation. On the contrary, in our opinion, the diversity of the considered experiments demonstrates robustness of our findings for a variety of experimental procedures. We agree that an additional validation experiment would further strengthen our study, but we question its necessity and still believe that the present modelling work is extensive and compelling enough to warrant publication.

      Other comments:

      1) The title greatly overstates the main findings, it would be toned down.

      In the title, we aimed at describing the research topic in general terms accessible to a broad readership. We take your comment as an advice to state the main findings instead.

      2) Intro, line 30-33 this statement is misleading. As written it appears to claim temporal aspects of auditory perception are based on short term regularity, whilst spatial perception is based on long term effects. This is not correct see e,g Ulanovsky 2004.

      Agreed. We will remove the sentence or rephrase it in more general terms because the misleading distinction is actually irrelevant to our study.

      3) As a reader not highly familiar with the auditory spatial processing literature I found the results section very dense and hard to follow. If you are targeting a general audience it is important to clarify concepts, avoid using abbreviations where possible etc.

      Thank you for your advice. We will aim to increase the level of abstraction within the results section.

      4) When discussing the various decision strategies which you tested, consider explaining how they might be implemented by the auditory system, at which stage of processing etc.

      Our study approached the problem from an algorithmic point of view and did not touch upon the more detailed level of neural implementation. While the cue processing has a clear neurophysiological basis in the subcortical layers of the auditory system, we will include some speculation about the involved cortical networks in a revised version of the manuscript.

      5) It is very difficult to evaluate your results without more information about the stimuli and studies from which they were taken. Whilst you do provide references, I think the paper would be much clearer if you provide a more complete description of the stimuli (even in table form; paradigms etc).

      We appreciate your advice and will provide more details about the simulated experiments in a table.

      Reviewer #2:

      The current study compares four decision rules, factoring in seven potential acoustic cues, for predicting perceived sound externalization for single-source binaural sound with stationary interaural cues. Test stimuli included a harmonic vowel complex, noise and speech. Results show that monaural and binaural cues shape externalization. However, how listeners weighted these cues varied across the tested conditions. The authors consider the fact that some of these cues covary acoustically, by additionally testing their model on subsets of two of these cues only. No single externalization cue emerged as a clear predictor for perceived externalization. However, overall, a static cue weighting strategy tended to outperform dynamic cue weighting for predicting externalization.

      Major concerns dampen enthusiasm for the current work.

      1) It is unclear what neural mechanism is being tested. A premise of the current approach is that perceived sound externalization is primarily driven by acoustic cues. However, we know this not to be true. Context matters. As pointed out by the authors (l370-372), when listening to sounds processed with head related transfer functions (HRTFs) over headphones, listeners can externalize sound better when the context of the test room matches the room where HRTFs were recorded (Werner and Klein 2014).

      Sound externalization is an auditory percept and as such primarily driven by acoustic cues. How those cues are used for perceptual inference is certainly context dependent. From the present study, we conclude that the auditory system evaluates deviations from a small set of expected acoustic cues in a fixed weighted (and not selective) manner. We further explain that these expectations, which are represented as templates in the model, must be adaptive to the context. This is well in line with your example of room divergence (Werner and Klein, 2004): listeners are thought to establish expectations about reverberation-related acoustic cues and evaluate incoming sensory information against those expectations with a fixed weighting between cues. If expectations are not met (i.e., acoustic cues deviate from their templates), perceptual externalization degrades.

      2) Most external sounds are neither anechoic nor stationary. Therefore, any neural decision metric on externalization must have been shaped by lifelong experience with dynamic, reverberant cues for interpreting externalization. The current work mostly models stationary single source sound that was either anechoic or mildly reverberant, providing pristine spatial cues. I do not follow the author's point that this would not matter (l498-502): "While the constant reverberation and visual information may or may not have stabilized auditory externalization, they certainly did not prevent the tested signal modifications to be effective within the tested condition. In our study, we thus assumed that such differences in experimental procedures do not modulate our effects of interest." That is an untested assumption.

      Others showed that the type of spectral manipulations we considered remain effective also if reverberation is present (e.g. Hassager et al., 2013) and if listeners are exposed to dynamic cues by moving their heads or the sound source (Brimijoin et al., 2013). We used the above-mentioned argument in order to motivate why we ignored certain differences across studies in the first place and the high explanatory power obtained with the proposed model framework suggests that this simplification was adequate. We agree that the above-mentioned sentence can be easily misunderstood and we will modify it by including the explanation stated here.

      3) Many of the current test stimuli are perceived as ambiguous - providing 50% externalization ratings - and thus do not provide a sensitive test of brain mechanisms of sound externalization.

      The field mostly agrees that auditory externalization is not a binary phenomenon but a matter of degree – we very recently published a review article that discusses this issue in detail (Best, et al., 2020). Hence, the experimental outcomes, denoted as externalization scores, ranging from 0 to 1 indicate the degree of externalization that is considered to mediate perceived egocentric distance. The externalization scores do not indicate the level of perceptual ambiguity.

      We will include this explanation in the manuscript in order to prevent further misunderstanding.

      4) Reverberation enhances perceived externalization, but this cannot be predicted by any of the tested decision metrics which only consider stationary monaural or binaural cues.

      True, there are also other cues potentially affecting the degree of auditory externalization. Reverberation-related acoustic cues are one of them. The main purpose of our study was to identify the basic functional mechanisms that integrates or selects between various cues – the purpose was not the identification of all possible cues that may affect auditory externalization. Thus, we chose a set of experiments that can be narrowed down a priori, particularly allowing to ignore reverberation-related cues.

      For the effect of reverberation-related cues, we point interested readers to another modelling study (Li et al., in press) that we conducted in parallel, in which we applied the here proposed framework also to reverberation-related cues and obtained good predictions.

      On balance, this reviewer is unconvinced that the current work will generalize to realistic dynamic and reverberant conditions.

      We agree with the reviewer that our study does not address dynamic and variable reverberant conditions. It was by-design limited to static conditions with fixed reverberation because we had no reason to believe that the targeted decision strategies applied to combine or select cues would be fundamentally different in more complex conditions.

      S. Werner and F. Klein, "Influence of Context Dependent Quality Parameters on the Perception of Externalization and Direction of an Auditory Event," presented at the AES 55th International Conference: Spatial Audio (2014 Aug.), conference paper 6-4.

      Reviewer #3:

      The manuscript "Decision making in auditory externalization perception" aims to identify cues that create/hinder an auditory externalization percept by using a template-based modeling approach. The approach as well as the findings are very interesting, and the study is thoroughly conducted. However, the manuscript adds little new knowledge to the field. Furthermore, a critical discussion is missing. The authors use a template-based model, but do not discuss the possible problems with such an approach. Particularly as each condition uses another model fit. This potentially allows the model to use cues that the auditory system cannot or does not consider. Nevertheless, the approach can still teach us which cues are potentially important for auditory externalization.

      1) The title seems inappropriate as the main work seems to be on the identification and combination of cues for externalization but not on the decision making.

      In combination with Reviewer #1’s first comment, we understand that the title could have been more specific. We will change the title accordingly.

      2) The model needs a more detailed explanation in the introduction. Otherwise the result section is not understandable without consulting the methods section.

      We will carefully re-evaluate which methodological details are necessary to understand the results section on a more abstract level.

      3) Add a Discussion on template-based models and fitting conditions. The risk of mathematical inspired models is that features are exploited that the auditory system cannot access. A more sophisticated front-end than a gammatone filterbank might reduce this risk. Alternatively, the use of physiologically inspired front-ends as in Scheidiger et al. (2018) might be interesting to consider. Nevertheless, I acknowledge that some of the features used in this study are backed by physiological and psychoacoustical studies.

      We agree with the concern behind the use of efficient functional approximations of the auditory periphery. Interestingly, however, we are very confident that this particular approximation does not provide spurious cues, especially in the context of monaural spectral shapes, because we did cross-validate the effectiveness of those cues with a physiologically more accurate model (Zilany et al., 2014) in previous work (Baumgartner et al., 2016).

      We will incorporate a corresponding explanation in the manuscript.

      4) It is known that the monaural spectral shape is important for externalization, for example from the studies that you have used. Thus, I partly question the novelty of the findings.

      We partly agree. It has also been suggested that interaural spectral cues are important for externalization perception. Further, it is also known that other cues contribute (e.g., reverberation-related cues as already discussed in response to the comments of Reviewer #2). Now, which cues contribute to which degree and how are they integrated? This is the main research question behind our study, with the ultimate goal to better understand the mechanisms of cue integration in the context of a perceptual inference task.

      5) I am not too familiar with template based models but I wonder if there is a problem if you use your models to fit and test with the same datasets?

      Cross-validation (i.e., using separate data sets for fitting/training, validating, and testing) is particularly important for complex models that allow overfitting. Such models can often be very closely fit to comparably small sets of data and thus the goodness of fit is not discriminative between those models. Here, in contrast, we compared the goodness of fit for models that contained a rather small and equal number of model parameters and this goodness of fit did strongly differ across models and was therefore informative for model selection in itself. If we separated the data sets, we would need to jointly assess the differences in initial model fits (to training data) together with the differences in predictive power (for testing data).

      References:

      Baumgartner, R., Majdak, P., & Laback, B. (2016). Modeling the effects of sensorineural hearing loss on sound localization in the median plane. Trends in Hearing, 20, 2331216516662003.

      Best, V., Baumgartner, R., Lavandier, M., Majdak, P., & Kopčo, N. (2020). Sound Externalization: A Review of Recent Research. Trends in Hearing, 24, 2331216520948390.

      Brimijoin, W. O., Boyd, A. W., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2013). The contribution of head movement to the externalization and internalization of sounds. PloS one, 8(12), e83068.

      Li, S., Baumgartner, R., & Peissig, J. (in press). Modeling perceived externalization of a static, lateral sound image. Acta Acustica.

      Zilany, M. S., Bruce, I. C., & Carney, L. H. (2014). Updated parameters and expanded simulation options for a model of the auditory periphery. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(1), 283-286.

    2. Reviewer #2:

      The current study compares four decision rules, factoring in seven potential acoustic cues, for predicting perceived sound externalization for single-source binaural sound with stationary interaural cues. Test stimuli included a harmonic vowel complex, noise and speech. Results show that monaural and binaural cues shape externalization. However, how listeners weighted these cues varied across the tested conditions. The authors consider the fact that some of these cues covary acoustically, by additionally testing their model on subsets of two of these cues only. No single externalization cue emerged as a clear predictor for perceived externalization. However, overall, a static cue weighting strategy tended to outperform dynamic cue weighting for predicting externalization.

      Major concerns dampen enthusiasm for the current work.

      1) It is unclear what neural mechanism is being tested. A premise of the current approach is that perceived sound externalization is primarily driven by acoustic cues. However, we know this not to be true. Context matters. As pointed out by the authors (l370-372), when listening to sounds processed with head related transfer functions (HRTFs) over headphones, listeners can externalize sound better when the context of the test room matches the room where HRTFs were recorded (Werner and Klein 2014).

      2) Most external sounds are neither anechoic nor stationary. Therefore, any neural decision metric on externalization must have been shaped by lifelong experience with dynamic, reverberant cues for interpreting externalization. The current work mostly models stationary single source sound that was either anechoic or mildly reverberant, providing pristine spatial cues. I do not follow the author's point that this would not matter (l498-502): "While the constant reverberation and visual information may or may not have stabilized auditory externalization, they certainly did not prevent the tested signal modifications to be effective within the tested condition. In our study, we thus assumed that such differences in experimental procedures do not modulate our effects of interest." That is an untested assumption.

      3) Many of the current test stimuli are perceived as ambiguous - providing 50% externalization ratings - and thus do not provide a sensitive test of brain mechanisms of sound externalization.

      4) Reverberation enhances perceived externalization, but this cannot be predicted by any of the tested decision metrics which only consider stationary monaural or binaural cues.

      On balance, this reviewer is unconvinced that the current work will generalize to realistic dynamic and reverberant conditions.

      S. Werner and F. Klein, "Influence of Context Dependent Quality Parameters on the Perception of Externalization and Direction of an Auditory Event," presented at the AES 55th International Conference: Spatial Audio (2014 Aug.), conference paper 6-4.

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      seems like a very brutal albeit efficient way to kill wildlife at an alarming pace. very reminiscent of the destructive hunting that almost wiped out the buffalo.

    1. The "CROCKETTs" counted 3,715 head of game, or 119 head for each of the thirty-one members of that club in the field. The "Dan BOONEs" counted 2,985, or 124 3-10 head for each of the twenty-four members who went into the field, with their blue colors, under Captain DUFFY

      While the growing movement for conservation was growing throughout the country at this time, you can see here how old attitudes about nature were still very much alive and well, that is quite a lot of animals to kill on a hunt, and almost certainly not necessary.

    1. 146The musk-rose, and the well attir'd woodbine,147With cowslips wan that hang the pensive head,148And every flower that sad embroidery wears;149Bid amaranthus all his beauty shed,150And daffadillies fill their cups with tears,151To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies.152For so to interpose a little ease,

      Musk rose, woodbine and cowslips are types of flowers that are dying and drooping around the coffin of Lycides. All droopy/ hanging but bright coloured flowers. Paints an image of a beautiful but sad funeral, but in line 153 it shows this is made up. Picturing a nice funeral for Lycides. Amaranthus is an imaginary/ undying flower.