- Jan 2019
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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Our findings also point to a broader divide in coor-dination research. Much of the power of traditionalcoordination models resides in their information-processing basis and their focus on the design issuessurrounding work unit differentiation and integra-tion. This design-centric view with its emphasis onrules,structures,andmodalitiesofcoordinationislessuseful for studying knowledge work.
The high-tempo, non-routine, highly situated knowledge work of SBTF definitely falls into this category. Design systems/workarounds is challenging.
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Boundarywork requires the ability to see perspectives devel-oped by people immersed in a different commu-nity of knowing (Boland and Tenkasi 1995, Star andGriesemer 1989). Often, particular disciplinary focilead to differences in opinion regarding what stepsto take next in treating the patient.
Differences in boundary work can lead to contentiousness.
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The termdialogic—as opposed to monologic—recognizes dif-ferences and emphasizes the existence of epistemicboundaries, different understandings of events, andthe existence of boundary objects (e.g., the diagnosisor the treatment plan). A dialogic approach to coordi-nation is the recognition that action, communication,and cognition are essentially relational and highlysituated. We use the concept of trajectory (Bourdieu1990, Strauss 1993) to recognize that treatment pro-gressions are not always linear or positive.
Cites Star (boundary objects) and Strauss, Bourdieu (trajectory)
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A dialogic coordination practice differs from moregeneral expertise coordination processes in that itis highly situated in the specifics of the unfoldingevent, is urgent and high-staked, and occurs at theboundary between communities of practice. Becausecognition is distributed, responsibility is shared, andepistemic differences are present, interactions can becontentious and conflict laden.
Differences between expertise and dialogic coordination processes.
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xpertisecoordination refers to processes that manage knowl-edge and skill interdependencies
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we describe two categories ofcoordination practices that ensure effective work out-comes. The first category, which we callexpertise coor-dination practices, represents processes that make itpossible to manage knowledge and skill interdepen-dencies. These processes bring about fast response,superior reconfiguration, efficient knowledge shar-ing, and expertise vetting. Second, because of therapidlyunfoldingtempooftreatmentandthestochas-tic nature of the treatment trajectory,dialogic coordina-tion practicesare used as contextually and temporallysituated responses to occasional trajectory deviation,errors, and general threats to the patient. These dia-logic coordination practices are crucial for ensuringeffective coordination but often require contentiousinteractions across communities of practice. Figure 1presents a coordination-focused model of patienttreatment and describes the circumstances underwhich dialogic coordination practices are called for.
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We found that coordination in a trauma settingentails two specific practices.
"1. expertise coordination practices"
"2. dialogic coordination practices"
What would be the SBTF equivalent here?
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Based on a practice view, we suggest the followingdefinition ofcoordination: a temporally unfolding andcontextualized process of input regulation and inter-action articulation to realize a collective performance.
Faraj and Xiao offer two important points: Context and trajectories "First, the definition emphasizes the temporal unfolding and contextually situated nature of work processes. It recognizes that coordinated actions are enacted within a specific context, among a specific set of actors, and following a history of previous actions and interactions that necessarily constrain future action."
"Second, following Strauss (1993), we emphasize trajectories to describe sequences of actions toward a goal with an emphasis on contingencies and interactions among actors. Trajectories differ from routines in their emphasis on progression toward a goal and attention to deviation from that goal. Routines merely emphasize sequences of steps and, thus, are difficult to specify in work situations characterized by novelty, unpredictability, and ever-changing combinations of tasks, actors, and resources. Trajectories emphasize both the unfolding of action as well as the interactions that shape it. A trajectory-centric view of coordination recognizes the stochastic aspect of unfolding events and the possibility that combinations of inputs or interactions can lead to trajectories with dreadful outcomes—the Apollo 13 “Houston, we have a problem” scenario. In such moments, coordination is more about dealing with the “situation” than about formal organizational arrangements."
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Theprimarygoalispatientstabilizationandini-tiating atreatment trajectory—a temporally unfolding
Full quote (page break)
"The primary goal is patient stabilization and initiating a treatment trajectory—a temporally unfolding sequence of events, actions, and interactions—aimed at ensuring patient medical recovery"
Knowledge trajectory is a good description of SBTF's work product/goal
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rauma centersare representative of organizational entities that arefaced with unpredictable environmental demands,complexsetsoftechnologies,highcoordinationloads,and the paradoxical need to achieve high reliabilitywhile maintaining efficient operations.
Also a good description of digital humanitarian work
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We sug-gest that for environments where knowledge work isinterdisciplinary and highly contextualized, the rele-vant lens is one of practice. Practices emerge from anongoing stream of activities and are enacted throughthe contextualized actions of individuals (Orlikowski2000). These practices are driven by a practical logic,thatis,arecognitionofnoveltaskdemands,emergentsituations,andtheunpredictabilityofevolvingaction.Bourdieu (1990, p. 12) definespracticesas generativeformulas reflecting the modus operandi (manner ofworking) in contrast to the opus operatum (finishedwork).
Definition and background on practice.
Cites Bourdieu
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In knowledge work, several related factors sug-gest the need to reconceptualize coordination.
Complex knowledge work coordination demands attention to how coordination is managed, as well as what (content) and when (temporality).
"This distinction becomes increasingly important in complex knowledge work where there is less reliance on formal structure, interdependence is changing, and work is primarily performed in teams."
Traditional theories of coordination are not entirely relevant to fast-response teams who are more flexible, less formally configured and use more improvised decision making mechanisms.
These more flexible groups also are more multi-disciplinary communities of practice with different epistemic standards, work practices, and contexts.
"Thus, because of differences in perspectives and interests, it becomes necessary to provide support for cross-boundary knowledge transformation (Carlile 2002)."
Evokes boundary objects/boundary infrastructure issues.
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Usinga practice lens (Brown and Duguid 2001, Orlikowski2000), we suggest that in settings where work iscontextualized and nonroutine, traditional models ofcoordination are insufficient to explain coordinationas it occurs in practice. First, because expertise is dis-tributed and work highly contextualized, expertisecoordination is required to manage knowledge andskill interdependencies. Second, to avoid error andto ensure that the patient remains on a recoveringtrajectory, fast-response cross-boundary coordinationpractices are enacted. Because of the epistemic dis-tance between specialists organized in communitiesofpractice,theselattercoordinationpracticesmagnifyknowledge differences and are partly contentious.
Faraj and Xiao contend that coordination practices of fast-response organizations differ from typical groups' structures, decision-making processes and cultures.
1) Expertise is distributed 2) Coordination practices are cross-boundary 3) Knowledge differences are magnified
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In this paper, we focus on the collective perfor-manceaspectofcoordinationandemphasizethetem-poral unfolding and situated nature of coordinativeaction. We address how knowledge work is coor-dinated in organizations where decisions must bemade rapidly and where errors can be fatal.
Summary of paper focus
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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In other words, the articulation work [24], which had to be made explicit previously, became in part implicit by being embedded in the document and in the actions taken upon the document.
Evokes Schmidt and Bannon's articulation work
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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By ignoring the diversity and discord of the ‘goals’ of theparticipants involved, the differentiation of strategies, and the incongruence of theconceptual frames of reference within a cooperating ensemble, much of the currentCSCW research evades the problem of how to provide computer support for peoplecooperating through the establishment of a common information space.
Has this design challege been adequately addressed in CSCW (and CHI, for that matter) in the last 30-ish years?
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On the one hand, the visibility requirement is amplified by this divergence. Thatis, knowledge of the identity of the originator and the situational context motivat-ing the production and dissemination of the information is required so as to enableany user of the information to interpret the likely motives of the originator. On theother hand, however, the visibility requirement is moderated by the divergence ofinterests and motives. A certain degree of opaqueness is required for discretionarydecision making to be conducted in an environment charged with colliding inter-ests. Hence,visibility must be bounded.
What role does system meta data (version control, user history, etc.) play in bounding the visibility of decision making?
This also seems to be an area ripe for more collaborative design approaches (participatory, reflective, feminist, etc.)
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Thus, a computer-basedsystem supporting cooperative work involving decision making should enhancethe ability of cooperating workers to interrelate their partial and parochial domainknowledge and facilitate the expression and communication of alternative perspec-tives on a given problem. This requires a representation of the problem domainas a whole as well as a representation, in some form, of the mappings betweenperspectives on that problem domain.
This seems to still be a major challenge in information system design as well as collaborative workflow. Even if the information/meta context is made available, do people use it?
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If the decision making process (1) involves a large and indefinite number of peo-ple, (2) requires the integration of a number of different perspectives or domains,and (3) continues for a protracted period of time or even indefinitely, the interpreta-tion of the objects in a common database and hence the construction of a commoninformation space is hampered by the fact that the other originators and recipientsare not co-present.
Ways to better integrate people engaged in distributed work are needed.
Is this still true some 27 years later?
Three particular information quality problems are raised by Schmidt and Bannon:
1) provenance (originator) of the information and his/her/its reliability
2) context of the information
3) politics of the information
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The fact that information produced by discretionary decision making cannotbe conveyed anonymously has important implications for CSCW systems design.Naturally, such information must be accompanied by the identity of the source.But how to represent and present the identity of the source?
This dilemma also applies to the complexity of representing time in information systems.
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In cooperative work settings involving discretionary decision making, the exer-cise of mutual critique of the decisions arrived at by colleagues is required for allparticipants. Therefore, in order to be able to assess information generated by dis-cretionary decision making, each participant must be able to access the identity ofthe originator of a given unit of information.
Source credibility is a complex problem for SBTF. it is not always clear how/why a person on social media has certain information, how they interpret it, and how they summarize it.
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At the level of the objects themselves, shareabilitymay not be a problem, but in terms of their interpretation, the actors must attempt tojointly construct a common information space which goes beyond their individualpersonal information spaces. A nice example of how this is a problem has been givenby Savage (1987, p. 6): ‘each functional department has its own set of meaningsfor key terms. [...] Key terms such aspart, project, subassembly, toleranceareunderstood differently in different parts of the company.’
This would be good to explore with SBTF in the interviews. Particularly, whether there are different meanings to time modes, time meta data, etc., applied by Core Team, Coordinators, GIS Team, experienced volunteers, new volunteers, etc.
Is this part of the problem with articulating the information extracted from social media and entering it in the Google Sheet in order to become an artifact?
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Their importance lies in the interpretation human actors place on themeaning of the representational object. The distinction between the material carrierof information—the object—and its meaning is crucial. The material representationof information in the common space (e.g., a letter, memo, drawing, file) exists asan objective phenomenon and can be manipulated as an artifact. The semantics ofthe information carried by the artifact, however, is, put crudely, ‘in the mind’ of thebeholder, and the acquisition of information conveyed by the artifacts requires aninterpretive activity on the part of the recipient. Thus, a common information spaceencompasses the artifacts that are accessible to a cooperative ensembleas well asthe meaning attributed to these artifacts by the actors.
Here Schmidt and Bannon describe the basis for articulation work in a common information space -- which encompasses interactions and breakdowns between information, metaphors, sensemaking, and artifacts.
From a time mode perspective, this gets at what I describe as synchronization.
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Cooperative work is not facilitated simply by the provision of a shared database, butrequires the active construction by the participants of a common information spacewhere the meanings of the shared objects are debated and resolved, at least locallyand temporarily. Objects must thus be interpreted and assigned meaning, meaningsthat are achieved by specific actors on specific occasions of use. Computer supportfor this aspect of cooperative work raises a host of interesting and difficult issues.
Pretty much a nutshell of the SBTF time study challenges.
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These protocols, formal structures, plans, procedures, and schemes can be con-ceived of asmechanismsin the sense that they (1) are objectified in some way(explicitly stated, represented in material form), and (2) are deterministic or at leastgive reasonably predictable results if applied properly. And they aremechanisms ofinteractionin the sense that they reduce the complexity of articulating cooperativework.
People apply "mechanisms of interaction" to reduce the complexity of the articulation work.
Schmidt and Bannon use these examples:
• Formal and informal organizational structures • Planning and scheduling • Standard operating procedures (see Suchman's work on situated action) • Indexes and classifications for organizational and retrieval (see Bowker and Star on boundary objects/infrastructures)
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Therefore, instead of pursuing the elusive aim of devising organizational modelsthat are not limited abstractions and thus in principle brittle when confronted withthe inexhaustible multiplicity of reality, organizational models in CSCW applica-tions should be conceived of asresourcesfor competent and responsible workers.
Schmidt and Bannon posit that organizational models in CSCW should be flexible enough to support new interpretations/evaluations of the model (contingent on circumstances), as well as capture decisions to "adapt, circumvent, execute, modify, etc. the underlying model".
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In this section of the paper we broach two aspects of this articulation issue, onefocusing on the management of workflow, the other on the construction and manage-ment of what we term a ‘common information space’. The former concept has beenthe subject of discussion for some time, in the guise of such terms as office automa-tion and more recently, workflow automation. The latter concept has, in our view,been somewhat neglected, despite its critical importance for the accomplishmentof many distributed work activities
A quick scan of ACM library papers that tag "articulation work" seems to indicate the "common information space" problem still has not attracted a lot of study. This could be a good entry point for my work with CSCW because time cuts across both workflow and information space.
Nicely bundles boundary infrastructure, sense-making and distributed work
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Articulation work
Definition of articulation work: "Articulation work arises as a integral part of cooperative work as a set of activities required to manage the distributed nature of cooperative work. In the words of Strauss (1985, p. 8), articulation work is ‘a kind of supra-type of work in any division of labor, done by the various actors’:
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However, in general cooperative workin real world settings has a number of characteristics that must be taken into accountif CSCW systems are to be acceptable to users and, hence, commercially viable:
Characteristics of cooperative work:
(Taken verbatim from the paper)
• "Cooperative ensembles are either large, or they are embedded within larger ensembles."
• "Cooperative ensembles are often transient formations, emerging to handle a particular situation after which they dissolve again".
• "Membership of cooperative ensembles is not stable and often even non-determinable. Cooperative ensembles typically intersect."
• "The pattern of interaction in cooperative work changes dynamically with the requirements and constraints of the situation."
• "Cooperative work is distributed physically, in time and space."
• "Cooperative work is distributed logically, in terms of control, in the sense that agents are semi-autonomous in their partial work."
• "Cooperative work involves incommensurate perspectives (professions, specialties, work functions, responsibilities) as well as incongruent strategies and discordant motives."
• "There are no omniscient agents in cooperative work in natural settings."
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A cooperative work arrangement arises simply because there is no omniscientand omnipotent agent. Specifically, a cooperative work arrangement may emerge inresponse to different requirements (Schmidt,1990):
cooperative work arrangements include:
(verbatim from paper) • "augment the mechanical and information processing capacities of human individuals"
• "combine the specialized activities of multiple workers"
• "application of multiple problem solving strategies and heuristics to a given problem"
• "application of multiple perspectives and conceptions on a given problem"
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The Rich Diversity of Cooperative Work
Three many take-aways from cooperative work:
It involves people doing work with specific characteristics, e.g., distributed, formed as ensembles, etc.
Cooperative work occurs to produce a product or service together because of "technical necessities or economic requirements"
is not limited by specific forms of interaction between workers
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As a research effort that involves a large number of established disciplines,research areas, and communities, CSCW is an arena of discordant views, incom-mensurate perspectives, and incompatible agendas. However, in the conception ofCSCW proposed here—as a research area devoted to exploring and meeting the sup-port requirements of cooperative work arrangements, CSCW is basically adesignoriented research area. This is the common ground. Enter, and you must change.
Circa 1992 this description of CSCW as a design-oriented research area made sense to find some common ground between the CS groupware faction and the org studies, designers, social science, etc. Does this still hold up today?
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CSCW should be conceived of asan endeavor to understand the nature andrequirements of cooperative work with the objective of designing computer-basedtechnologies for cooperative work arrangements.
Definition of CSCW (per Schmidt and Bannon). This is contested.
Schmidt and Bannon argue later (pg 49) that "If CSCW is to be taken seriously, the basic approach of CSCW research should not be descriptive but constructive."
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- Dec 2018
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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which demands a genial age on the Southern hemisphere at the same time as an ice age on the Northern and vice versá
Croll's work made important contributions to the understanding of Earth's climate. However, one problem with his theory was that it led to the conclusion that glacial periods occurred at different times in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
We now know this is not correct; ice ages are global. But at the time Arrhenius wrote this paper, the geological record of the ice ages was not understood well enough to rule out this possibility of separate glacial periods in the hemispheres.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Marine reserves can clearly enhance exploited coral reef species that have relatively sedentary adult life-stages, in which some individuals live almost exclusively within reserve boundaries
A study in 2 June 2009 conducted by Philip P. Molloy explored the relations with the age of the marine reserves and of the recovery of different species of fish. The studies showed that older marine reserves (15 years and older) were more effective than younger ones. They harbored more fish.
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news.microsoft.com news.microsoft.com
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hard work and exploration are valued over always knowing the right answer.
The open program does this, to an extent. How can this be improved upon?
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- Oct 2018
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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It has been recognized for over 60 years that aerosol particles influence the earth's radiative balance directly by backscattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation (1)
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www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
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more.
The speaker regrets her past relationships and realizes they were so meaningless that she does not even remember them. She wishes she could have stayed with the one person she truly did love
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- Sep 2018
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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The result of this is easy to see: Those specifically requesting a lighter workload, who were disproportionately women, suffered in their performance reviews; those who took a lighter workload more discreetly didn’t suffer. The maxim of “ask forgiveness, not permission” seemed to apply.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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these systems were very slow, had a low assembly or operation yield, or were unable to exert appreciable forces against external loading.
The authors recognize the significant achievement and potential of what others have done, but also note the ways in which the previous work can be improved. The goal of this paper is to build upon others' results and to develop new ideas to try to improve upon what has been done.
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- Aug 2018
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Then I noticed, each of the records in his queue had a set of codes in the Salutation field. He explained that there wasn't a way to see the current status from this view of their system. So, to avoid having to open each record, he used the Salutation field (which wasn't really used in the system) to store his own personal status codes.
Work around for a design fail
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Once she finished, there was basically a cross-reference table of items that were actual business aspects and how they translated into the items required to use this system. In short, the last system that was delivered by the IT group required a change in the business process to use the application.
In other words, the customer/user had to make changes (process, use of fields, etc) due to the defects of the design.
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Local file Local file
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Transformed in this process is the very nature of knowledge:Neoliberalization replaces education aimed at deepening and broadening intelligence and sensibilities, developing historical consciousness and her-meneutic adroitness, acquiring diverse knowledge and literacies, becom-ing theoretically capacious and politically and socially perspicacious, with [forms of] education aimed at honing technically-skilled entrepreneurial actors adept at gaming any system. (p. 123)
neoliberalism and the transformation of knowledge and knowledge work
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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The goal of this framework is to envision afuture of crowd work that cansupport more complex, creative, and highly valued work. At the highest level, a platformis needed for managing pools of tasksandworkers. Complex tasks must be decomposed into smaller subtasks, each designed with particular needs and characteristics which must be assignedto appropriate groups of workerswho themselves must be properly motivated, selected(e.g., through reputation), and organized (e.g., through hierarchy). Tasks may be structured through multi-stage workflowsin which workers may collaborateeither synchronously or asynchronously. As part of this, AImay guide (and be guided by) crowd workers. Finally, quality assuranceis needed to ensure each worker’s output is of high quality and fits together.
Proposed framework to address crowdwork management challenges: shared resources, relationships, and crowd labor.
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n human computation, people act as computational components and perform the work that AI systemslack the skillstocomplete
Human computation definition.
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A promising approach that addresses some worker output issues examines the way that workers do their work rather than the output itself, using machine learning and/or visualization to predict the quality of a worker’s output from their behavior [119,120]
This process improvement idea has some interesting design implications for improving temporal qualities of SBTF data: • How is the volunteer thinking about time? • Where does temporality enter into the data collection workflow? • What metadata do they rely on? • What is their temporal sensemaking approach?
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Of the research foci, quality control has arguably received the most attention so far. Approaches for quality control largely fall into two camps: up-front task design and post-hoc result analysis. Task design aimsto design tasks that are resistant to low-quality work.
Quality control processes is definitely a tension for SBTF.
A better integrated task design and verification process at the end of activations could be more effectively address information quality concerns.
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Many tasks worth completing require cooperation –yet crowdsourcing has largely focused on independent work. Distributed teams have always facedchallenges in cultural differences and coordination[60], but crowd collaboration now must createrapport over much shorter timescales(e.g., one hour) and possibly wider culturalor socioeconomic gaps
In Kittur's example, synchronous collaboration describes a temporal aspect (timescale and tempo of the work) related to how the collaboration is structured or not.
"Short periods of intense crowd collaboration call for fast teambuilding and may require the automatic assignment of group members to maximize collective intelligence."
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Finally, it will be amajor research undertaking to invent and describe the tasks and techniques that succeed with synchronous collaboration
Could this be a theme of the SBTF time study?
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The two core challenges for realtime crowdsourcing will be 1) scaling upto increased demand for realtime workers, and 2) making workers efficient enough to collectively generateresultsahead of time deadlines.
One aspect of temporality in Kittur's study is related to "realtime" which they describe as the time need to scale up workers and efficiency speed of workers.
The other temporal aspect is synchronicity of workers.
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Volunteer crowdsourcing platforms have evolved their own hierarchies and decision-making processes [104,156], appropriating techniques from other online communities where appropriate [101]. Most paid approaches have workers make hierarchical decisions collectively: for example, task decomposition and integration[75,80],quality oversight of each others’ contributions[78,100], and leader elections to represent collective opinions[83].
Examples of hierarchical decision-making by both volunteer and paid crowd workers.
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Complex tasks have dependencies, changing requirements, and require multiple types of expertise.
Characteristics of complex crowd work.
Later, Kittur refers to complex crowd work as those involving "creativity, brainstorming, essay writing, music composition or civic planning."
Temporality is definitely a work flow issue for SBTF.
However, "realtime" is the only temporal attribute noted in this study but it seems to relate only to completion speed and present/immediacy of tasks.
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n the sections below, we survey and analyze the 12research focithat comprise our model. First, we consider the future of the work processesand how the workis organized and accomplished. Second, we consider the integration of crowd work and computation, including the symbiosis between human cognition, artificial intelligence(AI), and computationally-enabled crowd platforms. Finally, we consider crowd workers and how we can develop jobs, reputation systems, motivations, and incentives that will benefit them.
Research foci
Crowd work processes: Workflow, task assignment, hierarchy, realtime crowd work, synchronous collaboration. quality control
Crowd computation: Crowds guiding AI, AIs guiding crowds, crowdsourcing platforms
Crowd worker future: Job design, reputation/credentials, motivation/rewards
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Unlike traditional organizations in which workers possess job security and managers can closely supervise and appropriately reward or sanction workers, or distributed computing systems in which processors are usually highly reliable, crowd work poses uniquechallenges for both workers and requestersranging fromjob satisfactiontodirection-setting, coordination, and quality control.
In the literature, quality tends to be used as an attribute of the output (content, HIT, etc.) but could/should it also refer to the crowd worker experience, as Kittur notes: "job satisfaction, direction-setting, coordination, and quality control"?
How are these factors incorporated into the process and incentive system?
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These same requirements exist in distributed computing, in which tasks need to be scheduled so that they can be completed in the correct sequence and in a timely manner, with data being transferred between computing elements appropriately.
time factors in crowd work include speed, scheduling, and sequencing
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However, crowd work can bea double-edged sword,equally capable of enhancing or diminishing the quality of workers’ lives.We maysee echoes of past labor abuses in globally distributed crowd work: extremely low pay for labor,with marketplaces such as Amazon’s Mechanical
Crowd work offers flexibility to both workers and requesters to overcome labor shortages, need for expertise, and geographic boundaries.
However, they are very real concerns about exploitation, piecemeal wages, unethical/dubious work, emphasis on speed over quality, and dehumanizing work conditions.
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We focus this paper on paid,onlinecrowd work, which we define here as the performance of tasks online by distributed crowd workers who are financially compensated by requesters(individuals, groups, or organizations). In this sense, crowd work is a socio-technical work systemconstituted through a set of relationships that connect organizations, individuals, technologies and work activities
Kittur's definition of crowd work:
"...performance of online tasks by crowd workers who are financially compensated by requesters."
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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Other foundational accounts, like Moglen (1999) and Weber (2004),attended to the emergence of informal hierarchies and governance arrange-ments within communities.
Other early work focused on organizational attributes, like how information goods were produced with flat/informal hierarchies, community values/norms, and governance structures.
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Peer productioncould, Benkler argued, outperform traditional organizational forms underconditions of widespread access to networked communications technologies,a multitude of motivations driving contributions, and non-rival informationcapable of being broken down into granular, modular, and easy-to-integrate
Benkler's early work studied "the role of non-exclusive property regimes and more permeable organizational boundaries" for knowledge products.
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- Jul 2018
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wendynorris.com wendynorris.com
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While some of this research has been aimed at building technologies to better support multi-tasking, other research has been critical, pointing out the negative consequences of distraction and task-switching [29]. A parallel line of thinking, called ‘presence bleed’ [16], articulates the way that multi-tasking and extended temporal boundaries blur individuals’ professional and personal identities as work bleeds into and throughout multiple spheres
Maladapative/problematic studies of time include: multitasking, time-switching, presence bleed (work-life convergence), morality, agency and power, individual vs organizational choices, 24/7 availability, etc.
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CSCW has been investigating the relationship of time and work practically from its inception as a scholarly fiel
Classic CSWC literature on time includes: groupware calendaring systems, temporal rhythm, temporal trajectories, temporal ordering, temporal artifacts.
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course-computational-literary-analysis.netlify.com course-computational-literary-analysis.netlify.com
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beyond any reasonable doubt
With this key phrase of legal discourse, Cuff's takes on the role of a prosecutor in a courtroom, shouldering the burden of proof in the case at hand. What is the relationship between detective work and legal argumentation? How does the novel's language put various characters on trial, not only before other characters, but also before the novel's jury of readers? A word collocation analysis of words and phrases with legal significance would help us to determine whether or not legal language shapes standards of evidence in The Moonstone.
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Here, again, there is a motive under the surface; and, here again, I fancy that I can find it out.
Once again, we encounter the language of detective work, which often involves the uncovering and probing of underlying motives. What distinguishes Betteredge's "detective fever" from Ezra Jennings's understanding of detection? We could operationalize this comparative question into a word collocation study of target words that are associated with detective work (e.g., "detective," "suspect," "motive," etc.).
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www.edutopia.org www.edutopia.org
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Lev Vygotsky’s seminal work asserted that social interaction is a fundamental aspect of learning. And if he were alive today, he would most likely agree with the saying “two minds are better than one.” He might add, “Better yet, how about three or four?”
Vygotsky- social interaction is fundamental in learning- group work is the perfect way to do this- 2 heads are better than one:)
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files.eric.ed.gov files.eric.ed.gov
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most podcasters work for free
Vocation and avocation again...
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www.insidehighered.com www.insidehighered.com
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Attitudes towards looking like you’re working when you aren’t are akin to school policies that require students to perform attention, as though the performance of attention may be linked to actual attention, or even learning. The pretending takes precedence over the actual doing.
Amazing parallel here.
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- Jun 2018
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www.technologyreview.com www.technologyreview.com
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But what makes the story in places like Toledo and the region around it hard for many politicians and even economists to understand is that the anxiety goes well beyond automation and the number of jobs. For many people, your job defines your life.
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I had a learning disability when I was in school. But I could do factory work. Factory work is what we did. Now robots do that job. What happens to people like me?
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People have come to believe that they, their jobs, their communities, and the social contract that binds them to work and place and each other are under threat. And they’re not wrong.
I have a lot of criticisms of the self-occupation link. But this is really interesting connecting self-occupation-community-social contract.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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(Childers, 2006; Hao et al., 2011; Schedlbauer et al., 2012)
Childers and colleagues demonstrated that Everglades hydrology was co-varying with changes in greenhouse warming potentials, energy fluxes and C dynamics which proved that hydrology is important for creating and maintaining conditions sufficient for wetland ecosystem and structure
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(Jimenez et al., 2012)
Jimenez and colleagues studied the effects of carbon balance in wetland ecosystems before the planned Everglades restoration of historical water flow. They trajected that there would be an alteration on the carbon dynamics of the Everglades as a whole.
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(Dugan, 1993)
Dugan examined wetlands in the United States and the total loss of thus ecosystem. This atlas was able to divide the world’s regions into 19 sections and develop information on the wetlands.
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- May 2018
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eclass.srv.ualberta.ca eclass.srv.ualberta.ca
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prosum-ers
A person who influences the purchase of a product; they don't only consume it, they convince others to buy it by consuming it themselves. e.g. a you-tuber who is sent clothing, wears that clothing in a video, and then links it in their video as a product for purchase and gets money for it.
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- Dec 2017
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Low values indicate that transisthmian pairs showed little tolerant behavior or much intolerant behavior relative to intraoceanic pairs of the same taxa.
Schein, H. (1975). Aspects of the aggressive and sexual behaviour of alpheus heterochaelis say. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 3(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236247509378498
This previous work studies aggressive and sexual behavior in snapping shrimp. Although the snapping shrimps studied were found in North Carolina, their behavior reflects the behavior of the genus. Here they established that males seek females using chemical cues, and in general a male with a larger claw/larger body size favors larger females that can produce more offspring. Also, males with larger claws are stronger and can out compete smaller males. In relation to this publication, this previous work establishes a background of the behavior of the snapping shrimp. Understanding their natural behavior helps in understanding how the authors of this publication reached their conclusion. (JP)
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sibling species
Knowlton, N. (1986). Cryptic and Sibling Species among the Decapod Crustacea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 6(3), 356-363. doi:10.2307/1548175
This previous work defines the term sibling species. According to Knowlton, sibling species are species that have been shown to be very closely related using biochemical techniques such as electrophoretic analysis. Sibling species are not the same species. This publication also uses electrophoretic analyses, known as starch gel electrophoresis, to differentiate between species of snapping shrimp. (JP)
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Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Knowlton, Nancy & Mills, DeEtta. (1992). The Systematic Importance of Color and Color Pattern: Evidence for Complexes of Sibling Species of Snapping Shrimp (Caridea: Alpheidae: AZ'heus) from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts of Panama. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18.
This past publication explains how loosely related, or distantly related, species in the genus Afpheus Fabricius (snapping shrimp) can be distinguished based on color morphology such as differences in color patterns. This relates with this publication because both are related to the speciation of snapping shrimp in the Isthmus of Panama. Both publications find methods to differentiate between species; while this paper uses mtDNA and allozymes to compare genetic distance, the other paper uses careful analyses of color patterns to separate species. (JP)
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snapping shrimp genus Alpheus
Sexual selection and dimorphism in two demes of a symbiotic, pair-bonding snapping shrimp Knowlton, N. (1980), SEXUAL SELECTION AND DIMORPHISM IN TWO DEMES OF A SYMBIOTIC, PAIR-BONDING SNAPPING SHRIMP. Evolution, 34: 161–173. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04802.x
This previous work provides evidence on how differences between mates affects mate choice and, with environmental constraints, can lead to sexual dimorphism which is a distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of the same species. This study found that snapping shrimp are very aggressive and territorial to other shrimps of the same sex. By having these type of aggressive traits, compatibility would decrease as species are more separated. This supports one of the results found in this publication. (JP)
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Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Svitil, K.A. (1993). "Oceans Divided". Discover, pp.1-2.
A magazine article by Kathy Svitil talks about the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. She talked about how the rise of Panama 3.5 million years ago separated Atlantic and Pacific species before the land-bridge could even form. This was caused by the shift in tetonic plates, where the Pacific Ocean floor shifted underneath the Carribean plate before melting/solidifying by lava. She states how animals felt the influence of the rifts coming together, even quoting Nancy Knowlton on the speciation of snapping shrimps on either sides of Isthmus since these shrimps used to live in deeper depths of the ocean.
~(J.D.A.)
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Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Knowlton, N. & Keller, B.D. (1982). "Symmetric Fights as a Measure of Escalation Potential in a Symbiotic, Territorial Snapping Shrimp." Behavioral Ecology And Sociobiology, 10(4): 289-292.
This journal goes into detail the behavioral aspect of the Alpheus shrimp. This species readily defends its territory using its large snapping claw. Results gathered focused on symmetric fights of shrimps in regards to sex, size, and resources. According to this study, larger females are more likely to defend their anemone territories and showed more aggressiveness than the male shrimps. The losers of these contests experienced severe injuries by these large females than any other type of shrimps.
~(J.D.A.)
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Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Glynn, P.W. (1985). “El Nino-Associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by Acanthaster planci.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, 26(17): pp. 295–300.
Another study shows how in 1985 the coral reefs in eastern Pacific (Panama included) got ruined by El Nino due to very high water temperatures (average of 31 Celsius) and depth penetration (over 100 m). Since most habitats in coral reefs were destroyed, many species were easily exposed to predators. This may affect the results obtained by Mills and co. because barely a decade has passed for the marine habitats in Panama to recuperate.
~(J.D.A.)
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Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Read, A., McTeague, J., & Govind, C. (1991). "Morphology and behavior of an unusually flexible thoracic limb in the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis". The Biological Bulletin, 181(1): pp. 158-168.
This journal explains the morphology of the snapping shrimp Alpheus. Their second thoracic limb is thinner, flexible, bilaterally symmetrical, and possess larger ganglion. This type of limb is almost always active in regards to grooming and foraging for food. The major cheliped, or the larger claw, is used to produce loud popping noises as a defense mechanism against predators.
~(J.D.A.)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Bermingham, E. & Lessios, H.A. (1993). “Rate Variation of Protein and Mitochondrial DNA Evolution as Revealed by Sea Urchins Separated by the Isthmus of Panama.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(7): pp. 2734–2738.
Another research was made in regards to the closure of Isthmus of Panama 3 MA based on changes in oxygen/carbon ratios in sea water. The main subject studied was sea urchins. Bermingham and Lessios compared mtDNA and protein divergence among three differ species of sea urchins--Diadema, Echinometra, & Eucidaris. Results concluded that protein divergence between Atlantic and Pacific sea urchin species only differed by 1 order of magnitude, so no significant difference. The Diadema species had an overlap of allele frequencies whereas the other two species displayed fixed loci for differ alleles of both shores, which may hint towards gradual genetic drift or mutations.This proves that other marine life besides the Alpheus shrimp community were also affected by a change in the environment via closure of Panama Isthmus.
~(J.D.A.)
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promote neuronal dysfunction (12).
Amyloid beta accumulation creates synaptic impairment and learning and memory deficits in AD patients. The impairment of neurons as opposed to neuronal loss maybe the mechanism behind cognitive impairment in AD patients. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385944/)
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Hippocampal theta and gamma oscillations and cross-frequency coupling (CFC) through theta-phase modulation of gamma power are measures of network activity related to memory, including in humans
Phase amplitude coupling measures the coupling between theta and gamma waves in the hippocampus. The theta and gamma waves are associated with learning and memory. Figure I shows virtually no phase amplitude frequency in the mice with Alz compared to Alz free mice, especially in the APP23p38𝛾-/- mice. Such low frequencies would suggest those mice would have the most problems with learning and memory.
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PSD-95/tau/Fyn
Researchers have found the binding of tau and fyn have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Fyn is a kinase that phosphorylates tau and co-localizes with tau in the neurons of Alzheimer’s patients with tau tangles. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870772/
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Aβ is thought to trigger toxic events, including tau phosphorylation
E. S. Musiek, D. M. Holtzman, Nat. Neurosci. 18, 800–806 (2015). Amyloid-beta is a key initiator of all the downstream processes that cause Alzheimer’s. One process Aβ leads to is initiating tau tangles. Even though Aβ is a key player, Aβ can not cause Alzheimer’s by itself.
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Aberrant tau phosphorylation is the first step in a cascade leading to its deposition and to cognitive dysfunction
K. Iqbal, F. Liu, C.-X. Gong, A del C. Alonso, I. Grundke-Iqbal, Acta Neuropathol. 118, 53–69 (2009). Neurodegeneration from tau implications can be caused from different protein kinases hyperphosphorylating tau. Hyperphosphorylated tau can misfold, create tangles, and not able to stabilize microtubules, all which can all lead to loss of connectivity between neurons.
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APP23 mice present with premature mortality, memory deficits, neuronal circuit aberrations with epileptiform brain activity, and Aβ pathology
L. M. Ittner et al., Cell 142, 387–397 (2010)
APP23 mice have increased Aβ toxicity which is the main contributor to the deficits seen in APP23 mice. Deficits include premature death, increased Aβ at young ages, decreased memory, and irregular neuronal circuits.
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N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)–type glutamatergic receptors (NRs) drive glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity
Hardingham and Bading show that NMDAR responses depend on receptor location. Synaptic NMDARs promotes cell survival, while stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDARs promotes cell death. The unequal stimulation of these receptors cause neuronal dysfunction, while stimulation of synaptic receptors could be used a protective therapy.
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However, this finding is in line with the idea that tau is involved in normal physiologic NR signaling events in neurons (12).
In normal physiological conditions tau is used to stabilize microtubular cytoplasmic components in neurons.
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APP23
APP23 is a version of APP that will develop into AB plaques and aggregates that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The APP23 mouse in the experiment overexpressed the APP23 protein.
Previous work: Animals can produce amyloid-beta independently of using APP precursor protein. However, when animals have APP23 mutation, the APP is overexpressed and amyloid beta plaques and intracellular amyloid beta aggregates form. The APP23 has been linked to synapse loss and dendrite degeneration. The APP23 is a Swedish mutation in CNS neurons. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046770/ )
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This is contrary to the current view that tau phosphorylation downstream of Aβ toxicity is a pathological response (3).
Ittner and Gӧtz review new findings showing the interactions of tau and amyloid beta. Tau can shift from the axon to the dendrite helping to increase amyloid beta toxicity.
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We have previously shown that postsynaptic PSD-95/tau/Fyn complexes mediate Aβ-induced excitotoxicity
L. M. Ittner et al., Cell 142, 387–397 (2010).: In this article, Ittner and others show that the absence of tau in amyloid beta-forming mice lessens the severity of amyloid beta toxicity. These results suggest that tau and amyloid beta together increases the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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lower incidence of reduced birth weight, and reduced
Beall, C. M. (2007). Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(Supplement 1), 8655-8660. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701985104
These are some of the physiological traits that were found to be different between populations of Tibetan highlanders and Han Chineese. These include but are not limited to: less oxygen in the arteries, higher breathing rate at rest, loss of low oxygen induced blood vessel constriction, and lower occurrences of decreased birth weight, as well as decreased hemoglobin concentrations.
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Because sex and age affect Hb concentration in Tibetans and Han Chinese, and the age effect differs between males and females
This paper discusses the effect of gender on hemoglobin levels in Han Chinese and Tibetan Plateau inhabitants as a mechanism for high altitude adaptation. In Han populations a correlation was seen between increased altitude and increased hemoglobin levels (men having higher hemoglobin concentration than women), this correlation was not see in Tibetan highland inhabitants, or between genders of Tibetan highland individuals.
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Regression analyses describing the relationships between protein divergence estimates and divergence time estimates were implemented for each sex-determining protein as well as for SSX using the program
It has been noted that protein divergence increases as divergence time increases, thus being said as time increases more protein divergence occurs. To learn more click here. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/24/13028.full.pdf
- Jake Barbee
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- Nov 2017
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mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com
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S. F. Ober
S.F. Oberbauer's previous work:
National Science Foundation – Ecosystems. Causes and implications of dry season control of tropical wet forest tree growth at very high water levels: direct vs. indirect limitations (CARBONO - VERANO project).
National Science Foundation – Polar Programs. Arctic Observing Networks: Collaborative Research: Sustaining and amplifying the ITEX AON through automation and increased interdisciplinarity of observations (AON-ITEX).
NSF-Arctic Natural Sciences. Collaborative Research; cold-season gas exchange of arctic plants - resolving winter carbon and water balances of Alaskan arctic tundra (Coldseason project).
NSF -IPY Arctic Observing Networks � Study of Arctic ecosystem changes in the IPY using the International Tundra Experiment. (ITEX-IPY)
DOE-NICCR. Response of carbon dioxide, water, and energy exchange of peat and marl wetlands in the Florida Everglades to changes in hydroperiod (Evergladesflux).
NSF-Biocomplexity. Biocomplexity Associated with the Response of Tundra Carbon Balance to Warming and Drying Across Multiple Scales. Barrowbiocomplexity (this project has sunsetted). Effects of increased season length on plant phenology, community composition, productivity, and ecosystem carbon fluxes in Alaskan tundra Season project (this project has sunsetted)
Carbon stockes and fluxes in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica Carbono project
NSF- Integrated carbon program. Understanding interannual NEE variability in a tropical rain forest using constrained estimates of carbon exchange. S.F. Oberbauer, D.A. Clark, M. Ryan, D.B. Clark. Carbono-Towers
National Science Foundation - Biocomplexity of the Environment Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles. Complex interactions among water, nutrients and carbon stocks and fluxes across a natural fertility gradient in tropical rain forest. (CICLOS PROJECT).
RW
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(Talbert and Henikoff 2014; Santoro and Dulac 2015; Suárez-Ulloa et al. 2015).
The way that organisms respond to their environment is ultimately through gene expression. For example, growth is caused by production of growth hormones, among other factors, which are turned on and off. Eukaryotic organisms use histone regulation as one way to respond to environmental changes. It has been found that exchange of histones can occur due to changes in temperature and season, during conflict, movement, learning, and more. AT
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(González-Romero et al. 2012)
H2A.Z.1 is a well documented histone variant. It plays a role in keeping genome integrity, They are highly conserved, even more than H2A.X. AT
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(Gavery and Roberts 2010, 2012; Suárez-Ulloa et al. 2015).
Recent research on mollusc DNA has found that they do use methylation systems to regulate their expression. This was determined by using bisulfate PCR. The bisulfate creates a tag on a methylated amino acid in the protein sequence, and PCR is a way to generate many different copies of a single strand of DNA. Using different mapping techniques the locations of methyl group were determined. A methyl group added to a DNA structure serves to wrap the DNA tighter around the histone in order to block transcription. AT
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(Talbert and Henikoff 2014).
The histone variant H2A.Z Is the most important regarding environmental epigenetic responses. environmental epigenetic are everyday factors in an organism’s life that affect how their genes are expressed that does not create a change in their DNA. AM
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(Simonet et al. 2013) and at least 3 different H2A.Z variants in plants (Yi et al. 2006).
H2A.Z was found to have four different subtypes in the Cyprinus carpio, due to the organisms high sense of acclimatization (an individual organisms ability to adjust to a change in its environment such a s a change in altitude, temperature, and humidity). The four subtype variants aid in the thermoregulation (process that allows the body to maintain a core internal temperature) and stability of the organism. KM
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Bönisch et al. 2012
H2A.Z.2.2 is found in all human (and some primate species) cell lines but it is found mostly in the brain. It is achieved through alternative splicing of the H2AZ variant. Through biochemical fractionation, the paper results suggest that Z.2.2 causes major structural changes and significantly destabilizes nucleosomes. The findings add to the list of known variants of the H2A.Z family. EM
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(Dryhurst et al. 2009; Horikoshi et al. 2013; Nishibuchi et al. 2014).
The papers research clear differences in the structure of the two H2A variants: one in amino acid 38 and one in the structures of the L1 loop. Through mutational analysis, the paper concluded that the amino acid difference at position 38 is partially responsible for the unique functional specializations of H2AZ.1 and H2AZ.2. EM
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(Eirín-López et al. 2009b)
H2AZ has experienced multiple rounds of specialization which gave rise to new variants. Most vertebrates exhibit the H2AZ.1 and H2AZ.2 variants encoded by independent genes. While their protein products are similar, their promoter regions are very different, suggesting they are each tasked with different roles. The research utilized phylogenetic analysis of the promoter regions to conclude that they evolved separately during vertebrate evolution. EM
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(Matsuda et al. 2010), the differences in their mRNA expression levels in human tissues (Dryhurst et al. 2009), the presence of embryonic lethality in mice lacking H2A.Z.1 (Faast et al. 2001), and the specific role of H2A.Z.2 in metastatic melanomas (Vardabasso et al. 2015).
They determined that the H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 are functionally different by individually turning them off and on by knocking out/deleting the gene that codes for the protein. By doing this they discovered that each gene codes for a different protein. Then they discovered that the knockout of each protein resulted in the loss of a distinct function. This work was done in several different studies using different types of cells, such as chicken and human. AT
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(Dryhurst and Ausió 2014).
Highly dynamic chromatin state means that the chromatin is quickly unraveling and raveling to allow transcription, this happens because the histones are rapidly being exchanged from a core to a variant. The variants each give different functions and change the rate of transcription. AM
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(González-Romero et al. 2008; Eirín-López et al. 2009a)
H2A.Z was derived from H2A through a series of mutations that resulted in it being 60% different from the core H2A. This was determined using a system called GWLA methodology which synthesizes two protein structure determining methods. It breaks the protein into fragments and then sequences it. The H2A.Z is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes meaning that the sequence is the same. Because there are few or no mutations this means that the function is very important and a mutation would be lethal. AT
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Among histones, the H2A family stands out because of the high number of specialized variants it displays (González-Romero et al. 2008), including some of the most studied histones so far such as H2A.X (involved in DNA repair; Li et al. 2005) and H2A.Z (essential for the survival of most eukaryotic organisms; Eirín-López and Ausió 2007; Talbert and Henikoff 2010).
The family of H2A histone proteins are essential in understanding the biochemistry of chromatin-associated proteins in Mollusca. H2AZ is a variant form of the histone protein that regulates a mediated thermosensory response. The H2A.X variant form contributes to the formation of the nucleosome and its structural integrity.
KM
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(Ausió 2006; Talbert and Henikoff 2010; Henikoff and Smith 2015)
The papers discuss several structural studies on core histones and linker histone variants. The papers focused on the roles of nucleosome stability, with data showing that histone variability plays an important role in regulation of chromatin metabolism. EM
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(Luger et al. 1997; van Holde 1988)
They determined the structure of histone proteins through crystallography which uses a computer modeling system to determine the atomic structure and how it assembles to form a superhelix model. KM
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cubeengine.com cubeengine.com
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Why is this worth doing?
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However, this hypothesis has not been fully tested because the electrosensory input has not yet been well described during exploratory behaviors in freely moving fish.
The author states that it's difficult to examine the exploratory behavior of a free moving fish because the data typically used does not accurately describe the fish's behavior. The EOD geometry and the electric images are complex because they can change based on the fish's movement. The movement changes the source of the electric organs and in laboratory setting the behavior that use electrorepection are hard to maintain preparations for . The difficulty experienced in a control laboratory setting to examine the certain behaviors, makes collecting and analyzing data of a free moving fish ,a challenge .
- Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara
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basis underlying sex determination in this group
In the Drosophila group, members of the Drosophila group have either one or two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes. Sex determination is determined for females by having balanced female determinants on the X chromosome. For males of the Drosophila group sex determination is based on the determinants on the autosomes. If there is only one X chromosome present in a diploid cell the member of the Drosophila group is male, this is shown by the ratio of (1X:2A). To learn more click here https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18956315 -Jake Barbee
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. However, they do show some distributional differences that could affect sensitivity to changing conditions associated with gradual rise of the isthmus
Heck, K. L. (1977). Comparative species richness, composition, and abundance of invertebrates in Caribbean seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows (Panamá). Marine Biology, 41(4), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389099
This previous work compares the species composition and abundance of invertebrates in the Caribbean coast of Panama and the Panama Canal Zone. While discussing some factors that could have affected this experiment, the author of this publication noted that the Panama Canal zone could have led to the displacement and death of many snapping shrimp. This previous work observed that species composition of invertebrates (which include snapping shrimp) were the same in tropical and subtropical seagrass meadows, however, different species of shrimp had a lower total abundance. This could mean that the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, followed by the construction of the Panama Canal, had an effect on speciation of several species of shrimp. (JP)
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sibling species
Knowlton, N. (1986). Cryptic and Sibling Species among the Decapod Crustacea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 6(3), 356-363. doi:10.2307/1548175
This previous work defines the term sibling species. According to Knowlton, sibling species are species that have been shown to be very closely related using biochemical techniques such as electrophoretic analysis. Sibling species are not the same species. This publication also uses electrophoretic analyses, known as starch gel electrophoresis, to differentiate between species of snapping shrimp. (JP)
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Low values indicate that transisthmian pairs showed little tolerant behavior or much intolerant behavior relative to intraoceanic pairs of the same taxa.
Schein, H. (1975). Aspects of the aggressive and sexual behaviour of alpheus heterochaelis say. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 3(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236247509378498
This previous work studies aggressive and sexual behavior in snapping shrimp. Although the snapping shrimps studied were found in North Carolina, their behavior reflects the behavior of the genus. Here they established that males seek females using chemical cues, and in general a male with a larger claw/larger body size favors larger females that can produce more offspring. Also, males with larger claws are stronger and can out compete smaller males. In relation to this publication, this previous work establishes a background of the behavior of the snapping shrimp. Understanding their natural behavior helps in understanding how the authors of this publication reached their conclusion. (JP)
-
snapping shrimp genus Alpheus
Sexual selection and dimorphism in two demes of a symbiotic, pair-bonding snapping shrimp Knowlton, N. (1980), SEXUAL SELECTION AND DIMORPHISM IN TWO DEMES OF A SYMBIOTIC, PAIR-BONDING SNAPPING SHRIMP. Evolution, 34: 161–173. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04802.x
This previous work provides evidence on how differences between mates affects mate choice and, with environmental constraints, can lead to sexual dimorphism which is a distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of the same species. This study found that snapping shrimp are very aggressive and territorial to other shrimps of the same sex. By having these type of aggressive traits, compatibility would decrease as species are more separated. This supports one of the results found in this publication. (JP)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Knowlton, Nancy & Mills, DeEtta. (1992). The Systematic Importance of Color and Color Pattern: Evidence for Complexes of Sibling Species of Snapping Shrimp (Caridea: Alpheidae: AZ'heus) from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts of Panama. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18.
This past publication explains how loosely related, or distantly related, species in the genus Afpheus Fabricius (snapping shrimp) can be distinguished based on color morphology such as differences in color patterns. This relates with this publication because both are related to the speciation of snapping shrimp in the Isthmus of Panama. Both publications find methods to differentiate between species; while this paper uses mtDNA and allozymes to compare genetic distance, the other paper uses careful analyses of color patterns to separate species. (JP)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Bermingham, E. & Lessios, H.A. (1993). “Rate Variation of Protein and Mitochondrial DNA Evolution as Revealed by Sea Urchins Separated by the Isthmus of Panama.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(7): pp. 2734–2738.
Another research was made in regards to the closure of Isthmus of Panama 3 MA based on changes in oxygen/carbon ratios in sea water. The main subject studied was sea urchins. Bermingham and Lessios compared mtDNA and protein divergence among three differ species of sea urchins--Diadema, Echinometra, & Eucidaris. Results concluded that protein divergence between Atlantic and Pacific sea urchin species only differed by 1 order of magnitude, so no significant difference. The Diadema species had an overlap of allele frequencies whereas the other two species displayed fixed loci for differ alleles of both shores, which may hint towards gradual genetic drift or mutations.This proves that other marine life besides the Alpheus shrimp community were also affected by a change in the environment via closure of Panama Isthmus.
~(J.D.A.)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Read, A., McTeague, J., & Govind, C. (1991). "Morphology and behavior of an unusually flexible thoracic limb in the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis". The Biological Bulletin, 181(1): pp. 158-168.
This journal explains the morphology of the snapping shrimp Alpheus. Their second thoracic limb is thinner, flexible, bilaterally symmetrical, and possess larger ganglion. This type of limb is almost always active in regards to grooming and foraging for food. The major cheliped, or the larger claw, is used to produce loud popping noises as a defense mechanism against predators.
~(J.D.A.)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Knowlton, N. & Keller, B.D. (1982). "Symmetric Fights as a Measure of Escalation Potential in a Symbiotic, Territorial Snapping Shrimp." Behavioral Ecology And Sociobiology, 10(4): 289-292.
This journal goes into detail the behavioral aspect of the Alpheus shrimp. This species readily defends its territory using its large snapping claw. Results gathered focused on symmetric fights of shrimps in regards to sex, size, and resources. According to this study, larger females are more likely to defend their anemone territories and showed more aggressiveness than the male shrimps. The losers of these contests experienced severe injuries by these large females than any other type of shrimps.
~(J.D.A.)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Svitil, K.A. (1993). "Oceans Divided". Discover, pp.1-2.
A magazine article by Kathy Svitil talks about the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. She talked about how the rise of Panama 3.5 million years ago separated Atlantic and Pacific species before the land-bridge could even form. This was caused by the shift in tetonic plates, where the Pacific Ocean floor shifted underneath the Carribean plate before melting/solidifying by lava. She states how animals felt the influence of the rifts coming together, even quoting Nancy Knowlton on the speciation of snapping shrimps on either sides of Isthmus since these shrimps used to live in deeper depths of the ocean.
~(J.D.A.)
-
Divergence in Proteins, Mitochondrial DNA, and Reproductive Compatibility Across the Isthmus of Panama
Glynn, P.W. (1985). “El Nino-Associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by Acanthaster planci.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, 26(17): pp. 295–300.
Another study shows how in 1985 the coral reefs in eastern Pacific (Panama included) got ruined by El Nino due to very high water temperatures (average of 31 Celsius) and depth penetration (over 100 m). Since most habitats in coral reefs were destroyed, many species were easily exposed to predators. This may affect the results obtained by Mills and co. because barely a decade has passed for the marine habitats in Panama to recuperate.
~(J.D.A.)
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Genetic studies have also suggested that Sox10and Ednrb do not interact during murine melanocyte development (Hakami et al., 2006).
Sox10 is expressed in melanoblasts, which are the precursors of melanocytes, that do not contain Ednrb. Ednrb is expressed in embryos that do not contain Sox10. Therefore, Sox10 expression does not depend on the expression of Ednrb. (DB)
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High VEGF levels are in turn associated with poor prognosis in human melanoma tumors (Giatromanolaki et al., 2003).
Studies show that there is a high expression of VEGF in human melanoma tumors, indicating that VEGF can serve as a marker for melanoma prognosis. Moreover, tumors with a high vascular density (VD) were also associated with poor prognosis. (DB)
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Moreover, in situ melanomas appeared in adult skin grafts, while invasive melanomas developed in newborn skin grafts indicating that the susceptibility of skin to environmental tumor promoters is dependent on age (Berking et al., 2004).
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a risk factor for the development of melanoma. Researchers have shown that people who sunburned in childhood are at a greater risk of developing melanoma than are people who sunburned in adulthood. This study suggests that age is associated with the susceptibility of skin to environmental carcinogens. (DB)
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Although Ednrb downregulation has been reported in some human melanoma cell lines (Eberle et al., 1999), other studies found Ednrb to be upregulated in most melanoma cell lines (Bittner et al., 2000; Ross et al., 2000).
There is an increase in the amount of Ednrb in most cell lines. This is significant because Ednrb expression is increased in melanoma metastases. (DB)
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This suggests that Ednrb may function to activate tyrosinase production indirectly by inducing the production or secretion of Kitl (Hou et al., 2004).
Ednrb encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor that is necessary for the development of melanocytes. Studies have shown that Ednrb is not necessary for the development of early melanoblasts but is essential for the expression of the differentiation marker tyrosinase. Ednrb wild-type cultures must be able to generate the KIT ligand. Moreover, a soluble KIT ligand allows tyrosinase to be expressed in cultures that do not contain sufficient amounts of Ednrb. (DB)
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This increase in cell numbers in the treated cultures could not be accounted for solely by a proliferative effect, pointing to a possible role for Edn3 in the survival of melanoblasts from the NC (Opdecamp et al., 1998).
Mutations in genes that code for Edn3 result in deficiencies in melanocytes. Edn3 serves as a stimulator of melanoblast proliferation and differentiation. When melanoblasts differentiate, they become melanocytes. (DB)
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Edn3 was most effective in promoting the long-term propagation of glia-melanocyte precursor cells as opposed to the other precursors (Real et al., 2006).
Researchers have shown that individual melanocytes produce multipotent cells that are able to regenerate during consecutive subcloning. This indicates that the multipotent cells display stem cell qualities. Edn3 encourages the maintenance of the multipotent cells. Moreover, Edn3 stimulates the proliferation of melanoblasts, which are the precursors of melanocytes. (DB)
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In the absence of contact inhibition, cells treated with Edn3 were found to proliferate for two weeks without producing pigment (Lahav et al., 1996).
Cells proliferate in the presence of Edn3. The cells that are produced are melanoblasts, which subsequently become melanocytes. (DB)
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It was first identified as a potent vasopressor derived from vascular endothelial cells (Yanagisawa et al., 1988).
Researchers isolated Edn1 to determine its function. Edn1 was shown to be responsible for an increase in blood pressure. Expression of the gene was controlled by factors that affect blood vessels, suggesting that there is a cardiovascular control system. (DB)
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- Oct 2017
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Marine reserves can clearly enhance exploited coral reef species that have relatively sedentary adult life-stages, in which some individuals live almost exclusively within reserve boundaries
A study in 2 June 2009 conducted by Philip P. Molloy explored the relations with the age of the marine reserves and of the recovery of different species of fish. The studies showed that older marine reserves (15 years and older) were more effective than younger ones. They harbored more fish.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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People with scientific training are adopting these practices as well, either by offering services on sites such as Upwork or finding projects through their previous academic networks.
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annotation.commons.gc.cuny.edu annotation.commons.gc.cuny.edu
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stress-inducing focus on end products
Our social work education accrediting organization fetishizes competencies, thereby inducing stress in instructors, which then gets passed along to the students. I use hypothes.is extensively and can directly observe the students transition from coping to engagement.
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blog.asmartbear.com blog.asmartbear.com
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Decide how to decide, ahead of time
Step 1 in any process: decide how you are going to make decisions.
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Avoiding the trap of low-knowledge, high-confidence theories
the danger zone is in between being a beginner and an expert
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The only correlating factor has to be the effectiveness of your actions.
I like what this article says, but this sentence nails the weakness in the article. There is no strong evidence for the assertion.
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lti.hypothesislabs.com lti.hypothesislabs.com
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evenNorthanger Abbey’sCatherine Morland can be persuaded to recognize the geographic and temporalboundaries of the Gothic novels she loves
Another test to run with R!
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The catalyst forthe novel, however, seems to have been a straightforward reaction to a newwork by an author Austen considered her competition*the Scottish MaryBrunton’sDiscipline(1814).Disciplineis a fictional autobiography with the strong religious themes ofsin, repentance and redemption.
The author claims here that Emma was inspired by the 1814 novel Discipline by Mary Brunton, which surely is not part of the male literary canon laid out earlier in the article. The author outlines the main themes of Discipline and explains the relationship between the two authors.
I feel like a broken record here, but again, this seems to be a very tenuous point without computational analysis. The author's own language belies this tenuousness as she says that the novel's inspiration "seems to have been a straightforward reaction" to another novel. The word "seems" does not inspire confidence.
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The figure of the Quixote*from the seventeenth-century Don Quixote of la Mancha to Emma’s namesake Emma Bovary*isessential to the development and evolution of the novel as a genre, promotingthe self-reflexivity, promiscuous intergeneric and intrageneric allusion, andmeditations on realism and reality that are the genre’s hallmarks
Another test to run - Emma as compared to other quixotic novels, especially The Female Quixote!
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Inthe first, Emma uses the fact of Harriet Smith’s illegitimacy as a springboardfor the birth-mystery plot beloved of sentimental novelists.
Another possible tie for DH work - running comparisons on these sentimental novels and Emma.
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Charlotte Lennox’sTheFemale Quixote(1752) and even Eaton Stannard Barrett’sThe Heroine(1813) arecases in point.
I would like to perform quantitative analysis on Emma and these texts, in addition to other 18th century texts such as Evelina.
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Emmais unique in Austen’s adult oeuvre in its obsession not only withother texts, but with the unspecific stock elements of the eighteenth-centuryand Romantic-era novel.
Once again, here is another point that I believe it could almost be irresponsible to make without quantitative analysis. I don't know that it is empirically true that Emma is "unique" in its "obsession" with other texts and "stock elements of the eighteenth-century and Romantic-era novel."
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The Romantic concept of literary influence, articulated in its present-dayincarnation by Harold Bloom, must expand to encompass not only the work ofwomen, but also the work of both canonical and extra-canonical writers, if itis to be of any help in assessing Jane Austen’s work as a critical reader, anda critical rewriter. ‘‘
I believe that DH work could be instrumental in accomplishing this vision. Since the literature of this time is in the public domain, it is indeed possible to run tests of influence and similarity on all existing manuscripts.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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the optimal defense allocation may be affected by differential costs of tissue replacement across habitats
Herbivorous insects are constantly eating plants, creating competition between the plants and insects. What is stated here is that optimal defense may be impacted by the plants environment, giving it access to certain nutrients and materials needed to produce the desired defense mechanism, such as poisonous leaves or indigestible tissues.
-Otniel Gonzalez
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Contrary to previous findings
Previous work said that the sharks were traveling to different habitats to find food.
McCauley, D.J., Young, H.S., Dunbar, R.B., Estes, J.A., Semmens, B.X., and Micheli, F. (2012). Assessing the effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity. Ecol. Appl. 22, 1711–1717.
-RKL
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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These scanning and tail-probing behaviors have been described previously
The scanning and tail probing behavior of fish is the process in which they use certain tail movement around an object in order to discover the depth and size of objects in their environment. Think about what happens when you put a goldfish into bowl after it has been in an plastic bag. It will immediately start swimming around and swishing its tail around. That is a process of scanning and tail probing behavior. - Kierra Hobdy
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electrogenesis and electroreception
Certain marine and aquatic vertebrates have electric organs which allow the organism to produce electric fields ( electrogenesis) .The electric organs of these organisms contain electroreceptors , which provide the organism the ability to sense the electric fields in their environment. The sensory system created by the electroreceptores within these organism results in the electroreception and allows the organism to be better adapted to their underwater and salty environment . http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003144/epdf -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Sxl in Diptera
From previous articles, the testing IN Drosophila melanogaster, the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) controls the processes of sex determination, sexual behavior, and dosage compensation (the products of the X-linked genes are present in equal amounts in males and females. Sxl produces two temporally distinct sets of transcripts corresponding to the function of the female-specific early and non-sex-specific late promoters, respectively -Melanie Learn more: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448812/
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- Sep 2017
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workwithsource.com workwithsource.com
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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BEST is freely accessible at http://best.korea.ac.kr.
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URL
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- Aug 2017
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instructure-uploads.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com instructure-uploads.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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Individual work I believe to be critical in some professions. Educational systems should incorporate more group activities. Learning in groups, I believe an individual can learn a lot about themselves and even the content being discussed. The article discussed how some can lean on others during group activities, and potentially hinder others from learning or reaching their full potential. I do not believe there is a perfect system, but I do see the need for more group activities in educational programs.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Gene expression is often stochastic (11–14), because most genes exist at single or low copy numbers in a cell.
Genes exist in genome as either single copy or duplication. The efficiency of gene expression ranges from low (producing few proteins) to very high (producing many proteins).
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Recently, many in vitro single-molecule experiments have probed real-time dynamics and yielded valuable mechanistic insights into macromolecules (5–8), including transcriptional (9) and translational (10) machineries.
Mechanical property of single DNA molecule, assays of biomolecules with nanoscale control, single-molecule detection of ribosomes binding with other proteins, etc. add to our current understanding of transcriptional and translational events at molecular levels.
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- Jul 2017
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3. Decision
decision
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Recognition is also not required for hiring highly skilled migrants and scientific researchers with the Turkish nationality.
no sponsorship needed for Turkish citizens
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- May 2017
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www.virgin.com www.virgin.com
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- Brainstorm.
- Break the idea and fix idea. (Scrutinize)
- Permeate and let the idea seep into you.
- Execute - execute -execute
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There are many people with good ideas who don't have the means, the will, or the courage to action them. Similarly, there are very talented business people who have no ideas, but are brilliant at the execution.
figure out what you want to be and continue on that path, get better at it, and invest time and effort into it.
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- Apr 2017
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10 Questions to Ask Yourself Before Moving into Management
10 characteristics of a good manager
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- Mar 2017
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brunch.co.kr brunch.co.kr
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weworkremotely.com weworkremotely.com
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The list of remote jobs is fantastic.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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trivium
Definition: "grammar, rhetoric, and logic," the first three of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages, considered initiatory and foundational to the other four: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.
Etymology: From Latin "trivium," tri (three) + via (road); a place where three roads meet.
Wikipedia has it broken down as "grammar, logic, and rhetoric" = "input, process, and output." This is pretty consistent with Enlightenment thinking that logic is the process and rhetoric is the presentation. I'm interested in how this gets appropriated to a trivium of "syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics."
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- Feb 2017
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andymention.com andymention.com
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Tips for remote workers and remote-friendly companies.<br> Andy Mention https://twitter.com/amention<br> http://andymention.com/remote-tooling/
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www.independent.co.uk www.independent.co.uk
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Eddie Hall, the strongest man in the world is the first man to lift 500kg. That itself is an amazing feat, and by using the height of the 500kg in relevance to the ground, we can calculate the work lifted. Eddie Hall's height is 6ft 3, and since deadlifts require the person to lift a bar at their torse, we can estimate the lift height to be 3 feet or .91m. Knowing that the weight is (500kg)(9.8N), we can do (500kg)(9.8N) (.91m) to get 4459J which is the work lifted.
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scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org
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Over time, the provision of researcher workflows might even result in direct to consumer business models, offering either a complete solution for unaffiliated users, added value sales to users with institutional affiliations, or ultimately a complete solution.
Interesting to ponder.
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Springer Nature’s sibling Digital Science is probably Elsevier’s foremost competitor in this space, albeit with a different investment and integration model.
Springer Nature efforts.
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Open access advocates might be concerned about some of these directions, but my sense is that many of these scientists and librarians remain largely focused on trying to compete with, or at least influence, scientific publishing.
Yes.
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One’s data and notes are stored and deposited in systems that, even if they allow ready export, are difficult if not impossible to utilize outside the original environment.
This is why interoperability should be a key selling point.
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www.canadianbusiness.com www.canadianbusiness.com
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Caring about people’s feelings doesn’t make managers airy-fairy pushovers; rather, such leaders recognize their job is to help people excel. And they produce exceptional results not in spite of their compassion and kindness, but because of it.
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Abusive behaviour sure doesn’t spur productivity: A 2006 Florida State University study of 700 employees in a variety of different roles found that those with abusive bosses were five times more likely to purposefully slow down or make errors than their peers, and nearly six times more likely to call in sick when they actually felt fine.
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- Jan 2017
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www.jacobinmag.com www.jacobinmag.com
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a number of studies have found that people on welfare, black Americans included, feel that people take advantage of the system and receive benefits when they should not
Protestant work ethic shit, undermining social safety nets for all.
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- Dec 2016
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gateway.ipfs.io gateway.ipfs.io
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Now, there is only so much survival training that is required, and there is always a little bit that is needed ongoing because it relates to your need to provide income for yourself and to get along with other people. You live in a social setting as well as a biological one. You must survive physically and you must survive socially. To do this you must develop your personal self so that you can communicate and participate with people effectively and be able to manage the simple affairs of your life. This is ongoing because even with a greater emphasis in life, you will have to develop and cultivate your personal self to accommodate this greater emphasis. Do not expect God to come and give you a great mission in life until you have the capacity for it.
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If you are with the world's evolution, you will comprehend what needs to be done by you individually, and you will not condemn the world for its inevitable course. There are many people who think, "I want the world to be fun for me, and I hate the world because it is not fun for me! I will not be happy until the world is fun for me!" So, you have another miserable person in the world, blaming the world for being itself. You are the architects of the next century. The results of your labors will be experienced by your offspring. That is how each generation builds for the next.
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eople did not come here on vacation. Vacation is when you go Home. Then you lie on the beach-if there were a beach! No, you came here to work, to experience and to contribute. That is why your stay here is so brief.If coming to the world were a holiday, you could come for hundreds of years, but it's not a holiday. If you think it's a holiday, you will feel empty because life here cannot give you what you had before. The world does not possess the reality of your Spiritual Family, and so the intimacy and integration that are absolutely natural in your former state cannot be duplicated here completely. Yes, the world can be lots of fun, but only for those who are contributing because they are enjoying their own presence in the world. The world is bringing forth the value that they have brought with them. This is entirely natural and is no sacrifice.
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- Oct 2016
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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forth
tag
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medium.com medium.com
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Computer technology is already eating jobs and has been since 1990.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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And back home, everyone has an image of easy money to be made in New York. You want to go back with money. Otherwise your community thinks you're a loser
double lifestyle
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- Sep 2016
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barexamtoolbox.com barexamtoolbox.com
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Tim Ferriss said it best: “Being busy is a form of laziness—lazy thinking and indiscriminate action. Being busy is often used as a guise for avoiding few critically important but uncomfortable actions.”
Working Hard
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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and more recently, eels were important for identifying acetylcholine receptors
Electric eels have been used as a model in the study of bioelectrogenesis, which is the study of electricity produced by living organisms. The species is of some interest to researchers, who make use of its acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphate.
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electrical discharges resemble motor neuron activity that induces fast muscle contraction
a brief and single electric shock(stimulus) triggers a signal (action potential) in the muscle. After an activation delay ( due to the time it takes for the signal to reach its target) a muscle contraction occurs. The muscle usually relaxes after a few milliseconds unless another contraction signal is send out before the muscle fully relaxes where the muscle contracts again. The contraction that happens after the second contraction is greater that the first because it equals the sum of the tension from both signals being greater. Each of these signals causes the specie to involuntarily twitch and lose control over motor neuron and therefore movement.
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www.theatlantic.com www.theatlantic.com
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The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
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“The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?”
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It is by now close to certain that there are millions of people currently in high school and college who are fine-tuning their skills for steady-looking careers that will, following technological breakthroughs, dissipate by the time they retire.
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www.educationdive.com www.educationdive.com
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We commonly look at Ivy League institutions as the standard of higher education in America, but the truth is that the majority of the nation's workforce, innovation identity and manufacturing futures are tied to those institutions which graduate outside of the realm of high achievers from wealthy families.
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- Jul 2016
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github.com github.com
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Please annotate this!
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- Jun 2016
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www.theatlantic.com www.theatlantic.com
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The War on Stupid People
Lots of difficult things with this text, including the title. The obsession on measurable “smarts” is an important topic and the possible measures to prevent this obsession from impacting (US) society make sense. But it’s really tricky to discuss intelligence in such ways. Part of the text reads as further essentialisation of measured intelligence. Yet it sounds clear from the possible measures described that this form of intelligence takes at least part of its meaning in a given social context.
Maybe the deep issue with a text like this is that it’s hard to get people to shift from one consistent mindframe (paradigm, episteme) to another. More specifically, it’s hard to discuss intelligence in a context where the concept has become so loaded.
Would have lots more to say about this from my parents’ experiences (an occupational therapist who spent a career with people labelled as having “intellectual disabilities” and a psychopedagogue who worked in “special education” with students from a low-income neighbourhood who had “learning disabilities”). Maybe later.
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- Apr 2016
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allthingsanalytics.com allthingsanalytics.com
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“fundamentally if we want to realize the potential of human networks to change how we work then we need analytics to transform information into insight otherwise we will be drowning in a sea of content and deafened by a cacophony of voices”
Marie Wallace's perspective on the potential of bigdata analytics, specifically analysis of human networks, in the context of creating a smarter workplace.
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- Feb 2016
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www.lifemodelcanvas.org www.lifemodelcanvas.org
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Work/Life Integrity
Definition: Work so that it produces value that is important to you in the world. Live your life (family & personal lifestyle) in a way that is consistent with the values that are important to you.
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- Jan 2016
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www.writersdigest.com www.writersdigest.com
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“Don’t worry about things. Don’t push. Just do your work and you’ll survive. The important thing is to have a ball, to be joyful, to be loving and to be explosive. Out of that comes everything and you grow.”
Quote from Ray Bradbury
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- Dec 2015
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manifesto.floatingsheep.org manifesto.floatingsheep.org
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And yes, the fact that it is easier to make stuff up rather than do actual work is another lesson.
Ideas are cheap.
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zachholman.com zachholman.com
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Zach Holman on remote work. Tech companies need to start accepting remote workers, or they're going to have more trouble finding people. To use remote workers successfully, you have to put priority on asynchronous communication for everyone. Otherwise, the remote people get left out of the loop.
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www.infoworld.com www.infoworld.com
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Jon Udell on pros and cons of remote work.
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- Nov 2015
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courses.edx.org courses.edx.org
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Americans actively suppress gratitude on the job, even to the point of robbing themselves of happiness. Why? It may be because in theory, no one gives away anything at work; every exchange is fundamentally economic. You don’t deliver that memo to your boss at three o’clock sharp out of the goodness of your heart, but because that is what you’re being paid to do. Your “thanks” is a paycheck. Fail to do what you’re “asked,” and you may not see another one. Tellingly, only those who earned $150,000 or more were likely to express any gratitude for their jobs, according to the Templeton survey. This hints at one of the factors that undermines gratitude at work: power and pay imbalances. In a study published in January 2012, M. Ena Inesi and colleagues found that people with power tended to believe others thanked them mainly to kiss their butts, not out of authentic feeling—and as a result of this cynicism, supervisors are themselves less likely to express gratitude.
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Why should anyone thank you for just doing your job? And why should you ever thank your coworkers for doing what they’re paid to do? These are common questions in American workplaces, often posed rhetorically—and sometimes with hostility.
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- Sep 2015
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cms.whittier.edu cms.whittier.edu
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The girls unanimously agree that this is a constant problem in their work and they feel helpless to combat it.
But they're okay with it...... ??? They seem to just accept the fact that these are the working conditions and it's "a part of the job"..
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hbr.org hbr.org
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The amazing thing here is that noticing your Stress Reaction is all you have to consciously do. The rest mostly takes care of itself. Once you notice it, you’ll automatically start to mitigate it. And you don’t necessarily have to stop the behavior completely. Some of your Stress Reaction may be helpful even if too much is hurtful. It’s useful in turbulent times to manage more closely, withdraw to reflect, and compete a little harder than usual. It helps keep you on track and focused. Just remember to pause. And notice.
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- Aug 2015
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www.armchairnews.com www.armchairnews.comeggers1
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We care about doing what we want to do creatively. We want to be interested in it. We want it to challenge us. We want it to be difficult. We want to reinvent the stupid thing every time.
I remind myself of this when I get stuck not wanting to do something because it appears like it has already been done, especially when it looks like it was done and it failed. The use of “we” seems particularly significant, and inspiring.
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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We previously established coronal cross-linking of PI in such BCP micelles as a means to achieve permanent micelle stability in good solvents for both blocks
Winnik and Manners et. al. used Karstedt's catalysts to cross-link polyisoprene in order to create micelles of varying morphologies. They were able to apply this technique for the development of noncentrosymmetric micelles.
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