I've seen a lot today about how effective the vaccines are; mistakes aside, lots of folks seem to be mixing up which denominators matter - good thing statisticians *LOVE* denominators 1/6

So in sum, denominators matter! When scrolling past headlines, be sure to think about what denominators are in play 6/6

We calculate vaccine efficacy as (risk among unvaccinated - risk among vaccinated) / risk among unvaccinated so in this case, 89% (yay!) 5/6

What you need to do is look at the rates among the vaccinated and unvaccinated separately, and then compare them. Here 11% of the vaccinated got sick, 100% of the unvaccinated got sick. 4/6

In this scenario, 50% of the sick were vaccinated, but this is the wrong metric to look at! It is using the wrong denominator. It doesn't take into account that *90%* of the population is vaccinated (yay!) 3/6

If you see something like x% of the sick/hospitalized/deceased were vaccinated, the *better* the vaccine uptake the *scarier* this number will seem! It is using the wrong denominator. For example, here is a scenario with 90% vaccination, 4 people got sick: 2 vaxed 2 unvaxed 2/6

Canada's demand for COVID-19 vaccines is slowly dropping, experts say, and they warn that those waiting to see whether cases spike before getting their jabs are wasting time the body needs to build sufficient immunity.

Demand for COVID-19 vaccines dropping in Canada — and some fear it could mean tossed doses

Fully vaccinated Britons could miss out on going abroad because of “human error” which means jabs aren’t always being saved onto the NHS app.

Double-jabbed may miss holidays if NHS errors mean records don’t save

That’s a bit short of “go get vaccinated,” sure, but it’s at least a step in the direction that many critics have been hoping to push the network. Polling repeatedly shows that Republicans are more likely to express opposition to being vaccinated against the virus, and Fox News is the most popular network among Republican viewers.

Sean Hannity’s limited vaccine endorsement is a small drop in Fox News’s ocean of doubt

10.1038/d41586-021-02086-5

Any global-health researcher can tell you that solving one problem at a time is not enough. As the COVID-19 pandemic surges in Africa, securing access to vaccines is the dominant focus. But more must be done to ensure citizens will get them. The best option, in my view, is cash incentives.

Cash payments in Africa could boost vaccine uptake

False and misleading information is readily accessible in people’s environments, oftentimes reaching people repeatedly. This repeated exposure can significantly affect people’s beliefs about the world, as has been noted by scholars in political science, communication, and cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. In particular, repetition increases belief in false information, even when the misinformation contradicts prior knowledge. We review work across these disciplines, identifying factors that may heighten, diminish, or have no impact on these adverse effects of repetition on belief. Specifically, we organize our discussion around variations in what information is repeated, to whom the information is repeated, how people interact with this repetition, and how people’s beliefs are measured. A key cross-disciplinary theme is that the most influential factor is how carefully or critically people process the false information. However, several open questions remain when comparing findings across different fields and approaches. We conclude by noting a need for more interdisciplinary work to help resolve these questions, as well as a need for more work in naturalistic settings so that we can better understand and combat the effects of repeated circulation of false and misleading information in society.

10.31234/osf.io/z78xm

The effects of repeating false and misleading information on belief

10.1038/s41562-021-01181-x

As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, the possibility of ‘pandemic fatigue’ has raised worldwide concerns. Here, we examine whether there was a gradual reduction in adherence to protective behaviours against COVID-19 from March through December 2020, as hypothesized in expectations of fatigue. We considered self-report behaviours from representative samples of the populations of 14 countries (N = 238,797), as well as mobility and policy data for 124 countries. Our results show that changes in adherence were empirically meaningful and geographically widespread. While a low-cost and habituating behaviour (mask wearing) exhibited a linear rise in adherence, high-cost and sensitizing behaviours (physical distancing) declined, but this decline decelerated over time, with small rebounds seen in later months. Reductions in adherence to physical distancing showed little difference across societal groups, but were less intense in countries with high interpersonal trust. Alternative underlying mechanisms and policy implications are discussed.

A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

10.1056/NEJMoa2108891

The B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has contributed to a surge in cases in India and has now been detected across the globe, including a notable increase in cases in the United Kingdom. The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines against this variant has been unclear.

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant

A fresh wave of deaths and hospitalizations like the ones that crippled the country last year loom on the horizon if people don’t wise up and get vaccinated against COVID-19, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell warned.

Mitch McConnell warns of return to 2020 if COVID vaccine rates don’t increase

"Outnumbered" co-host Kayleigh McEnany discussed why she got vaccinated against COVID-19 on Wednesday, saying she trusted the vaccine development process and its effectiveness in the prevention of getting and transmitting the virus.KAYLEIGH MCENANY: Like Congressman Steve Scalise, I had COVID-19. Even though I was asymptomatic, I went and got the vaccine for a few reasons. Well first, let me say as I mentioned yesterday, I saw President Trump oversee this process. He appointed Dr. Stephen Hahn at the FDA, who approved this vaccine. He appointed Robert Redfield at the CDC. I got the vaccine because one, it could keep you from getting a variant. Number two, even if you get a variant, you're 95 percent less likely to be hospitalized. Our elderly, our most vulnerable … More important than any of that is it reduces your risk of transmitting the virus; so if you have a grandmother or a grandfather or a parent, do it for them, if not for yourself, even if you're a young person.

McEnany encourages people to get COVID vaccine: It reduces your risk of transmitting the virus

Many who received the shot may need to consider boosters, the authors said. But federal health officials do not recommend second doses.

J.&J. Vaccine May Be Less Effective Against Delta, Study Suggests

The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding possible decreases in vaccine efficacy. Here, neutralizing antibody titers elicited by mRNA-based and an adenoviral vector-based vaccine against variant pseudotyped viruses were compared. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-elicited antibodies showed modest neutralization resistance against Beta, Delta, Delta plus and Lambda variants whereas Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibodies from a significant fraction of vaccinated individuals were of low neutralizing titer (IC50 <50). The data underscore the importance of surveillance for breakthrough infections that result in severe COVID-19 and suggest the benefit of a second immunization following Ad26.COV2.S to increase protection against the variants.

10.1101/2021.07.19.452771

Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Elicited by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants

10.1056/NEJMc2108829

Interim immunogenicity and efficacy data for the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Johnson & Johnson–Janssen) against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have recently been reported.1-3 We describe here the 8-month durability of humoral and cellular immune responses in 20 participants who received the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in one or two doses (either 5×1010 viral particles or 1011 viral particles) and in 5 participants who received placebo.2 We evaluated antibody and T-cell responses on day 239, which was 8 months after the single-shot vaccine regimen (in 10 participants) or 6 months after the two-shot vaccine regimen (in 10 participants), although the present study was not powered to compare the two regimens.3 We also report neutralizing antibody responses against the parental WA1/2020 strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as against the SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.617.1 (kappa), B.1.617.2 (delta), P.1 (gamma), B.1.429 (epsilon), and B.1.351 (beta).

Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination

The president of the Australian Medical Association, Dr Omar Khorshid, says it is unlikely lockdown measures can contain the Delta outbreak in New South Wales and has urged the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (Atagi) to recommend the AstraZeneca vaccine for more age groups.Currently, the Atagi advice recommends the Pfizer vaccine, which is in short supply and high demand in Australia, “as the preferred vaccine for those aged 16 to under 60 years” due to the risk of rare but severe clotting known as TTS linked to AstraZeneca and more frequent in the under-60 age group.

Australian Medical Association says NSW Covid lockdown failing and urges change to AstraZeneca advice

The resistance to Covid vaccinations is eerily familiar to those who lived through the early days of the AIDS crisis.

How to Survive a Plague, Part 2

At least 99% of those in US who died of Covid in the last six months had not been vaccinated, says CDC director Dr Rochelle Walensky

‘It’s too late’: US doctor says dying patients begging for Covid vaccine

The UK government has decided to let the virus spread among young people. Paediatricians are split over how much harm it will cause

Will Covid become a disease of the young? The world is watching England to find out

Israel might decide to give elderly people a third coronavirus vaccine without waiting for authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration, as the number of serious patients – while still limited – started to climb at a significant pace in the past few days, reaching 125 on Monday night, 24 more than in the morning.“The significant decrease in vaccine efficacy against serious morbidity worries us,” Health Ministry’s Director General Prof. Nachman Ash said during a press briefing. “It could be that in light of these numbers, we will also start administering a third vaccine.”According to reports in Israeli media, most of the experts advising the Health Ministry support the decision in principle, even though the debate has been very heated.The decision might be made in the coming weeks, but some details remain open – for example whether to give the booster to people over 60 or over 70.

Israel might soon decide to give booster to the elderly

The present study monitored changes in beliefs about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, depressive symptoms, and preventive motives between the first and second waves in South Korea using an online survey administered to 1,144 individuals nationally representative for age, gender, and areas of residence. While participants correctly updated their beliefs about the worsening pandemic situations, the perceived importance of social distancing did not change, and their motives to follow prevention measures shifted toward compulsory rather than voluntary motives. This inconsistency appeared to be mediated by depressive symptoms, such that negative belief changes followed by increased depressive symptoms were associated with the decreased perceived importance of social distancing and decreased voluntary motives. Our data highlights the importance of psychological responses to the dynamically evolving pandemic situations in promoting preventive behaviors.

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650042

Depression Symptoms Mediate Mismatch Between Perceived Severity of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preventive Motives

Americans living in areas seeing new surges of Covid-19 have been advised to wear masks indoors again - even if they are fully vaccinated.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) made the announcement on Tuesday, citing the spread of the highly contagious Delta variant.There were 89,418 new cases on Monday, Johns Hopkins University reported.Masking has been a controversial subject in the US, and one politicised since the start of the pandemic.The updated guidance says in public indoor settings, everyone should wear masks to prevent the spread of the Delta variant.Notably, this includes students and staff at schools, where masking has been a contentious issue.In a statement following the announcement, President Joe Biden said masking students "is inconvenient" but would allow them to learn alongside classmates "with the best available protection".

Covid-19: CDC brings back indoor mask guidance for virus hot spots

The next wave of Covid will be different. When cases soared in spring and winter last year lockdowns rapidly brought them back under control. This time it will be vaccines that do the hard work.But Covid jabs are not a perfect shield. They slow the spread of the virus, help prevent disease, and reduce the risk of dying. They do not bring all this to an end.In the months ahead many thousands of people will be in hospital with Covid. What may seem more troubling is that ever more will have received two vaccination doses.This does not mean the immunisations are not doing their job. Real-world data from Public Health England show that two shots of the Oxford/AstraZeneca or of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine are 92% and 96% effective, respectively, against hospital admission.

Rates of double-jabbed people in hospital will grow – but that does not mean Covid vaccines are failing

On July 17, 2021, the junk news site Gateway Pundit published a misleading story with a headline falsely reporting there have been more deaths from the vaccines for COVID-19 than the virus itself. The headline read, “For Second Week in a Row: More COVID-19 Vaccination Deaths than COVID-19 Deaths in the US According to CDC and VAERS Websites.” VAERS stands for Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, a website monitored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The figures on the site reflect the fact that it’s a public reporting tool, not a vaccine death toll. “VAERS accepts reports of any adverse event following any vaccination,” according to the CDC. “Reports of adverse events to VAERS following vaccination, including deaths, do not necessarily mean that a vaccine caused a health problem.” The CDC also said the COVID-19 vaccines are safe, and that reports of deaths from the vaccines are rare:

No, There Weren’t More COVID-19 Vaccine Deaths Than COVID-19 Deaths

Rapid lateral flow tests are 95% effective at detecting coronavirus if they are used at the onset of infection or as soon as symptoms start, a new study suggests.Scientists have previously said that lateral flow tests (LFTs) are less sensitive at picking up COVID-19 cases than laboratory tested PCR swabs. But a study of more than 2,500 people with flu-like symptoms has shown that LFTs picked up 95% of the coronavirus cases that the PCR tests did.It also correctly identified 89% of COVID cases as negative.

COVID-19: Rapid lateral flow tests 95% effective at detecting COVID if used when symptoms start, study shows

2107.06476

The ability to confront new questions, opportunities, and challenges is of fundamental importance to human progress and the resilience of human societies, yet the capacity of science to meet new demands remains poorly understood. Here we deploy a new measurement framework to investigate the scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the adaptability of science as a whole. We find that science rapidly shifted to engage COVID-19 following the advent of the virus, with scientists across all fields making large jumps from their prior research streams. However, this adaptive response reveals a pervasive "pivot penalty", where the impact of the new research steeply declines the further the scientists move from their prior work. The pivot penalty is severe amidst COVID-19 research, but it is not unique to COVID-19. Rather it applies nearly universally across the sciences, and has been growing in magnitude over the past five decades. While further features condition pivoting, including a scientist's career stage, prior expertise and impact, collaborative scale, the use of new coauthors, and funding, we find that the pivot penalty persists and remains substantial regardless of these features, suggesting the pivot penalty acts as a fundamental friction that governs science's ability to adapt. The pivot penalty not only holds key implications for the design of the scientific system and human capacity to confront emergent challenges through scientific advance, but may also be relevant to other social and economic systems, where shifting to meet new demands is central to survival and success.

Adaptability and the Pivot Penalty in Science

A few weeks ago, Fox News host Laura Ingraham did what she has done so often over the past year: scoffed at the danger posed by the coronavirus pandemic.On that night, she was interviewing Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R). She played a snippet of an interview with a doctor warning that we could see the same pattern with infections that we saw last year: that during the heat of summer, new cases would surge in the Sun Belt and Florida.

Fox News’s dismissive vaccine coverage is particularly dangerous for its relatively old audience

10.1101/2021.07.13.21260393

The individual-level effectiveness of vaccines against clinical disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is well-established. However, few studies have directly examined the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on transmission. We quantified the effectiveness of vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA-based vaccine) against household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Israel. We fit two time-to-event models – a mechanistic transmission model and a regression model – to estimate vaccine effectiveness against susceptibility to infection and infectiousness given infection in household settings. Vaccine effectiveness against susceptibility to infection was 80-88%. For breakthrough infections among vaccinated individuals, the vaccine effectiveness against infectiousness was 41-79%. The overall vaccine effectiveness against transmission was 88.5%. Vaccination provides substantial protection against susceptibility to infection and slightly lower protection against infectiousness given infection, thereby reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts.One-Sentence Summary Vaccination reduced both the rate of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and transmission to household contacts in Israel.

Vaccination with BNT162b2 reduces transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts in Israel

The presence of pathogens has imposed constant threats to human survival and reproduction. Selective pressures exerted by pathogens have shaped our array of immune functions—including physiological, psychological, and behavioral immune systems. Pathogens and epidemics have plagued humankind and our ancestors from their dawn, yet despite advances in hygiene and medicine, these threats remain with us today. In 2020–2021, pathogens have become a particularly salient part of everyday life as we have faced a worldwide outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. We launched this Research Topic with the specific recognition that evolutionary approaches, which acknowledge the biological forces shaping and underlying human cognition and behavior, are uniquely positioned within psychology and behavioral science to offer insights on the responses to and outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. The collection of 14 articles published in this Research Topic has surpassed our original vision, introducing diverse evolutionary perspectives on various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Varella et al. captured the importance of an evolutionary approach to COVID-19 by stating that “Everything in pandemics is stamp collection except in the light of evolution.” Research focused on pandemics without an explicit evolutionary framework can also be very valuable as it can offer the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle that evolutionarily oriented researchers need to integrate in their quest to understand the bigger picture.

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723282

Editorial: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Psychobehavioral Consequences

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636062

The present research studied Chinese and Euro-Canadian students during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their affect, optimism, well-being, and meaning in life. The results revealed both differences and similarities across cultures. As predicted, Chinese participants reported more positive affect and less negative affect, higher optimism, higher state psychological well-being, and higher meaning presence, compared to Euro-Canadian participants. The findings were replicated after a week’s delay. Analyses on longitudinal data showed that state optimism, state well-being, and meaning presence influenced one another over time. These variables also mediated the cultural differences in one another. These results are consistent with cultural work on naïve dialecticism and non-linear lay theory of change. Results also demonstrate underlying relationships among the constructs that are common to both cultural groups. Broadly, the present research highlights the impact of culture on people’s response to challenging life situations and the mechanisms underlying these cultural differences.

Cultural Differences in People’s Psychological Response to COVID-19

The public appears to trust scientists, the WHO, and the traditional media rather than state announcements

HERMAN WASSERMAN: Vaccine rollout would gather pace if public ignored false information

Pregnant women are being given dangerously mixed messaging from health professionals, with figures suggesting a “very high” vaccine hesitancy among the vulnerable group, according to campaigners.

‘Mixed advice’ driving Covid vaccine hesitancy in pregnant UK women

10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.05.006

In the past decade, the social and behavioral sciences underwent a methodological revolution, offering practical prescriptions for improving the replicability and reproducibility of research results. One key to reforming science is a simple and scalable practice: pre-registration. Pre-registration constitutes pre-specifying an analysis plan prior to data collection. A growing chorus of articles discusses the prescriptive, field-wide benefits of pre-registration. To increase adoption, however, scientists need to know who currently pre-registers and understand perceived barriers to doing so. Thus, we weigh costs and benefits of pre-registration. Our survey of researchers reveals generational differences in who pre-registers and uncertainty regarding how pre-registration benefits individual researchers. We leverage these data to directly address researchers’ uncertainty by clarifying why pre-registration improves the research process itself. Finally, we discuss how to pre-register and compare available resources. The present work examines the who, why, and how of pre-registration in order to weigh the costs and benefits of pre-registration to researchers and motivate continued adoption.

Pre-registration: Weighing costs and benefits for researchers

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.563417

The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 that first emerged in Wuhan, China, in Nov-Dec 2019 has already impacted a significant proportion of the world population. Governments of many countries imposed quarantines and social distancing measures in 2020, many of which remain in place, to mitigate the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus causing the COVID-19 disease. The direct impact of COVID-19 on people infected with the virus, their families and the health care workers, as well as the impact of the mitigation measures such as quarantine, social distancing, and self-isolation on the rest of the population have contributed to a global mental health pandemic, including anxiety, depression, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychosis, addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicidality. These effects are present acutely (for example, due to fear of contamination or losing loved ones, effects of quarantine/isolation, withdrawal of community and social services, etc.) and may continue long after the pandemic is over (for example, due to bereavement, unemployment, financial losses, etc). The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered mental health problems in people without previous history of mental illness, as well as worsened the symptoms in those with pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis. Therefore, the global effort is called for to deal with this mental health pandemic secondary to COVID-19 itself to address the emergence of new as well as the exacerbation of the existing mental health issues. Conversely, this global context provides an extraordinary opportunity for studying individual differences in response to and resilience in the face of physical and psychological threat, challenge to “normal” way of life, and long-term uncertainty. In this viewpoint article we outline the particular suitability of mindfulness, its skills and mechanisms, as an approach to the prevention and management of mental health issues, as well as to the promotion of well-being and building the foundations of adaptability and flexibility in dealing with the long-term uncertainty and profound changes to the social, economic, and possibly political systems as this pandemic continues to unfold.

Coping With COVID-19: Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Mitigating Mental Health Crisis

IndicatorRAG*ConfidenceAssessment and ratio

3 June 2021 Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Delta (VOC-21APR-02, B.1.617.2)

There are 5variants of concern and 9variants under investigation (Table 1).This report has been published to continue to sharedetailed surveillance ofDelta (VOC-21APR-02,B.1.617.2).A separate report is published covering ourroutine data on allothervariants of concern and variants under investigation. These additional specialist technical briefings represent early data and analysis on an emerging variant and findings have a high level of uncertainty.

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigationin EnglandTechnical briefing 14

This document includes routine data on variants of concern and under investigation. VOC-21APR-02 (B.1.617.2) is detailed in technical briefing 14. There are 5 variants of concern and 9 variants under investigation (Table 1).

SARS-CoV-2 variant data update,England

If you’re a reporter, getting your queries right really matters.In 2015, Daniel Victor of The New York Times was searching for witnesses to an incident on a plane involving a female passenger and a Hasidic Jewish man who didn’t feel comfortable sitting next to her. Victor found that querying for “hasidic” and “flight” on social media brought up a lot of people talking about the incident, but not people who were actually there.But then he discovered something. There were three words that could identify genuine eyewitness accounts: “me,” “my” and “I.”“Most people relating a personal experience — [also known as] good sources — will use [them],” Victor explained. “Most people observing from afar — aka, useless sources — won’t.”For anyone researching social media, skillful query design is critical. Get it wrong and you won’t find what you’re looking for. Get it right and you can discover surprising things that others are missing

Finding misinformation with ‘rumor cues’

This report summarises the information from the surveillance systems which are used to monitor Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, and other seasonal respiratory viruses in England. References to COVID-19 represent the disease name and SARS-CoV-2 represent the virus name. The report is based on data from week 19(between 10and 16May2021) and for some indicators daily data up to 18May2021. Surveillance indicators suggest that at a national levelCOVID-19 activity remained stablein week 19of 2021. There is currently limited testing for other respiratory viruses, however, laboratory indicators suggest that influenza activity is low. Overall case rates remained stablein week 19. Case rates remained stable in the majority of age groups andregionsand increased in certain ethnic groups.Overall Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 positivity remained stablecompared to the previous week.The number of reported acute respiratory incidents in the past week increasedcomparedto the previous week. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in the majority of these.COVID-19 hospitalisationsdecreased further in week 19and havebeen decreasing since week 2.Deaths with COVID-19decreased further in week 19and havebeen decreasing since week 3. This continued decrease is likely to reflect the impact of both social and physical distancing measures and the vaccination programme.COVID-19 vaccine coverage was 49.4% for dose 1 at the end of week 19, reaching over 90% in all cohorts over the age of 65years andover 80% in all cohorts over 50years. COVID-19 vaccine coverage was 27.8% for dose 2 at the end of week 19.The impact of the vaccination programme is particularly notable in the seroprevalence data which indicates that approximately71.8% of the population have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 from either infection or vaccination, compared to 15.8% from infection alone.Increases in seropositivity for vaccination or infection continue to be observed in older age groups, as well as sharp increases in those aged 50 to 59 and 40 to 49,following vaccination rollout.Through Respiratory Datamart, there were noinfluenza positive samples detected in week 19. Other indicators for influenza such as hospital admissions and GP influenza-like illness consultation rates remain low. Slight decreasesin rhinovirus activity were noted this week.

Weekly national Influenza andCOVID-19 surveillance report