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Mulot, M., Segalas, C., Leyrat, C., & Besançon, L. (2021). Vaccination rates and COVID-19 cases: A commentary of “Increases in COVID-19 are unrelated to levels of vaccination across 68 countries and 2947 counties in the United States.” OSF Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/72abp

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Gebre, M. S., Rauch, S., Roth, N., Yu, J., Chandrashekar, A., Mercado, N. B., He, X., Liu, J., McMahan, K., Martinot, A., Martinez, D. R., Giffin, T., Hope, D., Patel, S., Sellers, D., Sanborn, O., Barrett, J., Liu, X., Cole, A. C., … Barouch, D. H. (2021). Optimization of Non-Coding Regions for a Non-Modified mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Nature, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04231-6

Iketani, S., Liu, L., Guo, Y., Liu, L., Huang, Y., Wang, M., Luo, Y., Yu, J., Yin, M. T., Sobieszczyk, M. E., Huang, Y., Wang, H. H., Sheng, Z., & Ho, D. D. (2022). Antibody Evasion Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages (p. 2022.02.07.479306). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.07.479306

Zimmer, C. (2021, September 21). An extra J. & J. shot substantially boosts protection against Covid, the company reports. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/health/johnson-and-johnson-shot.html

Dowdy, D. (2021, September 21). On the J&J booster news, keep in mind: 1. Median follow-up since 2nd dose was just 36 days, 2. Efficacy vs moderate COVID was 75% globally, and 3. Total number of cases in the US was 15. Please don’t take this to mean that a 2nd dose provides long-term increase in protection. Https://t.co/RnqDNBmwuD [Tweet]. @davidwdowdy. https://twitter.com/davidwdowdy/status/1440323242942554122

DemTech | COVID-19 Misinformation Newsletter 24 August 2021. (2021, August 24). https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/covid-19-misinformation-newsletter-24-august-2021/#continue

Krause, P. R., Fleming, T. R., Peto, R., Longini, I. M., Figueroa, J. P., Sterne, J. A. C., Cravioto, A., Rees, H., Higgins, J. P. T., Boutron, I., Pan, H., Gruber, M. F., Arora, N., Kazi, F., Gaspar, R., Swaminathan, S., Ryan, M. J., & Henao-Restrepo, A.-M. (2021). Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses. The Lancet, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8

Regev-Yochay, G., Gonen, T., Gilboa, M., Mandelboim, M., Indenbaum, V., Amit, S., Meltzer, L., Asraf, K., Cohen, C., Fluss, R., Biber, A., Nemet, I., Kliker, L., Joseph, G., Doolman, R., Mendelson, E., Freedman, L. S., Harats, D., Kreiss, Y., & Lustig, Y. (2022). 4th Dose COVID mRNA Vaccines’ Immunogenicity & Efficacy Against Omicron VOC (p. 2022.02.15.22270948). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.15.22270948

James Ward on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://twitter.com/JamesWard73/status/1470680953643319305

Morris, J. (2021, August 17). Israeli data: How can efficacy vs. severe disease be strong when 60% of hospitalized are vaccinated? Covid Data Science. https://www.covid-datascience.com/post/israeli-data-how-can-efficacy-vs-severe-disease-be-strong-when-60-of-hospitalized-are-vaccinated

Carl T. Bergstrom. (2021, August 18). 1. There has been lots of talk about recent data from Israel that seem to suggest a decline in vaccine efficacy against severe disease due to Delta, waning protection, or both. This may have even been a motivation for Biden’s announcement that the US would be adopting boosters. [Tweet]. @CT_Bergstrom. https://twitter.com/CT_Bergstrom/status/1427767356600688646

Hilda Bastian, PhD. (2021, February 6). Unofficial unnamed AstraZeneca insider says they are doing the interim analysis for the US trial of the Oxford vaccine. AstraZeneca spokesperson says 4-6 weeks till data release. Https://t.co/VUHgbHN02d One is wrong? Or they’ll release only when have FDA minimum follow-up? Https://t.co/LgjfX8AIti [Tweet]. @hildabast. https://twitter.com/hildabast/status/1357862227106095105

Dr Ellie Murray, ScD. (2021, July 6). Also, see👇🏼 [Tweet]. @EpiEllie. https://twitter.com/EpiEllie/status/1412249702460968967

(((Howard Forman))). (2021, June 28). There are few more compelling graphics to demonstrate how effective vaccines are: 80+% reduction in hospital admissions for the group most vaccinated. <40% reduction in admissions for the group least likely to be vaccinated. [Tweet]. @thehowie. https://twitter.com/thehowie/status/1409492774009847810

Prof. Christina Pagel. (2021, May 23). LONG THREAD on B.1.617.2 & latest PHE data covering: 1) latest tech report on B.1.617.2 (aka ‘India’ variant) 2) vaccine efficacy against B.1.617.2 3) consequences for roadmap 4) avoidability... Or not. [Tweet]. @chrischirp. https://twitter.com/chrischirp/status/1396574267349872644

Marc Lipsitch. (2021, July 20). At the risk of boiling down too much and certainly losing some detail, one way to summarize this wonderful thread is that when we think about vaccine effectiveness, we should think of 4 key variables: 1 which vaccine, 2 age of the person, 3 how long after vax, 4 vs what outcome. [Tweet]. @mlipsitch. https://twitter.com/mlipsitch/status/1417595538632060931

Just 1 per cent of eligible Canberrans are unvaccinated as the capital becomes one of world’s most-vaccinated cities. (2021, December 30). ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-31/covid-canberras-unvaccinated-1-per-cent-in-a-highly-vaxxed-city/100642468

CDC. (2022, February 4). A new @CDCMMWR study shows that people who reported always wearing masks or respirators in indoor public settings in California were less likely to test positive for #COVID19 compared with those who reported not wearing a face covering. Learn more. Http://bit.ly/MMWR7106 https://t.co/6UJ9cs60NK [Tweet]. @CDCgov. https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1489675180242870278

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, July 19). this is how the failure to understand what efficacy means and how it relates to outcomes will be seized on over and over again. Cookie cutter fallacies require cookie cutter clarification by machine tools to be combatted effectively (at least at current levels of moderation) [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1417164191664730112

Eran Segal. (2021, August 17). Israel data showing the decay of vaccine efficacy over time. Y-axis is cases per 1000 from July 7 to Aug 10, for unvaccinated, and for people vaccinated at different times Cases are higher in those vaxed earlier Despite world-data caveats, this seems quite compelling https://t.co/5aNz48AC8F [Tweet]. @segal_eran. https://twitter.com/segal_eran/status/1427696623988117505

Yang, M. (2022, February 28). Pfizer vaccine significantly less effective in children ages five to 11, study shows. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/feb/28/pfizer-vaccine-less-effective-children-ages-five-to-11-data

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Afkhami, S., D’Agostino, M. R., Zhang, A., Stacey, H. D., Marzok, A., Kang, A., Singh, R., Bavananthasivam, J., Ye, G., Luo, X., Wang, F., Ang, J. C., Zganiacz, A., Sankar, U., Kazhdan, N., Koenig, J. F. E., Phelps, A., Gameiro, S. F., Tang, S., … Xing, Z. (2022). Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Cell, S0092867422001453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.005

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PaedsHaemDoc. (2022, January 9). Had the misfortune (via @fatemperor) to come across Dr Paul Alexander -apparently credentialed yet in single blog post demonstrates perfectly either a disconnect from rational thought or deliberate misinformation spreading of the #masspsychosis of the anti-Vax crew let’s examine https://t.co/Ctd49cb1qK [Tweet]. @dr_barrett. https://twitter.com/dr_barrett/status/1479986071832248322

Mahase, E. (2022). Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 may have “substantial growth advantage,” UKHSA reports. BMJ, 376, o263. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o263

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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “RT @AliHMokdad: Vaccine effectiveness against BA.1 and BA.2. After 2 doses it was 9% (7-10%) and 13% (-26-40%) respectively for BA.1 and BA…” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1487123660771106821

Yang, M. (2022, January 14). ‘Menace to public health’: 270 doctors criticize Spotify over Joe Rogan’s podcast. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/14/spotify-joe-rogan-podcast-open-letter

Augustin, E. (2022, January 5). Cuba’s vaccine success story sails past mark set by rich world’s Covid efforts. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/05/cuba-coronavirus-covid-vaccines-success-story

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THL recommends coronavirus vaccinations for at-risk children aged 5 to 11 years, for the entire age group require more information on safety—Press release—THL. (n.d.). Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland. Retrieved December 6, 2021, from https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/thl-recommends-coronavirus-vaccinations-for-at-risk-children-aged-5-to-11-years-for-the-entire-age-group-require-more-information-on-safety?redirect=%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fthlfi-en%2Fwhats-new

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Cause for optimism on Omicron: Our immune systems aren’t blank slates. (2021, December 1). STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2021/12/01/a-reason-for-optimism-on-omicron-our-immune-systems-are-not-blank-slates/

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FDA authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna boosters for all adults. (2021). Washington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/11/19/fda-clears-pfizer-biontech-moderna-booster-shots-all-adults/

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Walter, E. B., Talaat, K. R., Sabharwal, C., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Paulsen, G. C., Barnett, E. D., Muñoz, F. M., Maldonado, Y., Pahud, B. A., Domachowske, J. B., Simões, E. A. F., Sarwar, U. N., Kitchin, N., Cunliffe, L., Rojo, P., Kuchar, E., Rämet, M., Munjal, I., … Gruber, W. C. (2021). Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age. New England Journal of Medicine, NEJMoa2116298. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2116298

Otte, J. (2021, November 11). ‘No jab, no job’: Care home workers in England on the Covid vaccine mandate. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/nov/11/england-care-home-workers-on-mandatory-covid-vaccines

Gurdasani, D., Bhatt, S., Costello, A., Denaxas, S., Flaxman, S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, S., Hyde, Z., Katzourakis, A., McKee, M., Michie, S., Ratmann, O., Reicher, S., Scally, G., Tomlinson, C., Yates, C., Ziauddeen, H., & Pagel, C. (2021). Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: A risk–benefit analysis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 01410768211052589. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211052589

Prof Peter Hotez MD PhD. (2021, October 30). Many thanks @FWhitfield for hosting me this Saturday AM @CNN In case it’s helpful, I’ve prepared an informal ‘fact sheet’ on COVID in children and COVID vaccines in 5-11 age group. Highlights attached...feel free to RT or repurpose the information [Tweet]. @PeterHotez. https://twitter.com/PeterHotez/status/1454489603013062656

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For Teens with Obesity, COVID Vaccines Save Lives. (2021, October 21). ConscienHealth. https://conscienhealth.org/2021/10/for-teens-with-obesity-covid-vaccines-save-lives/

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Clover’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Demonstrates 79% Efficacy Against Delta in Global Phase 2/3 SPECTRA Trial Dominated by Variants of Concern and Interest—Clover Biopharmaceuticals. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 October 2021, from https://www.cloverbiopharma.com/news/83.html

Palm, R., Bolsen, T., & Kingsland, J. T. (2021). The Effect of Frames on COVID-19 Vaccine Resistance. Frontiers in Political Science, 3, 661257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.661257

Kupferschmidt, K., VogelMar. 27, G., 2021, & Am, 10:20. (2021, March 27). A rare clotting disorder may cloud the world’s hopes for AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/rare-clotting-disorder-may-cloud-worlds-hopes-astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine

Emary, K. R. W., Golubchik, T., Aley, P. K., Ariani, C. V., Angus, B., Bibi, S., Blane, B., Bonsall, D., Cicconi, P., Charlton, S., Clutterbuck, E. A., Collins, A. M., Cox, T., Darton, T. C., Dold, C., Douglas, A. D., Duncan, C. J. A., Ewer, K. J., Flaxman, A. L., … Pollard, A. J. (2021). Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00628-0

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00628-0/fulltext

Bastian, H. (2021, June 24). The mRNA Vaccines Are Extraordinary, but Novavax Is Even Better. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/06/novavax-now-best-covid-19-vaccine/619276/

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Higdon, M. M., Wahl, B., Jones, C. B., Rosen, J. G., Truelove, S. A., Baidya, A., Nande, A. A., ShamaeiZadeh, P. A., Walter, K. K., Feikin, D. R., Patel, M. K., Knoll, M. D., & Hill, A. L. (2021). A systematic review of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.17.21263549

John Burn-Murdoch. (2021, August 23). NEW: in the last couple of weeks there have a lot of new studies out assessing vaccine efficacy, many of which have touched on the question of waning immunity. Unsurprisingly, these have prompted a lot of questions. Time for a thread to summarise what we do and don’t know: [Tweet]. @jburnmurdoch. https://twitter.com/jburnmurdoch/status/1429878189011111936

Hannah Davis 🌈 on Twitter: “New CDC study finds that 36% of COVID patients never seroconvert, meaning they NEVER make antibodies! #LongCovid This is a huge finding which we need to amplify broadly! Please retweet & send to providers, patients, support groups, #MedTwitter, etc. Https://t.co/gEne4dE0TQ 1/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2021, from https://twitter.com/ahandvanish/status/1432411002688184320?s=20

Tim Plante, MD MHS on Twitter: “Just reported: About half of recent ICU patients with #Covid19 in #Vermont are vaccinated. Sounds like the vaccines aren’t working, right? WRONG. Vaccines are working and here’s why. But first, let’s talk a bit about unprotected sex. A thread. (Refs at the end.) 1/n https://t.co/iyQcfCDAfh” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2021, from https://twitter.com/tbplante/status/1430222978961317896

Liu, Y., Arase, N., Kishikawa, J., Hirose, M., Li, S., Tada, A., Matsuoka, S., Arakawa, A., Akamatsu, K., Ono, C., Jin, H., Kishida, K., Nakai, W., Kohyama, M., Nakagawa, A., Yamagishi, Y., Nakagami, H., Kumanogoh, A., Matsuura, Y., … Arase, H. (2021). The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is poised to acquire complete resistance to wild-type spike vaccines (p. 2021.08.22.457114). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.22.457114

(2) David Fisman on Twitter: “Here’s some really simple modeling that hopefully will help provide some insight into why having a large, unvaccinated minority in Ontario is a problem for the population as a whole.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2021, from https://twitter.com/DFisman/status/1427940663925092354

(2) Dr Nicole E Basta on Twitter: “There is SO MUCH misunderstanding about what a #vaccine #mandate IS & what a vaccine mandate DOES. No one is calling for anyone to be banned. No one is calling for anyone to be forcibly vaccinated. Please, gather 'round and listen up, so you know what we’re talking about... 1/n” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2021, from https://twitter.com/IDEpiPhD/status/1428410251884302336?s=20