I just found this to be very fascinating, as I have never thought about law like that before, but it does make a lot of sense to put it into this framework. It does seem that the livelihood and wellbeing of the criminal comes more into question in court cases rather than the victim. I wonder if this is perhaps because the deed was already done unto the victim, and the perpetrator still has a chance of life out of prison? I'm not sure, I just thought it was an interesting take to view this normal circumstance flipped on its head.

This reminds me that we cannot know others capacities as well as the story Katty told during orientation about how there was a guy that kept coming to her class(?) with his head down and he seemed to just be completely not for it but then in the end he was like, "I am totally for it". This quote helps motivate me to keep pushing through my challenges if it be in animating a JY group or doing home visits to know that I do not have to worry so hard if they are super invested in the book but more so if the effects the book is trying to convey are getting across and having an impact on them. This last part may seem misleading but I will explain it more in the deepening probably.

Them taking off there crown shows they’re trying to become equal with the audience

A great showing of courageousness by a woman at the time. Also great imagery.

the context of multiple listening: listening in all its shapes and sizes and multiple voices does in deed turn typical teacing and learning on its head. Traditional education isn't designed for multiple, often overlapping contexts. The dimensions of learning that happen when this type of exchange happens and the feelings of competence and community and communication for students and teachers i know its authenticity for teaching.

This is fairly common when something of this magnitude happens in your town or neighborhood. Everyone wants to come outside and see what happened. As well as everyone has there own version of what happened.

What resources are you familiar with that can assist students with accessing primary texts in this fashion?

What practices facilitate this approach? What challenges do you anticipate, but how could you resolve them?

What can you as an educator do in order to locate and teach about these individuals?

History teachers: why do you think these types of stories are commonly ignored? What can you do to tell them?

At this point, do you know how to answer these questions? Why/why not?

I noticed this when I started to give children time to process my questions, by counting to 20 inside my head. I realized that if I am truly listening, the timing of the conversation became easier for me to understand. Sometimes conversations with children last a few brief moments, and sometimes they can continue over several activities during the day.

Bacterias have a 'nano-brain'

May be worth looking into this project, and its impact in taking a more holistic view of approaches - not just based in education

I appreciate the gif also, as it "shows the showing" in a way that just writing the word show doesn't convey. The description of the movement was different in my head.

When culture war issues raise their head people organize down votes or up votes using these review site. This makes the audience ranking unrepresentative of the actual audience.

It is wonderful that infants are included as listeners. We all most likely have had some experience with an infant, so we understand that infant cries are their communication to us adults. Infants are beautiful listeners. The infant's head and body will turn toward us when they hear our voice and they will use behavior to demand that we listen to them.

As the U.S further into the Great Depression, many Americans now had cut their expenses, but this wasn't enough. Many companies now had stopped employing new workers and they even stated firing people. Many people still also had debt to pay so people started living in Hoovervilles or tenements as they no longer afford a roof over their head.

I never realized that Aphrodite is so vindictive and violent, even at the risk to her own grandchild.

important to the essay

Recalling a memory with someone ?

Is life the game ? Being a spectator and a player at the same time ? Can you be both ?

i don't know why but my brain pictures a fairy. I also don't know how he's describing himself anymore besides some mythical being

Reviewer #2 (Public Review): 

Mutations in the Phox2B gene can lead to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with variable presentations. Two distinct classes of causative mutations have been found in the human population. The first group consists of mutations that result in trinucleotide, polyalanine repeat expansions, referred to as PARM. The second group are non- polyalanine repeat expansion mutations (NPARM) that includes missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations. Each group (and even specific mutations) present with differing clinical phenotype severity, with NPARM mutations typically being more severe. As Phox2B is expressed across a multitude of cell types across the life an individual, there remains much to be understood as to the cell specific effects of various Phox2B mutations on phenotype. To add to our understanding, the authors utilized a conditional Phox2bΔ8 allele that, upon recombination, replaces Exon 3 and UTR with a mutated exon and IRES GFP reporter. This approach allows for an inducible NPARM mutation and reporter expression in a targeted cell type. The authors focused on Atoh1 expressing cells using an Atoh1 expressing Cre recombinase line (Atoh1_Cre). Atoh1 has been shown to also be co-expressed in the RTN and in the para and inter-trigeminal regions of the Pons. After inducing the Phox2B mutations in one allele, the authors examined respiratory features in both adults and neonate mice under room air, hypercapnia (7%) and Hypoxia (8%). The Atoh1_Cre; Phox2bΔ8 adult mice showed a significant body weight difference. Under their plethysmography approach neonate mice breathing room air showed few differences with a potential difference in tidal volume. Notably adult mice show irregularity in their breathing. Both adult and neonate mice may show compromised chemosensory deficits. A potential hypercapnic deficit likely resolves in the adult but there may remain a compromised hypoxic reflex in the adult. Notably, Atoh1_Cre; Phox2bΔ8 mice showed reduced cfos expression in the RTN after hypercapnic stimulation and reduced Phox2B immuno-reactivity. 

The premise of the paper is to examine how a distinct mutation in a specific cellular context may contribute to clinical outcomes. The potential phenotypes are interesting and illuminate how differing mutations may drive different phenotypes or phenotype severity. While the RTN is likely a key mediator of the reported phenotypes, the conclusions drawn by the authors cannot be fully supported with the data presented. 

The authors assign all phenotypes to RTN function. However, there are other documented and potential undocumented areas of Atoh1 and Phox2b overlap that could either impact breathing directly or indirectly through metabolism and stress responses (PMID 8184995). As noted above, para trigeminal neurons including those in the ITR also co-express Atoh1 and Phox2B and are captured in the Atoh1_Cre; Phox2bΔ8 mouse model. The inter-trigeminal region is associated with apneic reflexes and jaw opening(PMID: 19914183). Thus, perturbations to this center may underlie the increased irregularity seen in adult life. A potential role in chemosensory function cannot be entirely ruled out either. While Rose et al. assert that the RTN and para- and inter- trigeminal neurons are the only ones co-expressing Atoh1 and Phox2B (using antibodies), the persistent cumulative GFP labeled fate map offered by the Atoh1_Cre; Phox2bΔ8 model would allow the authors to rule in or rule out any other uncharacterized overlapping populations. Such a fate map may also help to inform as to why the adult mice are significantly underweight. The weight phenotype may stem from metabolic dysregulation, changes in behavior, or feeding. Changes in metabolism may drive secondary changes in breathing and chemosensory reflexes that play a role in the reported phenotypes. Ultimately, the relative roles of para-trigeminal and RTN neurons in these phenotypes should be dissected out. 

Both the adult and neonate plethysmography was not collected in line with current best practices. Adult whole body plethysmography is best carried out in a temperature controlled chamber held at thermo-neutrality. This minimizes any thermo-regulatory and metabolic effects on respiratory drive. Concurrent measurement of one or more metabolic parameters such as VO2 or VCO2 is required to determine if baseline breathing and chemosensory reflex phenotypes may be affected by changes metabolism or persistent metabolic imbalances (acidosis or alkalosis). Whole body measurements in neonates are do not allow for accurate assessment of tidal volume. Rather head out or facemark pneumotachography are more accurate, (PMID: 25017785).

I am suspicious of this sentiment because I follow a bunch of RSS feeds and ... well, they don't feel samey to me. Characterizing "the blogosphere" can only be a characterization of your view onto it.

Also, while I've got my own thoughts about breaking free from temporality, bookmarks without commentary are a pretty good use of feeds, because if I come back to your list of bookmarks, I don't want to do a diff operation in my head. I don't have a feed for updates to my blogroll, but maybe I should. (I'm also a fan of the half-assed attempt at feed-like utility that is adding the 🆕 emoji onto the latest stuff every time you update.)

This review reflects comments and contributions by Julia Grzymkowski, Jake Herman, Yogaspoorthi Subramaniam, and Vladimir Volkov.

Alex Thompson and colleagues characterize the molecular defects of four previously documented and one newly described disease-associated mutation in the human KIF22 chromokinesin. They describe the patient’s history and go on to study the function of this kinesin in mitosis by expressing known pathogenic mutations of KIF22 in HeLa and RPE-1 cells.

After rejecting several hypotheses, the authors conclude that the mutations affect the fidelity of anaphase by an excessive polar ejection force. This work provides compelling evidence that the mutations prevent the normal silencing of this chromosome-associated kinesin motor during the final step of chromosome segregation. This failure to silence KIF22 results in chromosome segregation failures, abnormal spindle morphology, and proliferation defects.

This study was executed with robust controls and the conclusions presented are clearly represented by the data. A majority of the phenotypes were assayed in multiple cell lines and useful 'negative' results were reported (e.g. mutations do not alter the dynamic nor steady state localization of the protein). The imaging data are beautiful and sufficiently explained, the data is striking. The paper is well written. Altogether the work sheds light on important fundamental and medical questions.

There is one conceptual question which may be relevant to address to strengthen the interpretations. Mutant KIF22 constructs are introduced via two inducible pathways in the background of siRNA depletion of the endogenous KIF22, and the resulting expression levels of the mutants exceed the endogenous KIF22 by 2-3 fold, as judged by immunofluorescence. The polar ejection forces are then estimated by treating cells with monastrol and quantifying the distance between the spindle monopole and the chromosome ring around it. However, even expression of wild-type KIF22 led to elevated polar ejection force (Fig 3D), raising a question about whether overexpression of KIF22, rather than mutations, produces this phenotype. Is it possible to modulate the expression levels to address this question? At least, can the levels of KIF22-GFP in individual cells be correlated to the pole-chromosome distance in this experiment? The same question applies to the description of chromosome recongression phenotypes.

General comments:

• How complete is siRNA depletion of endogenous KIF22? Can a western blot be provided to test this?
• In the FRAP experiments, which regions were photobleached at different cell cycle stages?

Introduction

The introduction could feature more about the molecular aspect of KIF22 mutations and shorten the paragraph(s) about the disease pathologies.

‘These mutations occur in adjacent residues P148 and R149 in the α2 helix of the KIF22 motor domain (Figure 1B). P148 and R149 are conserved in kinesin-10 family members across species (Figure 1C) and in many human members of the kinesin superfamily (Figure 1D).’ - In addition to the mention in Figure 1A, it would be useful to describe the specific four KIF22 mutations in the text. Have mutations to the paralogous Pro and Arg residues in other kinesin proteins been correlated with pathologies?

‘However, KIF22 knockout in mice did not affect skeletal development’ - Often, a complete KO of a gene is relatively less/non-detrimental than a dominant mutant ascribing to its (im)proper functions. Given that, comparison with mutant mice may be more relevant than comparisons with KIF22 KO mice.

Results

‘(RPE-1) cell lines expressing wild type and mutant KIF22-GFP to assess any differences between the consequences of expressing mutant KIF22 in aneuploid cancer-derived cells (HeLa-Kyoto) and genomically stable somatic cells.’ - Based on the introduction, mutations in the KIF22 motor domain affect skeletal development severely and selectively. Epithelial cells such as HeLa or RPE may not fully represent the outcomes of KIF22 mutations, would usage of a chondrocyte cell line be relevant?

‘KIF22-GFP with pathogenic mutations demonstrated the same localization pattern throughout the cell cycle as wild type motor’ - Over-expression of KIFF22-GFP is several folds higher compared to the nascent content of KIFF22 in cells and the localization pattern remains unaltered. What does this imply with respect to force generated by excessive motor loading on microtubules and associated chromosomes?

‘Relative polar ejection forces were compared by measuring the distance from the spindle pole to the maximum DAPI signal (Figure 3A). Expression of mutant motor did not reduce polar ejection forces (Figure 3B and 3C).’ - Figure 3A is incredibly helpful and clear for interpreting the data. In Figure 3B, it is difficult to see overlap between GFP and DAPI when using green and blue, since the DAPI is already shown to the left, it may be more helpful to show only Centrin and GFP. In Figure 3B, is GFP signal similar between different mutants?

‘Together, the localization of mutant KIF22 and the ability of mutant KIF22 to generate polar ejection forces indicate that pathogenic mutations P148L, P148S, R149L, R149Q, and V475G do not result in a loss of KIF22 function during early mitosis.’ - Quantifying rescue phenotypes in terms of either force generated by them (activity) or protein content may be relevant to support this conclusion.

‘This phenotype was dominant and occurred in the presence of endogenous KIF22’ - In the introduction KIF22 mutants are described as dominant because they cause disease phenotypes as heterozygotes. Then the anaphase recongression and nuclear morphology phenotypes are described as dominant because they are observable without siRNA treatment. Recommend not applying the same term to both conditions because they are not equivalent. The outstanding characterization in Supplement 1 shows that ectopic KIF22 is expressed in excess of endogenous KIF22. Ectopic copies may also silence or outcompete endogenous KIF22 because ectopic KIF22 shows no decrease in mitotic localization when endogenous KIF22 is depleted (S1C and S1E). This is not a comment on the data but rather how they are discussed.

‘Additionally, the distance between chromosome masses at the time of cleavage furrow ingression was reduced in cells expressing KIF22-GFP R149Q or V475G, suggesting that the position of the chromosome masses may be physically obstructing cytokinesis’ - Does this mean that karyokinesis failed too, as the chromosome masses fail to sufficiently segregate?

‘was imaged in HeLa-Kyoto cells expressing fluorescent markers for the poles (pericentrin-RFP) and centromeres (CENPB-mCh) (Figure 5A)’ - It is difficult to see the centromere staining, can it be false colored to a different color than the poles?

‘Since expression of KIF22-GFP T463A does not cause anaphase recongression (Figure 8E), the level of compaction of the segregating chromosome masses was explored as a possible explanation for this modest increase in the percentage of cells with nuclear morphology defects.’ - How does KIF22A protein conformation influence availability/accessibility of T463 to phosphorylation by CDK1/cyclin B? head-tail auto-inhibition, does it occur due to masking of the T463 site?

sometimes the most helpful thing to do!!

Intrinsic in the sense of chap. 4

E.g. a head and shoulder pattern is bearish intrinsically, but it can happen in an uptrend and in this case, intrinsic sentiment and the trend disagree !

I think it is interesting how the treasure he protected for over a century is what eventually led to him being killed by Bard the Bowman. Bilbo had spotted Smaug's weakness when he inspected the dragons underbelly after the dragon had boasted about him being covered head to toe with gems. Distracted by how marvelous the gems were on Smaug, Bilbo had noticed a weak spot which was Smaug's left breast, a spot not covered by any gems. Smaug's love for gems and his assumption that they would protect him from death led to his eventual downfall since he became overconfident in his armor. This shows a bit of irony, as Smaug expected to be protected by the treasure he had protected for years, but instead, his treasure did not protect him in the end.

In discussing the 3 characters this play is supposed to be, I feel like they are needed for these dashed ("-") scenes. I think they would act as a sort of greek chorus for the show and allow these scenes to play out externally rather inside our main players head and just simply to the audience.

The reading so far sounds interesting. I'm wondering how this part specifically would be performed as there is a lot of back and forth happening. Especially since it seems as this conversation is happening all throughout the character's head. Another thing I seem to find interesting is the character realizes that they are ill and don't blame themselves for being unhappy. As to my understanding people who are usually ill don't come to the conclusion that they are ill and blame themselves. At the same time she probably came to this conclusion because it seems as the character is getting help by mentioning doctors checking on him/her.

I like to read a lot, it is one of my favorite hobbies. I have realized that I would rather read a play than watch it. When you are reading something, your mind comes up with how the story would play out visually. How the characters would look, dress, etc. I like how in this play there are no character names , which leaves much more room for imaginative creation. In my head, there are questions forming like, why isn't there a bigger distinction between the doctors and the main character? Maybe this person is actually talking to themselves and there really are no doctors? or is it a memory of a past conversation between them and the doctors?

This play reads like a long poem. I am slightly confused about how it would be performed. I know it is not a one-woman show as the cast says that it includes three people. Is this sequence of lines the other two people in the cast? Is she saying this to herself? Is it the voices in her head being manifested into characters? I think any of these options would be interesting to watch, but I wonder which specific one it is. Is the silence her silence or the silence of the potential other characters? Hopefully these questions will be answered as I read further.

The completeness of personality, perhaps versatility of character

oof, okay. what was said i wonder

Good point the mental act is how it informs the brain by the ways in which it is taught systematically.

We'd agree.

A well setup Jira connects to the development pipeline to show you what is in staging, what deployed and it can connect to tools that tell you how an experiment is doing in production. e.g. your Launch Darkly experiment status auto populates the related issue.

A well setup Jira will automatically inform a dependent team when a dependent service has been deployed so they can begin work. That doesn't mean those teams should never speak. Perhaps the automation of that communication makes it too easy to keep the headphones on and head down. In that case, we need to address the cultural issue of, "I don't want to be interrupted by meetings and people" aspect of development. Something the manifesto addresses well as you point out.

You can see this information on the board without even clicking.

So while the ordering of human societies are not 'natural', as they were not a deliberate action of God, they are subject to the Eternal Law and hence to divine providence

Men's desire for domination means that they can never peacefully coexist without the state

I agree with this because I personally have experienced it myself. Things become more clear and stick with me when I read things aloud. It also keeps me focused and attentive to the reading.

very very true

I find this creepy melody very engaging as a reader because it establishes that Antigona is in a different world than the other two characters. This creepy invokes a feeling of surrealism and reminds me of the opening to Woyzeck. I think opening works of theater in this way can help establish a mood which sets proper expectations with the audience for the remainder of the play.

I recognized this song from Hamlet upon the scene of Ophelia grieving her fathers death. It is evident from early on that character Antigone dabbles around with the concept of death, suggested by her holding a rope around her neck and bursting into song. It seems as if she isn't take the circumstances of death seriously or hasn't yet faced the actuality of it. Either way, we are forced to question her sanity. I am also curious about her white dress, is she getting married or is this some sort of symbolism of purity?

I think this is such an interesting sequence of lines because I would argue that Antigona is only thinking with her heart and her emotions rather than her head. Even in the original PLAY, Antigone is clearly thinking with her feelings and not logic. If she was thinking with logic, she would probably be more like her sister, Ismene, and follow Creon's order. However, maybe she perceives her feelings as coming from her head since it is the order of the gods beyond Creon that the dead be given their final rites. In this way, Antigona is thinking with her head. Perception is so subjective, it is fascinating to see how it manifests in the different characters in the play.

He put in precautions to ensure no one in his government could gain too much power, such as by transferring people often to prevent becoming attached

consider having this paragraph first in this section. or taken out completely

This line presents us once again with the same zombie motif. Asking someone if they're alive or not, not being completely sure if they're dead. Before this line we get some dialogue, though it seems that the speaker is talking to themselves or to someone who is not capable of responding. One thing that caught my eye in this particular line are the words "nothing in your head", almost as if someone can be 'partially' alive with no coherent thoughts.

I love how he turned it into motivation to be better

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Previous studies in urethane-anesthetized rats (PMID 16605304) proposed that POm cells code whisker movements. This was observed using "artificial whisking" procedures (stimulating the motor nerve to produce a whisking-like movement). It has been clear for some time now that there are substantial (obvious) differences between this procedure and natural whisking. In addition, under urethane-anesthesia animals are in a sleep-like state that is very dissimilar to waking (although some work has tested the effect of network state on artificial whisking responses in both primary thalamus and cortex; see 25505118). In the present study, the authors measured activity in POm cells during whisking in awake (head-fixed) mice to determine if they code whisking movement. However, this seems to have already been done previously. For instance, Moore et al (2015; 26393890) found that coding of whisking in the ascending paralemniscal pathway, including POm, is "relatively poor" (as stated in the abstract), which is the same conclusion reached in the present study. The authors should clarify the main differences observed in whisking coding between their study and previous work.

The authors then focused on the idea that POm codes behavioral state. However, many studies have previously determined that state has a great impact on thalamocortical dynamics; thalamic cells are very sensitive to state including cells in primary whisker thalamic nuclei, such as VPM, and these effects can be produced by neuromodulators (see work by Castro-Alamancos' group, for example, 16306412). There is nothing special about VPM in this regard; other thalamic sensory nuclei are also sensitive to behavioral state and neuromodulators. Therefore, the observation that POm and LP cells are sensitive to state is unsurprising. It is also known that these thalamic state changes have a great impact on the state of the cortex (see 20053845), which seems very relevant to the main conclusion. The POm has to be doing something different than coding behavioral state since most thalamic nuclei do this. The study did not identify the role of POm, which certainly has to be different from LP (otherwise, why would these nuclei be differentiated?). POm is unlikely to be specialized for monitoring state since this is done by most of the thalamus -including VPM, which projects to the same cortical region. Thus, while it is interesting that most of the whisker-related activity in POm is state-dependent, the study does not clarify the role of POm.

The main strength of the study is that it was performed in awake mice with behavioral state monitoring, which contributes to the current understanding of active whisking coding in the complex network of the vibrissa system.

This evidence of ethos from a previous senior engineer claims that the employees knows how this site creates mass toxic conflicts but refuses and defends free speech. After years of seeing this, the senior engineers believe it's time for a change because twitter has such a big influence.

Through the authors use of evidence, we can see that harassment on twitter has gone on for years. From the time it first started up going into 2014 without proper interference, which has lead to many big names leaving the site for their own wellbeing.

I wonder the if Albert’s family allowed this or it was against their will. I don’t think studying a baby was the best thing to do since he could be harm or have negative effects from the experiment. Also, Albert was not old enough to make a decision for himself, I understand they needed to do this study but doing it on a baby is basically taking advantage of him.

The experiment "Little Albert" conducted by John B Watson, Used an eight month old baby to conduct an experiment in order to provide a variety of stimuli, unconditioned, and conditioned responses. It shocks me that the testing on a young infant was legal and validated.

Logos

I couldn't agree more on this statement. Since our employers are the one who giving us the wages and also contribute to the statutory contribution, we head to work for them even though we don't like the job or task that has been given. We can't even say no all the time. Who are we to reject the task that has been given by the one paid us.

Author Response:

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Lenz et al have shown that IP injection of atRA does not affect sEPSC amplitude, sIPSC amplitude and frequency in the denta gyrus of both ventral and dorsal hippocampus. Interestingly, they observed a strong promoting effect of atRA on sEPSC frequency in the denta gyrus of dorsal, but not ventral, hippocampus. Lastly, they did not observe an difference in I/O in vivo, but did observe enhanced in vivo LTP in denta gyrus of mice injected with atRA which is abolished in the synaptopodin KO mice. The effect of atRA on LTP is very interesting as on sEPSC frequency in dorsal denta gyrus.

1) I do not agree with the authors' claim that atRA does not have a major effect on excitatory synaptic transmission. It seems that the sEPSC frequency increase by ~100%. Even if the 4 outlier points are excluded, the rest of the data points still clearly indicate an increase of sEPSC frequency.

We agree with the reviewer, that this point warrants further discussion. We have highlighted out findings in the revised version of the manuscript.

The abstract (lines 30-32) of the revised manuscript now read: “No major changes in synaptic transmission were observed in the ventral hippocampus while a significant increase in both sEPSC frequencies and synapse numbers were evident in the dorsal hippocampus 6 hours after atRA administration."

Lines 392-395: “Nevertheless, the results of the present study demonstrate increased sEPSC frequencies and synapse numbers in the dorsal hippocampus of atRA-treated animals, thereby confirming that atRA targets excitatory synapses in the dorsal hippocampus.”

What is the possible explanation of increased sEPSC frequency by atRA in dorsal region? Increased excitability of presynaptic neurons? (use TTX to decipher this?) Increased spine density? It seems that the authors did dye fill already… Count spine density? AND/OR increased glutamate release probability? (PPR measurement?) Did the authors perform I/O measurement in slice?

It is imperative that the authors tackle this issue head on.

We thank the reviewer for these important comments. To further address this issue, additional experiments were performed and structural properties of asymmetric synapses were assessed in the molecular layer of the dorsal hippocampus using transmission electron microscopy (see new Figure 6). Indeed, these experiments revealed no significant difference in the morphological properties of individual asymmetric synapses, i.e., PSD length and presynaptic vesicle numbers. However, an increase in the number of PSDs per area was observed, which may reflect -at least in part- increased sEPSC frequencies in our experiments.

Lines 302-316: “Next, transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the structural properties of excitatory synapses in the outer two thirds of the molecular layer in the dorsal hippocampus which is the layer of the major excitatory input from the entorhinal cortex (Figure 6). Cross sections of asymmetric synapses, i.e., the numbers and length of postsynaptic densities (PSD) and presynaptic vesicle counts, were quantified in control and atRA-treated mice (Figure 6A). It is well-established that PSD length in synaptic cross sections correlates to synaptic strength [43]. In agreement with our electrophysiological recordings, which showed no significant difference in the sEPSC amplitude between the groups (c.f., Figure 1D), PSD lengths did not significantly change in the atRA-treated group (Figure 6B). However, a robust increase in the number of PSDs per area was detected, and presynaptic vesicle counts were not significantly different between the two groups (Figure 6B, C). These results indicate that the structural properties of synapses are not affected by atRA, and that increased synapse numbers may explain the increased sEPSC frequencies in the dorsal hippocampus of atRA-treated mice.”

Lines 373-379: “In the present study, however, we did not observe changes in excitatory synaptic strength in dentate granule cells in either the ventral or the dorsal hippocampus. Specifically, no changes in the sEPSC amplitudes were observed [12]. Consistent with these findings no major changes in the ultrastructural properties of excitatory synapses, i.e., PSD lengths and presynaptic vesicle counts of asymmetric synapses, were observed between the two groups. Interestingly, ultrastructural analysis revealed an increase in the number of asymmetric synapses in the dorsal hippocampus of atRA-treated animals.”

2) The author need to specify which part of the denta gyrus for their in vivo study, as they discovered difference between ventral and dorsal in sEPSC frequency in slice preparation.

Done! Thank you!

Lines 183-186 now read: “Then a tungsten recording electrode (TM33B01KT, World Precision Instruments) was lowered in 0.1 mm increments while monitoring the waveform of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in response to 500 µA test pulses until the granule cell layer in the dorsal part of the hippocampus was reached (1.7-2.2 mm below the surface).”

Lines 324-326 now read: “To test the effects of atRA on the ability of neurons to express synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) experiments on perforant path synapses to dentate granule cells were carried out in the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized mice (Figure 7A).”

Similarly, mention his creds.

I like this dynamic of teaching. I have worked in centers and have been both a coteacher and head teacher. I like the coteacher dynamic because it creates an equal level between the teachers. I know there are positives and negatives to both.

the things he used to escape have failed them and he must face his life without avoidance

escapism here?

if they all look strange and carry large blades and are just hanging out in a remote part of a mountain, I'm gone. i wouldn't have stayed there had I seen the first man period.

I read this and the only thing that pops into my head is the scene from Mrs. Maisel when she talks about her firsts happening in the Catskills...i think

his "comfort place" has turned against him

He now has to face consequences!

.

Good example to use while the principle of my life

Eliot inserts an ironic interplay between spirituality and physicality that is marked by the arrival of a storm. The invisible “third who walks always before you” is a facsimile of the Grail romances. Percival takes refuge from a storm in a Chapel, where he fights the Hand and the Head before encountering the Devil “in his full form” which suggests that the Hand and the Head were part of the Devil’s physical body. The Hand and the Head are meant to represent the Devil’s physicality; once Percival defeats both, he encounters the “invisible third,” the spiritual form of the Devil. Similarly, in Marudanayagam’s retelling of an Indian legend, three humans seeking refuge from a storm make space for themselves in a house -- their physicality is brought to the fore through their bartering of space in the small house: “Where one can lie two may sit,” “Where two can sit three may stand,” etc. Then, once the house seems filled, a fourth presence becomes known to them independent of their senses (as the house is dark) and also independent of space (as the house seems to be filled). It appears as though human physicality, though regarded as repulsive (the Visuddhi-Magga), is at the same time a necessary precursor of spirituality. In each of these cases, the collision of the physical and spiritual (three human bodies and the spiritual body of Vishnuu in the same house, the Hand and the Head appearing separately from the Devil yet also being a part of the Devil) is marked or perhaps instigated by the arrival of thunder.

Eliot uses the recurring water imagery to bring back the concept of the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, emphasizing its circular nature. Previously in the poem, Eliot subverts traditional imagery by connecting water and death, a subversion which is repeated here. He adds a further element to the correlation of water and death by representing water as a sort of television screen through which Phlebas watches his life as he drowns.

As the poem continues, Eliot's references to water and boats become more frequent; I have a very tentative idea of why these images reappear. Eliot is somewhat obsessed with the birth death rebirth cycle, so perhaps he draws on the imagery of a boat and river to guide the readers through a life cycle which he writes in the poem. To use the boat imagery, readers get into the boat at the beginning of the poem, which starts with death, then (maybe?) we sail towards a section of rebirth, then earthly torment, then death, then whatever happens after death? This is a very new, very rough version of this idea, but it popped into my head as a potential answer for why Eliot comes back to the boat and river/water imagery.

I understand so far what I learned is that it seems like every parts of speech like an adjective works as a head in a phrase. Why do we always have to have one head of a phrase? How would a phrase change if it was more than one head?

I found this passage on the controversy and role of stumbling stones interesting. This is an interesting debate because while the stones emphasize victimhood, they also emphasize the individuality and create a physical disturbance that allows each individual to be remembered. This can accomplish something different than larger memorials.

Devils = witches. IN my opinion, that accusations were made based on inequality of wmen and men in the society these times. As it is written here - "strike the minds of men with any poisons (from the Devil, maybe?). I feel like when woman had her own opinion, when she disagreed with man or when she would not behave according man´s rules, disagreeing with him )(and maybe even breaking the status of a man as a head of everything) she was considered "not normal or weird" and accused of witchcraft, which was very easy during that times.

This one actually reminds me some of a verse from the bible that talks about the second coming; there will be a man, a figure with a lion head, another with an eagle's head (I think?), and a skeletal figure. I could be from this following example that the poet is drawing his influence from.

This is a very interesting point that I did not know of. To me it is only when I view others as better than me where I start to get into my own head and doubt everything about myself.

I still recommend this. Once you get your head around how some of these tools work and what they can and cannot do, expanding your capta to include other texts will be very important.

oooo that is powerful

more police violence

no paintings, just a lewd grafitti making fun of religion amybe?

the fourth wall breaks again, also ught he overanalyzing of the girl by the man is so uncomfortable, oofies

Urban Meyer (a married man) was caught on film getting danced on by a women who was muuuuch younger in age than he was. He is also the head coach of the 0-4 Jacksonville Jags.

i feel like this is really good message to end the play on. Granted the society they live in might not be receive it well, but it's a decent message nonetheless. I think It can jar both the theatergoers and the characters in the play to action.

This line made me really pause and consider the idea that storytelling or theatre in a given environment can be highly varied in it’s form and purpose. The idea that a storyteller would come to a space specifically to tell a story with something like a happy ending as a requirement makes me wonder if I do the same thing instinctively. For example, I’ll watch a scary movie knowing I’m meant to be scared but that doesn’t make it any less entertaining. Yet, I find it curious that the patrons of the cafe are essentially doing something similar but with a different medium.

I think this phrasing is a such a poetic yet succinct way that this play addresses the defining characteristics of theatre like how we’ve been discussing in class. Firstly, the image it creates with the scene of glass breaking, a marriage to one’s mother, and a passive acceptance of a new “uncle” acts as a warning to the effect of coercive or dramatic theatre. It warns that accepting any form of entertainment and being flippant about the significance of the critique the art can offer is damning. It will lead us to accepting circumstances that are problematic and even lethal.

This situation is just so scary and after a bit of thinking "that's such a horrible thing to do," I realized it's actually super realistic as it is literally what happens in real life whenever there is a natural disaster or well, a pandemic. A great example is the one we are still in, at the height of the lockdown when everyone was scrambling to buy toilet paper and food and other essentials, people began gouging prices. And even after everything, things got more expensive and still have stayed that way. I can't imagine going through it all the time like these people are. This seems like a connection to the real world and what the government and businesses do to those less fortunate during times of crisis.

These lines immediately make me a bit skeptical that I'm about to read a religious play where every action the characters take is somehow rooted in "God's will,". But it also is a little contradicting seeing as they're not exactly being positive about God or any of this. They treat it more like a passing thing that just happens and you have to deal with it. If God says it has to be a certain way, it will be that way and you just have to deal. It does come off a bit confusing but definitely interesting to see if this is a bigger message or maybe it's just a passing line of dialogue.

Starting to sound a lot like Covid when it hit NYC. Hand sanitizer, masks, and gloves prices soared in some stores. People in grocery stores rushed to stock up food and tp. Then everyone stayed in their homes.

I can't possibly imagine being in the situation of these characters. Some type of military-government conflict is about to interrupt their seemingly peaceful lives. It sounds like this is not the first time it's happened to them or someone they know. Since bread is all they're concerned with buying for up to 4 days, I imagine they don't have enough money to begin with. Also, there's fear that the little money they do have will become worthless.

It means to make a false statement about someone in order to tarnish the reputation.

This line really stuck out to me because it's pretty much exactly what we've touched on in class. An argument against epic/political theatre is that theatre is meant to be escapist. I sympathize with the customers here, and I think people generally become exhausted when the waking world is a living nightmare and do need an escape from it every once in a while. Uncle Mu'nis leaves his reason for not satisfying their desire for a happy story open-ended, but I think it's because it would be vastly preferable to live in a real world that is peaceful, than to live vicariously in that world for a few hours during a play, and that world will not create itself.

I feel that in a lot of ways this play is about the audience, which I find very Brechtian. This play's cast is largely made up of audience (the customers listening to the story), and focuses a lot on their comments on the action that they are seeing. The actual audience of this play would be watching the customers in the café react to the play itself, and for me that blurs the line between the two audiences. I think this is done so that as we watch the customers comment and form opinions on the story, we are encouraged to do the same.

I can not help but wonder the significance of the word "God", as it is repeated multiple times. Audiences might infer that the plot takes place amongst a highly religious society, as the characters often refer to God in judgement of others and themselves. With this line, we can even further suggest that the people don't believe in a fulfilled life until after death, and in complete union with God. Or it could be possible that the word God is a metaphor for a bigger theme or lesson.

When I read the previous line, I thought to myself that is every age. Every period in time is full of political turmoil and anarchy. The storyteller's answer did not offer any further distinction. I guess this line is supposed to add a little comedy to the play. It also makes sense as to why the customers want to hear a happy story, as an escape. A lot of art ends happily today, almost like people are scared to end things on a bad note. Maybe that is because there are so many bad endings in real life.

I wonder if there is a reason Arabic is specifically used here? For example, when greeting it is "As-Salaam-Alaikum" which means peace be with you, but in the play, it is in english (p.142 Costumer 3). The response to this would be "Wa alaykumu as-salam" and peace be with you. On page 142, Customer 2 doesn't give back the greeting.

I felt that this play had a very unique rhythm to its dialogue. The characters speak in a way which isn’t entirely realistic. In some ways, I enjoyed this, as it seemed reminiscent of certain styles/playwrights we have read before and matched this play thematically. However, I did come to wonder if this was a deliberate choice, or if perhaps this play was translated into English from another language.

After Mansour says that they would be the wood to fuel the political conflict if the fire breaks out, which can be a very serious problem, Jaber is still confident that he can get himself out of the situation. As much as I understand that this is a serious political story, this line sounds funny and silly but at the same time shows that Jaber might be a clever man. Mansour is afraid that they could get themselves in trouble and die even by discussing the issue, whereas Jaber suggests that they should benefit from it.

This opening stage direction section was intriguing to me as someone who is interested in becoming a playwright. I was once taught that, at least to make a script fit for submission (or more specifically, to increase the likelihood that a theatre company will read through your play), that stage directions should be kept direct and trim. Whenever I see stage directions like those which open this play, I am always fascinated to see how they function to serve the story and “set the stage” of the world. I believe that these stage directions are the perfect way to open this play. The most important section here I’d say is: “The audience should feel a kind of relaxation or even a kind of rapture… before they watch the play.” This provides the director with a creatively rich foundation, as this description provides opposite emotional states open to the director’s interpretation (the playwright even goes on to directly state that many elements of the scene-setting are up to the director).

This structure is compelling as the political tale is presented by the Storyteller, while there is also the audience who are listening to and are convinced by the story. As other classmates mentioned in their posts, this play seems to be Brechtian with a little more unique structure. The effect of the story is a parallel, the tale and the audience in the play, and the play itself and the audience.

honestly this play has been a lot of people talking about how unfair things are and how something needs tp be done but they haven't actually tried to do anything about it. all they do is say that they are waiting for god but he aint come yet! I just want someone to act!

I find this line really funny. I feel like it is hilarious how this is the first thing written. Then I started to think from an audience perspective and how funny of an opening scene this would be. Particularly because, in my eyes at least, these things do not mix. Tea and Hookah are a funny combination but storytelling and hookah sounds absurd. At least the type of storytelling I am thinking about, which is like an old man with a white beard telling some folklore. Hookah is usually done at parties or other upbeat social gatherings, the tea and stories sound like the opposite vibe to that. Hookah to me is considered a younger generation thing, tea is usually related to the older generation, and the word storytelling just sounds old in this sentence.

What are these people supposed to do? they are afraid of their government and even if they did look to them for help they are the ones causing all of these inflation and other issues. These people can turn to god but there are very few cases of god coming down and changing things around for people. How will their government expect them to survive if absolutely nothing is accessible to them?

I wonder why these people need to hear these stories now. He says each story comes at its own time, but why do these people need these stories right now? These people want to hear a happy ending, but a happy ending hits better when there have been lot of hardship to make you deserve the happy ending.

I can't be the only one who finds this weird right? I mean yeah sometimes, maybe like other culture and stuff like that. I am Muslim, and I don't know if its related to Islamic culture, but I don't think so. I'm just overly lost

So many generic statements like this throughout the play that can be applied to so many other situations. This generic speak sometimes loses me. I definitely relate more when a character is dealing with a very specific problem and describing it in specific detail, then this can act as a metaphor for a problem I am dealing with in my life. This play's language loses me sometimes, in relation to generic phrases as well as some of the jargon surrounding the royals of the time and just this setting. Makes it hard to follow sometimes. Maybe that is the point...

Okay so we have the layer of the "players" in the story acknowledging that these circumstances are not alright. We also have an audience listening to the storyteller and players acknowledging that these circumstances are past turmoil, not something to be proud of. And we would also have an audience seeing this play "The Adventure of the Mamluk Jabar's Head". Political is an understatement. I think this tactic at surface level seems quite redundant, but is actually quite effective. Does the audience really need to hear these truths out loud? Sometimes, yes. What events surrounding us TODAY are not alright?

The people of this town are extremely religious and scared of the government. The people in power purposely inflated their currency and the only hope they have is that God will protect them from their abusive government. All the food they used to buy will no longer be affordable to them and they seem to not be in an extreme state of chaos.

Their form of government sounds very cruel in my opinion. For disagreeing with what people in power have to say you will be sent off to a place where people get hanged because of politics. Mansour is portrayed as having this great fear of the people in power. This shows how maybe people like listening to the storytellers stories because it may distract them from the corrupt government surrounding them.

Honestly the first thing I thought about this idea was that the hair probably won't grow in time. Especially since he is going to be bald. Like Vizier is worried about time yet he didn't think this plan was going to be time consuming. Hair take a couple of weeks to grow maybe even months since he wants it to be long enough to braid. The fact that he would visit Jaber and check on his hair everyday and trying to see if it grew a whole 2-3 inches is just funny to me.

I can't see to shakes off the feeling that when he said this, it had something to do with the story he just told. honestly, I got so lost reading this. there was a part about the customers complaining about hum not telling happy stories, but yet they are still coming back the next day. Maybe that's why he said it depends on you. I remember him saying that when it's time for him to tell the story that they so long for, he will tell it, but in the mean time, he will tell other stories. they said they come to this café to enjoy his time not to become depressed and overwhelmed, but again yet they still come and why is that? simply because of curiosity. if they stop coming they will never hear the story they want, so they will keep coming and hoping that they will hear it

This makes me questions if the customers aren't taking the situation at the level the fourth man is or if the forth man is going to the extreme? Just the fourth man repeating "this is not the right way to safety" to the customers and them just proceeding to handle the situation as they usually do is alarming. I feel as the fourth man has to know something more that he isn't willing to share out with the customers. At the same time sitting at home with your windows closed doesn't seem like an effective solution for the situation. I feel like the customers should have listened to the fourth man and maybe he would have explained his reasoning for why being home is not the right way to safety.

I feel like this section here shows how powerful the Caliph and Vizier are. Mansour is so fearful of what might happen if him and Jaber were overheard even joking about them, he refuses to even pick a side. It makes me wonder why Jaber isn't fearful or cautious at all. Is there something he knows that could keep him protected? He even goes so far as to say, "in my minds eye, see them cut off his head. His blood spills like a fountain." Why is he so bold? Is it due to his age? He is ten years younger than Mansour...Are we supposed to consider him clever or reckless? Are we supposed to view Mansour as a coward?

This does not seem to be a realistic or naturalistic play. Jaber is acting as if he is being flogged, despite the fact he is not. Is the actor instructed to perform this way to illustrate to the audience how violent it would be? This play seems to be Brechtian. It is very political so far, and this particular line demonstrates the social forces as play by having the actor be hushed for speaking openly about his political goals, and then demonstrating what would literally happen to him if he was heard (flogging.)

This political turmoil created war that has endangered the lives of many other families whereas the woman were afraid of their well-being and their children because they've had no means of helping them due to the fact that their husbands were imprisioned or either taken from them. I've taken this story that the storyteller was telling the customers for my own inspiration for my character creation. This is where the character Ashley Westfield comes from...obviously I tried to make it a more modern version but still being able to relate to this situation.

I believe that the customers are coming to the cafe to hear the storyteller because it's a distraction from their everyday life. However, the storyteller is telling these "sad" stories instead the "happy" ones that the customers want because there's a valuable lesson to learn. I commend him for this because the world is not a nice place and it's best to void these mistakes if possible.

so far this sounds like Brechitian style for sure...

I think the fourth man is a very interesting character that questions the norms that are being set up in this play. He questions his beliefs, changes his mind, questions authority, and always stays true to himself, even if it puts him in jail. He brings a lot of insight into this play and is very Brectian in my opinion.

I think it's interesting that the Storyteller refuses to tell happy stories when everyone is begging for one. The customers haven't heard a happy story in a wile because the Storyteller believes that stories with sad endings have more to learn from. I don't disagree with this, but if the people are begging for happiness, why deprive them? It seems rather selfish of the story teller to do this to the customers.

As I was reading this, I remembered when I read and watched a performance of One Thousand and One Nights - an Arabic play from the Islamic Golden Age. The way that play was structured was as a collection of stories, and it dealt with similar themes about how certain people were supposed to conduct themselves in relation to the theocratic government and patriarchal standards of this society. It is nice to read plays from places other than Europe as it increases one's worldview, and shows how different places around the world operate. Because of that play, I came into reading this play with a better understanding of the world this play happens in.

This section is interesting to me for a number of reasons. It is important to note that this society is one that closely intertwines government and religion, making it even more dangerous to express political opinions as they are taken as religious ones as well. Theocratic governments have their pros and cons I guess, but the fact that so many people are concerned about whether or not their government is going to skin them alive for expressing opinions is pretty jarring. I agree with the Fourth Man for sure, but I do empathize with the other characters saying not to go overboard - especially the women who could potentially face more severe consequences for sharing their thoughts.

I know that Uncle Mu’nis is classified as the story teller here, but is it possible that he can be a mix of a Brechtian style character while also not Brechtian at the same time? I don’t know, but for me this detailed description seems too specific to Uncle Mu’nis to be an archetype, but on the other hand, as said before, he is the storyteller. The description the stage directions give don’t exactly fit the parameters of what I consider a storyteller to be, so I’m curious and a bit conflicted.

To get a sense of what Anderson is talking about sonically, check out Louis Armstrong's sublime set of breaks on "Potato Head Blues" (1927) with the Hot Seven. Go listen to like two hours of the classic Hot Fives and Sevens. If you just want to catch the breaks and have other priorities (sigh), here's a link that skips to the breaks.

Many were fortunate to see a live discussion with the new head designer of Chloé, Gabriela Hearst at Forces of Fashion with Anna Wintour. Gabriela Hearst has her own brand and with her own brand she designs sustainably. In 2020 Gabriela was named the creative director of Chloé and just like with her own brand, she designs sustainably with Chloé. In one of her shows she used 30% of deadstock fabric and by 2022 she plans to stop using virgin materials.

Why is the head states ?

This compared to count nouns and mass nouns are easier to understand since it's basically saying that adjectives are words used to modify the nouns. For example, "The tall camera man." Tall is modifying the noun Man.

Again, here's another stereotype that women aren't able to be demanding and "take charge." While yes, it is true that there are women that may be less successful at this than others, it's impossible to put all women in a basket and not give them an opportunity to be a leader in sports because of inherent qualities that prevent them from doing so. Women are indeed highly qualified to work in higher-level positions, despite what some men might think and that shouldn't prevent them from having a chance to work in sports.

Was this story started by John Smith?

This sentence isn't quite clear to me. Let's meet and discuss, perhaps, the differences and similarities between what is implied by words and phrases such as "collocation" and "textual analysis." This paragraph suggests you've not quite gotten your head around it yet--there's still time!

Enlightenment

Realism

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

The present project is an extension of prior work from this work group in which they describe a technological advancement to their published flow-culture system. Such improvements now incorporate technology that allows for metabolic characterization of mammalian tissues while precisely controlling the concentration of abundant gases (e.g., O2), as well as trace gases (e.g., H2S). The present article demonstrates the utility of this system in the context of hypoxia/re-oxygenation experiments, as well as exposure to H2S. Although the methodology described herein is clearly capable of detecting nuanced metabolic changes in response to variations in O2 or H2S, the lack of a head-to-head comparison with other techniques makes it difficult to discern the potential impact of the technology. In addition, diffusion gradients both in the bath, as well as the tissue itself likely impact the accuracy of the metabolic measurements. This is likely relevant for the liver slices experiments. Following resection, liver tissue can be mechanically permeabilized (PMID: 12054447). In the present experiments, no controls were put in place to discern if the tissue was permeabilized. This could be checked by adding in adenylates and additional carbon substrates and assessing the impact on OCR. Similar controls likely need to be implemented for the islet and retina experiments. Additional comments are detailed below:

- The experiments with H2S are particularly interesting, as this system does seem well suited to investigate the metabolic effects of H2S.

- The authors state the transient rise in O2 consumption was surprising; however, accumulation of succinate during ischemia and rapid oxidation upon reperfusion has been previously demonstrated (PMID: 32863205).

- In the paper, Zaprinast was used to block pyruvate uptake. However, the rationale to use this compound, as opposed to the more specific MPC inhibitor UK5099 is unclear.

- Throughout the paper, the authors list 'COVID-19' as a potential application. It is not clear how this technology could be used in the context of COVID-19.

In these lines, the author is presenting a moment of pathos. The author shows that the information collected by this app is not necessary for the context of public health response, and collecting this information could be invading one's privacy by quoting the statement made by Claudio Guarnieri, the head of Amnesty International Security Lab. This causes readers to become scared about the usage of the data they are sharing with the app. Since the data is being used and stored for purposes other than the original intended purpose, the reader will feel a sense of insecurity and fear.

The 1948 British Nationality Act brought mixed responses. It made certain that married British women gained independent nationality, regardless of the citizenship of their spouses for the first time, and created unity. However explained later, it was met with racism.

Herzog was the German Head of State from 1994 to 1999. During his tenure, he apologized for the Nazi war crimes and established Holocaust Memorial Day. This is interesting considering Herzog was unwilling to recognize that Germany is responsible for the genocide of Nama and Herero people during the early 20th century. It begs the question was Herzog unwilling to apologize for German colonialism and the genocide that it brought, when he is willing to apologize for the Holocaust. Here is a link to an article of Germany asking for Poland's forgiveness: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-02-mn-22740-story.html

This really connects to behavioral economics, showing how different ways of calling LEDCs can impact people's perceptions towards these countries and ultimately their willingness to invest money into them.

The name "third-world countries" creates a negative connotation of extremely poor countries in the eyes of people, especially the less-educated ones, from wealthy countries such as the United States, making them less inclined to invest in these "poor" countries that would put their money at risk.

However, the term "emerging markets" creates a positive connotation of growing economies with high future potential, with examples such as China and India most likely coming to mind. Once again in the eyes of the uninitiated from the US, they think of such countries not as poor, chaotic, and unreliable but rather as developing rapidly and behind only the well developed MEDCs like the US.

Hence, it is quite astounding to imagine a simple name change can have such an impact on people's attitude towards making investments, which has significant implications.

I’ve seen this work before but I’m not sure what it means off the top of my head.

How come people don't listen to warnings now? Not just in this field but everywhere else too. I think we are so used to how corrupted everything is that when we have as solution we don't want it. There are standards in this world and sometimes we are actually able to meet them but we just don't want to. In this field there cant be errors but there are and its very hard to get that through no just the governments head but everyone else's.

What: This text is about two generals Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. Throughout the text the author explains how these two men were bringing the Civil War to an end, but how each of them did it differently. This is shown when the author states that "Grant was a modern man emerging; beyond him, ready to come on the stage, was the great age of steel and machinery, of crowded cities and restless burgeoning vitality" (Catton 2). The author then says "Lee might have ridden down from the old age of chivalry, lance in hand, silken banner fluttering overhis head" (Catton 2). Even though he describes the men differently they are achieving the same goal.

Joint Public Review:

Broad interest:

• This study will be of interest to the large group of neuroscientists interested in delineating the neural and behavioral consequences of heterogeneous neurological diseases

• This manuscript will be of interest to researchers studying complex brain-behavior links

The study tackles the crucial problem of phenotypic complexity head-on:

• This is an important work exploring the complex links between the brain's white matter structure and the symptomatology of concussions in children and adolescents

• Concussion and related brain diseases have great heterogeneity at multiple levels, including variable symptom profiles, different progression patterns, and distinct neurobiological mechanisms. This work acknowledges heterogeneity and the proposed methodology aims to leverage it, rather than averaging it out

Rigor:

• The methods are rigorous and original

• The methods used for analysis of dMRI are the state of the art in the field: excellent modeling techniques that overcome some of the known challenges of dMRI, and judicious use of PCA to summarize the multiple dMRI metrics that were derived into concise and interpretable components

• Data processing and analysis are of very high quality

• The main strength of the work is the expertise of the authors in advanced neuroimaging and statistical analysis methodologies. The brain's white matter structure and its connectivity pattern are quantified using a reliable diffusion imaging and procession pipeline. Multiple diffusion metrics are computed and then summarized using PCA. PLSc is used to discover multi-track multi-symptom relationships. Permutation testing and bootstrapping are used to identify significant links and significant weights. It is always a pleasure to read a manuscript that includes a "reliable" analysis pipeline

• Regarding the statistical methodology -- here as well, the methods are sophisticated and seem to be well-executed. The use of a discovery sample and application to a separate replication sample is an excellent approach.

• Another strength is the inclusion of a replication sample

The approach has broad utility:

• As the methods are agnostic to the nature of concussion, the proposed methodology may benefit studies dealing with other brain diseases and disorders as well

• The methodology introduced here is potentially quite valuable and its application to this dataset and to other datasets where there is substantial heterogeneity could improve the inferences made from measurements of large samples of individuals with these disorders.

Transfer Learning

It is so interesting how the narrator does not think he is a "madman" because of his intelligence of what he was able to do. Wich in this case was to be able to open the door and have his head inside the room.

This is amazing. I would say this is a great story for this kind of assignment.

No matter what the outcome is or how many times in a row a coin has landed, the outcome will always be 50-50 but for most people (including myself) we underestimate the probability in order to favor one side over the other for our own benefits in our head.

It is so interesting that Zeus ordered other women to make Pandora. Athena, Aphrodite, and Horae helped create Pandora - does this mean women are at fault for the evils that Pandora brings to earth? Sort of seems like the onus is on these women rather than Zeus

Is there a reason that the females give her good traits and objects while the males give her bad ones? is it just a coincidence that the males give her things that they see woman as like b*tchy and virginal while the woman give her things they see themselves as like golden charms and craft?

In the article, authors Gans and Mann uses Logos with the case 2005 case of Jean Charles de Menezes and uses that real story to show how in the hands of the surveillant, video proof can tarnished. Surveillance can be a useful tool but, "the one-sided curation of the evidence undermines their integrity." The quote is able to capture the tone, it captures the danger the authors are trying to show.

Doubt makes us overthink things sometimes and it overcomes or overthrows our emotions.

Vizier is a highly ranked official -- think almost like the governor of a state who still has to answer to the U.S. President (imperfect example but the point is they have power but only over certain places) -- they still must answer to caliph

caliph was the ruler in the historical Islamic empires

Sometimes things get too caught up in the whole idea of making a person feel sorry for what they did. They let ideas get to their head sometimes and the original reason for trying to cancel someone gets lost amidst all the frustration and anger.

Evaluation Summary: 

This study investigates a process by which hair cell stereocilia, the sensory structures that respond to sound in the hearing organ and to head motion or tilt in the vestibular organ, can recover from damage-induced gaps in their actin core, possibly allowing for the rescue of transient hearing loss after exposure to noise. This manuscript will be of strong interest to the inner ear field as well as readers with broader interest in actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Although meticulous controls, a combination of molecular, histological and functional studies and an innovative mouse model generally support the major conclusions of this study, additional controls are needed to confirm the mechanistic claims made in the manuscript. 

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Reviewer #2 (Public Review): 

Jones and colleagues investigated the topographical similarity of primary somatosensory cortex responses to painful and non-painful touch stimuli in newborn human infants.  Their hypothesis was that, as in non-human animal models, responses to non-painful stimuli would be more mature and organized than responses to painful stimuli, which would spread to parts of the somatosensory map other than the affected region.  They assessed responses to touch stimuli (repeated, light hammer taps) on the hand and foot as well as responses to a painful heel stick performed for a necessary blood draw.  Statistically significant, non-overlapping responses to the hand and foot touches were observed in an organization similar to that seen in adults.  The painful heel stick had a similar peak to the non-painful foot stimulation, but the extent of this peak was larger, and the response to the painful stimulus spread into non-overlapping parts of somatosensory cortex, including one channel that had responded to hand stimulation.  They conclude that pain responses are more widespread and disorganized relative to innocuous touch sensations early in post-natal development. 

Strengths:

The basic pieces of the methods used here are well chosen to answer this fundamental question about brain development. As the paper points out, fNIRS is an ideal imaging modality here.  It provides the necessary spatial specificity and resolution (relative to EEG), while allowing for imaging to occur in flexible environments (relative to fMRI), including the medically necessary, painful procedure used here.  The array of optodes was also well designed, providing good density over key regions of interest, as well as a control channel.  The authors report changes in both oxygenated and deoxygenate hemoglobin, which helps to support the claim that changes represent canonical hemodynamic responses. I also appreciate the variety of dimensions in which the responses to touch and pain stimuli were compared, including comparisons of the amplitude and spread the peak response using a full width half max calculation, in addition to the number of channels showing significant responses relative to baseline. 

Weaknesses:

Two elements of the experimental design and implementation make it difficult to tell if the differences in responses to painful and non-painful stimulation are actually a product of different properties of early cortical processing of nociceptive vs. innocuous sensation.  First, the touch stimuli were repeated over approximately 10 trials per participant, whereas there was only a single trial of the nociceptive stimulus.  In infants, as in adults, repeated stimuli lead to habituation, which is associated with suppression of the neural response.  Thus, averaging over 10 trials of the touch stimuli may result in an estimated response that is substantially dampened compared to the response that would be observed to a single, initial trial.  This may explain some of the differences in peak amplitude and extent for painful vs. non-painful stimulation.  

Second, when infants moved in the vicinity of a touch trial, that trial was excluded; in contrast, when infants moved after the heel stick, those data were retained.  The latter choice was essentially a necessity, as nearly all of the heel stick participants moved.  The authors justify the choice by saying that the movements were idiosyncratic and therefore "any associated cortical response would be removed during the averaging process" (line 247).  Of course, the responses to such motion would not be removed but rather averaged into the mean group response.  It is understandable to argue that this would result in unavoidable noise that could be overcome by strong signal, but under this justification and for parity between conditions, the authors should also retain motion-contaminated trials in the touch conditions.  I do also worry that the conditions of the experiment (infants were held closely by their mothers) could result in an underestimate of the motor responses produced by infants in the pain condition, who may have attempted to move their arms or legs more than observed but were held back by their parent, leading to additional pressure and sensation across additional, non-stimulated body parts in that condition.  Moreover, the authors do not discuss any differences in gasping or crying between the two conditions, which can also influence cerebral blood oxygenation.  (Perhaps this could account for the significant pain response in the control channel, which is largely ignored in interpretation of the results.) 

One final concern regards the channel-wise statistical analysis.  The methods state that participants' responses were averaged into a single time course, each time point of which was compared to a baseline distribution (rather than comparing a distribution of responses to a single baseline estimate, or pairing individual participants' response and baseline values).  It would seem, however, that the variability in somatosensory responses across participants, and not just variability in baseline, ought to be retained and used to assess statistical significance.  This is particularly a concern given the motion confound.  For example, strong responses in four infants making large arm or head movements would differentially affect analyses in which 1) those responses only pull up a single average value for each time point, versus 2) those responses also increase the variability of a distribution. Retaining variability in responses to trials would also facilitate directly comparing responses to foot touch and pain in channels claimed to be the locus of the disorganized pain response, which would strengthen the claim that early pain responses are misaligned with the topographical map of responses to touch. 

Conclusion: 

Given these concerns about the implementation and analyses, it is not clear whether the authors' conclusions are supported by their data.  However, adjustments or supplementary analyses could bolster the case for their interpretation that humans, like other animals, initially show exaggerated and disorganized cortical responses to pain in early development.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review): 

1) The novelty of the current observation of two types of links is overstated, for example, in the abstract: "Our data reveal the existence of two molecular connectors/spacers which likely contribute to the nanometer scale precise stacking of the ROS disks" (Line 25). In fact, both of these links have been shown before (Usukura and Yamada, 1981; Roof and Heuser, 1982; Corless and Schneider, 1987; Corless et al., 1987; Kajimura et al., 2000). These previous studies deserve to be recognized. Of special note is the paper by Usukura and Yamada whose images of the disc rim connectors are by no means less convincing than shown in the current manuscript. On the other hand, the novelty and impact of the data related to peripherin appears to be understated, particularly in the abstract. 

2) Notably, ROM-1 has not been found in peripherin oligomers larger than octamers (e.g. Loewen and Molday, 2000 and subsequent studies by Naash and colleagues). This should be discussed in the context of the current model. 

3) The following statement should be reconsidered given the established role of cysteine-150 in peripherin oligomerization: "We hypothesize that the necessary cysteine residues are located in the head domain of the tetramers (Figure 5B), ..." It has been firmly established that only one cysteine (C150) located in the intradiscal loop is not engaged in intramolecular interactions and is essential for peripherin oligomerization. \

4) Line 340: "A model involving V-shaped tetramers for membrane curvature formation was proposed recently (Milstein et al., 2020), but it comprises two rows of tetramers which are linked in a head-to-head manner. Our analysis instead resolves three rows organized side-by side in situ (Figure 5A)." I am confused by this statement: doesn't your model also show long rows connected head-to-head? The real difference is that Milstein and colleagues proposed four tetramers per rim whereas the current data reveal three. 

5) Line 347: "Our data indicate that the luminal domains of tetramers hold the disk rim scaffold together (Figure 3C), which is supported by the fact that most pathological mutations of PRPH2 affect its luminal domain (Boon et al., 2008; Goldberg et al., 2001). It is possible that these mutations impair the formation of tetramers, rows of tetramers, and their disulfide bond-stabilized oligomerization. These alterations could impede or completely prevent disk morphogenesis which, in turn, would disrupt the structural integrity of ROS, compromise the viability of the retina and ultimately lead to blindness." This is not an original idea, as many studies showed that disruptions in peripherin oligomerization lead to anatomical defects in disc formation and subsequent photoreceptor cell death. 

6) In regards to the distance between disc rims and plasma membrane, the authors cite the data obtained with frogs (10 nm) but not a more relevant, previously reported measurement in mice (Gilliam et al, 2012). The value of 18 nm reported in that study is much closer to the currently reported value. 

7) The authors are (correctly) being very careful in assigning the molecular identity of disc interior connectors to PDE6. However, they are more confident in assigning the disc rim connectors to GARP2, which is reflected in the labeling of these links in figure 5. Their arguments are valid, but these links are not attached to peripherin (a protein considered to be the membrane binding partner for GARPs), which is not immediately consistent with this hypothesis. Perhaps it would be fair to re-label the corresponding links in figure 5 as "disc rim connectors". 

8) On a similar note, the disc rim connectors seem to be located where ABCA4 is presumed to be localized within the rim, which may not be just a coincidence. The authors already have tomograms obtained from ABCA4 knockout animals. Is it possible to analyze whether these links are preserved in these tomograms?

annotations

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Lee et al. report on population-level cell type changes in primary motor cortex (M1) as water-deprived, head-fixed mice undergo associative learning. Mice were exposed to a condition stimulus (auditory tone), followed by a 1.5s delay and then delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (water reward), while the group simultaneously carried out in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of pyramidal neurons (PNs), somatostatin-, parvalbumin-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons (SOM-Ins, PV-Ins, and VIP-Ins, respectively) on the first and seventh day of the task. This investigation indicates that there are cell-type dependent responses encoding the cue and reward stimulus in M1. The group asserts that all of these four major cell types show distinct modifications after associative learning and that cue- and reward- related signals are coded for by major cell types in M1. In particular, it is suggested that PV-INs modulate local microcircuit activity related to the CS association in M1 and that VIP-INs act as a context-dependent switch following the reward delivery. This study provides evidence that M1 may have a broader, more diverse range of functions than previously appreciated

Strengths:

The paper takes a broad, comprehensive look at non-motor related responses in M1 during associative learning, dissecting responses across all the major cell types. This work provides a better appreciation of the heterogeneity of responses observed across the cortex and how those changes may emerge through experience. Overall, the experiments, data analysis, and results reported are highly rigorous.

Weaknesses:

The major weakness of the manuscript is the lack of analysis of motor-related activity that presumably exists in their data set. While the authors intentionally focus on non-motor responses and select a behavior that does not necessarily involve motor learning, the significance and interpretation of their findings seems incomplete without examining the motor activity and its relationship to cue and reward activity. This could better disambiguated whether the plasticity in cue and reward activity in M1 reflect local circuit changes as the authors implies or changes occurring in upstream areas that are then inherited by specific cell types in M1.

What does this mean? That the charm cast on her will cause longing/anxiety? How does it "eat away" at the limbs?

Statt uses logos to analyze the population of Bahrain along with confirmed cases and recorded deaths by the corona virus. Statt convinces the audience to download the app for the sake of safety issues and efforts to grab the audience to downloading the app. Additionally, using ethos to ensure that everything he claims is credible. He states, "said Claudio Guarnieri, the head of the Amnesty International's Security Lab, which conducted the analysis."

I understand this very much. Sometimes you are so immersed in something and the topic, activity, etc. has become so second-nature and ingrained in your head that it doesn't really feel real from an outside perspective, or doesn't quite process emotionally. It's just the new reality and what you've come to know and your brain has just adjusted to it as the new normal. By distracting yourself from that reality or immersing yourself in something that escapes that reality even for just a little bit, it allows you to come back to that and actually process it from a neutral, outside perspective, when you're not all caught up in it mentally. That's certainly how it felt for me at the beginning of the pandemic.

Making the stories increasingly absurd as a way of coping, creating fictional situations, and equaling or even surpassing the absurdity of the images they've seen with their own eyes. Nothing is implausible anymore, or too taboo/graphic

Puts gruesome, otherworldly images into our head; when these are experienced, everyone has to cope with them in some way; usually through indulgence in various activities, or substances, or through full on denial and detachment.

The power of collaboration

Uses a simili here to point to the theme - expressing his pain as an African American through blues music is exhasuting him to the point of death or crushing exhaustion.

Which Type of Cream Charger Should You Buy – 8G or 580G Cream Charger Overview A cream charger is a cartridge or stainless steel cylinder that is filled with highly pressurized nitrous oxide gas (N2O).

The small cylinder has a narrow and wide end. The narrow end of the cartridge is sealed with a foil covering that is usually broken with a piercing pin of a cracker or a whipped cream dispenser. The best cream chargers on the market have a leakproof design, which is great because that prevents them from losing the nitrous oxide gas before use. This helps to prevent any messes during use.

In this article, we will go through the various types of N2O cylinders to help you choose the best type of cream charger for your application.

Uses of Cream Chargers The most popular uses of the different types of cream chargers are:

Culinary Uses Whipped Cream Dispensers & Chargers How To.

Nitrous oxide is a key ingredient in the creation of whipped cream. N2O dissolves easily into liquid whipping cream and it doesn’t oxidize the cream in the process.

But you need to make sure that your liquid whipping cream has sufficient fat content of at least 28 percent to create heavier whipped cream. When the pressurized gas comes out of the dispenser it creates bubbles that make the cream fluffy.

Food-grade N2O is bacteriostatic, which is great because it prevents bacterial growth, allowing you to refrigerate the cream whipper for up to two weeks.

Recreational Uses Culinary-grade nitrous oxide is used by many people in society for recreational purposes. People get high on N2O because the gas slows down body responses and brain function. Inhaling nitrous oxide or laughing gas (as most people call it) can cause calmness, relaxation, and feelings of euphoria.

The gas is inhaled from a balloon and not directly from the N2O charger. Inhaling directly from a cream whipper or cracker is specifically unsafe because of the risk of freeze burns inside your mouth. You are also advised to inhale the gas in a well-ventilated area to avoid running out of oxygen.

Types of Cream ChargersThe most popular types of cream chargers on the market are 8g and 580g cartridges.

8G Cream Charger

This is a standard nitrous oxide charger that measures about 2.6 inches long with a bottom that measures around 0.7 inches wide and a narrow end (mouth) that measures approximately 0.34 inches.

This type of cream charger is filled with 8 grams of food-grade, pure nitrous oxide. Most 8-gram whip cream cartridges have a universal fitting with a wide variety of brand whipped cream dispensers on the market. This includes popular brands like GreatWhip, ISI, BestWhip, SupremeWhip, QuickWhip, and MOSA among others.

It is estimated that 8g cream chargers can turn about 0.5 liters of liquid whipping cream into up to 1.5 liters of highly delicious and lip-smacking cream. These types of N2O chargers are usually sealed and electronically weighed to make sure that they are exactly 8 grams.

A whip cream charger that is leakproof during shelflife is usually punctured.

580g cream charger.

This is a large nitrous oxide charger that contains a larger volume of nitrous oxide compared to a standard 8g canister. 580 gram cartridges are uniquely made for preparing nitrous flavor infusions and cocktails.

These cartridges are filled with 580 grams or 0.95 liters of food-grade nitrous oxide. Each giant cartridge is approximately equal to one hundred 8g cream chargers. This is after you have taken into consideration the N2O leakages that are normally associated with standard 8g cream chargers.

Unlike standard 8-gram chargers, 580-gram tanks are equipped with a plastic release nozzle. This unique nozzle design doesn’t suffer quality problems that are normally caused by poor orientation. The fact that the nozzle is made of plastic means it has superior anti-corrosion properties and doesn’t wear out easily.

These tank cream cartridges are odorless and flavorless, which makes them suitable for large-scale cocktail preparation.

They’re premium quality N2O chargers that are specifically made for large-scale home use, clubs, bars, restaurants, cafes, and commercial kitchens. Unlike most conventional 8g whip cream cartridges, 580g tanks meet stringent international standards for superior and consistent performance, safety, quality, as well as environmentally responsible practices.

The larger volumes of nitrous oxide in a single canister means that you get unmatched performance as far as nitrous infusions and cream whipping methods are concerned. But you need a hose fitting and regulator to connect a 580g cream charger to your whipped cream dispenser.

8G vs 580G Cream Chargers

When you’re thinking of buying N2O chargers for a catering occasion, you might want to weigh out your options before buying a large quantity of capsule size nitrous oxide cream chargers. This is an important factor when you consider the effort needed to use the small whip cream cartridges to meet your whipped cream requirements.

What you should be considering are larger 580g whip cream chargers because they are best suited for the job.

With the demand for N2O growing all over the world, the cream charger industry and market are increasing. Nitrous oxide cream chargers are normally available in the standard 8g canister size from online vendors. This is probably because of the popularity of standard whipped cream dispensers, which are mostly compatible with 8-gram chargers.

The capsule-size canisters can easily charge one cream whipper. But once the gas is used to create whipped cream, you will need another cartridge to keep on topping your cupcakes with delicious whipped cream.

This can be quite time-consuming and uneconomical when you need whipped cream on a larger scale. So, it goes without saying that the solution lies with 580g cream chargers. Ideal for large-scale preparations, a 580g N2O tank will meet your requirements late into the event.

If what I have said isn’t convincing enough for you, then the following are 5 top reasons why 580-gram cream chargers are more reliable than 8-gram ones.

Advantages of 580G Cream Chargers Over 8G

1. They are Highly Economical

Nitrous oxide is a key ingredient in the creation of whipped cream. So, the supply of the gas has to be economical for you not to suffer any losses. This is particularly important when dealing with large-scale events like a party.

Almost every brand on the market sells cheap whip cream cartridges in 8g cylinders. A pack of 100 cartridges retails at approximately $60 online, while some brands may go as high as $70. On the other hand, a 580-gram cream charger costs about $60 to $70. In comparison, one 580-gram tank gives you about three-quarters the quantity of 100 cartridges.

Instead of using about 60 cartridges in an event, you can meet all your whipped cream needs with one 580g N2O charger.

1. Logistic Benefits When you look at the two from a business perspective, you can appreciate the fact that a 580-gram nitrous oxide charger is a more sensible and economical investment compared to standard 8-gram chargers. This means you will be placing fewer orders.

You don’t have to worry about storage space for ten 100-pack packages when dealing with five 580-gram canisters.

When you place orders less frequently, you don’t have to worry about increasing delivery chargers, the effort you need to put into processing your new deliveries, or the time you need to spend stocking as well as managing your inventory.

1. Good Deals When Buying in Bulk In a business or large-scale use, there is a cost advantage to buying cream chargers in bulk. In this case, we don’t mean how large a pack is in terms of the number of cartridges but rather the size of individual cartridges.

For example, a pack of 100 8-gram cream chargers costs roughly $60, which means each cartridge is approximately $0.6. A 580-gram whip cream charger, on the other hand, costs about $60. So, if in the 100-pack you only needed 60 cartridges to meet your whipped cream needs, then you get to save approximately $24 when you choose to use one 580-gram cream canister.

There are other advantages to buying in bulk besides lower price ranges. Many nitrous oxide charger brands including GreatWhip offer cheaper or free delivery if you buy more than a certain amount. And if your whipped cream business is big enough, you could inquire about special buyer programs.

1. Sustainability and Eco-Friendly One of the most important aspects of 580-gram N2O canisters over their 8-gram counterparts is sustainability. A single large tank provides larger volumes of N2O compared to a pack of 100 8-gram whip cream cartridges. When making cocktails at home, one large N2O tank could last you a few days, depending on your usage. But you are likely to use about two to five capsule-size canisters in one day. Large cylinders reduce the number of steel you have to dispose of every time you make whipped cream, which means they are highly eco-friendly.

1. Compatibility and Ease of Use You can also appreciate the fact that 580-gram N2O cylinders have higher compatibility compared to the smaller cylinders.

But what makes them a must-have is their ease of use and superior user-friendliness. The smaller cartridges require you to detach the charger holder, insert a whip cream charger into the holder, and reattach the holder until you hear a whooshing sound. Well, this is quite a process, especially if you will be using several small canisters in one session.

But when dealing with a 580g N2O tank, you will be using a regulator to get pure nitrous oxide into your cream whipper. The regulator comes equipped with a universally easy-push connector that works with any brand of whip cream dispenser.

You can easily observe the bottle and working pressure from the regulator. So, regulating the amount of gas that goes into the dispenser at one go is extremely easy and effective.

You can slowly increase the volume of N2O that goes into the dispenser, depending on your needs.

So, What’s the Verdict?

We have laid out for you the top 5 reasons why buying a 580-gram N2O charger is far more beneficial than a pack of standard 8-gram N2O cartridges. So, when buying wholesale, don’t look at the pack size but the size of the canister. This way you will appreciate the importance of 580-gram tanks.

Great Whip cream charger is your go-to supplier for food-grade, ultra-pure 580g cream chargers. We’ve got good deals for a single large cylinder to an entire pallet at wholesale prices.

How to Use 8G Cream Chargers

It isn’t difficult to learn how to use standard 8-gram nitrous oxide cylinders. You just need to have a whip cream dispenser and the N2O cartridges. Here are the step-by-step instructions you need to follow.

Step 1: Detach the Charger Holder Remove the cream charger holder from the cream whipper. Remove the cream charger holder.

Start by unscrewing the whip cream charger holder from the head of the dispenser.

Step 2: Insert a Cream Charger into the Holder Insert a cream charger into the holder and reinstall it onto the dispenser head. Insert a cream charger into the holder. Source: directoalpaladar.com

Slide a standard 8g N2O charger into the whip cream charger holder and gently screw the holder back onto the dispenser head.

Continue tightening the holder until you hear a whooshing sound, which is an indication that the gas has been released into the dispenser. You can choose to remove the empty canister or leave it inside the holder.

Step 3: Shake the Dispenser

Shake the cream whipper.

The liquid whipping cream inside the dispenser is denser than the nitrous oxide. So, you have to give the bottle a good shake to properly mix the gas and the cream. Ten to twenty shakes should do.

Step 4: Create the Whipped Cream Create whipped cream and enjoy. Create whipped cream. Source: searanchlodge.com

Make sure the head of the cream whipper is facing down when creating whipped cream. You cannot use the whipper while the head is facing up because that will force the N2O to leak and no whipped cream will be formed.

Which Type of Cream Charger Should You Buy – 8G or 580G

Cream Charger Overview A cream charger is a cartridge or stainless steel cylinder that is filled with highly pressurized nitrous oxide gas (N2O).

The small cylinder has a narrow and wide end. The narrow end of the cartridge is sealed with a foil covering that is usually broken with a piercing pin of a cracker or a whipped cream dispenser. The best cream chargers on the market have a leakproof design, which is great because that prevents them from losing the nitrous oxide gas before use. This helps to prevent any messes during use.

In this article, we will go through the various types of N2O cylinders to help you choose the best type of cream charger for your application.

Uses of Cream Chargers The most popular uses of the different types of cream chargers are:

Culinary Uses Whipped Cream Dispensers & Chargers How To.

Nitrous oxide is a key ingredient in the creation of whipped cream. N2O dissolves easily into liquid whipping cream and it doesn’t oxidize the cream in the process.

But you need to make sure that your liquid whipping cream has sufficient fat content of at least 28 percent to create heavier whipped cream. When the pressurized gas comes out of the dispenser it creates bubbles that make the cream fluffy.

Food-grade N2O is bacteriostatic, which is great because it prevents bacterial growth, allowing you to refrigerate the cream whipper for up to two weeks.

Recreational Uses Culinary-grade nitrous oxide is used by many people in society for recreational purposes. People get high on N2O because the gas slows down body responses and brain function. Inhaling nitrous oxide or laughing gas (as most people call it) can cause calmness, relaxation, and feelings of euphoria.

The gas is inhaled from a balloon and not directly from the N2O charger. Inhaling directly from a cream whipper or cracker is specifically unsafe because of the risk of freeze burns inside your mouth. You are also advised to inhale the gas in a well-ventilated area to avoid running out of oxygen.

Types of Cream Chargers The most popular types of cream chargers on the market are 8g and 580g cartridges.

8G Cream Charger

This is a standard nitrous oxide charger that measures about 2.6 inches long with a bottom that measures around 0.7 inches wide and a narrow end (mouth) that measures approximately 0.34 inches.

This type of cream charger is filled with 8 grams of food-grade, pure nitrous oxide. Most 8-gram whip cream cartridges have a universal fitting with a wide variety of brand whipped cream dispensers on the market. This includes popular brands like GreatWhip, ISI, BestWhip, SupremeWhip, QuickWhip, and MOSA among others.

It is estimated that 8g cream chargers can turn about 0.5 liters of liquid whipping cream into up to 1.5 liters of highly delicious and lip-smacking cream. These types of N2O chargers are usually sealed and electronically weighed to make sure that they are exactly 8 grams.

A whip cream charger that is leakproof during shelflife is usually punctured.

580g cream charger.

This is a large nitrous oxide charger that contains a larger volume of nitrous oxide compared to a standard 8g canister. 580g cartridges are uniquely made for preparing nitrous flavor infusions and cocktails.

These cartridges are filled with 580 grams or 0.95 liters of food-grade nitrous oxide. Each giant cartridge is approximately equal to one hundred 8g cream chargers. This is after you have taken into consideration the N2O leakages that are normally associated with standard 8g cream chargers.

Unlike standard 8-gram chargers, 580 gram tanks are equipped with a plastic release nozzle. This unique nozzle design doesn’t suffer quality problems that are normally caused by poor orientation. The fact that the nozzle is made of plastic means it has superior anti-corrosion properties and doesn’t wear out easily.

These tank cream cartridges are odorless and flavorless, which makes them suitable for large-scale cocktail preparation.

They’re premium quality N2O chargers that are specifically made for large-scale home use, clubs, bars, restaurants, cafes, and commercial kitchens. Unlike most conventional 8g whip cream cartridges, 580g tanks meet stringent international standards for superior and consistent performance, safety, quality, as well as environmentally responsible practices.

The larger volumes of nitrous oxide in a single canister means that you get unmatched performance as far as nitrous infusions and cream whipping methods are concerned. But you need a hose fitting and regulator to connect a 580g cream charger to your whipped cream dispenser.

8G vs 580G Cream Chargers

When you’re thinking of buying N2O chargers for a catering occasion, you might want to weigh out your options before buying a large quantity of capsule size nitrous oxide cream chargers. This is an important factor when you consider the effort needed to use the small whip cream cartridges to meet your whipped cream requirements.

What you should be considering are larger 580g whip cream chargers because they are best suited for the job.

With the demand for N2O growing all over the world, the cream charger industry and market are increasing. Nitrous oxide cream chargers are normally available in the standard 8g canister size from online vendors. This is probably because of the popularity of standard whipped cream dispensers, which are mostly compatible with 8-gram chargers.

The capsule-size canisters can easily charge one cream whipper. But once the gas is used to create whipped cream, you will need another cartridge to keep on topping your cupcakes with delicious whipped cream.

This can be quite time-consuming and uneconomical when you need whipped cream on a larger scale. So, it goes without saying that the solution lies with 580g cream chargers. Ideal for large-scale preparations, a 580g N2O tank will meet your requirements late into the event.

If what I have said isn’t convincing enough for you, then the following are 5 top reasons why 580-gram cream chargers are more reliable than 8-gram ones.

Advantages of 580G Cream Chargers Over 8G

1. They are Highly Economical

Nitrous oxide is a key ingredient in the creation of whipped cream. So, the supply of the gas has to be economical for you not to suffer any losses. This is particularly important when dealing with large-scale events like a party.

Almost every brand on the market sells cheap whip cream cartridges in 8g cylinders. A pack of 100 cartridges retails at approximately $60 online, while some brands may go as high as $70. On the other hand, a 580-gram cream charger costs about $60 to $70. In comparison, one 580-gram tank gives you about three-quarters the quantity of 100 cartridges.

Instead of using about 60 cartridges in an event, you can meet all your whipped cream needs with one 580g N2O charger.

1. Logistic Benefits When you look at the two from a business perspective, you can appreciate the fact that a 580-gram nitrous oxide charger is a more sensible and economical investment compared to standard 8-gram chargers. This means you will be placing fewer orders.

You don’t have to worry about storage space for ten 100-pack packages when dealing with five 580-gram canisters.

When you place orders less frequently, you don’t have to worry about increasing delivery chargers, the effort you need to put into processing your new deliveries, or the time you need to spend stocking as well as managing your inventory.

1. Good Deals When Buying in Bulk In a business or large-scale use, there is a cost advantage to buying cream chargers in bulk. In this case, we don’t mean how large a pack is in terms of the number of cartridges but rather the size of individual cartridges.

For example, a pack of 100 8-gram cream chargers costs roughly $60, which means each cartridge is approximately $0.6. A 580-gram whip cream charger, on the other hand, costs about $60. So, if in the 100-pack you only needed 60 cartridges to meet your whipped cream needs, then you get to save approximately $24 when you choose to use one 580-gram cream canister.

There are other advantages to buying in bulk besides lower price ranges. Many nitrous oxide charger brands including GreatWhip offer cheaper or free delivery if you buy more than a certain amount. And if your whipped cream business is big enough, you could inquire about special buyer programs.

1. Sustainability and Eco-Friendly One of the most important aspects of 580-gram N2O canisters over their 8-gram counterparts is sustainability. A single large tank provides larger volumes of N2O compared to a pack of 100 8-gram whip cream cartridges. When making cocktails at home, one large N2O tank could last you a few days, depending on your usage. But you are likely to use about two to five capsule-size canisters in one day. Large cylinders reduce the number of steel you have to dispose of every time you make whipped cream, which means they are highly eco-friendly.

1. Compatibility and Ease of Use You can also appreciate the fact that 580-gram N2O cylinders have higher compatibility compared to the smaller cylinders.

But what makes them a must-have is their ease of use and superior user-friendliness. The smaller cartridges require you to detach the charger holder, insert a whip cream charger into the holder, and reattach the holder until you hear a whooshing sound. Well, this is quite a process, especially if you will be using several small canisters in one session.

But when dealing with a 580g N2O tank, you will be using a regulator to get pure nitrous oxide into your cream whipper. The regulator comes equipped with a universally easy-push connector that works with any brand of whip cream dispenser.

You can easily observe the bottle and working pressure from the regulator. So, regulating the amount of gas that goes into the dispenser at one go is extremely easy and effective.

You can slowly increase the volume of N2O that goes into the dispenser, depending on your needs.

So, What’s the Verdict?

We have laid out for you the top 5 reasons why buying a 580-gram N2O charger is far more beneficial than a pack of standard 8-gram N2O cartridges. So, when buying wholesale, don’t look at the pack size but the size of the canister. This way you will appreciate the importance of 580-gram tanks.

Great Whip Cream Charger is your go-to supplier for food-grade, ultra-pure 580g cream chargers. We’ve got good deals for a single large cylinder to an entire pallet at wholesale prices.

How to Use 8G Cream Chargers It isn’t difficult to learn how to use standard 8-gram nitrous oxide cylinders. You just need to have a whip cream dispenser and the N2O cartridges. Here are the step-by-step instructions you need to follow.

Step 1: Detach the Charger Holder Remove the cream charger holder from the cream whipper. Remove the cream charger holder.

Start by unscrewing the whip cream charger holder from the head of the dispenser.

Step 2: Insert a Cream Charger into the Holder Insert a cream charger into the holder and reinstall it onto the dispenser head. Insert a cream charger into the holder. Source: directoalpaladar.com

Slide a standard 8g N2O charger into the whip cream charger holder and gently screw the holder back onto the dispenser head.

Continue tightening the holder until you hear a whooshing sound, which is an indication that the gas has been released into the dispenser. You can choose to remove the empty canister or leave it inside the holder.

Step 3: Shake the Dispenser

Shake the cream whipper.

The liquid whipping cream inside the dispenser is denser than the nitrous oxide. So, you have to give the bottle a good shake to properly mix the gas and the cream. Ten to twenty shakes should do.

Step 4: Create the Whipped Cream Create whipped cream and enjoy. Create whipped cream. Source: searanchlodge.com

Make sure the head of the cream whipper is facing down when creating whipped cream. You cannot use the whipper while the head is facing up because that will force the N2O to leak and no whipped cream will be formed.

How to Use 580G Cream Chargers

580g cream chargers are used along with a pressure regulator (gives you superior control over nitrous oxide usage and portion control). If you are a perfectionist, you will love this type of cream charger. Here are the important steps you need to follow.

Step 1: Attach the Pressure Regulator and Adaptor

Attach the regulator to the dispenser.

The first thing you need to do is attach the pressure regulator to the 580-gram nitrous oxide canister. When screwed properly, the bottle pressure and working pressure gauges should be facing the side of the canister with the label.

Connect the adaptor that comes with the regulator to your cream whipper. The adaptor will convert your cream whipper to be compatible with the easy push connector that connects the filling hose to the regulator.

Step 2: Fill the Dispenser with Nitrous Oxide Use the pressure regulator to fill the whipper with a precise amount of nitrous oxide.

Use the pressure regulator to fill the whipper with N2O. Source: alibaba.com

Once you have successfully connected the pressure regulator, you can now fill the dispenser with the appropriate volume of N2O. Portion control is extremely easy with a pressure regulator.

A 50 ml portion will need 5 bar, 100 ml will need 6.5 bar, 150 ml will need 8 bar, 200 ml will need 10 bar, 250 ml will need 12 bar, and 300 ml will need 13 bar, 350 ml will need 14 bar, 400 ml will need 16 bar, and 450 ml will need 17 bar. Don’t fill the whipper with excess nitrous oxide to avoid wastage.

Once you have released the ideal amount of nitrous oxide into the dispenser, you can go ahead and unscrew the adaptor and the filling hose. Then reattach the charger holder. Shake the dispenser ten to twenty times to properly mix the N2O with the liquid whipping cream. Use the dispenser while the head is facing down for the best results.

I just found this to be very fascinating, as I have never thought about law like that before, but it does make a lot of sense to put it into this framework. It does seem that the livelihood and wellbeing of the criminal comes more into question in court cases rather than the victim. I wonder if this is perhaps because the deed was already done unto the victim, and the perpetrator still has a chance of life out of prison? I'm not sure, I just thought it was an interesting take to view this normal circumstance flipped on its head.

What and Why: In the beginning of the story, Marcia expressed that the first time she saw Masha, she was wearing her skirt. I feel that this has a deeper meaning because later on we learn that Masha had to follow strict rules which limited what she can do and wear. Marcia saw Marsha a lot throughout the hotel and was curious about her way of life. Masha no longer worked at the hotel and Marcia spend years looking for her. This leads me to believe that Marcia was trying to express to her readers that even though something may not seem like an important part of your life in that moment, it may be in the future.

This line made me chuckle initially because I thought "why is he so fixated on fish? This makes no sense." Reading over it again, I am sure it is a metaphor for something, but I am having trouble figuring out what the metaphor is. Is he unhappy with his life because it is mundane and he has the same fish every day? What does this have to do with imagination? I feel like there is a deeper meaning to this that is going over my head. Clearly Begbick gets out of it that Galy Gay is self centered and only fixated on himself but I don't see that necessarily.

I didn't realize this but the author really does control the world in your head.

Relying on biological concepts to understand social bodies - the thesis of this essay

chasuble: a sleeveless outer vestment worn by priest when celebrating Mass, typically ornate and having a simple hole for the head.

In 1977, Porsolt et al. described a new method for assessing the effectiveness of antidepressent treatments, in which mice are dropped into a cylinder of water with a diameter of 10 cm, height of 25 cm, and water height of 6 cm. Porsolt et al. had observed that most mice are able to find the exit within 10 minutes, but some display a "state of despair", where they believe there is no escape from the situation, and resort to simply floating, only making movements that are needed to keep their head above the water. Porsolt et al. used this method to test a large range of antidepressants by injecting the mice intraperitoneally 1 hour before the forced swim test. In Porsolt et al.'s results, three drugs known to be therapeutic in depression (iprindole, mianserin, and viloxazine) resulted in a reduction in immobility of the mice (32).

I agree with Caulfield that you responding only to "suspicious" materials could be entrapping. However, "interesting, emotion-producing, shareable" is also entrapping. I wonder why he did not mention information that is "fearful." The "always checking" no matter what the idea is lines up with my thinking "always get your references." His idea of checking "the mirror and head-checks before it gets to automotive repair" I can deeply understand. Misinformation prevention starts before digital reading but with digital literacy cultural participatory values and norms.

Eduardo explains the way he is thinking and how people are affected by the tragedy. this Proves that the author is given hints but is only told so much of the incident so soon, and he shows how he comes to know the problem that arises.

This is the explanation for my first annotation and I stand by what I said. This argument makes no sense, I can pretty confidently say that if anyone just happened upon $50k the first thing they did would not be spend it. The idea in my head is that if these people had just a couple hundred dollars more a month, even if they spent just half of it thats another 100-200 dollars a month from one person going back to the economy. With the 36 million now student debt free thats 3.6 billion a month.