Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This is an extraordinary study that will serve as key resource for all researchers in the field of Drosophila testis development. The lineages that derive from the germline stem cells and somatic stem cells are described in a detail that has not been previously achieved. The RNAseq approaches have permitted the description of cell states that have not been inferred from morphological analyses, although it is the combination of RNAseq and morphological studies that makes this study exceptional. The field will now have a good understanding of interactions between specific cell states in the somatic lineage with specific states in the germ cell lineage. This resource will permit future studies on precise mechanisms of communication between these lineages during the differentiation process, and will serve as a model for studies of co-differentiation in other stem cell systems. The combination of snRNAseq and scRNAseq has conclusively shown differences in transcriptional activation and RNA storage at specific stages of germ cell differentiation and is a unique study that will inform other studies of cell differentiation.

Could the authors please describe whether genes on the Y chromosome are expressed outside of the male germline. For example, what is represented by the spots of expression within the seminal vesicle observed in Figure 3D?

I would appreciate some discussion of the "somatic factors" that are observed to be upregulated in spermatocytes (e.g. Mhc, Hml, grh, Syt1). Is there any indication of functional significance of any of these factors in spermatocytes?

In the discussion of cyst cell lineage differentiation following cluster 74 the authors state that neither the HCC or TCC lineages were enriched for eya (Figure 6V). It seems in this panel that cluster 57 shows some enrichment for eya - is this regarded as too low expression to be considered enriched?

"The question the link poses: Is there a redeeming quality about [Ai Ebihara]? Can a kind soul be all it takes to save someone?"

This is a beautiful write-up of the Ai Ebihara social link in Persona 4. I would be curious what the author thinks the answers are to the two questions presented. In my view, Ai's redeeming quality -- that is the quality she uses to redeem her character in the end -- is the same quality that drove her unpleasant personality early in the arc -- introspection. The player "saves" Ai by giving Ai the courage to save herself. Part of the beauty of the link is that the rest is for Ai to figure out as she goes forward.

Joan Rivers had an index card catalog with 52 drawers of 4-by-6-inch index cards containing jokes she'd accumulated over her lifetime of work. She had 18 2 drawer stackable steel files that were common during the mid-1900s. Rather than using paper inserts with the label frames on the card catalogs, she used a tape-based label maker to designate her drawers.

Scott Currie, who worked with Melissa Rivers on a book about her mother, Joan Rivers, at the comedian’s former Manhattan office. Many of her papers are stored there.Credit...Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times

Note carefully that the article says 52 drawers, but the image in the article shows a portion of what can be surmised to be 18 2-drawer cabinets for a total of 36 drawers. (14 2-drawer cabinets are pictured, but based on size and perspective, there's one row of 4 2-drawer boxes not shown.)

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

The study employs a number of methods, including TEM morphometric analysis, immunochemistry, western blotting, genomics, genetically modified models, whole heart measurements.

However, the manuscript seems to be a collection of two unfinished works: one on the transition p20-p60 in post-natal development of the heart, second about the role of ephrinB1 in the maturation of the crests of the sarcolemma. Otherwise, it is not clear why in the first figure there is no staining for ephB1, and why there is staining for claudin 5 instead.<br /> The authors are trying to defend the idea that development of the heart in rats doesn't finish on postnatal day 20 and goes on for up to day 60. However, it is not convincing.<br /> It is no surprise transcription profile is different between day 20 and day 60, I am sure as life goes on development continues into aging and any comparison of samples collected with sufficient time lapse will give transcriptional differences. Whether these differences represent a truly separate development stage is not a clear-cut story.<br /> Most of the argument is based on morphometric study of TEM images. However, the method is not described at all. There is reference to another paper by the authors, but this paper doesn't provide a concise description of the morphometry either. It is unclear how randomisation of images and fields of view has been achieved and what statistical methods has been implemented. In TEM it is often possible to find all sorts of oddities depending on how you choose the images.<br /> Why didn't the authors use microscopy of live isolated cells, which may be more relevant to study crest hight?<br /> Both claudin5 and EphrinB1 seem to be expressed highly after p5, which doesn't correlate with the proposed maturation of crests at days 20 to 60.<br /> There is no causative relationship between the lack of ephrinb1 and crest maturing, at least to my mind.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This retrospective study addresses an important aspect of breast cancer treatment for prolonging survival and minimizing adverse events. Moreover, the findings could improve the treatment response of HR+ DCIS patients, which is very promising for the treatment. The article is mostly well-written and supported by encouraging data. The major strength of the study is the finding that ET after mastectomy should not be used for the treatment of HR+ DCIS patients. Nevertheless, only the Chinese population was analyzed, and that is the only limitation. This study would greatly help in the management of HR+ DCIS patients and in clinical decision-making.

!- transition : for cultural / social groups / paradigms

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

In this paper, Zhou et al. propose a polarization microscope for measuring the emission polarization of bifunctional rhodamine molecules attached to AdiC transporters. The polarization is used to resolve the orientation of the fluorophores, which allows the authors to successfully resolve the four conformations of AdiC at a temporal resolution of tens of milliseconds. The measured orientation for each conformation is validated with the results using crystallography.

Overall, I believe the paper is well written and demonstrates a great application for orientation imaging using polarized microscopes. Detailed experimental procedures, calibrations, and mathematical frameworks are included. I have the following recommendations to improve the manuscript.

1) On page 20, the authors note that they set a threshold to filter out molecules whose total intensity varies during the measurements. The statement that "while fluorescence intensity is expected to vary among different polarization directions, the total intensity should be essentially invariant" is not true. Since the authors use TIRF illumination to excite the molecules, the excitation polarization component along the tilting direction (e.g., along the y-axis) of the excitation is 0, i.e., molecules oriented along that direction (e.g., y-oriented) will be excited less effectively compared to other orientations.

2) Could the authors provide more details regarding how the clusters are ranked? The authors note that C1-C4 are "ranked according to the values of both angles". It is not clear to me how this is done. Also, what is the range of the measured theta_L and phi_L? And how is the warping of the spherical coordinates handled in the ranking process, e.g., a change from 350 deg to 10 deg is +20 deg or -340 deg.

3) Is the k-means clustering also based on the distance in the Cartesian space, similar to the state identification?

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This manuscript investigates the process of neurotransmitter release from hair cell synapses using electron microscopy of tissue rapidly frozen after optogenetic stimulation. The primary finding is that in the absence of a stimulus very few vesicles appear docked at the membrane, but upon stimulation vesicles rapidly associate with the membrane. In contrast, the number of vesicles associated with the ribbon and within 50 nm of the membrane remains unchanged. Additionally, the authors find no changes in vesicle size that might be predicted if vesicles fuse to one-another prior to fusing with the membrane. The paper claims that these findings argue for rapid replenishment and against a mechanism of multi-vesicular release, but neither argument is that convincing. Nonetheless, the work is of high quality, the results are intriguing, and will be of interest to the field.

1) The abstract states that their results "argue against synchronized multiquantal release". While I might agree that the lack of larger structures is suggestive that homotypic fusion may not be common, this is far from an argument against any mechanisms of multi-quantal release. At least one definition of synchronized multiquantal release posits that multiple vesicles are fusing at the same time through some coordinated mechanism. Given that they do not report evidence of fusion itself, I fail to see how these results inform us one way or the other.

2) The complete lack of docked vesicles in the absence of a stimulus followed by their appearance with a stimulus is a fascinating result. However, since there are no docked vesicles prior to a stimulus, it is really unclear what these docked vesicles represent - clearly not the RRP. Are these vesicles that are fusing or recently fused or are they ones preparing to fuse? It is fine that it is unknown, but it complicates their interpretation that the vesicles are "rapidly replenished". How does one replenish a pool of docked vesicles that didn't exist prior to the stimulus?

http://directlyyours.com/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=1820

Review

Review

Know these steps and know how to do the equations

Remember where oxidation and reduction occurs

While my instinct is that reduction = less electrons, in reality it's the charge that's being reduced, which means more electrons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-Wp0sLpnMY

PVA Glue used in bookbinding, but isn't inexpensive.

• Tacky glue - okay
• rubber cement - not great
• elmer's glue - not great, tears esp. for 2 layers
• Mod podge - pulls nicely and strong
• mod podge hard shell - cracks, not great
• PVA Glue - the best of the group

Recommendations in order: PVA, Tacky Glue, Mod Podge (regular)

Brush on top edge and do two coats. Don't get it down between sheets.

Também acho que é uma oportunidade em copiar o formato da seção "Para quem a Company Hero é feita" na homepage.

Redox reaction definition

https://www.ikea.com/us/en/p/kuggis-box-with-lid-transparent-black-00514033/#content

7 x 10.25 x 6"

This is big enough and just about the perfect size for 4 x 6" index cards. The lid has a slight indent to make it easily stackable.

https://www.amazon.com/Snap-N-Store-Index-Card-Black-SNS01577/dp/B002VCVCKW/

http://www.shopbrodart.com/library-supplies/archival-supplies/archival-storage-boxes/Archival-Media-Storage-Boxes/_/Microfiche-Storage-Boxes/

These should easily fit 4 x 6" index cards as well as card dividers with taller tabs which commercially don't often get taller than 4 1/2".

See also microfiche divider guides.

https://www.instagram.com/p/CeWV6xBuZUN/?hl=en

Ryan Holiday in the past has made custom 4 x 6" index cards for taking notes for his individual projects.

Pictured: A custom slip with 11 light gray lines, small margins all around, and at the top the printed words: "Courage. Temperance. Justice. Wisdom."

<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Billy Oppenheimer, research assistant to Ryan Holiday</span> in The Notecard System: Capture, Organize, and Use Everything You Read, Watch, and Listen To - Billy Oppenheimer (<time class='dt-published'>11/03/2022 16:53:44</time>)</cite></small>

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A post shared by Ryan Holiday (@ryanholiday)

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I used to do this sort of practice before, but I used buckslips instead.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This manuscript reports combining recently developed and described in the accompanying paper nanobodies against Sallimus and Projectin with DNA-Paint technology that allows super-resolution imaging. Presented data prove that such a combination provides a powerful system for imaging at a nano-scale the large and protein-dense structures such as Drosophila flight muscle. The main outcome is the observation that in flight muscle sarcomeres Salimus and Projectin overlap at the I/A band border. This was elegantly achieved using double color DNA-Paint with Sls and Projectin nanobodies.

Overall, as it stands, this manuscript even if of high technological value, remains entirely descriptive and short in providing new insights into muscle structure and architecture.<br /> The main finding, an overlap between short Sls isoform and Proj in flight muscle sarcomeres, is redundant with the author's observation (described in the companion paper "A nanobody toolbox to investigate localisation and dynamics of Drosophila titins") that in larval muscles expressing a long Sls isoform, Sls and Proj overlap as well.<br /> Alternatively, combination of Sls and Proj nanobodies with DNA-Paint represents an interesting example of technological development that could strengthen the accompanying nanobodies toolkit manuscript.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This study revealed the structure of TMEM87A for the first time. Unexpectedly, the authors found that TMEM87A shared high structural similarity with WLS that mediates Wnt secretion and trafficking. Particularly, these two proteins share a similar extracellular GOLD domain and a large cavity that is accessible from both the extracellular side and the membrane. Through structural comparison, the authors have also identified a few other membrane proteins that share similar architecture with TMEM87A/WLS. These findings define a new membrane protein family that may play important roles in membrane-associated protein trafficking.

The authors also provided structural analyses and functional characterizations that suggest TMEM87A might function differently from GPCRs or ion channels. This proposal is reasonable. More experimental evidence is needed in either this study or future studies.

Overall, the findings from this study are highly interesting. This work provides a molecular framework for future elucidation of TMEM87A's functional roles and provides important and novel insights into this newly defined family of membrane proteins, and more broadly protein trafficking process.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

In "A Toxin-Antidote Selfish Element Increases Fitness of its Host", Long et al. attempt to address an outstanding question in the evolution of toxin-antidote (TA) systems in primarily selfing species: How do TA systems escape drift and spread in a primarily selfing species? The authors use simulations to show that at outcrossing rates similar to that observed in C. elegans a TA element, like the peel-1/zeel-1 element, has a high probability of being lost to genetic drift. However, the authors show that the peel-1 gene provides a fitness advantage to strains harboring it, providing evidence for a dual role for this gene and insights into how this element might have escaped being lost to genetic drift.

Strengths:

The experiments in this paper are well-framed. The authors use simulations to show that the observed frequency of the peel-1/zeel-1 TA element in the C. elegans population is highly unlikely given the inferred outcrossing rates of species.

The authors clearly show that the 140-370kb CB4856 introgression into N2 lowers relative fitness, number of eggs laid, and animal size, relative to N2.

The authors generated null alleles of peel-1 and zeel-1 and showed that a truncated version of PEEL-1 confers a detrimental fitness effect when compared to N2. Furthermore, the authors show that the fitness effect associated with peel-1 is independent of the antidote (zeel-1) component of this TA element.

Weaknesses:

1) The reference N2 strain has been cultivated in the lab for decades and many different versions of this strain exist. The different versions of N2, which might have slightly different genomes, are likely to have different fitness in laboratory conditions. It is unclear whether the N2 strain used to construct QX1198 is the same N2 strain used to construct CX12311, PTM229, and PTM377 (and others derived from these). The potential difference in the N2 strain used for the construction of these strains might contribute to the large discrepancy between the relative fitness shown in Figure 2A (~0.25) and Figure 3E-F (~0.07). Alternatively, the other CB4856-specific variants present in the 140-370 kb introgression in the QX1198 strain might cause this large discrepancy.<br /> Regardless of the potential discrepancy among N2 strains used as the genetic background, the claim that the presence of peel-1 confers higher relative fitness is supported by Figure 3E because PTM377/409 were presumably derived from the same N2 strain.

2) For Figures 2B and 3C, the authors report the number of eggs laid per animal. C. elegans strains can lay embryos that do not hatch and therefore fail to develop into reproductive adults. Does the difference between N2 and N2(peel-1(0)) remain when considering the number of reproductively mature progeny? Presumably, eggs laid translate to reproductive adults because a relative fitness increase is observed when peel-1 is present.

3) The authors did not perform whole-genome sequencing of the peel-1 and zeel-1 CRISPR edited strains or mention any backcrossing done to eliminate potential off-target editing events. Therefore it is difficult to conclude whether off-target effects might influence the quantified traits presented in Figure 3. This concern is somewhat alleviated by the reciprocal competition assay presented in Figure 3E (4th boxplot), but a potential off-target editing event that lowers fitness could have segregated with the silent dpy-10 and peel-1 edits.<br /> The same concern is present with the zeel-1-independence experiment, however, this experiment does not have reciprocal competition experiments.

4) In Figure 3C-D, the authors show that a homozygous truncated version of PEEL-1 confers a reduction in eggs laid per animal (proxy for brood size) and animal length (proxy for developmental speed). However, the authors do not show whether a heterozygous truncated PEEL-1 strain (N2 peel-1/peel-1(kah126)) confers the same reduction in eggs laid or animal size. Would the allele frequency dynamics derived from the simulations be affected by a fitness advantage only being conferred by the presence of two copies of peel-1?

5) The authors show a fitness advantage associated with peel-1 in laboratory conditions. It is obviously extremely difficult to extend these observations to the wild, however, the authors do not take their observations that peel-1 confers a fitness advantage in the lab and apply their empirical observations to the simulation framework. If the laboratory fitness advantage of peel-1 did extend to the wild, one might expect the element would fix in the population in the simulation framework.

6) It seems possible that a truncated version of the PEEL-1 protein might have unknown deleterious fitness consequences that are independent of any beneficial effect the full-length protein might have. The same is true for the truncated ZEEL-1 protein, though potentially less concerning because there are only 5 amino acids.

hoover's big thing is to avoid the federal government from being too involved

hoover legitimately believes he did all he could

Hoover is still blaming other countries

Hoover provided support for the banks in crisis, trying to stabalize the withdraws and panic

But not enough aid

https://www.flotsamandfork.com/collections/new/products/exacompta-heavyweight-index-cards?variant=39534626340963

Algorithms are becoming more and more sophisticated, with that said it is plausible to arrive at the conclusion that algorithms pose threat to historical interpretions. However, I think as we move into the future this potential for error will become more and more minute as our data management and data storage will improve as well as the standards governing data. It will likely become harder to find gaps in digital history.

I feel that email has the ability to be impersonal, and the time spent reading an email cannot be equivocated to reading a letter. I think that we take more notice to a letter because someone took the time to write and mail this information.

Dwyer, Edward J. “File Card Efficiency.” Journal of Reading 26, no. 2 (1982): 171–171.

Ease of use in writing and grading with short assignments by using 4 x 6" index cards in classrooms.

This sounds like some of the articles from 1912 and 1917 about efficiency of card indexes for teaching.

I'm reminded of some programmed learning texts that were card-based (or really strip-based since they were published in book form) in the 1960s and 1970s. Thse books had small strips with lessons or questions on the front with the answers on the reverse. One would read in strips through the book from front to back and then start the book all over again on page one on the second row of strips and so on.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

The manuscript reports an experiment testing how the distribution of rewards and costs influences perceived reward value in ants. Using a bundling manipulation where rewards and costs were presented either in small separated amounts (segregated) or together in a larger amount (bundled), the results show that ants deposited a greater quantity of pheromones (which was used as an index of "liking") when rewards were segregated and costs bundled compared to when both rewards and costs were bundled (although that difference was statistically significant only in ants experiencing the segregated reward condition first during training) and when both rewards and costs were segregated. By contrast, no evidence was found for a bundling effect in terms of choice behaviour (which was used as an index of "wanting"). The authors suggest that these findings demonstrate a bundling effect and a dissociation between "wanting" and "liking" in ants.

Overall, the experiment provides a worthy contribution to the study of the biases that affect the perceived value of rewards in a translational perspective from humans to invertebrate animals. The experimental manipulation is clever, and the results clearly indicate that manipulating bundling affected pheromone deposition in ants. However, the data reported do not appear to fully support the conclusions of an increased "liking" of the segregated rewards and bundled costs compared to bundled rewards and costs. In addition, more evidence (along with stronger justifications) would be needed to establish that choice behaviour and pheromone deposition are appropriate and sensitive measures of "wanting" and "liking", respectively. This aspect renders any claim of a dissociation between "wanting" and "liking" in ants somewhat premature and speculative at this stage. I describe these concerns in more detail below.

1) The main hypothesis tested is that segregated rewards with bundled costs should be the most "liked" option relative to bundled rewards and costs and segregated rewards and costs. The results are interpreted as fully in line with this hypothesis. However, the data reported do not suggest this is the case: The difference between the 'segregated rewards' condition and the 'bundled' condition is not statistically significant when all ants are considered (that difference being statistically significant only for ants that first experienced the 'segregated rewards' condition during training). Although this point is briefly acknowledged in the discussion, more nuance and extra caution are needed in the overall interpretation of the findings, so that this statistically nonsignificant result does not appear as being treated as if it were statistically significant.

2) An important requirement to adequately evaluate the findings from the choice behaviour test is to ensure that ants did learn the associations between the reward conditions and the runway scents. Ruling out potential learning confounds is in fact essential to interpret the results as reflecting the operation of motivational processes such as "wanting". Whereas the results from the pilot experiment suggest that ants learned the contingencies between the runway length and its associated scent, the pilot experiment and the main experiment differ in significant ways. Therefore, it is unclear whether the ants learned the contingencies in the main experiment, which could be advanced as an alternative explanation for the lack of preferences between the two scented arms of the Y-maze during the choice test. Another important aspect to consider is that the reward still has to be valued by the organism to appropriately assess "wanting" processes. Indeed, "wanting" is generally conceptualised as conjointly determined by the associative history between the cue or context (scent) and the reward (sucrose solution) on one hand, and the organism's homeostatic or physiological needs such as hunger on the other hand (e.g., Zhang et al., 2009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000437). In the main experiment, the question arises as to whether reward devaluation could have occurred-resulting in the reward having a diminished value as the ants were able to consume the sucrose solution to satiation multiple times across the experiment. For these reasons, it would be important to provide information showing that (a) the ants learned with which condition the scent was associated and (b) that the reward was still valued during the choice test. These points are key preconditions that need to be fulfilled for ruling out potential confounds that could explain the findings of the choice test as well as for suggesting a dissociation between "wanting" and "liking".

3) Relatedly, a strong justification needs to be formulated to substantiate that the choice test provides a reliable indicator of "wanting". This is critical to conclude that the results can be interpreted as reflecting a dissociation between "wanting" and "liking". In rodents and humans, "wanting" is typically measured as an increased effort mobilisation during the presentation of a cue associated with a reward (e.g., Pool et al., 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.006). It remains however unclear how choice can capture such effects. This questions the extent to which choice represents an adequate operationalisation and measure of "wanting" as described in the incentive salience hypothesis (Berridge & Robinson, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000059). Moreover, it should be clearly explained and motivated whether, and if so how, choice purely measures "wanting" without being contaminated or influenced by liking-based processes, such as preferences or expected pleasantness for instance.

4) Little information is provided on how pheromone deposition was measured and on the specificities of this measure, such as its physiological bases, timing properties, and granularity. However, detailed information about this measure is of high relevance to be able to assess if pheromone deposition represents a sensitive measure of "liking". "Liking" is typically measured as hedonic reactions during reward consumption across the rodent and human literature (e.g., Pool et al., 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.006). Accordingly, a good index of "liking" should be specifically responsive to reward consumption. By extension, an increased pheromone deposition should be particularly evident after the ants consumed the sucrose drop. As it stands, it is unclear whether this is the case as the pilot experiment showed no statistically significant difference in pheromone deposition between the way towards the sucrose drop or back. If the measure of pheromone deposition allows for distinguishing between pheromones deposited on the way towards the drop and pheromones deposited on the way back in the main experiment, a further test that could be run would be to compare the pheromone deposition on the way towards the drop in the 'segregated all' condition versus the 'segregated rewards' and 'bundled' conditions. A higher pheromone deposition on the way towards the sucrose drop in the 'segregated all' condition could provide converging evidence that pheromone deposition is a sensitive indicator of "liking".

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

Overall the paper is clear and well-written. The experimental design is elegant and powerful, and it's a stimulating read. Most QTL mapping has focused on directly measurable phenotypes such as expression or drug response; I really like this paper's distinctive approach of placing bespoke functional assays for a specific molecular mechanism into the classical QTL framework.

A genome-wide association study (abbreviated GWAS) is a research approach used to identify genomic variants that are statistically associated with a risk for a disease or a particular trait. The method involves surveying the genomes of many people, looking for genomic variants that occur more frequently in those with a specific disease or trait compared to those without the disease or trait. Once such genomic variants are identified, they are typically used to search for nearby variants that contribute directly to the disease or trait.

source: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genome-Wide-Association-Studies

this is more like a medical definition... what about plants?

This relates to the increasing difficulty of being originial with the rapid advances in productivity today.

This relates to sticking to past foundations that are somewhat indispensable.

Today, this is foundational since there are constantly advances in works of typography making documentation and research important to giving future credit.

Clarity becomes less important due the focus on the composition being centralized as it relates to improving the visual appeal of the artistic, "arrangement."

The central axis in art relates to a somewhat balanced distribution of space on an art piece.

“ARTTALK Chapter 10 Balance - Ppt Google Img.” SlidePlayer, https://slideplayer.com/slide/10709291/.

This emphasizes that having clear communication is made crucially important due to the difficulty of communicating to those who are surrounded by countless other "prints."

While it may be slightly more difficult to find larger metal/wood cases for the 4x6 or 5x8 cards, it's a minor nuisance and anyone who wants them will eventually find the right thing for them. Beyond this, choose the card size that feels right to you.

If you don't have an idea of what you need or like, try things out for 10-20 cards and see how it works for you, your handwriting size, and general needs. People have been using 3x5, 4x6, and even larger for hundreds of years without complaining about any major issues. If Carl Linnaeus managed to be okay with 3x5, which he hand cut by the way, I suspect you'll manage too.

Of course I won't mention to the Americans the cleverness of the A6, A5, A4 paper standards which allows you to fold the larger sizes in half to get the exact next smaller size down. Then you might get the benefit of the smaller size as well as the larger which could be folded into your collection of smaller cards, you just have to watch out for accidentally wrapping ("taco-ing") a smaller card inside of a larger one and losing it. I suppose you could hand cut your own 5" x 6" larger cards to do this if you found that you occasionally needed them.

For the pocketbook conscious, 3x5 does have the benefit of lower cost as well as many more options and flexibility than larger sizes.

At least commercial card sizes are now largely standardized, so you don't have deal with changing sizes the way Roland Barthes did over his lifetime.

My personal experience and a long history of so many manuals on the topic saying "cards of the same size" indicates that you assuredly won't have fun mixing different sized slips together. I personally use 3x5" cards in a waste book sense, but my main/permanent collection is in 4x6" format. Sometimes I think I should have done 3 x 5, but it's more like jealousy than regret, particularly when it comes to the potential of a restored fine furniture card catalog. But then again...

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/climate/patagonia-climate-philanthropy-chouinard.html

SD has a stronger impact on root elongation...

Or roughly 4 x 6".

A benefit of 4 x 6" cards is that clippings and other items can often be more easily filed along with them as opposed to the smaller 3 x 5" cards.

Dow indicates in 1924 that 3 x 5" and 4 x 6" are both commonly had in a range of materials the US as well as boxes or cases to keep them in. He does mention that one can also cut their own paper, indicating that this is a possibility.

I will just say this: there are both tried and true and normed audiences and purposes as well as dynamic and non-evergreen contents. This is vague I understand but the kinds of content in social media is always changing. When the algorithm changes so, too, does the shape and style of content. I don't know if the larger values, audience and purpose, change, but I suspect the even larger ones like empathy are super evergreen. Sorry. I wish I had more time to make this shorter.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

Yao and Ochoa conducted a systematic examination of the association study using PCA and LMM with both simulated and empirical datasets. The overall finding is that LMM should be used and generally there is no need to include a few PCs in LMM. While similar studies have been conducted earlier with the comparison goal, the authors made additional effort to conduct this extensive study. Many scenarios were considered, and the results were clearly presented. This paper is interesting to researchers in statistical genetics.

.c1

4 Understand That People Are Wired Very Differently

Carlo points out the view he now holds, influenced by Nagarjuna's philosophy, that the mind exists, but does not intrinsically exist.

So he argues on one (conventional) level, his mind and all other minds exist.

Agreeing with Barry's fourth suggested alternative. The mind is not the fundamental thing, but is just ONE PART of this interdependency. Each view, whether of any human or even non-human is empty but conventional exists in interdependence of many causes and conditions.

From Stop Reset Go perspective and the Indyweb, a web3 technology that can embody each indivdiual's perspectival knowing through the establishment of their the individuals unique and privately owned data repository can enhance the discovery of the process of emptiness. How? By theoretically having all one's (digital) interactions of the world, one can begin to see in granular detail how one learns about the world and begin to sense the flow of the mind. Through repeated use of the Indyweb and witnessing how one forms new ideas or reforms old ones, the indyvidual becomes increasingly aware of oneself as a process, not a thing. Furthermore, one begins to see self knowledge as hopelessly entangled with cultural and social learning. One begins to sense the 4Ps of propositional, perspectival, participatory and procedural learning, also entangled with each other and with individual/social learning.

https://docdrop.org/video/Gyx5tyFttfA/#annotations:vkOUgv8rEeypE39kg2ckCw https://hyp.is/go?

Quick John Varvaeke interview on 4P: url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2FERdJDVdbkcY%2F&group=world

One especially begins to sense perspectival knowing and situatedness and that causes and conditions unique to one's own worldview constructs one's relative reality.

The 4 P's is concerned with the "how" of knowing rather than content of knowledge.

Dogen contradicts himself because he tries to show "all sides of the story". His teaching is a "pointing out" instruction that ANY viewpoint is simply that, perspectival knowing.

An important question then, is this, if Dogen (and Nagarjuna) are claiming that there is no objective reality in our constructed world of concepts and language, is science being denied? Is fake news ok? Is this a position that basically accepts post modernism? No, I would say no to all of these. It's pointing out the LIMITATIONS of concepts and language. They are incomplete and always leave with a sense of wanting more. And since Post Modernism is also one point of view, it is also thrown out by Dogen and Nagarjuna. Remember, ALL points of views are points of view. Fake news is also a point of view so those who practice it can also not justify it.

What Dogen and Nagarjuna are saying is that as soon as one enters the world of concepts and language, any concept and anything side is inherently one sided. It is inherently perspectival and situated in an inherently incomplete conceptual space.

As Tibetan doctor/monk Barry Kerzin points out in this conversation with physicist Carlo Rovelli, there is a critical difference between "existence" and "intrinsic existence". The first is not being denied by Nagarjuna, but the second, intrinsic existence, the existence of concepts and the words that represent them, is. If these two are confused, it can lead straight to nihilism.

https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2FsPSMTNjwHZw%2F&group=world

This also aligns with John Vervaeke's perspectival and propositional knowing in his 4 P ways of knowing about reality: Propositional, Perspectival, Participatory and Procedural. A good explanation of Vervaeke's 4Ps is here: https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2FGyx5tyFttfA%2F&group=world

Title: Four Kinds of Knowing Author: Rich Watkins Date

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyx5tyFttfA

Siemens (2002) notes that learner-learner interactions in an e-learning course can be viewed as a four stage continuum:

Communication People ‘talking,’ discussing Collaboration People sharing ideas and working together (occasionally sharing resources) in a loose environment Cooperation People doing things together, but each with his or her own purpose Community People striving for a common purpose

DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.03.001

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What is this?

I haven't seen very much in the area of annotating directly as a means of learning to write. This is related to the idea of note taking for creating content for a zettelkasten, but the focus of such a different collection is for creating a writing style.

Similar to boxing the boring words (see Draft #4; http://jsomers.net/blog/dictionary), one should edit with an eye toward the overall style of a particular piece.

Annotating structures and patterns in books is an interesting exercise to evaluate an author's style as a means of potentially subsuming, modifying, or learning other styles.

Proofreading while rewriting, structuring, or doing the thinking or creative parts of writing is a form of bikeshedding. It is easy to focus on the small and picayune fixes when writing, but this distracts from the more important parts of the work which really need one's attention to be successful.

Get your ideas down on paper and only afterwards work on proofreading at the end. Switching contexts from thinking and creativity to spelling, small bits of grammar, and typography can be taxing from the perspective of trying to multi-task.

Link: Draft #4 and using Webster's 1913 dictionary for choosing better words/verbiage as a discrete step within the rewrite.

Linked to above: Are there other dictionaries, thesauruses, books of quotations, or individual commonplace books, waste books that can serve as resources for finding better words, phrases, or phrasing when writing? Imagine searching through Thoreau's commonplace book for finding interesting turns of phrase. Naturally searching through one's own commonplace book is a great place to start, if you're saving those sorts of things, especially from fiction.

Link this to Robin Sloan's AI talk and using artificial intelligence and corpuses of literature to generate writing.

I chose this line and it peaked my interest because I bet there is a way to solve most cases of social death. First of all, spreading awareness to the subject will hopefully cause people to think more about their actions, such as withdrawing less from a dying family member.

https://phys.org/news/2016-06-social-death.html

How quickly does men's bone mass deteriorate? https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/osteoporosis

https://vimeo.com/232545219

from: Eyeo Conference 2017

• http://eyeofestival.com/2017/speaker/robin-sloan/
• https://vimeo.com/channels/eyeo2017/232545219

Description

Robin Sloan at Eyeo 2017 | Writing with the Machine | Language models built with recurrent neural networks are advancing the state of the art on what feels like a weekly basis; off-the-shelf code is capable of astonishing mimicry and composition. What happens, though, when we take those models off the command line and put them into an interactive writing environment? In this talk Robin presents demos of several tools, including one presented here for the first time. He discusses motivations and process, shares some technical tips, proposes a course for the future — and along the way, write at least one short story together with the audience: all of us, and the machine.

Notes

Robin created a corpus using If Magazine and Galaxy Magazine from the Internet Archive and used it as a writing tool. He talks about using a few other models for generating text.

Some of the idea here is reminiscent of the way John McPhee used the 1913 Webster Dictionary for finding words (or le mot juste) for his work, as tangentially suggested in Draft #4 in The New Yorker (2013-04-22)

Cross reference: https://hypothes.is/a/t2a9_pTQEeuNSDf16lq3qw and https://hypothes.is/a/vUG82pTOEeu6Z99lBsrRrg from https://jsomers.net/blog/dictionary

Croatian acapella singing: klapa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sciwtWcfdH4

Writing using the adjacent possible.

Corpus building as an art [~37:00]

Forgetting what one trained their model on and then seeing the unexpected come out of it. This is similar to Luhmann's use of the zettelkasten as a serendipitous writing partner.

Open questions

How might we use information theory to do this more easily?

What does a person or machine's "hand" look like in the long term with these tools?

Can we use corpus linguistics in reverse for this?

What sources would you use to train your model?

References:

• Andrej Karpathy. 2015. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks"
• Samuel R. Bowman, Luke Vilnis, Oriol Vinyals, et al. "Generating sentences from a continuous space." 2015. arXiv: 1511.06349
• Stanislau Semeniuta, Aliaksei Severyn, and Erhardt Barth. 2017. "A Hybrid Convolutional Variational Autoencoder for Text generation." arXiv:1702.02390
• Soroush Mehri, et al. 2017. "SampleRNN: An Unconditional End-to-End Neural Audio Generation Model." arXiv:1612.07837 applies neural networks to sound and sound production

Arg4: Les ressources minérales sont également très convoitées

• les utilisations technologiques minerais: Cobalt, cuivre, nickel, or, diamant terres rares: cérium, scandium Nodules polymétalliques = hautes technologies (tel, odrinateurs)

• jeu géopolitique dps 2010's fouilles Etat // monopole chinois Chine = 90% terres rares M

Arg 4: Les choke points et les EM sont menacés Pirtarie maritime 2018: 201 attaques // navires marchands 4000 attaques depuis 20 ans selon l'IRIS 330M $ de rançons en 7 ans = financement activités criminelles Golfe de Guinée Golfe d'Aden Asie du Sud (Bangladesh) Asie du Sud Est (Détroit de Malacca) Amérique du Sud (Bolivie et Venezuela) = 2 régions les + touchés => next to routes maritimes

简单的说

有可能, 后面接一个宾语从句

Opinions are partially correct they are actually: Opinion of the court: Brennan Concurring: Kenny Dissenting: Rehnquist, Stevens

Decision was not 7-2... it was 5-4, ruling that that the Ohio school-voucher program did not violate the establishment clause of the First Amendment

No

Incorrect- it is a Texas law in question / violation

He had a concurring opinion

Establishment clause

incorrect - it was the state that set up the program (according to text book), not the district

parents were the one's who got to choose among the options

Wouldn't that be unconstitutional? To not abide to the laws enacting by congress? Isn't it up to the Judiciary to interpret the acknowledged powers?

incorrect: not necessarily union but "Can the President constitutionally authorize the Secretary of Commerce to take possession and operate steel mills?"

For.

During the transatlantic slave trade, Europeans essentially enlisted the “help” of Africans to assist enslavement of their own peoples. They did this by giving small rewards of weapons, luxury goods, and winning wars against neighboring tribes. During initial explorations, “free” slaves guided the colonizers through the land and water. For any of this to occur, it was a plotted strategy using persuasion and even coercion. With the births of “mulattos” (children of Europeans and Africans), were bought back to Africa and infiltrated to continue the enslavement of African people. This was the beginning of the mental programming and trauma that has been engrained in the beings of POC and passed down for generations.

Não existem mais animais assim, apesar de com essas dobras produzir mais lã a tosquia desses animais é muito mais complicada o que gastava mais tempo, animais mais susceptíveis a parasitas, produziam mais suardas (sujeira) o que dava mais prejuízo, lã mais irregular.

DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.005

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.049

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What is this?

Community-based research

i think he realizes that to speak a language doesnt only mean you have to know basic words. you have to undersatnd the flow of it the reasoning behind it. just becasue it sounds insulting doesnt mean that it is.

does she mean im sick of you not understanding what i mean but understand what i say ?

he is starting to realize maybe her words that are insulting dont mean what they sound like. in order to speak a language you have to know not everything means what is sounds like .

atleast he isnt alone . seems like there is noone competing against eachother the teacher basically has it out for everyone

trying really hard to make himself stand out. spending alot of time on his work maybe going above and beyond. its all for nothing though teacher doesn't seem amused

DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.021

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DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.021

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.021

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.66078

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What is this?

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

This research fills a valuable gap in our understanding of neural cell populations. There is immense complexity in the neuron subtype landscape of the dorsal root gangion (DRG). Profiling had been previously conducted in mouse, but not within human. Providing the data and analysis of the human DRG is a valuable resource because substantial differences in cell populations and expression programs can exist between mouse and human. Any research that is focussed on the translational potential of a gene or pathway should verity its conservation across species.

However, additional evidence is required to support a major claim of the manuscript: that there are mouse-specific and human-specific neuron subtypes. This claim is based on two major pieces of evidence. First, cluster comparison and co-clustering identify some cell populations that are species specific. Although this approach is suggestive, it is not definitive. Clustering separates populations of cells based major axes of variability, but those axes may not perfectly align across conditions or species. For example, excitatory cortical neurons may vary based upon cortical layer or whether they originate from the primary or secondary visual cortex. It is possible that one source of variation is stronger in one species and another source of variation is stronger in another species, leading to differences in clustering. The co-clustering may overcome of those limitations, but if the differences across species and experimental parameters are large enough, then even cells that come from the same population may not align. The in situ hybridization experiments also provide some support for species specificity, but it the overlap of specific markers could be confounded when the expression of individual marker genes evolve while the overall cell population remains consistent.

DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-19.2021

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.47061

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.035

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.25727

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1242/dev.105718

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.006

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503115

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What is this?

I forget that data and visualization show up in entertainment as well. It is like this section says, you have to look outside of spreadsheets and text files to see that photos and status updates could also qualify. This just reminds me that data can be used in so many different ways and not just the more common ones you may think of off the top of your head. People like their entertainment so Facebook and OkCupid were most likely successful in using their data in that way.

This is very true that it is easy to spout averages and numbers while lumping another human being in as a statistic. I agree that the numbers do represent individuals so the data should be approached that way too. If we start talking about the people being directly affected by it instead of just going by numbers and data points more people would probably relate to it and learn more about it. This link https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410028703 shows both the percentage and the actual number of people affected. This way we can see that the percentage does not seem all that big but the actual number of people affected is thousands.

I like the way that this was worded. I always thought of data as just numbers that you plug in and learn things from but that was all it was to me. The fact that it can be as complex or as simple as you want or as long or as short as you want means that each piece of data is unique to the person who created it. This has reminded me of the class and all of our final projects. We may be using some of the same software or tools to make our projects or we may even have a similar topic to someone else but each one is still going to turn out different. We will use the software and tools in our own way to represent the point we are making. This is something I have found throughout the whole course which is that even though each piece of digital humanities seems like there would only be one way to do it like data sets, there are actually so many interpretations and ways you can go with it.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.66596

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.54894

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What is this?

From OS 7.3

We should actually define spillover somewhere

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.042

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109255

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.62155

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What is this?

Prestige Group Sector 150 in Noida is the latest project of a well-known real estate builder i.e Prestige group’s pioneer to yield one of the best residential property in Noida including 2/3/4 BHK luxury & lavish apartments with great amenities. There are lots of residential facilities such as Vaastu compliant design, double-height entrance lobby, Tower heights- G+19 & G+22, and facing green landscape. etc. Apart from that, you can also get state-of-the-art facilities such as a green area, swimming pool, clubhouse, children play area, power backup, etc.

Having identified the cases in which action is not voluntary, Ar. finishes this chapter by telling us what voluntary action is: it is those actions which are initially caused by us (find their origin in us) and in which we are aware of the particulars of the situation. He also argues that even actions caused by non-rational desires are in a sense voluntary.

1111a22-1111b3 So, given that counter voluntary...to count these things as counter-voluntary.

DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.015

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-110408-4,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110408-4)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110408-4

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DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.015

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-051223-4,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-051223-4)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-051223-4

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DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.086

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-130110-4,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-130110-4)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-130110-4

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confirmation de l'hypothèse selon laquelle la désinformation doit aussi être étudiée sous l'angle de la perception de l'information selon les contextes de vie sociale. Cependant l'échantillon est faible, la généralisation est donc moins évidente.

second argument en faveur de l'idée selon laquelle la désinformation n'est pas seulement le fruit d'une diffusion massive de la fake news.

premier argument démontrant qu'une diffusion qui peut paraitre massive n'est pas nécessairement le signe d'une désinformation effective.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

In this paper, the author uses an impressive comparative dataset of 172 species to investigate the relationship between intraspecific genetic diversity and census (actual) population size. They find that even when they use phylogenetic comparative methods, the relationship between neutral diversity and population size is much weaker than predicted by theory and that selection on linked sites is unlikely to explain this difference. The paper convincingly demonstrates that the paradox of variation first pointed out by Lewinton in the 70s remains paradoxical.

This paper is exceptionally strong in multiple ways. First, it is statistically rigorous; this is particularly impressive given that the paper uses methods and data from multiple fields (genomics, macroecology, conservation biology, macroevolution). This is the most robust estimate of the relationship between diversity and population size that has been published to date. Second, it is conceptually rigorous: the paper clearly lays out the various hypotheses that have been put forth over the years for this pattern as well as the logic behind these. The author has done a great job at synthesizing some complex debates and different types of data that are potentially relevant to resolving it. Third, it is exceptionally well-written. I sincerely enjoyed reading it. Overall, I think this is a major contribution to this field and though the paper does not resolve the challenge laid down by Lewinton, I think these analyses (and curated data/computational scripts) will inspire other researchers to dig into this question.

I do however, have some suggestions as to how this paper could be strengthened.

First, in phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) there has been a persistent confusion as to what phylogenetic signal is relevant -- when applying a phylogenetic generalized linear model with a phylogenetically structured residual structure (which the author does here), one is estimating the phylogenetic structure in the errors and not the traits themselves. The comparative analysis are well-done and properly interpreted but at some points in the text, particularly when addressing Lynch's conjecture that PCMs are irrelevant for coalescent times and comments/analysis on the appropriateness of Brownian motion as a model of evolution, that there is some conceptual slippage and I suggest that author take a close look and make sure their language is consistent. Strictly speaking the PGLM approach doesn't assume that the underlying traits are purely BM -- only that the phylogenetic component of the error model is Brownian. As such running the node-height test on the both the predictors and the response variable separately -- while interesting and informative about the phylogenetic patterns in the data (including the shift points you have observed) isn't really a test of the assumptions of the phylogenetic regression model. It is at least theoretically plausible (if not biologically) that both Y and X have phylogenetic structure but that the estimated lambda = 0 (if for instance, Y and X were perfectly correlated because changes in Y were only the result of changes in X). To be clear, I am fine with the PGLM analysis you've done and with the node-height test; I just don't think that the latter justifies the former.

One note about the ancestral character reconstruction: I think it is a fine visualization and realize you didn't put too much emphasis on it but strictly speaking the ASR's were done under a constant process model and therefore they wouldn't provide evidence for (a probably very real shift) between phyla. I think it was a good idea to run the analyses on the clade specific trees (particularly given how deep and uncertain the branches dividing the phyla are) but I just don't think you could have gotten there from the ASR.

I am not convinced that the IUCN RedList analysis helps that much here and in my view, you might consider dropping this from the main text. This is for two reasons: 1) species may be of conservation concern both because they have low abundance in general and/or that their abundance is known to have experienced a recent decline -- distinguishing these two scenarios is impossible to do with the data at hand; and 2) there is of course a huge taxonomic bias in which species are considered; I don't think we can infer anything ecologically relevant from whether a species is listed on the RedList or not (as you suggest regarding the lynx, wolverine, and Massasauga rattlesnake) except that people care about it.

This is not really a weakness but I find it notable that recombination map length is correlated with body size. I realize this is old news but I was left really curious as to a) why such a relationship exists; and b) whether the mechanism that generates this might help explain some of the patterns you've observed. I would be keen to read a bit more discussion on this point.

The tone wasn't awkward and felt more like someone talking than the other poems. They used repetition well.

This one was one of the few that had a more dramatic and entertaining telling of what it's like to live in the strange world of the pandemic. I think this one is my favorite.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

The authors analysed flavinylation across different species. They analysed impressive number of 31.910 prokaryotic genomes. They mined flavinylation associated gene clusters using a bioinformatic approach. They define five different protein classes responsible for transmembrane electron transfer. Moreover, they predicted and validated flavinylation of two domains with unknown functions (by ApbE). Unfortunately, the vast majority of predictions made in this study were not experimentally validated. It is therefore very difficult to judge the reliability of predictions, proposals and claims made in the manuscript.

Wenn die Temperaturen bis 2100 um 4 Grad steigen, werden ca. 40% des antarktischen Schelfeises mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit kollabieren.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59687

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-190322-4,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-190322-4)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-190322-4

What is this?