Hey folks! This article is being annotated as part of #LISjc, a methodological-critique reading group for librar*s. Please tag your public annotations with #lisjc!

Thanks for the shoutout... not sure how our current "learning with digital stories" course is tapping into #ds106 beyond the boundaries of that course. I'm excited to start reengaging with another iteration this coming summer.

atleast this research is being used in a good way.

Is this still an issue?

Gives the info revolving around the fire escape incident.

What Jim Gee and other game-based learning researchers refer to as "just-in-time" learning.

Was marked for rework, but ignored.

Is missing references to, at least:

• Shareable Map Jam - April 2016
• OSCE days - June 2016

Test Tag

With free college, will just anyone be able to apply and get accepted? How will they monitor the students who are willing to actually graduate or the ones just to apply and get in just because it is free? Will the state colleges such as Purdue and Colorado State be entitled to change their requirements to get accepted? How about the community colleges that usually accept almost anyone, will they limit who takes classes?

Many people can't afford the rising cost of college.

International families can stay in touch with their family in another country

Finding people that are like you

Setting goals for yourself and achieving them is a great way of showing how serious a child is not wanting to be a victim of obesity anymore.

Specification accessible ici:

http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html

eve though the price tag is very big for colleges you can find other ways to help you financially to help you go to college instead of discouraging your decision.

Hypothes.is lacks this first step in the ladder. We don't have a like button. Tagging doesn't seem as easy as it could be.

Maybe when we rethink page level notes, we might prioritize calling user to action there: tag the text; maybe offer a broad statement/description.

Again, I greatly appreciate the presence of this section, especially since it has a link to her personal website and a tag where you can communicate with her via social media. Not only that, but it tells you what she is currently working on so that you could look out for her most recent works if you were interested.

hip-hop affects companies to make their stock rise (this is for dave)

This whole paragraph is just wrong, as the Mapping has to happen within the project's timeframe and is - in following the application text - most close to Shareables March Map Jam and the OSCE days during June.

In May we could link up with OuiShare Fest, too.

So should we use the group function or the tag function? I suppose it depends on whether we want to be public or not?

Can you dip into the margins within the margins, ie the stuff to the side of the text? Nomadwarmachine did just that below to point out that one of the links is 404. I highlighted bogost from Remi's tag pagebecause I just read Bogost's provocatively titled article, "Gamification is Bullshit" I am wondering how far outside of the primary zone of annotation one can wander in before it becomes that rabbit hole of distraction. Let's see, where was I?

Add:

Annotations can be viewed and discussed using the Hypothesis client in any of its modes (Chrome extension, proxy, site-embedded).

Annotations can also be painted directly on this server's pages by means of open-source JavaScript libraries that encapsulate the Hypothesis client's core "anchoring" capability.

Annotations are available for reuse and integration by way of the Hypothesis API which delivers filter and query results, in JSON, along these facets: annotation ID, URL, user, group, tag, and freetext.

, URL, user, group, or tag. Annotations are searchable along these facets and also by free text query.

Are we really that lazy? or have we found out a way to reach the masses?

Testing

ninja

• [ ] oh

tag

Yes food and shelter are critical for survival however, so is health care. The price tag on health care will surely lower once our government ensures insurance, then the focus wont be on a specific person's income.

I like that they put a description of what a choice tag is because it is apart of the guidelines but I didn't really know what it is or the purpose of it. Also, they show how to use a choice tag.

I don't really think I understand this... kind of wish there was an original document vs. the encoded document.

We've found that we get an error message to the effect that we do not have permission to write. See https://twitter.com/electricarchaeo/status/696703569337176064

Liu's fascination of Web 2.0 fails to mention the idea of data security, as well as the option to be anonymous as well. Should we be thinking about the who's-who in the comments or rather just let them fill the net and stick to the general structure of building upon buildings.

Suggesting they are slaves which they are then branded with a tag. This is cruel but this is how things were back then.

Is this incorrect because the opening and closing have different capitalization, or because the capitalization actually changes the tag itself?

This is another really cool example on the differences between HTML and XML that I didn't even notice. XML is a lot more strict and this website ACTUALLY shows it.

irrationality, didn't look at the facts.

XML Syntax rules. This is important and therefore I highlighted it for future reference!

@pmg:

• Tenant level config setting verbiage and location
• Specify punchout items also
• Uniqueness of asset number should be case insensitive
• Should show value on tooltip in view mode (Remove this)
• The serial number of asset numbers should auto adjust based upon addition or deletion of asset number lines on a (Remove this)
• Note column will have scroll within text area for edit mode n tooltip for view mode
• Error message in case of duplicate asset number across documents
• Asset number lines greater > less than the quantity of the item (Error message location)
• Asset tagging tab will only be shown when the quantity of the item is integer values (Consider datatype of UoM rather than quantity datatype )
• There will be a Reset option on asset tag to cancel asset tagging process.(???)
• Asset Number duplication will not be allowed across Company, Business Units, Locations(???)

This seems to me to be a serious topic the reason being is the web today is never what people thought it would be a long time ago, Nowadays there are layers people don't even know about that can't be seen by the public eye and companies pick and prod at any ad revenue they can get. I think theres needs to be away that if you have a tag on your internet usage saying you're from a university or college your info can't be used for ads or sold you companies this would fix this problem and help university students make a data for students to get together and further each other's research with out the worry of a "lumming figure" standing behind them trying to sell them things.

Antibody ID: AB_10000240

Target Antigen: GFP See NCBI gene

Vendor: Aves Labs Go To Vendor

Cat Num: GFP-1020

Proper Citation: (Aves Labs Cat# GFP-1020, RRID:AB_10000240)

Reference: PMID:16958092,PMID:18386786,PMID:19003791,PMID:19003874,PMID:19711380,PMID:19827160,PMID:19882715,PMID:19950390,PMID:20235095,PMID:21120924,PMID:21452201,PMID:21452247,PMID:21674487,PMID:21858821,PMID:22120520,PMID:22315167,PMID:22434575,PMID:22473338,PMID:22522945,PMID:22592759,PMID:22605619,PMID:22605640,PMID:22791192,PMID:22987798,PMID:23787922,PMID:24825838,PMID:25031405

Reference: PMID:16958092

Clonality: polyclonal antibody

Clone ID: None

Host Organism: chicken

Comments: Immunohistochemistry, 1:2500-1:5000 Western Blot.

resolver lookup

Reideintifying self in 3d to Self in 4d.

In other words, if you use the preferred <!DOCTYPE html>, you don't need the 'X-UA-Compatible' meta-tag.

No. The TPP was written by corporations, for corporations. It betrays national sovereignty and individual rights.

http://www.michaelgeist.ca/tag/tpp/<br> https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/12/how-tpp-will-affect-you-and-your-digital-rights<br> https://act.eff.org/action/tell-congress-to-vote-no-on-the-tpp

No. The TPP is another trade agreement created by corporations, for corporations -- with no input from everyone else.

http://www.michaelgeist.ca/tag/tpp/<br> https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/12/how-tpp-will-affect-you-and-your-digital-rights<br> https://act.eff.org/action/tell-congress-to-vote-no-on-the-tpp

Please use this tag below for your annotations--nextprez

If you tweet out, please use #nextprez.

Does "stream" mean conversation under the same tag?

Got you there, JD.

• this is what I meant earlier by associating a tag with a story. You might recognize a similar use of tags with digital content.

Perhaps hypothes.is should organize its "stream" by document (and tag) in resistance to the Stream? I for one want to view my annotations by doc and have the ability to organize my docs into folders.

General notes on stream:

• sorted by text (not annotation)

• tags used on text listed

• tags link to stream sorted by tag

• most recent annotation nested?--annotations on doc should be collapsable/expandable

Page level notes:

• General description of group, including an icon.

• Easy to get the content via RSS.

• Easily sortable stream: recent, popular, filter...

• tag "cloud"--tags link to text with tags

• list of members (with avatars)

Question: what is the best Tag to use when referring to challenges that arise in life - here, Raj, speaks of running into trouble when we begin our thought process apart from conscious Being.

Raj is correcting Paul's Belief, or misconception, regarding reason and thinking.

He also further describes Being.

This is an effective metaphor: what is perceived depends on which end of the binoculars you are looking through.

It is important to be aware of claims that what is false is true so they can be effectively addressed. This is why mindfulness or awareness is such an important component of the journey of awakening.

What tag to use?? An event has arisen that claims Paul is in lack when that is not possible in Truth - only in illusion. How best to tag things like this?

A shorter, cuter, and more appropriate distinguishing tag for hypothesis micro-blog-posts just occurred to me: "hyp" -- short for hypothesis, and reminiscent of both "hype" and "hip". :)

Hypothesis might make a fine alternative to Twitter.

• Is anyone using hypothesis in this way yet?
• What would be a good tag to distinguish "tweet" Notes?<br> (I guess it would be cute to use "tweet" as the tag.)
• When there's not a specific webpage involved, what would be the best URLs on which to attach such a Note?<br> (I suppose any page of your own on a social media site or blog would do. I also see that we can annotate pages on local servers.)

Antibody ID: AB_10000240

Target Antigen: GFP See NCBI gene

Vendor: Aves Labs Go To Vendor

Cat Num: GFP-1020

Proper Citation: (Aves Labs Cat# GFP-1020, RRID:AB_10000240)

Reference: PMID:16958092,PMID:18386786,PMID:19003791,PMID:19003874,PMID:19711380,PMID:19827160,PMID:19882715,PMID:19950390,PMID:20235095,PMID:21120924,PMID:21452201,PMID:21452247,PMID:21674487,PMID:21858821,PMID:22120520,PMID:22315167,PMID:22434575,PMID:22473338,PMID:22522945,PMID:22592759,PMID:22605619,PMID:22605640,PMID:22791192,PMID:22987798,PMID:23787922,PMID:24825838,PMID:25031405

Clonality: polyclonal antibody

Clone ID: None

Host Organism: chicken

Comments: Immunohistochemistry, 1:2500-1:5000 Western Blot. n/a

resolver lookup

Antibody ID: AB_10000240

Target Antigen: GFP See NCBI gene

Vendor: Aves Labs Go To Vendor

Cat Num: GFP-1020

Proper Citation: (Aves Labs Cat# GFP-1020, RRID:AB_10000240)

Reference: PMID:16958092,PMID:18386786,PMID:19003791,PMID:19003874,PMID:19711380,PMID:19827160,PMID:19882715,PMID:19950390,PMID:20235095,PMID:21120924,PMID:21452201,PMID:21452247,PMID:21674487,PMID:21858821,PMID:22120520,PMID:22315167,PMID:22434575,PMID:22473338,PMID:22522945,PMID:22592759,PMID:22605619,PMID:22605640,PMID:22791192,PMID:22987798,PMID:23787922,PMID:24825838,PMID:25031405

Clonality: polyclonal antibody

Clone ID: None

Host Organism: chicken

Comments: Immunohistochemistry, 1:2500-1:5000 Western Blot. n/a

resolver lookup

See other notes that are tagged "en- and em-dashes" for explanation. This actually isn't such a big deal IMO, esp. if it's consistent throughout the entire publication. But if you wanted to know about it, it's there. Let's face it: Most folks reading this probably won't care a bit (or even know about) the distinction or rules. So, you can probably ignore anything that's labeled as such (tag: en- and em-dashes).

Very well explained!

Another teaching tag class: .t:OT, there is nothing out there.

Tag: .na:PPT = .na: represents popular ideas in society. PPT is an acronym for the Power of Positive Thinking.

should be tag without the s https://www.w3.org/TR/activitystreams-vocabulary/#dfn-tag

I would leave only this part in and delegate the preceeding to paragraphs to Social Data Syntax (e.g. as:Collection for JSON)

Among the most useful summaries I have found for Linked Data, generally, and in relationship to libraries, specifically. After first reading it, got to hear of the acronym LODLAM: “Linked Open Data for Libraries, Archives, and Museums”. Been finding uses for this tag, in no small part because it gets people to think about the connections between diverse knowledge-focused institutions, places where knowledge is constructed. Somewhat surprised academia, universities, colleges, institutes, or educational organisations like schools aren’t explicitly tied to those others. In fact, it’s quite remarkable that education tends to drive much development in #OpenData, as opposed to municipal or federal governments, for instance. But it’s still very interesting to think about Libraries and Museums as moving from a focus on (a Web of) documents to a focus on (a Web of) data.

Arphid Cloners In Little Brother, Marcus mentions the use of arphid cloners many times. With the help of the Geek Dictionary, I found that arphid cloner is another name for radio frequency ID tags (RFID) (Alieeta). RFID "RFID tagging is an ID system that uses small radio frequency identification devices for identification and tracking purposes. An RFID tagging system includes the tag itself, a read/write device, and a host system application for data collection, processing, and transmission" (Rouse). It is essentially a tracking device that serves a multitude of purposes. Some of these purposes include:

1. id cards
2. library books
3. supply chain management to manage item locations during shipment (includes tracking consumer products in retail and grocery stores)
4. implanted into animals to track them over years (zoologists)

And the list goes on. RFID essentially tags a person with a unique serial number and transmits that data via radio waves where someone with the intention to do so, can intercept these signals and learn information about your location.

How it Works

RFID is composed of three main parts:

• antenna that scans
• transceiver that acts as a decoder of the information it receives
• transponder -- the tag

The antennas put out a short radio signal. This radiation is a form of communication with the transponder and provides the same tag with energy to communicate. This allows the RFID to be active for a long time since it powers itself without the use of batteries. This is a great expansive article on how RFID works and includes its history: [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/rfid.htm] This is a great video about RFID tags: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNPDgudPmXE

Sources: http://geekdictionary.computing.net/define/arphid http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2 http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/RFID-tagging

Habeas Corpus Suspension

First, you may be wondering what habeas corpus is. Habeas corpus is defined as a legal action detainees can take to argue against unlawful/illegal imprisonment (“Habeas”). Contrary to popular belief, habeas corpus doesn't actually prevent an arrested individual from being charged with resisting arrest, regardless of the legality of the arrest. That said, Marcus' arrest and consequent detainment is conducted with shaky justification at best, justified by his proximity to the attack; however, due to these charges he is classified as an enemy combatant, a group of individuals whose legal rights are constantly a source of debate. Technically, the Patriot Act authorizes the suspension of habeas corpus for potential affiliates of terrorist organizations or other enemies of the United States. However, following the Supreme Court case Rasul vs. Bush, it was concluded that US courts have the jurisdiction to consider legal appeals on behalf of foreigners detained by the US military, specifically those at Guantanamo Bay (“Rasul”). This ruling established the precedent that one’s ability to claim habeas corpus was not reliant on citizenship, and gifted to those arrested the ability “to challenge their treatment and detention” (Elsea). Following that ruling, there were several advances made to improve habeas review for these detainees; however, under the Obama Administration, the standard has come to mirror those initially held under the Bush administration (Elsea).

“Honest people don’t have anything to hide.”This statement by Severe Haircut pairs really well with this political cartoon, in my opinion:

Source: http://www.cagle.com/tag/habeas-corpus/

Said cartoon is commentary on the Indefinite Detention Bill, amongst whose provisions include those that make it increasingly difficult to transfer detainees out of military custody. However, what also proves controversial about the bill is the fact that it authorizes the US government to detain anyone, including US citizens, who are believed to be in collusion with terrorist organizations (“Explaining”). With the Patriot Act, this was not a concern for the majority of people in the US, as we believed the only ones at risk were those who weren’t citizens; we are protected by the Constitution, or so we thought. Ultimately, the fact that Obama signed this bill means that all of us now face the potential of being in Marcus’ situation. All it takes is for us to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.

I’m really curious about what other people think about this issue or if you have any other information about the repercussions (if any) of the bill’s signing.

Sources:

• Elsea, Jennifer K., and Michael John Garcia. "Enemy Combatant Detainnes." Congressional Research Service (2010): 1-54. Fas.org. Federation of American Scientists, 3 Feb. 2010. Web.

• "Explaining to a 5-Year Old Why the Indefinite Detention Bill DOES Apply to U.S. Citizens on U.S. Soil." Infowars. Infowars, 12 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. http://www.infowars.com/explaining-to-a-5-year-old-why-the-indefinite-detention-bill-does-apply-to-u-s-citizens-on-u-s-soil/.

• "Habeas Corpus." TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2015. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/habeas+corpus.

• "Rasul v. Bush." Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Nov 28, 2015. https://www.oyez.org/cases/2003/03-334

Antibody ID: AB_10000240

Target Antigen: GFP See NCBI gene

Vendor: Aves Labs Go To Vendor

Cat Num: GFP-1020

Proper Citation: (Aves Labs Cat# GFP-1020, RRID:AB_10000240)

Reference: PMID:16958092,PMID:18386786,PMID:19003791,PMID:19003874,PMID:19711380,PMID:19827160,PMID:19882715,PMID:19950390,PMID:20235095,PMID:21120924,PMID:21452201,PMID:21452247,PMID:21674487,PMID:21858821,PMID:22120520,PMID:22315167,PMID:22434575,PMID:22473338,PMID:22522945,PMID:22592759,PMID:22605619,PMID:22605640,PMID:22791192,PMID:22987798,PMID:23787922,PMID:24825838,PMID:25031405

Clonality: polyclonal antibody

Clone ID: None

Host Organism: chicken

Comments: Immunohistochemistry, 1:2500-1:5000 Western Blot. n/a

resolver lookup

again, there is this celebration in the simplistic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goV57pGmiCk

(also all my notes were under the wrong tag, I swear I didn't write comments during class)

One of the toughest challenges for the English teacher is helping students collect, organize, and then find solid "quotes" or textual analysis for an essay assignment.

Great idea. But that's a long course tag!

Estrategia para aumentar a qualidade dos dados e reduzir o tamanho da amostra

Harris, A., Evans, H., & Beckett, K. (2010). Drawing Blood from Stones: Monetary Sanctions, Punishment, and Inequality in the Contemporary United States. American Journal of Sociology 115, 1753-1799.

In “Drawing Blood from Stones: Monetary Sanctions, Punishment, and Inequality in the Contemporary United States,” by Harris, Evans, and Beckett, the issue of legal financial obligations (LFO’s) and their effects on impoverished communities is discussed in detail. The authors begin the article by stating that the US incarceration rate is 6-12 times higher than those in comparable western European countries (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1753). The authors also point out that “Between 1980 and 2007, the total number of people under criminal justice supervision- which includes the incarceration and those on probation and parole- jumped from roughly 2 million to over 7 million” (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1754). These statistics are important to note, because the amount of LFO’s imposed on defendants who commit crimes, and those who are simply accused of crimes are increasing nationwide.

The method the authors used in their research was to analyze data from the Survey of Inmates in the State and Federal Correctional Facilities and from the Bureau of Justice Statistics data on sentencing. They also drew interviews with 50 Washington State residents living with felony convictions to determine how legal debt affects those who have it (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 210, 1766).

The majority of criminal punishment is concentrated in impoverished urban areas, and nearly 60% of young black men who have not graduated from high school have at some point been behind prison bars (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1754). LFO’s are concentrated on poor areas with high populations of minority citizens. The authors state on page 1755,

“…The U.S. penal system is implicated in the accumulation of disadvantage and the reproduction of inequality for a number of reasons: the growing number of (mainly poor) people whose lives it touches, the impact of criminal conviction on employment and earnings…mass incarcerations’ destabilizing effects on families in urban communities, and the widespread imposition of ‘collateral’ or ‘invisible’ sanctions that transform punishment from a temporally limited experience to a long-term status” (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1755).

LFO’s not only include general court fees, but fines and restitution orders. Not only is the national average according to the author’s research exceed $7,000 per offender, but all fines are subject to interest, surcharges, and collection fees (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1759).

Furthermore, we have even gone so far as to impose fees on those utilizing indigent defense. Meaning, those who need a public defender because they cannot afford a private attorney, must pay a user fee regardless of the Gideon v. Wainwright decision (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1758). That was decided in Oregon- a liberal state. Additionally, in Washington, Superior Court judges can now impose up to 17 fees on felony defendants when they are sentenced. In New York, they can impose 19 different fees (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1758).

This is all important to the issue of impoverished communities because LFO’s are affecting the innocent sometimes more than those incarcerated or sentenced. This is because most defendants have children, for whom they have been mandated to pay child support for. When they cannot pay because of legal fees, their children and overall family health and structure suffer and deteriorate (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1760). This only perpetuates the cycle of poverty and family disenfranchisement that is common in poor urban areas. LFO’s are in essence, helping to keep poor areas poor.

This article was referenced by "Tag cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" on Monday, May 7 2007.

This article was referenced by "Tag (metadata) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia") on Thursday, June 25 2009.

This article was referenced by "Josh Reviews Everything: OBVIOUS tag, where are you?" on Wednesday, February 18 2009.

Revised thesis:The fashion industry disregards workers' safety and jeopardizes the environment in order to make a profit.

The term "organic" in the fashion industry is only a misleading concept that deceives consumers.

Read from here to the end of the chapter. It is packed with insight and wisdom.

I don't want to try to tag every concept mentioned.

awesome tag term

In John Crank’s book "Imagining Justice," there is a section entitled "Ethnicity, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System," which explores the issue of injustices throughout the criminal justice system that emerge on the basis of race. Crank starts off the section by immediately stating the contemporary issues surrounding this topic. On criminality and immigration, he states “When criminality among immigrants are examined, no clear pattern of behavior emerges. Criminal behavior, when identified, appears to be contextualized by the process of immigration and resettlement” (Crank, 2003, 261). Crank goes on to suggest that the reasons for someone’s immigration can play a role in determining whether or not people will commit crimes.

Crank goes on to explain that generalizations are made about immigrant populations and how they have adapted to American culture. Crank attributes the emergence and desistence of crime to three factors: the age structure, the loss of traditional authority, and the degree of social cohesion (Crank, 2003, 262). The age structure refers to the fact that there are a high proportion of immigrant youth to each immigrant adult which can mean that high rates of youth may be predisposed to crime during their socialization. The loss of traditional authority refers to a parent’s inability to maintain control within the adaptation process- which is difficult because it is a challenge to traditional norms for them. And third, the degree of social cohesion, refers to the availability of community resources within immigrant communities that allow youth and immigrant adults to ease into their communities while being able to practice traditional norms (Crank, 2003, 262). All of these factors play an important role in adaptability for immigrant populations according to Crank.

Without proper modes of adaptation, Crank argues, criminal activity emerges. One interesting fact found in this section in relation to sentencing, is when Crank states, “Seemingly neutral case processing practices, especially concerning pretrial confinement decisions and sentence reductions for guilty pleas, operate to the systematic disadvantage of members of minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Crank lists these disadvantages as, “pretrial confinement is typically aimed at those least likely to appear for trial. Those least likely to appear are those who lead unsettled lives, lack permanent residents and stable jobs. This falls disproportionately on disadvantaged minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Lastly and most relevantly, “minority members are less likely to receive favorable sentence reductions for guilty pleas. Tonry suggests that this may stem from the distrust minorities have a country’s justice system and a belief that they are treated unfairly… This means that defendants who plead guilty earlier in justice proceedings receive shorter sentences” (Crank, 2003, 265).

Crank goes on to discuss the false assumptions surrounding immigrants in the US. For example, there is the misconception that all Latin Americans are Mexican. This is of course not true, and there is a very diverse groups of Latino/a immigrants in the US. Crank states, “Mexicans make up 61.2 percent of the Latino population in the United States. However, only about 33 percent of Mexicans are foreign born- most are resident United States citizens” (Crank, 2003, 266). Crank goes on to discuss the political ideologies surrounding assimilation and immigration. There is an ongoing attempt to learn how to adjust and assimilate in a new society. I think this- the difficulty of adaptation- is the main point of this section, and this is Crank’s argument for why and how the justice system affects immigrants. This was an interesting section, although I am not sure it adequately discusses how unfairly immigrants are treated by our criminal justice system- particularly in terms of sentencing measures.

Crank, John P. “Imagining Justice” (2003). Pages 261-276. Anderson Publishing Co. Cincinatti, OH. Print.

“The Rise and Fall of the Indeterminate Sentencing Ideal” from "But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry" by Jeremy Travis. Pages 7-20, 2005.

Chapter 1 of "But They All Come Back" by Jeremy Travis discusses indeterminate and determinate sentencing in great detail. It discusses its origin, its purpose, and its effect on the criminal justice system. Discretion being the main element of indeterminate sentencing- its role and legitimacy is often questioned. When judges determine a sentence for a person who has been convicted of a crime, they are supposed to take several things into account under this lens. “…the crime’s severity, the extent of any prior criminal convictions, the offender’s family circumstances, and his or her prospects for rehabilitation” (Travis, 2005, 15). Parole boards and parole officers are also supposed to take such factors into consideration when determining what the offender requires and needs after incarceration or custody.

The author goes on to discuss the purpose of the criminal sanction. Travis argues that the main point of a sanction is in fact rehabilitation rather than the commonly presumed punishment. However, Travis goes on to say that under indeterminate sentencing, rehabilitation is difficult to achieve because indeterminate sentencing requires that judges decide how an offender will be rehabilitated as well as parole boards and officers.

Furthermore, Travis discusses the criticism of indeterminate sentencing. These include racial discrimination, too much reliance on judicial discretion and much more. Specifically, “The practice of assigning significant sentencing responsibilities to the judicial branch was criticized as an inappropriate exercise of unchecked, unguided, and unreviewable power” (Travis, 2005, 17). Alternatively, “…the goal of rehabilitation was roundly characterized as tantamount to coddling criminals” (Travis, 2005, 17). The author goes on to cite the “Nothing Works!” report as a reason for the collapse of the rehabilitative ideal when relating to prisons.

Travis ends the chapter by stating there has been no new framework proposed, and “A number of states have enacted laws imposing mandatory minimum sentences, thereby depriving judges of the community supervision option and generally increasing the size of the prison population” (Travis, 2005, 20). This chapter have an interesting background on indeterminate sentencing, as well as granted insight into the rise of mandatory minimum sentences.

“But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry” by Jeremy Travis. 2005. The Urban Institute Press. Washington D.C. 1st Edition. Pages 7-20. Print.

"Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)" by Paul G. Cassell

In the article "Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)," author Paul Cassell attempts to shed light on whether or not an argument of undue severity can be made against mandatory minimums. According to Cassell, this is an argument that has not been made, although I would beg to differ. However, Cassell claims the guidelines associated with federal sentencing guidelines are not too severe because they fit social norms as prescribes by the public, as well as provide deterrence benefits and have “strong potential for being cost-effective crime control measures” (Cassell, 2004, 1018).

Cassell begins his argument by addressing a speech given by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, which prompted a nationwide discussion about the severity and the need for a reduction in mandatory minimums across the board. The author does note before going into methods and literature, this his approach will not fully delve into the issue of all discretionary sentencing measures. He posits that it is “fair to say that some calls for more “discretion” are, in truth, calls for lower sentences” (Cassell, 2004, 1019).

Crime control and just deserts have been known to be the purpose of punishment and adjudication in the criminal justice field. Cassell aims to assess these elements of sentencing as a way to measure punishment severity. The author goes on to present a table that shows the federal sentencing guidelines for crimes seen more frequently in court versus what the public feels the penalty should be. Most of them were fairly consistent. However, the public generally has a “tough on crime” approach to all things criminal justice, which implies that the federal government maintains the same way of thinking since their answers were almost identical.

An interesting part of this article however, is when Cassell states how many cases end up with a lesser sentence due to pleading down. “According to a recent General Accounting Office Study of downward departures, 36% of all federal sentenced involved a downward departure, including 44% of all drug sentences. While most of these departures are apparently for “substantial assistance” to government prosecutors or for the “fast tracking” of immigration offenses… the great bulk of federal cases (more than 95%) are resolved by a plea arrangement…” (Cassell, 2004, 1029). Here, the Cassell is positing that discretionary sentencing is making it so those on trial do not have to accept full responsibility- which is determined by the federal government sentencing guidelines.

This article was good in that it presented a point of view that is not seen very often in criminal justice: that mandatory minimums and discretionary sentencing are soft on sentencing. Cassell presented a lot of interesting data, and I think the argument is interesting.

Stanford Law Review Vol. 56, No. 5, 2004 Stanford Law Review Symposium: Punishment and Its Purposes (Apr., 2004), pp. 1017-1048

URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040172

Barry 2000

Context: It seems to be possible to switch scopes before the annotation is ready to post, but isn't possible.

I'm not sure this is a glitch so much as designed behaviour (although whether it is the correct behaviour is a different question -- IMO quite clearly not).

This page already has Hypothesis on it -- via the WP plugin. That plugin includes https://hypothes.is/embed.js on the page, which in turn adds a <link rel="sidebar" ...> tag to the page which the sidebar uses when it starts up.

The chrome extension also looks for this tag and is finding the production one first.

Relaying a report from Conor from a private group:

"When I created this highlight, it was associated with the group (as I was scoped by the group) but was "Only Me" - I wanted to make this viewable to the group so I hit edit, added a tag, changed the scope to the group. Success. When I then changed the scope back to public, this group highlight I had made was in the public stream. It then disappeared from Public on page reload."

This is our first stop on our tour of electronic literature definitions. Highlight passages here that you find provocative, unclear, or simply interesting! Be sure to add a #d004x tag to your comments.

After you've finished marking up this page, you can go to the next stop on our tour: http://dtc-wsuv.org/mla2012/scholarship.html

Be sure to open the hypothes.is sidebar again on that page!

Exploring a possible workflow here: tag these with group_test_needs_card or group_test_has_card and then use

https://hypothes.is/stream?q=tag:group_test_needs_card

https://hypothes.is/stream?q=tag:group_test_has_card

to review.

Niu, S.X. (2014). Leaving home state for college: Differences by race/ethnicity and parental education. Research in Higher Education. 56 (4) pg. 325-359.

Attending college out-of-state is usually more expensive because of transportation and housing costs, but Niu (2014) makes the normative claim that “leaving home states for college provides additional benefits compared with attending college in home states” (pg. 347). This is mainly due to the finding that students who are attending out-of-state institutions are likely attending “a private, a 4-year, and a selective institution” (pg. 347), but Niu seems to believe that inequitable out-of-state college attendance should be noticed.

Niu cites other researchers who found that high-income students were more likely to apply to many schools as well as more selective schools. Previous research found that a student’s “likelihood of leaving home for college was found to be positively affected by the father’s education and the parental income” (pg. 327).

Niu conducted a study to examine where graduating seniors from 2010 actually attended, rather than focusing on college choices of students that were not confirmed with actual attendance in previous research. The study used secondary data from the SAT exam and then tracked where the students actually attended using data from the National Student Clearinghouse (pg. 329). In order to rank the selectivity of specific colleges, Niu used the Barron’s college selectivity index.

Based on the college(s) a specific student chose to have their SAT scores sent to (in-state vs. out-of-state), Niu looked at whether a student was more or less likely to request out-of-state colleges in comparison to the student’s race/ethnicity and parental education.

After descriptive and multivariate analyses were completed, Niu determined that White students had the highest rate of sending test scores to out-of-state colleges, while Hispanic students had the least likelihood of sending scores out-of-state (pg. 332). The increased likelihood of a student sending their test scores out-of-state was also correlated with higher levels of parental education. When this pattern was compared to where students actually attended, the correlation remained that White students with parents of high education levels were the most likely to attend out-of-state college, compared to Black, Hispanic and Asian students. This study notes that Black and Hispanic students who attended out-of-state colleges were likely attending colleges with ‘need-based’ financial aid practices, which provided additional need to students with low income.

These factors are in support of Brody’s two articles posted in the “PolEdu” tag, which analyzes a student’s ability to relocate to attend college as well as have access to transportation in order to attend. Public policy makers should be aware of possible barriers to students and seek ways to assist the public with overcoming these additional barriers.

-N Brusseau (9-28-15)

Testing to see where this comments goes if I do not tag it for the F11redesign.

In the article "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences" by Jeffrey Ulmer, Megan Kurlychek, and John Kramer, the prosecutorial discretion in the courtroom and its effects on sentencing outcomes is discussed. This article emerged out of the "Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency" in 2007. The article begins by discussing the popular and abrupt trend of distrust in judges which caused the emergence of mandatory minimums. This then led to the ultimate trust in prosecutors (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 427). Overall, this article is a summary and analysis of what it means for a prosecutor to not only act as a judge, but to apply mandatory minimum sentencing eligibility to different kinds of offenders.

The findings of the article were not entirely surprising. Based on the author’s multivariate analysis, prosecutors granted more mandatory minimums far less often to those who “negotiated guilty pleas in the full sample and drug subsample and substantially less often to those with non-negotiated guilty pleas in the three-strikes subsample” (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). Furthermore, the findings suggest that prosecutors may use the “threat of applying longer mandatory sentence as a key piece of leverage to obtain guilty pleas… and thus more certain convictions (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). It is also interesting to note that those who enter into a non-negotiated plea are far less likely to receive mandatory imposition (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). According to the authors, this is due to the fact that it may look remorseful and can look like the start of rehabilitation if the offender automatically accepts a “guilty” plea because it shows they are taking responsibility.

In terms of the offender’s race playing a role in the type of sentencing they received, there was little data found that suggested being Black increased the chances of receiving a mandatory minimum. However, Hispanic people were more likely to receive mandatory minimums. Males are also more likely than women to receive mandatory minimums because they are seen as less blameworthy and dangerous (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 451).

The article ends with a general discussion about how mandatory minimums are not necessarily mandatory at all considering how prosecutors pick and choose who receives them. When other factors than the actual offense are considered, like race and gender, it becomes increasingly clear that prosecutors are given substantial unilateral authority in determining sentences for people who have in some cases committed the same crimes. Overall, I feel the theme of this article was that the need for expediency and quick justice is getting in the way of judicial discretion and fairer outcomes.

Ulmer, J. T., M. C. Kurlychek, and J. H. Kramer. 2007. "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44.4: 427-58. Web.

http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2656/content/44/4/427.full.pdf+html

Wasn't expecting this.

Unrelated to https://github.com/hypothesis/h/issues/2540, this query used to AND the tags, now it ORs them?

(For the compound-tag-filtering I'm demonstrating in the alt stream I was relying on AND)

This can also be seen not only on blogs, but pictures. Tags and shares on Facebook, instagram, snapchat. I have found that every social media platform has found out how important communication between an online community is. A lot of social media applications and websites did not even have the option to share or tag a friend in a link. But i have noticed that within the year that sharing has become even more popular, every platform has updated themselves in order to simply the ways to share, source and link information to one another.

There is no "green field" in standards work?

In the case of TBL and the development of the Web I am reminded of how HTML used the existing existing standards: SGML, the Domain Name System and TCP/IP. Also, I wonder when the browser started to allow for invalid SGML: so called Tag Soup?

git-annex provides file tagging, and tag-based views materialized as filesystem checkouts a git-based data store.

yes annotate.

This is a sample annotation.

Highlight, annotate and tag specific words or phrases.

What is Gladwell proposing here?

Test annotation

Test tag

This is where I begin to think of Ocean's Eleven. Which is what our Reclaim LA Hackathon mostly felt like.

Text to the tag

The NIF Registry (now SciCrunch Registry) data set would have been really helpful here, as it contains synonyms, variants and a list of URL's that point to the resource.

Again, it is disgraceful that even NIH does not have access to the full text of all articles for text mining purposes. I do believe that this is one of the central issues facing biomedicine moving forward and one that needs to be solved.

Taking into consideration experiential differences. I wanted to tag the whole sentence but it wouldn't let me.

• Simply use BFG Repo-Cleaner
  • Otherwise use: git filter-branch --force --index-filter \ 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch PATH_FILENAME' \ --prune-empty --tag-name-filter cat -- --all
• Tell collaborators to rebase not merge

You should encourage everyone to tag their annotations ob101 so we can sort the annotation stream.

This article was referenced by "Tag cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" on Tuesday, February 19 2008.

another, with tag

I think this is fairly general, although metadata is data.

The theme of many Disney movies, but not often seen in life!

another tag

another test of tag

Bold hahha

test tag

The format of the <link> tag should be as follows:

<link href="uri-to-an-alternate" rel="alternate" type="application/xml" title="title">

Note that the attribute name for the MIME type is "type", not "media".