PMID: 34008801

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

PMID: 17562343 GeneName: ABCA4

Case#: Patient 13, 35yo

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: Family 8

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity=0.017. OCT ft (μm)=163. MP (dB)=0. Fundus=3(extensive atrophic-appearing RPE changes). ERG=3(abnormal responses involving both rods and cones). mfERG=4(subnormal mfERG in the entire test field (0°–30°) plus pathologic Ganzfeld ERG).

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: PCR of coding regions, intron/exon boundaries, and 5′ and 3′ regions of ABCA4; Standard cycle-sequencing reactions with BigDye Terminator

PreviouslyPublished:

Variant: L541P; R1098C

CAID: CA226911;

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#:48-year old man, onset at 13-years old

DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003621, HP:0025147, HP:0011507, HP:0030329, HP:0030610, HP:0007722, HP:0007703, HP:0007663

CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA was 20/200 bilaterally and refractive error was OD: −1.50/+0.50 × 149° and OS: −1.50/+0.25 × 161°. Hyperautofluorescent transitional zone in each eye more pronounced in right eye. The left eye showed a complete defect of the RPE-Bruch membrane complex with herniation of the outer retina. Maximum horizontal diameter of this RPE-Bruch membrane complex defect was 266um.

CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000510, HP:0000548, HP:0007984

CaseNotHPOFreeText: No defect observed in the RPE and Bruch membrane in right eye. Patient had normal cone and rod responses on ERG

Genotyping Method: ABCR 600 micro-array chip

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4216C>T (p.His1406Tyr), NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu)

ClinVar: 99259, 7888

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Case2, Sex:Female, Age:15

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs: n/a

CaseHPOFreeText: Clinical Notes: Few yellowish Flecks without autofluorescence. General notes: participant presented with atypical macular degeneration.

CaseNotHPOs:n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

Genotyping Method: Exome sequencing data generation. Additional sequencing targeted amplification fo PRPH2 and ELOVL4 using PCR.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: Variant 1 given as p.G1961E; NM_000350.3:c.5882G>A p.(Gly1961Glu) . Variant 2 given as p.Q636X; NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1906C>T (p.Gln636Ter).

ClinVar: Variation ID: 7888 ; Variation ID: 265012

CAID: ; CA10588302

SupplementalData: Proband variant information given in Table 1.

PMID: 22863181

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: Patient #33, female, 64yo at baseline visit, "late" age of onset

DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-related retinopathy with secondary RPE atrophy

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Inclusion criteria were defined as 1) presence of at least one mutated allele in ABCA4 (NM_000350.2) in Sanger sequencing with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis or next-generation sequencing,9 2) a compatible phenotype with flecks at the level of the RPE consistent with ABCA4 -related Stargardt disease,9 3) presence of RPE atrophy, and 4) serial examinations with an interval of at least 6 months. RPE atrophy to the end-stage (i.e., demarcated lesions with ≥90% darkness of the optic disc under short-wavelength excitation light, DDAF) that previously showed highest interreader agreement.7 The size of DDAF has to be at least 0.05 mm 2 (each single atrophic area in cases of multifocality), and the entire lesion must be completely visualized on the AF image at each visit to be advanced for analysis. Self-reported symptom onset into early-onset (≤10 years), intermediate-onset (11–44 years), and late-onset (≥45 years). ff-ERG based Category: Group 1 contained eyes with normal scotopic and photopic responses; Group 2, eyes with normal scotopic responses, but reduced (over 2 SDs) photopic B-wave and 30-Hz flicker amplitudes; and Group 3, eyes with impairment of both rod- and cone-driven responses. BCVA: OD=0.4, OS=1.1 [LogMAR] .

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: Insufficient pupil dilation, additional retinal pathology, previous retinal treatment, or other ocular comorbidities substantially affecting image quality led to exclusion from the study

GenotypingMethod: Sanger sequencing with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis or next-generation sequencing

PreviouslyPublished: possible since Birtel is an author on this paper and the probands both have the same second variant as in PMID: 29555955

Variant: allele 1: c.3468C>G p.(Tyr1156*) allele 2: c.5059A>T p.(Ile1687Phe); c.4297G>A p.(Val1433Ile)

ClinVar: n/a

CAID: CA341290648

SupplementalData: The supplemental table linked here contains genotype and phenotype information.

When expressed in transfected HEK293T cells and quantified by Western blotting, this variant was in the range of 40%-52%. This variant has a basal ATPase activity of 63% ± 5% compared to WT (100%) and was categorized as class 2 (partial reduction in expression and basal ATPase activity that was modestly stimulated by N-Ret-PE) with a moderate/severe predicted severity.

PMID: 41063816

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: Case 3, 39yo

DiseaseAssertion: BEM, RCD

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: a ring of increased AF surrounding decreased foveal AF, visual acuity= 6/6, 6/6

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: acquired toxic aetiology

GenotypingMethod: The entire coding sequence (50 exons), including exon–intron boundaries, of the ABCA4 gene of each patient was screened using single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: Val552Ile heterozygous

CAID: CA239745

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Patient #42, female, 31yo at onset, German

DiseaseAssertion: macular dystrophy or cone-rod dystrophy

FamilyInfo: phase not confirmed, but assumed in case of parental consanguinity or if only siblings were affected

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0012508

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: syndromic retinal disease, age-related macular degeneration, central serous retinopathy, autoimmune retinopathy, retinal vascular disease, achromatopsia, X-linked retinoschisis, North Carolina macular dystrophy

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.3468C>G (p.Tyr1156Ter); c.5059A>T (p.Ile1687Phe) Sanger sequencing of ABCA4

ClinVar: n/a

CAID: CA341290648

SupplementalData: Supplementary table 1

PMID: 35973334

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: Family 1 proband, male, 6yo at onset, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: CORD

FamilyInfo: heterozygous unaffected parents

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000613, HP:0000505, HP:0007401, HP:0012511, HP:0008043, HP:0000512

CaseHPOFreeText:  ERG responses from cones reduced, BVA=0.20/0.15

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.[1957C>T];[4604dup] phase confirmed

ClinVar: n/a

CAID: CA645372205

SupplementalData:

Case#: two siblings (female) were from one consanguineous family (case 1, 11 years and case 2, 9 years)

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt’s Disease

FamilyInfo: NR

ParentalTesting: NR

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0030500, HP:0011507

CasePhenotypeFreeText: LogMAR visual acuity for the right and left eye of cases 1–4 was 0.3 and 0.2, 0.1 and 0.1, 0.5 and 0.4, and 0.3 and 0.4, respectively. Gross disruption of the outer retinal layers at the macula in all cases; in two (cases 2 and 4), the presumed external limiting membrane (ELM) peak was broadened with the inner segment ellipsoid band (ISe) missing. Subtle white-yellowish fine dots at the macula and numerous white-yellowish flecks extending anterior to the arcade are shown in the colour fundus photograph of case 1. Autofluorescence (AF) imaging of case 1 detected well-defined dots with high signal at the central macula surrounded by a ring of increased signal and numerous foci with high or low signal extending to the peripheral retina. Case 2 also had subtle white-yellowish fine dots at the central macula and numerous white-yellowish flecks extending anterior to the arcade, both associated with high signal on AF imaging. In addition, case 3 had white-yellowish fine dots at the macula and numerous white-yellowish flecks extending to the periphery, both of which had high or low signal on AF imaging. Case 4 showed subtle fine macular dots mainly in a para-foveal location, which are well-defined on AF imaging.

CaseNotHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0000505

CaseNotPhenotypeFreeText: Most cases with STGD have central macular atrophy with numerous more peripheral flecks (Michaelides et al. 2003). Given their relatively good visual acuity, it is likely that the central macular dots observed in our cases may be an early sign of macular dysfunction before the development of macular atrophy. Similar fine macular dots or a ‘mottled macula’ have also been reported in other inherited retinal diseases

CasePreviousTesting: The age of disease onset in cases 1–4, defined as either the age at which visual loss was first noted by the subject or in the asymptomatic subjects when abnormal retinal appearance was first detected, was 5, 7, 8, and 6 years old, respectively.

GenotypingMethod: After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were taken from probands of 2/3 families for ABCA4 screening. A full medical history was obtained, and a full ophthalmologic examination was performed in all cases. Mutation screening of ABCA4 was performed in two probands of the three families, and two likely disease-causing variants were identified in each case; c.768G > T, p.V256V (a previously reported splicing-altering synonymous variant) and c.4363T > C, p.C1455R (a missense variant) in case 1, and c.1906C > T, p.Q636* (a non-sense variant) and c.5461-10 T > C (a disease-associated intronic variant with uncertain effect) in case 3. A blood sample was not available in one proband (case 4).

Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.768G>T (p.Val256=) and NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4363T>C (p.Cys1455Arg)

LegacyVariant: c.768G>T (p.Val256=) and c.4363T>C (p.Cys1455Arg)

ClinVar: 99505 and 377404

CAID: CA227458 and CA957621

gnomeAD: 1:94564350 C / A and 1:94495177 A / G

MultipleGeneVariants:No

PreviouslyPublished: No

AdditionalInfo: Some symptoms/diagnoses are consistent with Stargardt’s Disease 3, however the probands in the study were younger in age, so many of the symptoms hadn’t progressed much. Also, all of the cases had decent visual acuity, which contradicts a symptom of Stargardt’s Disease 3.

ATPase activity in HEK293 cells showed severely reduced basal ATPase activity, ∼30% of WT ABCA4, indicating that this variant impacts protein function (PS3_Supporting; PMIDs).

Autofluorescence and A2E production was measured in transgenic mice and showed loss of function of ABCA4 protein indicating that this variant impacts protein function (PS3; PMIDs).

Case#: Patient 24, male, Caucasian, onset at 50yo, Germany

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: co-segregation of variant in 2 family members (siblings) but they do not appear to be affected based on pedigree

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0030528, HP:0000505, HP:0012508, HP:0001105, HP:0025148

CaseHPOFreeText: progressive paracentral scotoma OU, progressive visual impairment OU (blurry vision). BCVA: OD-0.1, OS-0.22. Tension: 13mmHg/14mmHg. FAF: bilateral hyperautofluorescent macular and peripapillary spots, few spots of paracentral retinal atrophy (foveal sparing). Autofluorescence and deposits (severity): deposits medium, atrophy low. OCT: hyperreflective spots, partially invading into the outer retina, partly confluent lesions of cRORA, foveal sparing, degenerative intraretinal fluid. Central macular thickness: 328µm/322µm. Macular volume: 9.31mm³/9.00mm³. mfERG: bilateral amplitudes in normal range, slight relative reduction in the paracentral areas. Fluorescein angiography: bilateral dark choroid, mild paracentral dye pooling in the late phase. Color vision: Inconspicuous. Clinical examination: pattern-like distribution of the lesions.

CaseNotHPOs: n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

GenotypingMethod: WES, in-house RD-associated gene panel including 619 candidates and disease-associated genes

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: ABCA4 NM_000350.2 c.[6601_6602delAG] (p.Arg2201fs);[=], c.[4253+43G>A] p.Ile1377Hisfs3;[=]

CAID: CA227421; CA227172

SupplementalData: phenotype and segregation info in supplemental data (table s1, figure s1)

This variant was mentioned in reference to a previous publication. PMID: 23419329

PMID: 30204727

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: Female, family #5, Patient #20

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: Proband's sister presented with same clinical prognosis. Sister diagnosed with pattern dystrophy and photoaversion at age 57, with difficulty seeing at night. Sister has nuclear sclerotic and cortical cataracts in both eyes.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000662, HP:0000603, HP:0000603, HP:0000493

CaseHPOFreeText: Proband presented with localized blur at age 62, (late onset) in her left eye. BVCA 20/20-3 and 20/20-2 at age 70. Also has macular lesions with stage 2 fundus flecks.

CaseNotHPOs: n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

Genotyping Method: Genotyping performed at Columbia University, sequencing technology used is not disclosed.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: p.N18681, IVS36:c.5196+1G>A

ClinVar: M2) 99067, M6) 99351

CAID: N/A

SupplementalData: Fig 1: Pedigree illustrating ABCA4 variants and the associated Stargardt phenotype for 5 families. Proband Labeled w/ white arrow for each family. Fig 2: retinal scan measuring melanin in 4 patients of family 2. Panel shows bull's-eye ring of RPE atropy. Fig 3: Macular SD-OCT line profile from b-scans. Reflectivity plotted against function of retinal depth. Table 1: table shows patients with p.N18681 variant, type of mutation, and pathogenicity class. Table 2: Patients, age on-set and first symptom

This variant is listed for Stargardt DNAID#067322 in trans with c.5603A>T p.(Asn1868Ile). No phenotype information provided.

Case#: DNAID 072284/Pat191, female

DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: "In classic STGD1, loss of central vision starts around the second decade of life, but both early- and late-onset subtypes have been extensively described." No patient-specific details provided

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: smMIPs sequencing of the complete ABCA4 locus

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.1519G>T (p.Asp507Tyr); c.4139C>T (p.Pro1380Leu) phase not confirmed

CAID: CA958508

SupplementalData: tables s9 and s11

ATPase function of G863A mutant protein was reduced ∼3-fold as compared with NBD1wt, indicating ∼70% of inhibition of the ATPase activity (Fig. 3). TheVmax (ATPase) for G863A mutant was 128 pmol/min/mg and that of the wild-type NBD1 was 584 pmol/min/mg (Table II).

PMID: 37628710

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: 1 female, 12 years old.

DiseaseAssertion: bilateral stage 2B Coats disease. ABCA4 gene mutations were found upon genetic analysis but Stargardt disease was not diagnosed.

FamilyInfo: Single affected individual. Past medical history and family history was reported as normal. No additional information about family is provided in text.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663 - Reduced visual acuity, HP:0001147 - Retinal exudate, HP:0007763 - Retinal telangiectasia, HP:0025355 - Retinal arteriolar macroaneurysms, HP:0011505- Cystoid macular edema, HP:0020032 - Hyperreflective retinal dots on OCT, HP:0001045 - Vitiligo

CaseHPOFreeText: bilateral significant capillary nonperfusion noted mostly in the temporal retinal periphery together with light-bulb-like capillary dilations and staining of telangiectatic vessels. Mild intravitreal hemorrhage

CaseNotHPOs: HP:0012045 - Retinal flecks, HP:0025010 - Foveal atrophy, HP:0000603 - Central scotoma, HP:0000556 - Retinal dystrophy, HP:0000512 - Abnormal electroretinogram

CaseNotHPOFreeText: Relatively normal foveal architecture.

Genotyping Method: Genetic analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing for the NDP gene, which revealed no pathogenic variants. Exome sequencing was then used with the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, which identified two compound heterozygous variants in the ABCA4 gene. Lastly, no mutations were found in the TINF2 gene.

PreviouslyPublished: N/A

Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1373C>T (p.Arg458Cys), NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu)

ClinVar: Variation ID: 7888 ( for p.Arg458Cys variant however I believe this is mislabeled for this variant NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu), no variantion ID found for NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1373C>T (p.Arg458Cys)

CAID: N/A

SupplementalData: N/A

Analysis of ABCA4 variants in 150 families with Stargardt disease. Most of which were of northern or central European ancestry. For comparison, 220 racially matched individuals with no personal history or known family history of STGD served as controls (Anderson et al. 1995; Allikmets et al. 1997b).

PMID: 9973280

Gene: ABCA4

HGNCID: HGNC:34

GenotypingMethod: combined SSCP and heteroduplex analyses of all 50 exons of ABCA4, Sanger sequencing

Pedigree AR417: onset at 8 years 2 segregations, 2 out of 3 offspring affected by STGD, parents and grandmother unaffected Variant: G1961E, A1038V CAID: CA119132, CA119135)

Pedigree AR427: onset at 12 years 1 segregation, 1 out of 2 offspring affected by STGD, parents unaffected Variant: G1961E, C75G CAID: CA119132, CA226985

Pedigree AR370: onset at 13 years 1 segregation, 1 out of 3 offspring affected by STGD, parents and grandparents unaffected Variant: G1961E, C1490Y CAID: CA119132, CA227198

Pedigree AR 218: onset at 14 years family history of AMD, was first reported by Anderson et al. [1995] Variant: G1961E, 2160+1G>C CAID: CA119132, CA226984

Pedigree AR 373: onset at 19 years 2 segregations, 2 out of 3 offspring affected by STGD, parents and grandparents unaffected Variant: G1961E, 4253+5G>T CAID: CA119132, CA227174

Pedigree AR 274: onset at 20 years 1 segregation, 1 out of 4 siblings affected by STGD, parents and grandparents unaffected Variant: G1961E, A1038V CAID: CA119132, CA119135

Annotating here since the full text is a PDF.

Case#: Family AR321 proband, US, 6yo at onset

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: proband and two other siblings are affected

CasePresentingHPOs: The essential and defining features of STGD were (1) pedigrees with at least one living affected individual compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance; (2) an ophthalmoscopically characteristic retinal disorder in families with both parents living; (3) bilateral central visual loss with both “beaten metal” elliptical foveal dystrophy and temporal pallor of the optic discs, documented by retinal color photography, with or without yellow-pigment epithelial flecks in the macular and/or retinal “near periphery”; and (4) the characteristic fluorescein angiographic feature of a dark choroid (Blacharski 1988).

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: (1) evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance; (2) any history of night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, or "retinitis pigmentosa"; (3) cataracta complicata or cells in the vitreous; (4) substantially abnormal electroretinographic or electrooculographic responses; (5) no fluorescein angiography performed or no dark choroid documented; (6) neurological disease (including loss of cognition or seizures); 7) drug exposures (especially to antimalarial and agents known to cause crystalline retinopathies); or (8) any "atypical" maculopathies in which a unique diagnosis of STGD could not be established.

PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 8533764

Variant: c.3113C>T p.A1038V; c.1715G>C p.R572P . Heteroduplex and SSCP analyses were used to screen the 50 exons of ABCA4. Linkage analysis and haplotype analysis were previously performed

ClinVar: 99073

CAID: CA226919

SupplementalData: n/a

PMID:39398711

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case Annotation Template

Case#: 19-year-old male

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease 1 (STGD1)

FamilyInfo: No family history of eye disease reported. Autosomal recessive inheritance consistent with STGD1. Homozygous ABCA4 variant identified.

CasePresentingHPOs: DecreasedCentralVA, MacularAtrophy, MacularFlecks, PeripapillarySparing, OpticNervePallor

CaseHPOFreeText: Five-year history of progressive bilateral central vision loss, worse at near. Alternating exotropia measuring 16 prism diopters in all gazes OU. Best corrected visual acuity 20/200 OU. Fundus examination revealed pigment deposition and macular mottling. Fundus autofluorescence showed central decreased autofluorescence surrounded by increased autofluorescence. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated dark choroid. OCT showed loss of the central ellipsoid zone with hyperreflective deposits. Multifocal ERG demonstrated significant functional loss.

CaseNotHPOs: NightBlindness

CaseNotHPOFreeText: Patient denied nyctalopia, photophobia, or flashes. Color vision normal on Ishihara testing.

Genotyping Method: Genotyping Method: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) with deletion/duplication analysis (Invitae Corporation).

PreviouslyPublished: N/A

Variant: ABCA4 c.52C>T (p.Arg18Trp)

ClinVar: ClinVarID:7899

CAID: N/A

SupplementalData: N/A

another case with 541 variant potentially not in cis with 1038

This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

PMID: 36471740

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Unable to find this variant in the text or supplementary even though Mastermind says it's in supplemental MOESM1

Case#: Patient 225, Female, age of onset 7 y.o, Poland

DiseaseAssertion: STGD-1

FamilyInfo: no given family information.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007722, HP:0000608, HP:0025158

CaseHPOFreeText: RPE atrophy, macular degeneration, central hyper-autofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence

CaseNotHPOs: n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a, non-proband identified HPO's mentioned, but not assignable to individual proband.

Genotyping Method: DNA isolated from peripheral blood from patients and relatives via MagNA Pure 24, samples screened with MIPs targeting 108 genes involved in pathogensis of IRD's. PCR completed on library, analysed with NGS fragment analysis kit.

PreviouslyPublished: yes

Variant: c.[1622T>C;3113C>T]

ClinVar: 99067, 7894

CAID: n/a

gnomeAD 0.0001266 allele frequency

SupplementalData: Fig1: List of families displaying pseudo-dominant inheritance. Fig2: Number of alleles for most common variants.

PMID:39967245

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#:39 man

DiseaseAssertion:NA

FamilyInfo:NA

CasePresentingHPOs:Snellen in both eye, visual impairment with night blindnessisual acuity was 20/20Snellen in both eyes, with a minor correction for astig-matism. The anterior segment and intraocular pressurewere within normal limits. On fundus examination, dif-fuse fleck-like lesions were scattered both inside and out-side the arcades, while sharply demarcated areas ofmacular atrophy with foveal sparing, more pronouncedin the left eye, were visible.

CaseHPOFreeText:NA

CaseNotHPOs:NA

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

Genotyping Method:Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), using theTruSight One Clinical Exome sequencing panel on anIllumina NexSeq500 platform, enriching for 4800 genesincluding ABCA4, CNGB3, ELOVL4, PROM1, and PRPH2

PreviouslyPublished:Under refernces?

Variant:WDR19 variants:the novel deletion at c.1777 + 1 within the donor splicingsite (class 4) and the rare c.1430 G>T variant causing theamino-acid substitution p.(Arg477Leu) (class 3) in the putative protein. Additionally, a heterozygous c.1793A>G(class 3) variant in the CDH23 gene was found, though it was deemed as not contributive to the patient’s clinical phenotype. All reported variants were confirmed throughSanger sequencing

ClinVar:NA

CAID:NA

SupplementalData:NA

Case#: Family 12 Proband, male, 43yo at onset, Portuguese

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: no affected family members in pedigree (Fig. 1)

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663

CaseHPOFreeText: "The criteria for STGD phenotype included bilateral central vision loss and pigmentary macular lesions, normal caliber of retinal vessels, absence of pigmented bone spicules, and compatibility with recessive mode of inheritance." Moderate central retinal changes, decreased mfERG responses exclusively in the central 15 degrees

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: p.Glu1574X; p.Val931Met. Several other polymorphisms also reported. ABCR400 gene chip microarray, DHPLC

ClinVar: 1460063

CAID: CA341283936

SupplementalData: n/a

PMID: 23949494 HGNC: 34 Gene: ABCA4 DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt Disease

Case#: Bryant Subject JB260, US

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs: "Stargardt disease is a childhood-onset macular degeneration and is most commonly caused by mutations in ABCA4. Characteristic yellow flecks are typically seen under the macula during a fundus exam."

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: WES; previously screened using arrayed primer extension (APEX) multigene panels for the relevant disease and no disease-causing variants had been identified; PCR and Sanger for verification

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.6119G>A p.Arg2040Gln; c.2879del p.Ala960Aspfs*17

CAID: CA232815

SupplementalData:

PMID:39215425

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

case27-year-old male, the brother of case 1

DiseaseAssertion: Table 1 The summary of the clinical assessment of IRD patients’ family in this research fro there down they did a whole pannel on the family

Pedigree one can be fore form the beggginnings of case presention section?

CasePresentingHPOs: Case 2, a 27-year-old male, the brother of case 1 had blurry vision which was not corrected with an eyeglass and inconveniences under bright light starting from 14 years ago. Case 2 also underwent a fundus examination after finding that case 1 was RP. In further examination of those patients and their family members found that case 1 was confirmed as RP and case 2

CaseHPOFreeText:NA

CaseNotHPOs:NA

CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

Genotyping Method:NA

PreviouslyPublished:NA

Variant:NA

ClinVar:

CAID:NA

SupplementalData:NA

Inheritance pattern Autosomal Recessive

Case#: Patients were identified from the inherited retinal disease (IRD) database at UC San Diego (UCSD).

DiseaseAssertion: RP with macular edema

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Dx of RP based on "a history of progressive peripheral vision loss or nyctalopia, and ocular examination findings of RP including bone spicule pigmentation, disc pallor and attenuated vessels and genetic confirmation."

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Next-generation sequencing (NGS), exome sequencing, and/or targeted Sanger sequencing were the primary genetic testing approaches.

PreviouslyPublished: PMID:10206579 is referenced but it seems a reference to the variant and not the proband

Variant: c.6383A>G (p.His2128Arg); c.3G>T (p.Met1?). phase unknown

ClinVar: 99455

CAID: CA227399

SupplementalData: Variant is found in table S2

https://shop.skepticsannotatedbible.com/products/the-skeptics-annotated-bible-2nd-edition-pre-order<br /> The Skeptic's Annotated Bible

another patient with the 541 variant potentially not in cis with ala1038val. G1961E has been classified as pathogenic by the ABCA4 VCEP

another patient with the 541 variant potentially not in cis with ala1038val. F655C is path/LP in clinvar

Case#: Patient 13, 35yo

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: Family 8

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity=0.017. OCT ft (μm)=163. MP (dB)=0. Fundus=3(extensive atrophic-appearing RPE changes). ERG=3(abnormal responses involving both rods and cones). mfERG=4(subnormal mfERG in the entire test field (0°–30°) plus pathologic Ganzfeld ERG).

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: PCR of coding regions, intron/exon boundaries, and 5′ and 3′ regions of ABCA4; Standard cycle-sequencing reactions with BigDye Terminator

PreviouslyPublished:

Variant: L541P; R1098C

CAID: CA226911;

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: 4, 34 year old male

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt Disease

FamilyInfo: NR

CasePresentingHPOs: NR

CaseHPOFreeText: NR

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

Genotyping Method: Analyzing the ABCA4 gene

PreviouslyPublished: NR

Variant: 4469G>A

ClinVar: NR

CAID: NR

SupplementalData: NR

PMID: 23949494 HGNC: 34 Gene: ABCA4 DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt Disease

gnomad 0.0001 frequency

I don't understand what this means, but how I interepret it is if an homozygous STGD1 variant appears at a lower frequency that it is less severe.

I don't understand what this means, but how I interepret it is if an homozygous STGD1 variant appears at a lower frequency that it is less severe.

SupplementalData:

SupplementalData:

This variant was found in Patient 074752 in cis with a nonsense (c.6088C>T) and in trans with an intronic variant (c.4253+43G>A); neither of which has been curated yet by the ABCA4 VCEP

Not sure if this variant is c.1988G>A or c.1989G>A.

This variant is listed for Stargardt DNAID#067322 in trans with c.5603A>T p.(Asn1868Ile). No phenotype information provided.

Case#: Female, family #5, Patient #20

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: Proband's sister presented with same clinical prognosis. Sister diagnosed with pattern dystrophy and photoaversion at age 57, with difficulty seeing at night. Sister has nuclear sclerotic and cortical cataracts in both eyes.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000662, HP:0000603, HP:0000603, HP:0000493

CaseHPOFreeText: Proband presented with localized blur at age 62, (late onset) in her left eye. BVCA 20/20-3 and 20/20-2 at age 70. Also has macular lesions with stage 2 fundus flecks.

CaseNotHPOs: n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

Genotyping Method: Genotyping performed at Columbia University, sequencing technology used is not disclosed.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: p.N18681, IVS36:c.5196+1G>A

ClinVar: M2) 99067, M6) 99351

CAID: N/A

SupplementalData: Fig 1: Pedigree illustrating ABCA4 variants and the associated Stargardt phenotype for 5 families. Proband Labeled w/ white arrow for each family. Fig 2: retinal scan measuring melanin in 4 patients of family 2. Panel shows bull's-eye ring of RPE atropy. Fig 3: Macular SD-OCT line profile from b-scans. Reflectivity plotted against function of retinal depth. Table 1: table shows patients with p.N18681 variant, type of mutation, and pathogenicity class. Table 2: Patients, age on-set and first symptom

Case#: Patient 225, Female, age of onset 7 y.o, Poland

DiseaseAssertion: STGD-1

FamilyInfo: no given family information.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007722, HP:0000608, HP:0025158

CaseHPOFreeText: RPE atrophy, macular degeneration, central hyper-autofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence

CaseNotHPOs: n/a

CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a, non-proband identified HPO's mentioned, but not assignable to individual proband.

Genotyping Method: DNA isolated from peripheral blood from patients and relatives via MagNA Pure 24, samples screened with MIPs targeting 108 genes involved in pathogensis of IRD's. PCR completed on library, analysed with NGS fragment analysis kit.

PreviouslyPublished: yes

Variant: c.[1622T>C;3113C>T]

ClinVar: 99067, 7894

CAID: n/a

gnomeAD 0.0001266 allele frequency

SupplementalData: Fig1: List of families displaying pseudo-dominant inheritance. Fig2: Number of alleles for most common variants.

It is known that patients harbouring p.(Gly1961Glu) or p.(Asn1868Ile) allele share some common clinical characteristics and present with a milder disease phenotype than patients carrying other alleles. A typical feature of patients with p.(Gly1961Glu) is BEM, which is otherwise present in around 20% of all STGD1 patients.

It is known that patients harbouring p.(Gly1961Glu) or p.(Asn1868Ile) allele share some common clinical characteristics and present with a milder disease phenotype than patients carrying other alleles. A typical feature of patients with p.(Gly1961Glu) is BEM, which is otherwise present in around 20% of all STGD1 patients.

ABCA4 variant revealed but not target of research and doesn't seem to amount to anything Variantc.3113C>T p.(Ala1038Val)

ABCA4 variant revealed but not target of research and doesn't seem to amount to anything Variantc.3113C>T p.(Ala1038Val)

Case#: Patient #35, male, 35yo at report, 14yo at onset,

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: family 30, segregation was noted as "yes" but no other details provided

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod:

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: allele 1: A1038V;L541P allele 2: G818E

ClinVar: 99135

CAID: CA227000

SupplementalData: supplemental table 1

Case#: STGD87, 10-14yo at onset, German

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: segregation in family

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: Q1750X; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

ClinVar: 7879

CAID: CA119128

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: STGD47/164, 10-14yo at onset, German

DiseaseAssertion: STGD

FamilyInfo: segregation in family

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: IVS13+1G→A; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

ClinVar: 7879

CAID: CA119128

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Hwang Case 4, male, 52yo at report, 45yo at onset

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000545

CaseHPOFreeText: declining vision OS, BCVA was 20/100 OD and 20/70 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.00 OD and −3.25 OS. Posterior segment examination was significant for central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU (Figure 4, A and B). Autofluorescence imaging demonstrated inner atrophic flecks and outer hyperautofluorescent flecks. Moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence, but not atrophy, was present (Figure 4, C and D).

CaseNotHPOs: HP:0500087

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: P1380L and S1696N

ClinVar: 7904

CAID: CA129033

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Hwang Case 1, US, male, 55yo at report, 18yo at onset

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0500087, HP:0000603, HP:0000512

CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA of 20/350 OD and 20/200 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.5 OD and −2.0 OS. Posterior segment examination and autofluorescence imaging were significant for sharply demarcated central and peripapillary zones of atrophy and the absence of fleck lesions (Figure 1, A–D). Humphrey visual fields demonstrated bilateral central scotomas with eccentric fixation at the inferior border.

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: P1380L and IVS40 + 5G>A

ClinVar: 7904

CAID: CA129033

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Case 3, 39yo

DiseaseAssertion: BEM, RCD

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: a ring of increased AF surrounding decreased foveal AF, visual acuity= 6/6, 6/6

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: acquired toxic aetiology

GenotypingMethod: The entire coding sequence (50 exons), including exon–intron boundaries, of the ABCA4 gene of each patient was screened using single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: Val552Ile heterozygous

CAID: CA239745

SupplementalData: n/a

PMID: 32843395

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: Stargardt

PMID: 35120629

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: Stargardt disease

PAPER USED TO SCORE PS4

PMID: 12796258

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy

PMID: 32845050

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: Stargardt Macular Degeneration

PMID: 17296903

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: hereditary retinal disease

PMID:39215425

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

case27-year-old male, the brother of case 1

DiseaseAssertion: Table 1 The summary of the clinical assessment of IRD patients’ family in this research fro there down they did a whole pannel on the family

Pedigree one can be fore form the beggginnings of case presention section?

CasePresentingHPOs: Case 2, a 27-year-old male, the brother of case 1 had blurry vision which was not corrected with an eyeglass and inconveniences under bright light starting from 14 years ago. Case 2 also underwent a fundus examination after finding that case 1 was RP. In further examination of those patients and their family members found that case 1 was confirmed as RP and case 2

CaseHPOFreeText:NA

CaseNotHPOs:NA

CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

Genotyping Method:NA

PreviouslyPublished:NA

Variant:NA

ClinVar:

CAID:NA

SupplementalData:NA

Inheritance pattern Autosomal Recessive

PMID:39967245

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#:39 man

DiseaseAssertion:NA

FamilyInfo:NA

CasePresentingHPOs:Snellen in both eye, visual impairment with night blindnessisual acuity was 20/20Snellen in both eyes, with a minor correction for astig-matism. The anterior segment and intraocular pressurewere within normal limits. On fundus examination, dif-fuse fleck-like lesions were scattered both inside and out-side the arcades, while sharply demarcated areas ofmacular atrophy with foveal sparing, more pronouncedin the left eye, were visible.

CaseHPOFreeText:NA

CaseNotHPOs:NA

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

Genotyping Method:Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), using theTruSight One Clinical Exome sequencing panel on anIllumina NexSeq500 platform, enriching for 4800 genesincluding ABCA4, CNGB3, ELOVL4, PROM1, and PRPH2

PreviouslyPublished:Under refernces?

Variant:WDR19 variants:the novel deletion at c.1777 + 1 within the donor splicingsite (class 4) and the rare c.1430 G>T variant causing theamino-acid substitution p.(Arg477Leu) (class 3) in the putative protein. Additionally, a heterozygous c.1793A>G(class 3) variant in the CDH23 gene was found, though it was deemed as not contributive to the patient’s clinical phenotype. All reported variants were confirmed throughSanger sequencing

ClinVar:NA

CAID:NA

SupplementalData:NA

Case#: Family 12 Proband, male, 43yo at onset, Portuguese

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: no affected family members in pedigree (Fig. 1)

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663

CaseHPOFreeText: "The criteria for STGD phenotype included bilateral central vision loss and pigmentary macular lesions, normal caliber of retinal vessels, absence of pigmented bone spicules, and compatibility with recessive mode of inheritance." Moderate central retinal changes, decreased mfERG responses exclusively in the central 15 degrees

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: p.Glu1574X; p.Val931Met. Several other polymorphisms also reported. ABCR400 gene chip microarray, DHPLC

ClinVar: 1460063

CAID: CA341283936

SupplementalData: n/a

Annotating here since the full text is a PDF.

Case#: Family AR321 proband, US, 6yo at onset

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: proband and two other siblings are affected

CasePresentingHPOs: The essential and defining features of STGD were (1) pedigrees with at least one living affected individual compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance; (2) an ophthalmoscopically characteristic retinal disorder in families with both parents living; (3) bilateral central visual loss with both “beaten metal” elliptical foveal dystrophy and temporal pallor of the optic discs, documented by retinal color photography, with or without yellow-pigment epithelial flecks in the macular and/or retinal “near periphery”; and (4) the characteristic fluorescein angiographic feature of a dark choroid (Blacharski 1988).

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: (1) evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance; (2) any history of night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, or "retinitis pigmentosa"; (3) cataracta complicata or cells in the vitreous; (4) substantially abnormal electroretinographic or electrooculographic responses; (5) no fluorescein angiography performed or no dark choroid documented; (6) neurological disease (including loss of cognition or seizures); 7) drug exposures (especially to antimalarial and agents known to cause crystalline retinopathies); or (8) any "atypical" maculopathies in which a unique diagnosis of STGD could not be established.

PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 8533764

Variant: c.3113C>T p.A1038V; c.1715G>C p.R572P . Heteroduplex and SSCP analyses were used to screen the 50 exons of ABCA4. Linkage analysis and haplotype analysis were previously performed

ClinVar: 99073

CAID: CA226919

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Bryant Subject JB260, US

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs: "Stargardt disease is a childhood-onset macular degeneration and is most commonly caused by mutations in ABCA4. Characteristic yellow flecks are typically seen under the macula during a fundus exam."

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: WES; previously screened using arrayed primer extension (APEX) multigene panels for the relevant disease and no disease-causing variants had been identified; PCR and Sanger for verification

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.6119G>A p.Arg2040Gln; c.2879del p.Ala960Aspfs*17

CAID: CA232815

SupplementalData:

Case#: Patients were identified from the inherited retinal disease (IRD) database at UC San Diego (UCSD).

DiseaseAssertion: RP with macular edema

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Dx of RP based on "a history of progressive peripheral vision loss or nyctalopia, and ocular examination findings of RP including bone spicule pigmentation, disc pallor and attenuated vessels and genetic confirmation."

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Next-generation sequencing (NGS), exome sequencing, and/or targeted Sanger sequencing were the primary genetic testing approaches.

PreviouslyPublished: PMID:10206579 is referenced but it seems a reference to the variant and not the proband

Variant: c.6383A>G (p.His2128Arg); c.3G>T (p.Met1?). phase unknown

ClinVar: 99455

CAID: CA227399

SupplementalData: Variant is found in table S2

something I would like to learn more about is the effectiveness on individuals who are not biological women, for example trans women or biological men. Both of these demographics can absolutely experience some form of IPV. I believe these 2 groups can have very different experiences in how they try to cope with abuse and also how they are expected to cope with abuse. (e.g., men expected to not take abuse seriouslty due to the sole fact that they are men). I would love to learn more if art therapy can still aid in healing for these groups.

after the study, it was reported that women not only improved cognitively but also improved in the way they see themselves physically, and taking back ownership of their own bodies and feeling more confident overall. This is important to me because it just emphasizes the fact that everything is interconnected and that one aspect of mental health always affects the others.

group therapy is helpful in having other women go through similar experiences promotes a healthy atmosphere and allows connection between eachother in a safe environment.

art therapy aims to "diminish impulsive responses", which I think is very important because therapy in itself will not be helpful if you can't find the root of the problem. Most traumas feed on impulsivity, and how the brain responds to an individual's first thought, which can usually be negative.

note on how any art form can reveal meaning

art therapy can access different parts of the brain that talk-based therapy cannot. sensorymotor skills are activated through artmaking and aids understanding in one's emotions and how it manifests physically.

this is notable to me because i think remembering these 5 themes can help me aid my future patients when i'm in the art therapy field. a. rebuilding myself b. art symbolically telling my story c. reconnecting d. promoting a healing space e. hoping for a better future

because victims have a skewed sense of reality, they often find themselves in a place where they believe that the abuse is actually their fault, making them hesitant to speak out about said abuse. because art therapy isa nonverbal expression of therapy, these barriers can be torn down and provide a safe space for the victim in telling their story.

art therapy can be used in many ways, such as using it as a replacement for verbal expression, or a stepping stone to eventually having the ability to put their trauma into words, or a hybrid of both. this interests me because I myself, plan to become an art therapist and want to know of the many ways art therapy can be used to patients. and it's important for em to note that this method of therapy can't be utilized in the same way for everyone, and there are adjustments that need to be made to make sure every therapy session is tailored to each individual's own needs.

understanding why and how vicitms were abused and reanalyzing that trauma can be the first step into a positive direction. I think this is very interesting because sometimes I don't think of looking at trauma in the way of looking at it from a different perspective, and it's easy to drown in your own suffering and getting into your head of "why is this happening to me?", "reinterpreting their trauma", as the articles calls it, allows the victims to take control of their own life again.

it's important to study the aftermath effects of therapy as well, such as PTG, which is posttramatic growth, where victims find a "deeper appreciation of life, increased personal strength, enchanced relationships..." (page 2).

and this can lead to the importance of art therapy as it is a type of therapy where words do not need to be expressed. having the body go through motions and putting their thoughts into something they create with their hands can aid in the healing process.

3 types of trauma have arised from IPV, those being personal, relational and betrayal trauma (trust and security in relationship being violated), which in turn caused many mental, sexual and physical health problems that affect the victim's ability to function in their life.

More often than not I just go simple pencil all the way through.

Sometimes I use a Pilot Coleto Hi-tec C multipen with four different colors to make things more interesting and differentiate between types of data, particularly within the boxes so I know what happens from one box to the next, particularly when going back to prior boxes to add in historical information. (I also tend to go with their 0.3mm fine tip ink refills for being able to pack more writing into small boxes!) Sometimes I'll do the starting pitcher and their work in black, and relievers in blue, purple, and orange rotating through to differentiate each pitcher's work to make it easier to keep up with their individual data, especially when I do full pitch counts.

Sometimes I'll take along a Mitsubishi 772 "editor's pencil" that has both red and blue lead to add in some color. Often it's a simple line for pitcher changes or for substitutions across an individual line to distinguish when a sub came into the game.

Sometimes I'll use a typewriter with a bichrome ribbon and switch between black and red ink to help break up some data, or to highlight things like RBIs to make summing things easier in the end. Example: https://www.reddit.com/r/BaseballScorecards/comments/1s33f1d/20260324_tampa_bay_rays_vs_atlanta_braves_spring/ which has red lines between pitchers and red "I"s to break up substitutions.

Looking at example cards that get posted here will give you some ideas and pointers. Usually one can puzzle out what the scorer was doing using different colors or highlighters.

A lot of how I score depends on my mood, where I'm watching a game, how much time I want to put into it all, and which tools I have at hand. Experiment. Have fun. Do what works best for you. There's no single "right" way, just the same way there are thousands of different formats in scorecard formats.

reply to u/Alej_Betancourt at https://reddit.com/r/BaseballScorecards/comments/1s3mbzt/your_advice_for_a_rookie_highlighters_and/

Pathos appeals to emotions such as sadness, fear, or happiness. Writers use pathos to help the audience emotionally connect to the message and feel motivated to respond.

Logos focuses on logic, facts, and reasoning. Using evidence and clear explanations helps make an argument more convincing and reasonable to the audience.

Ethos is about credibility and trust. If the audience believes the writer is knowledgeable and trustworthy, they are more likely to accept the argument being made.

A rhetorical situation includes the writer, the audience, and the purpose. All three must work together for communication to be effective, and changing one affects how the message is understood.

Rhetoric is about persuading an audience through writing or speaking. This shows that communication is not just about sharing information, but about influencing how people think or act.

for - Medium article - cogress - Part 1 - progress trap - James Gien Wong - definition - cogress - to - Medium article cogress - Part 2 - progress trap - James Gien Wong - https://hyp.is/t8FhpDGAEfC4J7f0NEFujg/medium.com/@gien_SRG/human-cogress-part-2-d6fd075a55c7 - to - Stop Reset Go hypothesis annotations - progress trap - Ronald Wright - https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?max=100&expanded=true&user=stopresetgo&exactTagSearch=true&any=ronald+wright - General - https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?max=100&expanded=true&user=stopresetgo&exactTagSearch=true&any=progress+trap - from - youtube - Planet Critical interview - Samuel Miller MacDonald - The Myth of Progress - https://hyp.is/r-hmFtjKEfCd8odATbINbA/www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEhmWEDkZUQ

Personally, I love this; Image annotations.

This can be used as an effective analysis tool. Visual stimulus is powerful and for many individuals constitutes a deeper connection to fundamental learning. Balanced learning across the three basic modes; written, auditory and visual is implied in academics and the workplace but the reality is that one mode is dominant. Recognizing that mode and enhancing reaps far more advantage than forcing an inferior mode. @Byrnesz

Old book typewriter Underwood Elliott-Fisher (1930), how to type on books, and why (video N°103)<br /> by [[Old Typewriters and Calculators]] on YouTube<br /> accessed on 2025-11-09T09:32:48

Adler, Mortimer J. 1940. “How to Mark a Book.” Saturday Review of Literature 6: 250–52. https://www.unz.com/print/SaturdayRev-1940jul06-00011/ (January 11, 2023).

Annotations: https://via.hypothes.is/https://docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Adler---1940---How-to-Mark-a-Book-fehef.pdf

Annotations alternate: https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?user=chrisaldrich&max=100&exactTagSearch=true&expanded=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fdownload_annotation_doc%2FAdler---1940---How-to-Mark-a-Book-fehef.pdf

Prior [.pdf copy]9https://stevenson.ucsc.edu/academics/stevenson-college-core-courses/how-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf): - Annotations https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=url%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fstevenson.ucsc.edu%2Facademics%2Fstevenson-college-core-courses%2Fhow-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf<br /> - Alternate annotation link https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?user=chrisaldrich&max=100&exactTagSearch=true&expanded=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstevenson.ucsc.edu%2Facademics%2Fstevenson-college-core-courses%2Fhow-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf

Summary

• Marking a book helps in increasing "the most efficient kind of reading."
• The marked (pun intended) difference between physical vs. intellectual ownership of books
• 3 types of book owners:
  • 1. collector of wood pulp and ink
  • 1. one whose read most and dipped into some
  • 1. one who's annotated and sucked the marrow out of them
• Active reading (annotating and staying awake) and engaging deeply, arguing with, and questioning the author is the point of reading.
• A historical record of your active reading allows you to continue the conversation you've had with the author and yourself. (p12)
• Adler's method of reading and marking:
  1. Underlining major points of importance
  2. Vertical lines for emphasis
  3. Marginal marks (stars, asterisks, etc.) (10-20 per book) to indicate the most important statements in conjunction with dogearing these pages for making it easier to find them subsequently
  4. Numbers in the margin to sequence arguments
  5. Page numbers in the margin for linking ideas across pages, ostensibly for juxtaposing them later
  6. Circling key words or phrases (unsaid here, but this is helpful for indexing as well as helping one to come to terms with the author)
  7. Marginal writing for synopsis of sections as well as questions raised by the text; use of endpapers for a personal index of ideas presented chronologically throughout the book
• Objections to marking books:
  • Using scratch pad (or index cards, which he doesn't mention specifically, but which could be implied) so as not to destroy a precious or rare physical copy (this is a repetition from earlier in the article)
  • Marking slows you down. This is part of the point! Slowing down makes you engage with the author and get more out of the text.
  • You can't loan books because they contain your important thoughts which you don't want to give away (and lose the historical record of your thinking). Solution: Simply require friends to buy their own copy.

refer to previous note on all the 'between's

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Gaps -> every part of life seems unfulfilled --> sexual desire unfulfulled

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notes on repetition of 'between'

GAPS * in knowledge of epistemological crisis -> no revelation启示 * action and agency（自主性）-> static/stuck in

notes on repetition of 'between'

GAPS * in knowledge of epistemological crisis -> no revelation启示 * action and agency（自主性）-> static/stuck in

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Gaps -> every part of life seems unfulfilled --> sexual desire unfulfulled

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https://github.com/alangrainger/obsidian-air-quotes

An Obsidian plugin that can pull quotes from digital files into specific notes.

Found via: https://forum.obsidian.md/t/using-hypothes-is-to-quickly-place-notes-into-my-digital-notebook/5010/29