Alfie Kohn, not surprisingly, is a big opponent of standardized testing practices, and actually all testing in general
I agree with this. I feel that standardized testing is all just a competition now. It doesn't measure someone's intelligence and it's sad how society and schools rely on this in order to determine a person's future.
To those who are very understandably feeling an increased mental or emotional strain brought on by the changes and the uncertainty of this pandemic, it’s valid to want to talk to someone about it. Very few of us want to process this alone. And whether you’re looking to move your therapy sessions online or just trying to figure out how to start therapy at all, you may find a lower barrier to entry than you’d likely face in non-pandemic times.
The pandemic has left many of us with a lot to process
and even just the difficult things that usually happen, but are now happening during a pandemic.
although the question isn't without controversy. The 1976 NASA mission discovered four samples that registered as positive for microbial respiration, but a subsequent test found no signs of organic matter
yeah because the second test was a bogus fake test set up by the governement!! the story actually goes that they found microbes, but then this guy didnt beleive him, and then he sent a different rover that instead heated the sample first before checking for microbes, which just killed them before they could scan for them so it's all bogus!
For a non-monorepo package you can simply point directly to the Github repo. This case is similar, but you want to scope it just to a single package within the repo. For those that make monorepos they don't necessarily need this feature. It's for those that use projects that use monorepos. Telling them to not organize their projects into monorepos doesn't help people who make use of these projects.
mainstream nationalists repro-duced the dual legacy of colonialism. This time around, though, they hoped toprivilege indigenous over nonindigenous citizens
It's a little bit different. Nationalism was something that developed out of respect for issues regarding colonialism. People wanted to return to their pre-colonial roots. They wanted their countries back... it isn't just a conservative thing... it certainly doesn't justify atrocities especially against fellow Africans, but it is something to consider.
1. Small individual bias → Large collective bias. When someone says a culture is shapist, they're not saying the individuals in it are shapist. They're not attacking you personally. 2. The past haunts the present. Your bedroom floor doesn't stop being dirty just coz you stopped dropping food all over the carpet. Creating equality is like staying clean: it takes work. And it's always a work in progress. 3. Demand diversity near you. If small biases created the mess we're in, small anti-biases might fix it. Look around you. Your friends, your colleagues, that conference you're attending. If you're all triangles, you're missing out on some amazing squares in your life - that's unfair to everyone. Reach out, beyond your immediate neighbors.
Nice summary here of their work. This has some ideas towards reversing structural racism and racist policies.
Summary:
The authors report a between-subjects, double-blind psychopharmacological study on explore/exploit behavior in healthy human subjects. The authors used propranolol to block norepinephrine (NE), and amisulpride to block dopamine (DA), and compared to a group taking placebo. Using a 3-armed bandit task, coupled with computational modelling and pharmacological manipulation, the authors show that "tabula rasa" (or random exploration) is reduced when NE is blocked. This interpretation was supported by behavioral effects whereby subjects taking propranolol were significantly more consistent than other groups when facing identical choices, and chose the low-value option more often than the other groups. Blocking DA did not appear to affect any parameters. The computational model showed that the E-greedy parameter, which computes the proportion of time an entity makes a random selection, was most affected by the NE blockade. In addition, the modelling shows that some directed exploration (exploring lesser-known options) was also at play.
General comments:
The manuscript is well-written and the results are compelling. The findings are important to researchers particularly interested in the cognitive effects of catecholamines, and/or the explore/exploit dilemma. The results may not be that interesting to a broader readership.
Criticisms:
1) I do not really like the use of the term "tabula rasa" exploration, over "random" exploration. Using the term random exploration is just simpler, and clearer. The particular problem for me is that "tabula rasa" has the connotation that both the current "tabula rasa" choice and all future choices will not take into account information obtained before that choice. Random exploration is a better term because it is easy and intuitive to see that random choices can be sprinkled in with choices based on previous information, whereas tabula rasa implies wiping previous information away from that point forward. As best I can tell, previous related work has not termed the random exploration associated with the E-greedy parameter "tabula rasa". One consideration I am wrestling with is that apparently there is another parameter in one or more of the models that reflects random exploration (line 618, inverse temperature). This may be why the authors opted to call the E-greedy parameter something else. At the very least, I would like a better explanation of the choice of term (tabula rasa) as well as a thorough explanation of the difference between tabula rasa and random exploration. I recommend changing the term used as well, but am amenable to accepting an argument for keeping it.
2) Line 162: "Reported findings were corrected for IQ (WASI)". How? It seems WASI was included as a covariate in the repeated-measures ANOVA, but it's not clear exactly what factors went into the ANOVA by the results reported lines 170-185. I recognize that often in higher-impact journals including a full description of the factors and levels of statistical tests is considered a tedious waste of space, but I feel that holds only in cases where the structure of the test is obvious. In my opinion, that is not the case here.
3) Line 209-210: "the probability of choosing bandits with a lower expected value (here the low-value bandit, Fig 1e) will be higher. We investigated whether such behavioural signatures were increased in the long horizon condition (i.e. when exploration is useful), and we found a significant main effect of horizon (F(1, 54)=4.069, p=.049, η2=.07; Figure 3c)." Isn't this just evidence of general exploration, not specifically tabula rasa exploration? How does this test rule out, for example, directed exploration?
Too happy,
I've seen others commenting on the negative connotation that the speaker gives to winter. Whenever the speaker says "too happy" either about the brook or the tree, it seems like they're even trying to tell nature that winter is a negative thing. "You're too happy tree, be sad instead 'cause bad things are gonna happen to you." I don't know, it's just weird to me because like others are saying, in my experience poems about winter are happy or reverent of nature's beauty, but in this poem, the speaker is trying to say to us as readers and to nature itself that we're "too happy" about winter.
drear-nighted
I wonder why the poet thought it was appropriate to use "drear-nighted" rather than dreary nighted or dreary night. I get that he did it in order to make the meter more regular, but since "drear" isn't an actual word, it's a shortened word, I wonder why he chose to just shorten it at his will. If it were me and I was trying to think of a word that fit with the rest of my rhythm, I doubt that changing an existing word or making up a new word of my own would be my first instinct.
drear-nighted
I wonder why the poet thought it was appropriate to use "drear-nighted" rather than dreary nighted or dreary night. I get that he did it in order to make the meter more regular, but since "drear" isn't an actual word, it's a shortened word, I wonder why he chose to just shorten it at his will. If it were me and I was trying to think of a word that fit with the rest of my rhythm, I doubt that changing an existing word or making up a new word of my own would be my first instinct.
While in the past, fans relied on intermediaries like gossip writers for accessto celebrities, on social media fans can now interact more directly with celebrities(Marwick & Boyd,2011). The directness of this communication creates a sense of proxi-mity, closeness, and intimacy (Bennett,2014). On social media, it is easier than ever toexperience intimacy with your favorite celebrity
I agree with this statement. Social media plays a massive role in how fans interact with their favorite celebrities. Although they typically don't answer to just anyone, it's a platform that allows them to share their lives and things they do everyday. This enables fans to be able to connect to celebrities in more personal and interesting ways. It will be interesting to see how much social media will change with connection to celebrities and things such as civic engagement, fundraisers, etc in the future.
Celebrities simultaneously maintain‘social distance’as famous people we will never meet, while revealing intimate aspects of their personallives through interviews, photo shoots, press events, and unauthorized paparazzi encoun-ters, which of course are always manufactured
This was interesting to me. we see vogue 73 questions or the "Reality" shows where we can get a glimpse into the life styles of the rich and famous but it is all manufactured for our viewing, the celebrity is not on the spot answering all those questions, neither are the fights and drama on keeping up with the Kardashias real, but we the audience percieve it as reality, as somethign true that can connect us to these big name celebs because they are being "vunerable" with us.
I consume a lot of YouTube. one of the YouTubers i follow made a song commenting on the culture of YouTube, correctly titled "YouTube Culture" in this song he says " My Channel takes you through my bedroom routine, it's just between you and me...and a hundred thousand other tweens" this sticks out to me because specifically on youtube the content never seems produced for thousands of people, you get greated intimately by most creators and you get to interact with them in the comments or on other forms of social media but is that really them? do you ever get to know who a celebrity or someone you look up to truly is? or is it all just one big show?
Somerhalder has runthree other fundraisers like this, raising just under one million dollars.
I found this fact to be really insightful. It made me think about the effect celebrities really do have when it comes to fundraising, philanthropies, etc. It makes me wonder if the celebrity hosting this is genuine though, or if it was something sprung onto them by someone at a higher power. I know that if I was younger & if a celebrity I liked, Justin Bieber for example, was raising money & I had the chance to meet him if I donated I probably would have put all the money I owned into it! It's amazing how much easier celebrities can raise money as oppose to (connection) when I try to do it for my sorority.
And you children that are unconverted, don’t you know that you are going down to hell, to bear the dreadful wrath of that God that is now angry with you every day, and every night? Will you be content to be the children of the devil, when so many other children in the land are converted, and are become the holy and happy children of the King of kings?
I understand what Johnathan Edwards was attempting to do with this sermon. He was sharing the hard truths about the wrath of God so that people would leave their life a sin. However, I do not agree with this statement he made towards children. Maybe it's just me, but I don't think children should be "scared" into believing in God. We are all born sinners and it is up to the parents to teach their children how to live according to their beliefs and religions. Furthermore, a lot of people didn't practice Christianity then as there are different religions and belief systems as it is today. So if there were people present at the revival who didn't believe in God or practiced Christianity, then a speech like this could possibly scare them away from a relationship with God. I believe a sermon of this manner is for Christians who may have fell off and needed to be reminded of what could happen if they didn't correct their sinful ways. Overall, it was a good sermon that can be preached today.
Is all this necessary? What am I learning from all these scores? What’s happening to my students as a result of all this assessment?
It's so important for teachers to have moments like this. Where we take a step back for a minute and reflect. Assessment, good assessment, should inform our instruction and next steps for students. Here, Mr. Garcia is thinking about just that ("what's happening to my students as a result..."
undeniability is a complex noun formed from the adjective 'undeniable', which is formed from the adjective 'deniable', which is formed from the verb 'deny'.
I just find this so fascinating. It's so simple but you never stop to think all the time about where these words come from. You can make multiple words out of one word that have more or less the same meaning.
Know that using just one of the above methods alone is not a valid way of identifying fake news – the methods are meant to be used together. While a credible news source has a duty to report facts without bias and rely on trustworthy sources, this doesn’t mean media consumers are off the hook. As a reader, it’s also your job to verify the information you are reading. If you’re looking to sharpen your media literacy skills, try out the Tinder-style game Factitious. Developed by American University, the game presents you with actual stories and asks you to identify whether or not they can legitimately called news.
Researching odd stories and trying to see if other credible sources are saying the same thing
UHG. GAH. GGRRR.
I think for me it's not just the essay that was ruined for me in a lot of ways but it was writing in general, in the context of public school. Now that I write more often in my free time, I look forward to seeing what I can do
while people living in America’s most fragile communities place a high value on a college education, less than a third strongly agree that people in their neighborhoods will have access to it.
This is really sad. People in fragile communities know how important getting an education is, they just don't think it's attainable for them to do so.
She said she hopes to bring that experience to her new position, expanding the museum’s outreach to families in homeless shelters, for example, affordable housing residents and incarcerated parents. “It’s definitely a challenging time for our country and for New York,” Ms. Hefferren said. “But it also just makes the need for the Children’s Museum that much more apparent.”
I am very excited to see the new initiatives arts organizations will enact in result of how different communities are being effected because of the pandemic and social climate in the U.S. I really enjoy that Ms. Heffernen is using the uncertainty to argue that there is more need than ever for the Children's Museum. I am very curious to see how leaders in the arts industry will create opportunity and enthusiasm moving forward in our current climate.
Make but my name thy love, and love that still, And then thou lov'st me for my name is 'Will.'
The speaker is trying to get to this woman by just being one of her many partners, even though in previous poems we saw that he was infatuated with her and in love with her in some way. Is he going this way because he thinks it's more realistic, or is he hoping that she will eventually just fall in love with him. If there is one thing we have learned throughout these sonnets, it's that Shakespeare thinks he is a great writer and a a great lover, so who could ever resist him right?
Feminist theorists have built on Foucault’s ideas to show how, for instance, beauty standards in our society generate practices such as dieting and exercise, which have a direct impact on women’s bodies.
This is true. It's not even just beauty standards. Girls have to dress a certain way. for example, dress coding. You can't wear a shirt that shows your shoulders because it's too distracting.
In order to be useful during teaching, a formative assessment has to be quick to administer (so that it doesn’t break the flow of the lesson) and have an unambiguous correct answer (so that it can be used with groups). The most widely used kind of formative assessment is probably the multiple choice question (MCQ). A lot of teachers have a low opinion of them, but when they are designed well, they can reveal much more than just whether someone knows specific facts. For example, suppose you are teaching children how to do multi-digit addition [Ojos2015] and you give them this MCQ: What is 37 + 15? a) 52 b) 42 c) 412 d) 43 The correct answer is 52, but the other answers provide valuable insights: If the child chooses 42, she has no understanding of what “carrying” means. (She might well write 12 as the answers to 7+5, then overwrite the 1 with the 4 she gets from 3+1.) If she chooses 412, she is treating each column of numbers as a separate problem. This is still wrong, but it’s wrong for a different reason. If she chooses 43 then she knows she has to carry the 1 but is carrying it back into the column it came from. Again, this is a different mistake, and requires a different clarifying explanation from the teacher.
Motivating example of using multiple choice to assess mental models, more than simply evaluating presence or absence of knowledge.
For example, if you go over to a friend's house and they point at the sofa and say, "Don't sit there; Candy came over with her baby again," what could you logically conclude? First, you know there must be a reason not to sit where your friend is pointing. Further, you know that the reason to not sit there is related to the fact that Cindy just visited with her baby. You don't know what exactly happened, but you can infer enough and don't need to ask any more questions to know that you do not want to sit there.
On this example, you are basically filling in the blanks by inferring because it may be rude to ask or don't want to worry too much because it's not what you came in for.
Reading between the lines it is.
A new “science” emerges where a new problem is pursued by a new method.’footnote2 That’s the point: world literature is not an object, it’s a problem, and a problem that asks for a new critical method: and no one has ever found a method by just reading more texts.
Compares literature to science. We use science to solve problems. Here world literature is a "problem" and there needs to be some sort of a method to go about understanding world literature.
But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel.
This is when skimming should be avoided, i think you can skim the back cover to see if you would be interested but I don't think that skimming the texts of a novel is very effecting to appreciate the story
(function(){TWP=window.TWP||{};TWP.Features=TWP.Features||{};TWP.Features.Ad=TWP.Features.Ad||{};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard={};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.viewability=false;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.sticky=true;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.belowSharebar=false})(); Local Serious reading takes a hit from online scanning and skimming, researchers say Add to list On my list Claire Handscombe is an avid reader and reads using a variety of digital and print products. Because of her online reading habits, Handscombe says she sometimes scans novels while she's reading, looking for keywords and missing what's being written. (Bonnie Jo Mount/The Washington Post) By Michael S. Rosenwald Michael S. Rosenwald Enterprise reporter focusing on history, the social sciences, and culture. Email Bio Follow April 6, 2014 Claire Handscombe has a commitment problem online. Like a lot of Web surfers, she clicks on links posted on social networks, reads a few sentences, looks for exciting words, and then grows restless, scampering off to the next page she probably won’t commit to. “I give it a few seconds — not even minutes — and then I’m moving again,” says Handscombe, a 35-year-old graduate student in creative writing at American University. But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel. “It’s like your eyes are passing over the words but you’re not taking in what they say,” she confessed. “When I realize what’s happening, I have to go back and read again and again.” To cognitive neuroscientists, Handscombe’s experience is the subject of great fascination and growing alarm. Humans, they warn, seem to be developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × EmbedCopyShare Caption If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Linda Barry/On Beyond Literature Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue. .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} (function(){var __e=window.__e||[],ssiSingleFooter={initComplete:false,init:function(){pbDeferredSSISingle.push("https://d2p9l91d5g68ru.cloudfront.net/PrerollPlugin/PrerollPlugin.min.js");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/hi-pri-render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/instance.js?_\x3d69d5d"); wp_import(pbDeferredSSISingle).always(function(){initComplete=true})}};if(typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods=="undefined"||typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated=="undefined"||wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated())if(!ssiSingleFooter.initComplete&&(document.readyState=="interactive"||document.readyState=="complete"))ssiSingleFooter.init();else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()});__e.push(["shamble",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()}])})(); “I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,” said Maryanne Wolf, a Tufts University cognitive neuroscientist and the author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.” If the rise of nonstop cable TV news gave the world a culture of sound bites, the Internet, Wolf said, is bringing about an eye byte culture. Time spent online — on desktop and mobile devices — was expected to top five hours per day in 2013 for U.S. adults, according to eMarketer, which tracks digital behavior. That’s up from three hours in 2010. Word lovers and scientists have called for a “slow reading” movement, taking a branding cue from the “slow food” movement. They are battling not just cursory sentence galloping but the constant social network and e-mail temptations that lurk on our gadgets — the bings and dings that interrupt “Call me Ishmael.” Researchers are working to get a clearer sense of the differences between online and print reading — comprehension, for starters, seems better with paper — and are grappling with what these differences could mean not only for enjoying the latest Pat Conroy novel but for understanding difficult material at work and school. There is concern that young children’s affinity and often mastery of their parents’ devices could stunt the development of deep reading skills.AdChoicesADVERTISING The brain is the innocent bystander in this new world. It just reflects how we live. “The brain is plastic its whole life span,” Wolf said. “The brain is constantly adapting.” Wolf, one of the world’s foremost experts on the study of reading, was startled last year to discover her brain was apparently adapting, too. After a day of scrolling through the Web and hundreds of e-mails, she sat down one evening to read Hermann Hesse’s “The Glass Bead Game.” “I’m not kidding: I couldn’t do it,” she said. “It was torture getting through the first page. I couldn’t force myself to slow down so that I wasn’t skimming, picking out key words, organizing my eye movements to generate the most information at the highest speed. I was so disgusted with myself.” Adapting to read The brain was not designed for reading. There are no genes for reading like there are for language or vision. But spurred by the emergence of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet, Chinese paper and, finally, the Gutenberg press, the brain has adapted to read. Before the Internet, the brain read mostly in linear ways — one page led to the next page, and so on. Sure, there might be pictures mixed in with the text, but there didn’t tend to be many distractions. Reading in print even gave us a remarkable ability to remember where key information was in a book simply by the layout, researchers said. We’d know a protagonist died on the page with the two long paragraphs after the page with all that dialogue. The Internet is different. With so much information, hyperlinked text, videos alongside words and interactivity everywhere, our brains form shortcuts to deal with it all — scanning, searching for key words, scrolling up and down quickly. This is nonlinear reading, and it has been documented in academic studies. Some researchers believe that for many people, this style of reading is beginning to invade when dealing with other mediums as well. “We’re spending so much time touching, pushing, linking, scrolling and jumping through text that when we sit down with a novel, your daily habits of jumping, clicking, linking is just ingrained in you,” said Andrew Dillon, a University of Texas professor who studies reading. “We’re in this new era of information behavior, and we’re beginning to see the consequences of that.” Brandon Ambrose, a 31-year-old Navy financial analyst who lives in Alexandria, knows of those consequences. His book club recently read “The Interestings,” a best-seller by Meg Wolitzer. When the club met, he realized he had missed a number of the book’s key plot points. It hit him that he had been scanning for information about one particular aspect of the book, just as he might scan for one particular fact on his computer screen, where he spends much of his day. “When you try to read a novel,” he said, “it’s almost like we’re not built to read them anymore, as bad as that sounds.” Ramesh Kurup noticed something even more troubling. Working his way recently through a number of classic authors — George Eliot, Marcel Proust, that crowd — Kurup, 47, discovered that he was having trouble reading long sentences with multiple, winding clauses full of background information. Online sentences tend to be shorter, and the ones containing complicated information tend to link to helpful background material. “In a book, there are no graphics or links to keep you on track,” Kurup said. It’s easier to follow links, he thinks, than to keep track of so many clauses in page after page of long paragraphs. Kurup’s observation might sound far-fetched, but told about it, Wolf did not scoff. She offered more evidence: Several English department chairs from around the country have e-mailed her to say their students are having trouble reading the classics. “They cannot read ‘Middlemarch.’ They cannot read William James or Henry James,” Wolf said. “I can’t tell you how many people have written to me about this phenomenon. The students no longer will or are perhaps incapable of dealing with the convoluted syntax and construction of George Eliot and Henry James.” Wolf points out that she’s no Luddite. She sends e-mails from her iPhone as often as one of her students. She’s involved with programs to send tablets to developing countries to help children learn to read. But just look, she said, at Twitter and its brisk 140-character declarative sentences. “How much syntax is lost, and what is syntax but the reflection of our convoluted thoughts?” she said. “My worry is we will lose the ability to express or read this convoluted prose. Will we become Twitter brains?” Bi-literate brains? Wolf’s next book will look at what the digital world is doing to the brain, including looking at brain-scan data as people read both online and in print. She is particularly interested in comprehension results in screen vs. print reading. Already, there is some intriguing research that looks at that question. A 2012 Israeli study of engineering students — who grew up in the world of screens — looked at their comprehension while reading the same text on screen and in print when under time pressure to complete the task. The students believed they did better on screen. They were wrong. Their comprehension and learning was better on paper. Researchers say that the differences between text and screen reading should be studied more thoroughly and that the differences should be dealt with in education, particularly with school-aged children. There are advantages to both ways of reading. There is potential for a bi-literate brain.
author is saying instead of shutting one idea off they can work together. Print and digital
(function(){TWP=window.TWP||{};TWP.Features=TWP.Features||{};TWP.Features.Ad=TWP.Features.Ad||{};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard={};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.viewability=false;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.sticky=true;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.belowSharebar=false})(); Local Serious reading takes a hit from online scanning and skimming, researchers say Add to list On my list Claire Handscombe is an avid reader and reads using a variety of digital and print products. Because of her online reading habits, Handscombe says she sometimes scans novels while she's reading, looking for keywords and missing what's being written. (Bonnie Jo Mount/The Washington Post) By Michael S. Rosenwald Michael S. Rosenwald Enterprise reporter focusing on history, the social sciences, and culture. Email Bio Follow April 6, 2014 Claire Handscombe has a commitment problem online. Like a lot of Web surfers, she clicks on links posted on social networks, reads a few sentences, looks for exciting words, and then grows restless, scampering off to the next page she probably won’t commit to. “I give it a few seconds — not even minutes — and then I’m moving again,” says Handscombe, a 35-year-old graduate student in creative writing at American University. But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel. “It’s like your eyes are passing over the words but you’re not taking in what they say,” she confessed. “When I realize what’s happening, I have to go back and read again and again.” To cognitive neuroscientists, Handscombe’s experience is the subject of great fascination and growing alarm. Humans, they warn, seem to be developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × EmbedCopyShare Caption If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Linda Barry/On Beyond Literature Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue. .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} (function(){var __e=window.__e||[],ssiSingleFooter={initComplete:false,init:function(){pbDeferredSSISingle.push("https://d2p9l91d5g68ru.cloudfront.net/PrerollPlugin/PrerollPlugin.min.js");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/hi-pri-render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/instance.js?_\x3d69d5d"); wp_import(pbDeferredSSISingle).always(function(){initComplete=true})}};if(typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods=="undefined"||typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated=="undefined"||wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated())if(!ssiSingleFooter.initComplete&&(document.readyState=="interactive"||document.readyState=="complete"))ssiSingleFooter.init();else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()});__e.push(["shamble",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()}])})(); “I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,” said Maryanne Wolf, a Tufts University cognitive neuroscientist and the author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.” If the rise of nonstop cable TV news gave the world a culture of sound bites, the Internet, Wolf said, is bringing about an eye byte culture. Time spent online — on desktop and mobile devices — was expected to top five hours per day in 2013 for U.S. adults, according to eMarketer, which tracks digital behavior. That’s up from three hours in 2010.
people have grown to read and watch what they want. Even our own devices takes our data to only show what we are interested in.
People spend the majority of their day on cellphones and it is predicted to continue going up.
(function(){TWP=window.TWP||{};TWP.Features=TWP.Features||{};TWP.Features.Ad=TWP.Features.Ad||{};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard={};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.viewability=false;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.sticky=true;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.belowSharebar=false})(); Local Serious reading takes a hit from online scanning and skimming, researchers say Add to list On my list Claire Handscombe is an avid reader and reads using a variety of digital and print products. Because of her online reading habits, Handscombe says she sometimes scans novels while she's reading, looking for keywords and missing what's being written. (Bonnie Jo Mount/The Washington Post) By Michael S. Rosenwald Michael S. Rosenwald Enterprise reporter focusing on history, the social sciences, and culture. Email Bio Follow April 6, 2014 Claire Handscombe has a commitment problem online. Like a lot of Web surfers, she clicks on links posted on social networks, reads a few sentences, looks for exciting words, and then grows restless, scampering off to the next page she probably won’t commit to. “I give it a few seconds — not even minutes — and then I’m moving again,” says Handscombe, a 35-year-old graduate student in creative writing at American University. But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel. “It’s like your eyes are passing over the words but you’re not taking in what they say,” she confessed. “When I realize what’s happening, I have to go back and read again and again.” To cognitive neuroscientists, Handscombe’s experience is the subject of great fascination and growing alarm. Humans, they warn, seem to be developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Subtitle Settings Font Default Mono Sans Mono Serif Sans Serif Comic Fancy Small Caps Font Size Default X-Small Small Medium Large X-Large XX-Large Font Edge Default Outline Dark Outline Light Outline Dark Bold Outline Light Bold Shadow Dark Shadow Light Shadow Dark Bold Shadow Light Bold Font Color Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Background Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Preroll blank Skip EmbedCopyShare Lynda Barry: The 20 stages of reading View Photos If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Caption If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Linda Barry/On Beyond Literature Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue. .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} (function(){var __e=window.__e||[],ssiSingleFooter={initComplete:false,init:function(){pbDeferredSSISingle.push("https://d2p9l91d5g68ru.cloudfront.net/PrerollPlugin/PrerollPlugin.min.js");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/hi-pri-render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/instance.js?_\x3d69d5d"); wp_import(pbDeferredSSISingle).always(function(){initComplete=true})}};if(typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods=="undefined"||typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated=="undefined"||wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated())if(!ssiSingleFooter.initComplete&&(document.readyState=="interactive"||document.readyState=="complete"))ssiSingleFooter.init();else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()});__e.push(["shamble",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()}])})(); “I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,” said Maryanne Wolf, a Tufts University cognitive neuroscientist and the author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.”AdChoicesADVERTISING If the rise of nonstop cable TV news gave the world a culture of sound bites, the Internet, Wolf said, is bringing about an eye byte culture. Time spent online — on desktop and mobile devices — was expected to top five hours per day in 2013 for U.S. adults, according to eMarketer, which tracks digital behavior. That’s up from three hours in 2010. Word lovers and scientists have called for a “slow reading” movement, taking a branding cue from the “slow food” movement. They are battling not just cursory sentence galloping but the constant social network and e-mail temptations that lurk on our gadgets — the bings and dings that interrupt “Call me Ishmael.” Researchers are working to get a clearer sense of the differences between online and print reading — comprehension, for starters, seems better with paper — and are grappling with what these differences could mean not only for enjoying the latest Pat Conroy novel but for understanding difficult material at work and school. There is concern that young children’s affinity and often mastery of their parents’ devices could stunt the development of deep reading skills. The brain is the innocent bystander in this new world. It just reflects how we live. “The brain is plastic its whole life span,” Wolf said. “The brain is constantly adapting.” Wolf, one of the world’s foremost experts on the study of reading, was startled last year to discover her brain was apparently adapting, too. After a day of scrolling through the Web and hundreds of e-mails, she sat down one evening to read Hermann Hesse’s “The Glass Bead Game.” “I’m not kidding: I couldn’t do it,” she said. “It was torture getting through the first page. I couldn’t force myself to slow down so that I wasn’t skimming, picking out key words, organizing my eye movements to generate the most information at the highest speed. I was so disgusted with myself.” Adapting to read The brain was not designed for reading. There are no genes for reading like there are for language or vision. But spurred by the emergence of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet, Chinese paper and, finally, the Gutenberg press, the brain has adapted to read. Before the Internet, the brain read mostly in linear ways — one page led to the next page, and so on. Sure, there might be pictures mixed in with the text, but there didn’t tend to be many distractions. Reading in print even gave us a remarkable ability to remember where key information was in a book simply by the layout, researchers said. We’d know a protagonist died on the page with the two long paragraphs after the page with all that dialogue. The Internet is different. With so much information, hyperlinked text, videos alongside words and interactivity everywhere, our brains form shortcuts to deal with it all — scanning, searching for key words, scrolling up and down quickly. This is nonlinear reading, and it has been documented in academic studies. Some researchers believe that for many people, this style of reading is beginning to invade when dealing with other mediums as well. “We’re spending so much time touching, pushing, linking, scrolling and jumping through text that when we sit down with a novel, your daily habits of jumping, clicking, linking is just ingrained in you,” said Andrew Dillon, a University of Texas professor who studies reading. “We’re in this new era of information behavior, and we’re beginning to see the consequences of that.” Brandon Ambrose, a 31-year-old Navy financial analyst who lives in Alexandria, knows of those consequences. His book club recently read “The Interestings,” a best-seller by Meg Wolitzer. When the club met, he realized he had missed a number of the book’s key plot points. It hit him that he had been scanning for information about one particular aspect of the book, just as he might scan for one particular fact on his computer screen, where he spends much of his day. “When you try to read a novel,” he said, “it’s almost like we’re not built to read them anymore, as bad as that sounds.” Ramesh Kurup noticed something even more troubling. Working his way recently through a number of classic authors — George Eliot, Marcel Proust, that crowd — Kurup, 47, discovered that he was having trouble reading long sentences with multiple, winding clauses full of background information. Online sentences tend to be shorter, and the ones containing complicated information tend to link to helpful background material. “In a book, there are no graphics or links to keep you on track,” Kurup said. It’s easier to follow links, he thinks, than to keep track of so many clauses in page after page of long paragraphs.
Online reading is not easier to track because the format is vertical. With a book, one can physically see the amount of pages left; with online reading it is harder to estimate the amount of words and paragraphs left.
“That’s just your opinion” has a clear use: It is a conversation-stopper. It’s a way of diminishing a claim, reducing it to a mere matter of taste which lies beyond dispute.
This is totally true, both for the sake of this article and in real life. People use this phrase to try and dismantle or even belittle the argument that someone else is making, no matter how serious or petty the topic at hand.
learning to negotiate consent is not just for teenagers, but for all of us.
Consent is needed in ALL ages. It shouldn't be primarily for teenagers, so it's important that everyone of all ages are able to understand consent.
“The Antipodes” is also deeply funny, but it’s naturally funny, and if it’s a satire, it’s an organic one. This playwright doesn’t need to exaggerate to elicit what’s absurd in the human condition.
When I first read this play I thought it was so humorous and intriguing that I had no idea what was going on. Sure, there was an office, a boss, some workers, but thats all of the concrete direct clues you get from Annie Baker. The rest you have to figure out for yourself. Even though in a sense the play is very simple when you lay it out in clear terms; It's about people who are working together who are trying to tell and create stories, you still have no idea what you're reading until you go back and analyze what just happened! The way Baker creates such an engaging and complicated play whilst keeping this facade that it is something easy to read is incredible. Relating back to this quote from the article, Baker doesn't need to facilitate extreme dramatics or exaggerated props for the story to be completely mind blowing, that all just comes from what is already there in daily human life that she has taken and shown us.
Would you want to start your own essay with a quote? Do you think it would be effective to begin your essay with a quote from Presi-dent Obama? What about a quote from someone else?
It's important to analyze what you learn when reading like a writer and not just add it to your list of techniques. just because a technique worked well in that authors particular text, does not mean that it will always work in yours.
the things you write, the things you read, the things you circulate and the things your network circulates, and also on your comments and re-posts
So it's not just what you create, but what you read and the things you circulate and comment on, because that too contributes to your thoughts and in turn, your writing. They are all contributing factors to the genre system, and therefore, the genre.
Rather, it’s a situation in which the memorandum or the lab report typically recurs, and it’s also the fact that such
I never think about this I just think of genre as stuff like fiction, nonfiction, comedy, adventure, etc.
“Joaquin’s Dilemma”
Understanding the link between racial identity and school-related behaviors
by Pedro Antonio Noguera Cambridge, Massachusetts
Introduction
When I am asked to speak or write about the relationship between racial identity and academic performance, I often tell the story of my eldest son, Joaquin. Joaquin did extremely well throughout most of his early schooling. He was an excellent athlete (participating in soccer, basketball, and wrestling), played piano and percussion, and did very well in his classes. My wife and I never heard any complaints about him. In fact, we heard nothing but praise about his behavior from teachers, who referred to him as “courteous,” “respectful,” and “a leader among his peers.” Then suddenly, in the tenth grade, Joaquin’s grades took a nosedive. He failed math and science, and for the first time he started getting into trouble at school. At home he was often angry and irritable for no particular reason.
My wife and I were left asking ourselves, "What's going on with our son? What’s behind this sudden change in behavior?" Despite my disappointment and growing frustration, I tried not to allow his behavior to drive us apart. I started spending more time with him and I started listening more intently to what he had to tell me about school and his friends. As I did, several things became very clear to me. One was that all of the friends he had grown up with in our neighborhood in South Berkeley (one of the poorest areas of the city) were dropping out of school. These were mostly Black, working-class kids who didn't have a lot of support at home or at school and were experiencing academic failure. Even though Joaquin came from a middle-class home with two supportive parents, most of his reference group-that is, the students he was closest to and identified with --- did not. The other thing that was changing for Joaquin was his sense of how he had to present himself when he was out on the streets and in school. As he grew older, Joaquin felt the need to project the image of a tough and angry young Black man. He believed that in order to be respected he had to carry yourself in a manner that was intimidating and even menacing. To behave differently –- too nice, gentle, kind, or sincere -- meant that he would be vulnerable and preyed upon. I learned that for Joaquin, part of his new persona also involved placing less value on academics, and greater emphasis on being cool and hanging out with the right people.
By eleventh grade, Joaquin gradually started working out of these behaviors, and by twelfth grade, he seemed to snap out of his angry state. He became closer to his family, his grades improved, he rejoined the soccer team, he resumed playing piano, and he even started producing music. As I reflected on the two years of anger and self-destructiveness that he went through I came to the conclusion that Joaquin was trying desperately to figure out what it meant to be a young Black man. As I reflect on that period I realize that like many Black male adolescents, Joaquin was trapped by stereotypes, and they were pulling him down. During this difficult period it was very hard for me to help him through this process of identity formation. While he was in the midst of it the only thing I could do was talk to him, listen to him, and try to let him know what it was like for me when I went through adolescence.
As a high school student, I had coped with the isolation that came from being one of the few students of color in my advanced classes by working extra hard to prove that I could do as well as or better than my White peers. However, outside of the classroom I also worked hard to prove to my less studious friends that I was cool or “down” as we would say. For me this meant playing basketball, hanging out, fighting when necessary, and acting like “one of the guys.” I felt forced to adopt a split personality: I behaved one way in class, another way with my friends, and yet another way at home.
The Emerging Awareness of Race
Adolescence is typically a period when young people become more detached from their parents and attempt to establish an independent identity. For racial minorities, adolescence is also a period when young people begin to solidify their understanding of their racial identities. For many, understanding the significance of race means recognizing that membership within a racial category requires certain social and political commitments. Adolescence is often a difficult and painful period for many young people. However for young people struggling to figure out the meaning and significance of their racial identities, the experience can be even more difficult.
Awareness of race and the significance of racial difference often begin in early childhood. We know from psychological research that the development of racial identity is very context-dependent, especially in the early years. Children who attend racially diverse schools or reside in racially diverse communities are much more likely to become aware of race at an earlier age than children in more homogenous (1) settings. In the latter context, race is often not a defining issue nor is it a primary basis for identity formation. When children see their race as the norm they are less likely to perceive characteristics associated with it (i.e. physical appearance) as markers of inferiority.
In contrast, children who grow up in more integrated settings become aware of physical differences fairly early. Interacting with children from other racial and ethnic backgrounds in a society that has historically treated race as a means of distinguishing groups and individuals often forces young people to develop racial identities early. However, prior to adolescence they still do not usually understand the political and social significance associated with differences in appearance. For young children, being a person with different skin color may be no more significant than being thin or heavy, tall or short. Differences in skin color, hair texture, and facial features are simply seen as being among the many differences that all children have. In environments where racist and ethnocentric behavior is common, children may learn fairly early that racist speech is hurtful.(2) They may know that calling someone a nigger is worse than calling them stupid, but they may not necessarily understand the meaning of such words or know why their use inflicts hurt upon others.
Four years ago I was conducting research with colleagues at an elementary school in East Oakland. We were interested in understanding how the practice of separating children on the basis of the language differences affected their social relationships and perceptions of students from other groups. As is true in many parts of California, East Oakland was experiencing a major demographic change as large numbers of Mexican and Central American immigrants were moving into communities that had previously been predominantly African Americans. As is often the case, schools in East Oakland serve as the place where children from these groups encounter one another, and at several of the high schools there had been a significant increase in inter-racial conflict. (3)
In the elementary school where we did our research we found that most of the Black and Latino students had very little interaction with each other. Although they attended the same school, the students had been placed in separate classes, ostensibly for the purpose of serving their language needs. From our interviews with students we learned that even very young children viewed peers from the other racial group with suspicion and animosity, even though they could not explain why. Interestingly, when we asked the students why they thought they had been placed in separate classrooms, most thought it was to prevent them from fighting. We also found that the younger Mexican students (between ages five and eight) saw themselves as White, and the Black students also referred to the Mexican students as White. However, as the children entered early adolescence (age nine or ten), the Mexican youth began to realize that they were not considered White outside of this setting, and they began to understand for the first time that being Mexican meant something very different than being White.
Depending on the context, it is not uncommon for minority children to express a desire to reject group membership based on skin color especially during early adolescence. As they start to realize that in this society to be Black or Brown means to be seen as “less than” -- whether it be less smart, less capable, or less attractive -- they will often express a desire to be associated with the dominant and more powerful group. This tendency was evident among some of the younger Mexican students in our study. However, as they grew older, the political reality of life in East Oakland served to reinforce their understanding that they were definitely not White. As one student told us “White kids go to nice schools with swimming pools and grass, not a ghetto school like we go to.”
In adolescence, awareness of race and its implications for individual identity become even more salient. For many young men and women of color, racial identity development is affected by some of the same factors that influence individual identity development in general. According to Erikson and other theorists of child development, as children enter adolescence, they become extremely conscious of their peers and seek out acceptance from their reference group.(4) As they become increasingly aware of themselves as social beings their perception of self tends to be highly dependent on acceptance and affirmation by others. For some adolescents, identification with and attachment to peer groups sometimes takes on so much importance that it can override other attachments to family, parents, and teachers.
For adolescents in racially integrated schools, racial and ethnic identity also frequently take on new significance with respect to friendship groups and dating. It is not uncommon in integrated settings for pre-adolescent children to interact and form friendships easily across racial boundaries -- if their parents or other adults allow them to do so.(5) However, as young people enter adolescence, such transgressions of racial boundaries can become more problematic. As they become increasingly aware of the significance associated with group differences, they generally become more concerned with how their peers will react to their participation in interracial relationships and they may begin to self-segregate. As they get older, young people also become more aware of the politics associated with race. They become more cognizant of racial hierarchies and prejudice, even if they cannot articulate the political significance of race. They can feel its significance, but they often cannot explain what it all means.
For the past three years I have been working closely with fifteen racially integrated school districts in the Minority Student Achievement Network (MSAN). At the racially integrated high schools in MSAN, students often become much more aware that racial group membership comes with certain political commitments and social expectations. In these schools, high-achieving students of color (like my son Joaquin) are sometimes unwilling to enroll in advanced placement courses or engage in activities that have traditionally been associated with White students because they fear becoming estranged from their friends. If they appear to engage in behavior that violates racial norms, they may be seen as rejecting membership in their racial group and run the risk of being regarded as a race traitor. For this reason, I have urged the districts in MSAN not to rely upon the initiative of students to break down racial barriers but to put the onus on school leaders to take steps that will make this border crossing easier and more likely. (6)
Theories of the identity/achievement connection
For educators, understanding the process through which young people come to see themselves as belonging to particular racial categories is important because it has tremendous bearing upon the so-called “achievement gap.” Throughout the United States, schools are characterized by increasing racial segregation (7) and widespread racial disparities in academic achievement. (8) Blatant inequities in funding, quality, and organization are also characteristic of the American educational system. Despite overwhelming evidence of a strong correlation between race and academic performance, there is considerable confusion among researchers about how and why such a correlation exists.
The scholars whose work has had the greatest influence on these issues are John Ogbu and Signithia Fordham, both of whom have argued that Black students from all socioeconomic backgrounds develop “oppositional identities” that lead them to view schooling as a form of forced assimilation to White cultural values. (9) Ogbu and Fordham argue that Black students and other “non-voluntary minorities” (e.g., Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, Native Americans and others whose groups that have been dominated by White European culture) come to equate academic success with "acting White." For these researchers, such perceptions lead to the de-valuation of academic pursuits and the adoption of self-defeating behaviors that inhibit possibilities for academic success. In this framework, the few students who aspire to achieve academically must pay a heavy price for success. Black students who perform at high levels may be ostracized by their peers as traitors and “sell outs” and may be forced to choose between maintaining ties with their peers or achieving success in school. (10) This would explain why middle class minority student like my son Joaquin would under-perform academically despite their social and economic advantages.
My own research challenges Ogbu and Fordham’s “acting white” thesis. While carrying out research among high school students in Northern California, I discovered that some high achieving minority students are ostracized by their peers, but others (like me) learn how to succeed in both worlds by adopting multiple identities. Still others actively and deliberately challenge racial stereotypes and seek to re-define their racial identities by showing that it is possible to do well in school and be proud of who they are.
Claude Steele’s work on the effects of racial stereotypes on academic performance helps to provide a compelling explanation for the identity-achievement paradox. Through his research on student attitudes toward testing, Steele (twin brother of the more conservative Shelby) has shown that students are highly susceptible to prevailing stereotypes related to intellectual ability. (11) According to Steele, when “stereotypes threats” are operative, they lower the confidence of vulnerable students and negatively affect their performance on standardized tests. Steele writes: "Ironically, their susceptibility to this threat derives not from internal doubts about their ability but from their identification with the domain and the resulting concern they have about being stereotyped in it.” (12) According to Steele, the debilitating effects of stereotypes can extend beyond particular episodes of testing, and can have an effect on overall academic performance.
Race in the School Context
Stereotypes and Expectations As Steele’s research illustrates, in the United States we have very deeply embedded stereotypes that connect racial identity to academic ability, and children become aware of these stereotypes as they grow up in the school context. Simply put, there are often strong assumptions made in schools that if you’re White you’ll do better in school than if you’re Black; or, if you’re Asian you’ll do better at school than if you’re Latino. These kinds of stereotypes affect both teachers’ expectations of students and students’ expectations of themselves.
One of the groups most affected by these stereotypes is Asian-Americans. There is a perception in many schools that Asians are “naturally” academically gifted – especially in math. This stereotype is based on the following notions: 1) that Asians are inherently smart (either for genetic or cultural reasons); 2) that they have a strong work ethic; 3) that they are passive and deferential toward authority, and; 4) that unlike other minorities they don't complain about discrimination. These perceptions make up what is often called the “model minority” stereotype. (13)
One of my former students, Julian Ledesma, now a researcher at the Office of the President of the University of California, has been doing research on the model minority stereotype at a high school in Oakland, California. He started his work by interviewing various teachers and students about who they believed were “the smartest kids." In nearly every case, those he asked reported that the Asians were the “smartest” students. Even Asian students who were doing poorly in school reported that Asians were the smartest. The surprising thing about their responses to this question is that the average grade point average for Asians at the school was a 1.8.
One reason for the gross misconception at this school is that Asians were over-represented in the honors courses and among students with the highest ranks in their class. Yet, these successful students were not representative of Asians as a whole at the school. Overall, Asian students were dropping out in high numbers and not doing very well academically. The school where Julian did his research also had a considerable gang problem among Asians. Yet, because the stereotype is so powerful, students and teachers at the school were more likely to regard the majority of Asian students as the exceptions, and the smaller numbers who were successful as the norm.
The stereotypical images we hold toward groups are powerful in influencing what people see and expect of students. Unless educators consciously try to undermine and work against these kinds of stereotypes, they often act upon them unconsciously. Our assumptions related to race are so deeply entrenched that it is virtually impossible for us not to hold them unless we take conscious and deliberate action.
Sorting practices and “normal” racial separation Beyond these stereotypes, there are also the sorting practices that go on in schools that send important messages to students about the meaning of racial categories. For example, in many schools students the remedial classes are disproportionately Black and Brown, and students often draw conclusions about the relationship between race and academic ability based on these patterns. They might say to themselves, “Well, I guess the kids in these ‘slow’ classes are less smart than those other kids who are in the honors classes.” They also notice that the students who are most likely to be punished, suspended and expelled, also are more likely to be the darker students.
In addition to reinforcing stereotypes, grouping practices, which teachers and administrators often say are not based on race but on ability or behavior, often have the effect of reinforcing racial separation. Unless the adults in a school are conscious of how this separation influences their own perceptions and that of students, over time this separation may be regarded as normal. For example, Black students may assume that because there are no Black students in advanced or honors courses that they cannot excel academically. Of course, Black students can distinguish themselves in sports because there are numerous examples of Black individuals that do. Similarly, White students may assume that they should not seek academic assistance from tutorial programs, especially if those programs primarily serve Black or Brown students. When the norms associated with race take on a static and determining quality they can be very difficult to undermine.
Students who receive a lot of support and encouragement at home may be more likely to cross over and work against these separations. But, as my wife and I found for a time with Joaquin, middle class African-American parents who try to encourage their kids to excel in school often find this can’t be done because the peer pressures against crossing these boundaries are too great.
The racial separation we see in schools might be also be seen as an element of the “hidden curriculum,” an unspoken set of rules that “teaches” certain students what they can and cannot do because of who they are. There are aspects of this hidden curriculum that are not being taught by the adults. It may well be that students are the ones teaching it to each other. No adult goes onto the playground and says, "I don't want the boys and girls to play together." The girls and boys do that themselves, and it's a rare child who crosses over. Why? Because those who violate gender norms are often ostracized by their peers. The girls who play with the boys become known as the tomboys, and the boys who play with the girls become known as the sissies. Although the children are sanctioning each other without instruction from adults, they are also engaging in behavior that has been learned from adults -- not explicitly, but implicitly. Adults can reinforce narrow gender roles by promoting certain activities such as physical sports for boys and other things such as dance for girls.
With respect to race, children receive messages all the time about beauty standards. Who are the favored students, and what are their characteristics? Who are the people who get into trouble a lot, and what are their characteristics? Much of the time preferential (or non-preferential) treatment is very much related to race.
In many schools there may not be many explicit messages about race, but students receive implicit messages about race all of the time that informs what they think it means to be a member of a particular racial group. When they see Black students over represented on the basketball team but under represented in advanced placement courses, or Latino students over represented among those who’ve gotten into trouble, but under represented among those receiving awards, they get a clear sense about the meaning of race. The hidden curriculum related to race presents racial patterns as normal and effectively reinforces racial stereotypes. When it is operative it can completely undermine efforts to raise student achievement because students may believe that altering racial patterns simply is not possible.
Too often, educators assume because of the choices Black students make about who to socialize with, which classes to take, etc. that they are anti-intellectual. (14) However, the vast majority of Black students I meet express a strong desire to do well in school. The younger students don’t arrive at school with an anti-intellectual orientation. To the degree that such an orientation develops, it develops in school, and from their seeing these patterns and racial hierarchies as permanent. Because a great deal of this behavior plays out in schools, educators can do something about it.
What can educators can do?
Understanding and debunking racial stereotypes, breaking down racial separations, and challenging the hidden curriculum are challenges not just for teachers, but for principals, administrators and entire school communities. In addition, there are a number of things educators can do to support their students’ positive racial identity development.
First, educators can make sure that students are not segregating themselves -- sitting in racially defined groups in the classroom. For teachers, this can be as simple as mixing students and assigning them seats. Or, if work groups are created students can be assigned to groups in ways that ensure that students of different backgrounds have an opportunity to work together. This approach to race-mixing is often far more effective than holding an abstract conversation about tolerance or diversity. By working together, friendships are more likely to form naturally, and as students gain familiarity with one another, they may be more willing to break racial norms. If teachers let students choose, they will more than likely choose those whom they perceive to be “their own kind.”
Second, educators can encourage students to pursue things that are not traditionally associated with members of their group. If students of color are encouraged by adults to join the debating team or the science club, play music in the band, or to enroll in advanced courses, it will be possible for greater numbers to challenge racial norms. Extracurricular activities in particular can serve a very important role in this regard and give young people a chance to get to know each other in situations that are not racially loaded. As is true for work groups, in the course of playing soccer or writing for the newspaper students can become friends. Research on extracurricular activities has shown that sports, music, theater and other activities can play an important role in building connections among young people and breaking down the very insidious links between racial identity and academic achievement. (15)
Third, teachers can find ways to incorporate information related to the history and culture of students into the curriculum. This is important in helping students to understand what it means to be who they are; an essential aspect of the identity formation process for adolescents. Literature – novels and short stories -- can be very effective in this regard because it can help students to identify and empathize with children who may be from different backgrounds. Field trips and out-of-class experiences that provide students with opportunities to learn about the experiences of others can also help in expanding their horizons.
Finally, an effective teacher who is able to inspire students by getting to know them can actually do a great deal to overcome anti-academic tendencies. They can do this by getting students to believe in themselves, by getting them to learn how to work hard and persist, and by getting them to dream, plan for the future and set goals. Over and over again, when you talk to students who have been successful, they speak about the role that significant adults have played at various points in their lives. (16) They talk about how these adults helped them recognize their own potential, and how they opened doors that they previously did not know existed.
I believe there are many young people who are crying out for supportive relationships with caring adults. Differences in race, gender, or sexual orientation need not limit a teacher’s ability to make a connection with a young person. In my own work with students and schools I have generally found kids to be the least prejudiced of all people. They tend to respond well to caring adults regardless of what they look like. However, they can also tell if the adults who work with them are sincere, and those acting out of guilt and faked concern, can generally be detected.
Today, most social scientists recognize race as a social rather than as a biological construct. It is seen as a political category created largely for the purpose of justifying exploitation and oppression. (17) For many adults and kids, especially those of mixed heritage, the categories often do not even correspond to who they think they are. Rather than being a source of strength, the acquisition of racial identities may be a tremendous burden.
For many years to come, race will undoubtedly continue to be a significant source of demarcation within the US population. For many of us it will continue to shape where we live, pray, go to school, and socialize. We cannot simply wish away the existence of race or racism but we can take steps to lessen the ways in which the categories trap and confine us. As educators who should be committed to helping young people realize their intellectual potential as they make their way toward adulthood, we have a responsibility to help them find ways to expand identities related to race so that they can experience the fullest possibility of all that they may become.
Published in In Motion Magazine December 1, 2002
Children are very sensitive and can see andsense very quickly the spirit of what is going onamong the adults in their world.
I find this to be true in our classroom. They come inside the room and almost take a pause before entering our building. It's like they are feeling out the space and the adults that occupy it. We have a lot of trauma children that come in our building so we see that if the adults can give the sense of calmness it gives them the peace they need. We have talked many times about leaving our worries at home and just be with the children. They can read adults though!
: On Music and Ritual
Here's an experiment for our class! This is a chapter I wrote about the topic of art and edification, based on the class we're doing now. It's very much a draft, but you might find it interesting, or helpful, because I write about the readings for this unit. So, you can just read it.
Even better, though, is if we all annotate it together! If you'd like to, please go to https://web.hypothes.is/start/ You can sign up for a free account, and drag their bookmarklet to the bookmarks bar of your browser. If you click on that bookmarklet, you can then select text in this document and annotate it: ask questions, answer questions, make objections, make fun of me for typos, whatever it might be. This isn't a required part of the course, but it is one way to participate. And it's very low stress, I hope!
“We’re in a digital culture,” Wolf says. “It’s not a question of making peace. We have to be discerning, vigilant, developmentally savvy.”
I agree with the idea that we cannot just live with digital culture in the sense that we have to just let it happen. Even as things are changing, we have to adapt and stay "vigilant" in order to properly improve our thought process' along with the improvement of digital culture.
When you Read Like a Writer (RLW) you work to identify some of the choices the author made so that you can better understand how such choices might arise in your own writing. The idea is to carefully examine the things you read, looking at the writerly techniques in the text in order to decide if you might want to adopt similar (or the same) techniques in your writing.
It's just like you're trying to solve something, you need to know what every word and sentence, ... etc, you're writing what it means, and what are you trying to say.
Bryan Caplan suggested that ignorance may even be gratifying to voters. “Some beliefs are more emotionally appealing,” Caplan observed, so if your vote isn’t likely to do anything why not indulge yourself in what you want to believe, whether or not it’s true? Caplan argues that it’s only because of the worthlessness of an individual vote that so many voters look beyond their narrow self-interest: in the polling booth, the warm, fuzzy feeling of altruism can be had cheap.
This comments suggests that voters feel "better" about themselves for doing so but that individuals who decide not to vote also feel some sort of gratification for not following by everyone else's morals and emotions or even their own. He states that no matter wether these individuals decide to vote or not, they feel just by doing so in making their own decision.
It’s a compelling analogy: in both cases, the conscientiousness of the enlightened few is no match for the negligence of the many, and the cost of shirking duty is spread too widely to keep any one malefactor in line. Your commute by bicycle probably isn’t going to make the city’s air any cleaner, and even if you read up on candidates for civil-court judge on Patch.com, it may still be the crook who gets elected.
I find this really interesting. The number of people who lack education on politics is very high. This is something not easily changeable, just as the author states that the attempt to minutely educate oneself may still result in the crook getting elected. My curiosity leads me to wonder how much knowledge is required for one to make the right decision. Elections are based around candidate marketing so who is to say that the person elected isn't just presenting us with a false appealing advertisement.
Professional writers learn to compose for just a few hours per day at most, but on a highly consistent daily schedule and students should be trained in the same fashion
It's comforting to know that developing writing skill carries the same principles as developing any other skill. Consistent, spaced, and deliberate practice plays a big part. By advancing from knowledge-telling to knowledge-crafting, I am confident any one can become a good writer given the right support.
Instead, the team pivoted to producing heme-binding proteins in yeast
It's cool that they figured out the most important factor they needed for getting the right flavor, especially under just 2 years.
The split — and the strife it often generates — is palpable at most universities, and speaks directly to the heart of American schools, in particular, to their liberal arts curriculum and the (wrongly) widespread perception that in a world increasingly more technologically driven, the humanities are an anachronism.
I think that an education is humanities is looked down upon because maybe it's perceived that humanities are not required to think critically. I think it's often perceived that science courses involve more rigor and are a lot more challenging, and therefore require students to think more critically to understand the material. However, I don't believe that this is true. I find courses in humanities to be just as challenging and rigorous as courses in the sciences. I also think that pursuing a degree in humanities is valuable because students are able to obtain skills that allow them to become effective communicators. I think that the sciences are based on facts so it's pretty cut and dry but the humanities allow individuals to expand on topics that aren't cut and dry.
Here a quick post describing a study we have been setting up (it's not too late for feedback!). Since the beginning of the pandemic, I've been thinking about how we should manage scientific disagreements. Clearly, there are probably many 'theoretical' disagreements that can just be suppressed for purposes of policy advice, because rival frameworks make identical (or virtually identical) predictions in a specific, concrete real world case. But there will be some where predictions (and hence guidance) diverges. How can we as scientists deal with that in a way that is useful for policy makers and supports a robust evidence-based response.
To be human means to dwell in the openness of time, in defiance of the oblivion of nature, and hence to be governed by memory, which maintains the temporal coherence between past and future
Contextualize: Visiting the Roman Forum in the summer of 2018, I remember being completely fascinated by what the author describes as the forest reclaiming its grounds: “The work of history fell to the ground it had tried to surmount under the auspices of god”. The fall of the Roman Empire is a way to contextualize this passage because it is an example about the openness of time and the “[…] defiance of the oblivion of nature […]”. Beyond the historical reasons for its demise, the architectural remains of what once was a powerful, wealthy and prosperous empire, that seek to emphasize its influence through the construction of monumental architecture and landscapes, what remains today is just a glimpse of this grandiosity. Today, its architecture, in places where it’s not properly preserved, has been taken away by nature, by its unstoppable growth, where it will eventually fall into oblivion. In the reading, this passage is an introduction to an analysis about “The Epic of Gilgamesh” which is a historical story in the form of poetry that talks about the obsession of humanity to be remembered, the historic quest for immortality, and the human rage against nature for its monumental and infinite power, topics that can be related to the Roman Empire and its desire for dominion and influence across its territory.
Harrison, R. P. (1992). The Demon of Gilgamesh. In Forests: The shadow of civilization (p. 13). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
George, A. R. (1999). The epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books.
Relate: History, Theory, and Practice of Landscape Architecture is a course that among several other reasons, seeks to contextualize Landscape Architecture across multiple time periods, cultures, and through the lens of several different landscape architects. This passage from Forests: The shadow of civilization is relevant to the course because it talks about a fundamental concept of a project when designing a landscape: “oblivion”. What is going to happen to the project when maintenance can no longer take care of the design of the landscape? What can we do as landscape architects, when nature claims its room and takes the project away from us? The Roman Forum, in Rome, is an example of this paradox: no matter how hard we try to tame nature, it finds its way back to where it belongs. Floodings, are another example of this. When cities are built too close to the floodplain of a river, the river eventually finds its way back to its territory. The relevance in studying oblivion and the openness of time, is about understanding the temporality and seasonality of projects, ideas, landscapes, constructions, and whatever we, as designers, decide to put out into the world.
better
It's a constantly evolving craft. It's important to note that we're not just "researchers," but instead we are "teacher-researchers," who are actively living the experiences we are researching.
“To begin with, I guess he’s always been into movies and stuff so we would always take the cameras out and him and his buddies would go out there and shoot these little fi ght scenes and make little sound effects with their mouths and stuff like that and bring it back in. They made little clips of them fi ghting and stuff. We had a box of clay that we would bring out ... we showed them how to use the stop-animation tool in the software
I think it's just so cool that Luis was able to figure a lot of this stuff out, and he and his friends would think of clever ways to make things, like making all the sound effects with their mouths. It speaks volumes, not just about the program, but also about him, and what he was able to get from it
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Response to the References
Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
In this manuscript Yan et al describe a method to perform imaging based pooled CRISPR screens based on photoactivation followed by selection and sorting of the cells with the desired phenotypes.
They establish a system in mammalian RPE-1 cells where they integrate a photo-activatable mCherry, identify the cells of interest under the microscope based on a phenotype, automatically activate the mCherry fluorescence in these cells and then sort the desired populations by FACS. They demonstrate the reliability of their enrichment method and finally use this approach to look for factors that regulate nuclear size by a targeted pooled CRISPR screen.
**Major points:**
1.This year Hassle et al described a very very similar approach that they name: Visual Cell Sorting . In this case, they use a photoconvertible fluorescent protein (green-to-red conversion) to select cells with a certain visual cellular phenotype and enrich those by FACS. The Hassle et al 2020 MSB paper is only mentioned together with the other methods in the introduction in one sentence (ref #19 in this manuscript):
" Recently, several in situ sequencing15,16 and cell isolation methods17-20 were developed which allow microscopes to be used for screening. However, these methods contain non-high throughput steps that limit their scalability."
I think the current citation of the Hassle et al paper, is not really fair. The idea and the execution of the two approaches are almost exactly the same. Here, the authors concentrate on a CRISPR based application, but obviously the applications of the method are not limited to that. The authors should discuss how these similar ideas can be used in several different applications.
We agree with the reviewer that we need to describe more about the Hasle et al. paper (now ref #20 in the revised manuscript) and expand our description of other applications that could be performed with the method. For this purpose, we have made the following changes:
We have modified the relevant paragraph in the Introduction.
p.3 the second paragraph
Recently, an imaging based method named “visual cell sorting” was described that uses the photo-convertible fluorescent protein Dendra2 to enrich phenotypes optically, enabling pooled genetic screens and transcription profiling(Hasle, N.; Cooke, A.; Srivatsan, S.; Huang, H.; Stephany, J. J.; Krieger, Z.; Jackson, D.; Tang, W.; Pendyala, S.; Monnat, R. J., Jr.; Trapnell, C.; Hatch, E. M.; Fowler, D. M. 2020). Here, we developed an analogous approach to execute an imaging-based pooled CRISPR screen using optical enrichment by automated photo-activation of the photo-activatable fluorescent protein, PA-mCherry.
We have also added the following paragraph in the Discussion.
p.14 line 1
In our study, optical enrichment was utilized for pooled CRISPR screens on phenotypes identifiable through microscopy. However, optical enrichment can be used for other purposes, as demonstrated previously(Hasle, N.; Cooke, A.; Srivatsan, S.; Huang, H.; Stephany, J. J.; Krieger, Z.; Jackson, D.; Tang, W.; Pendyala, S.; Monnat, R. J., Jr.; Trapnell, C.; Hatch, E. M.; Fowler, D. M. 2020). In a recent study by Hasle et al.(Hasle, N.; Cooke, A.; Srivatsan, S.; Huang, H.; Stephany, J. J.; Krieger, Z.; Jackson, D.; Tang, W.; Pendyala, S.; Monnat, R. J., Jr.; Trapnell, C.; Hatch, E. M.; Fowler, D. M. 2020), the process of separating cells by FACS after optical enrichment was termed “visual cell sorting”. This method was used to evaluate hundreds of nuclear localization sequence variants in a pooled format and to identify transcriptional regulatory pathways associated with paclitaxel resistance using single cell sequencing(Hasle, N.; Cooke, A.; Srivatsan, S.; Huang, H.; Stephany, J. J.; Krieger, Z.; Jackson, D.; Tang, W.; Pendyala, S.; Monnat, R. J., Jr.; Trapnell, C.; Hatch, E. M.; Fowler, D. M. 2020), demonstrating the broad applicability and power of this approach beyond CRISPR screening.
- While I understand that the authors mean conversion from the dark state to fluorescent state when they describe their photo-activatable mCherry, I think the term "photo-activation" can be confusing for the general reader since typically photo-conversion refers to a change in color. I would here suggest stick to the term photo-activation.
We thank the reviewer for pointing this out and to avoid future confusion, we restricted the usage of photo-conversion to specifically indicate conversion of fluorescence from one color into another: e.g. when talking about the published visual cell sorting paper in which Dendra2 is used as a photo-convertible fluorescent protein. We use photo-activation in reference to the activation of PA-mCherry in our work.
- For validation of the hits coming from the nuclear size screen: Did the authors have any controls making sure that the right targets were down-regulated? This might be obvious for some of the targets (e.g. CPC proteins that are known to induce division errors display the nuclear fragmentation that the authors also observe) but especially for the ones that are less known or unknown to induce any nuclear size change, it will be important to demonstrate the specificity of the targets.
For validating hits coming from the nuclear size screen, we have verified the successful transduction of corresponding sgRNA constructs by FACS analysis, but have not confirmed the knockdown. Before final journal publication, we propose to perform rt-qPCR on our 15 gene hits before and after knockdown to measure the percentage of knockdown separately.
In addition, it is not clear from the figure legends and the material and methods if these phenotypes are verified by 3-4 gRNAs they use in the validation. Are the histograms representative of a single experiment with one gRNA or a combination of gRNAs in different experiments? Methods of replication of the data presented in Fig4 is unclear.
We apologize for the confusion. These phenotypes were verified with pools of 3-4 sgRNAs and the histograms are representative of a single replicate infected with a mixed 3-4 sgRNA pool. We have modified the legend to Figure 5 (original Fig. 4) and the method section to explain this point.
Minor points:
- Related to major point #3: I could not find much experimental info on how the hits from the screen were verified in materials and methods.
The description of the experiment and information about the selected sgRNAs has been added in the Method section as follows:
p.23
Verification of hits from nuclear size screen
For each hit in the nuclear size screen, the two sgRNAs with the highest phenotypic score in the screen and the two sgRNAs with the highest score predicted by the CRISPRi-v2 algorithm24 were selected and pooled to generate a mixed sgRNA pool of 3-4 sgRNAs (detailed information in Supplementary file 8). Cells (hTERT-RPE1 dCas9-KRAB-BFP PA-mCherry H2B-mGFP) were transduced with pooled sgRNAs targeting each gene and puromycin selected for 2 days to prepare for imaging. Cells were then seeded into 96-well glass bottom imaging dishes. Images were collected the next day and nuclear size was measured using the Auto-PhotoConverter µManager plugin. To focus on cells with successful transduction, BFP was co-expressed on the sgRNA construct and only cells with BFP intensity above a threshold value were included in nuclear size measurements. This BFP threshold was established by comparing the average BFP intensity of cells with and without sgRNA transduction (Fig.S3a).
We agree with this important point and have changed the figure legend of Fig. 5c (original Fig. 4c) to just describe the plot:
c, The ratios between median level of nuclear size measured from microscopy and H2B-mGFP fluorescence or FSC signal measured from FACS after knockdown, were plotted separately. TACC3, confirmed to be a control gene, was used for comparison (Grey bar).
The typo has been corrected.
Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):
I think the idea of performing pooled screens coupled to microscopy is exciting and this approach has definitely more potential than the Craft-ID approach that the authors also discuss in their manuscript. In addition, the approach that is described in this manuscript is convincing and although the fact that the analysis part will require more work (to adapt the software to recognise different types of phenotypic readouts) in the future to make it accessible to the scientific community, the authors present sufficient evidence that the system can be robust. They also present some clever ideas such as to calculate enrichments with different photo-activation times (2sec vs 100ms) followed by separation of these populations by FACS.
Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
In this manuscript, Yan et al. present optical enrichment, a method for conducing pooled optical screens. Optical enrichment works by combining microscopy to mark cells of interest using the PA-mCherry photo-activatable fluorescent protein with FACS to recover them. The method is similar to other methods (Photostick, Visual Cell Sorting), and provides an alternative to in situ sequencing/FISH methods. The authors use optical enrichment to conduct a pooled optical CRISPRi screen for nuclear size. They identify and exhaustively validate hits, showing that optical enrichment works for its intended purpose. The development of a uManager protocol and discussion of the number of sgRNA's required for a genetic screen using optical enrichment were welcome. The authors' reported throughput of 1.5 million cells per eight hour experiment is impressive; and the demonstrated use of low cell number input for next generation sequencing appears promising. Overall, the manuscript is well written, the methods clear and the claims supported by the data presented.
**General comments**
-I found the analysis and scoring methods to be lacking, both in terms of the clarity of description and in terms of what was actually done. The authors might consider using established methods (eg https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819649v1.full). In any case, they should revise the text to clarify what was done and address the other concerns raised below.
-Relatedly, details regarding how to perform the experiments described are lacking. It is not clear from the text, figures, "Online Methods" section, and Supplementary Files whether all imaging is performed before activation, or whether each field of view is subject to an individual round of imaging followed by activation. It is also unclear whether cells in 96 well plates are sorted as 96 separate tubes or pooled into a single tube prior to sorting. Furthermore, at a minimum, the following details are requested for each optical enrichment "run". These details are critical considerations for those who seek to use optical enrichment in their own laboratories:
Seeding density
Time elapsed (in hours) between cell plating and optical enrichment
The number of fields of view examined
The median number of cells per field of view; the proportion of each plate's surface area that is imaged and photo-converted
The total time taken (in hours) to perform imaging and photoconversion
The gating protocol used for sorting by FACS (preferably including a figure with example gates for one or two experiments). The gating protocol is described for the genetic screen but not for the control experiments.
We agree with the reviewer and apologize for the confusion that arose from our description. We also thank the reviewer for suggesting using established methods. However, MAUDE, an analysis for sorting-based CRISPR screen with multiple expression bins, might not be suitable for our study since 1) the distribution of mCherry fluorescence intensity is a reflection of photo-activation efficiency and not sgRNA effect 2) only one sorting bin is collected for each experimental condition. Our analysis is adapted from an existing method from the Weissman lab (https://github.com/mhorlbeck/ScreenProcessing).
We agree with the reviewer regarding clarifying other points and rewrote the following part in the Method section:
p. 20
mIFP proof-of-principle screen, Nuclear size screen, FSC screen and H2B-mGFP screen
For the mIFP proof-of-principle screen, mIFP positive cells (hTERT-RPE1 dCas9-KRAB-BFP PA-mCherry H2B-mGFP mIFP-NLS) and mIFP negative cells (hTERT-RPE1 dCas9-KRAB-BFP PA-mCherry H2B-mGFP) were stably transduced with the “mIFP sgRNA library” (CRISPRa library with 860 elements, see Supplementary file 5) and the “control sgRNA library” (CRISPRa library with 6100 elements, see Supplementary file 6) separately. For the nuclear size screen, FSC screen and H2B-mGFP screen, cells (hTERT-RPE1 dCas9-KRAB-BFP PA-mCherry H2B-mGFP) were stably transduced with the “nuclear size library” (CRISPRi library with 6190 elements, see Supplementary file 7). To guarantee that cells receive no more than one sgRNA per cell, BFP was expressed on the same sgRNA construct and cells were analyzed by FACS the day after transduction. The experiment only continued when 10-15% of the cells were BFP positive. These cells were further enriched by puromycin selection (a puromycin resistance gene was expressed from the sgRNA construct) for 3 days to prepare for imaging. For FSC and H2B-mGFP screens, cells were then subjected to FACS sorting. Cells before FACS (unsorted sample for FSC and H2B-mGFP screens) and top 10% cells based on either FSC signal (high FSC sample) or GFP fluorescence signal (high GFP sample) were separately collected and prepared for high throughput sequencing. For mIFP proof-of-principle screen and nuclear size screen, cells were then seeded into 96-well glass bottom imaging dishes (Matriplate, Brooks) and imaged starting from the morning of the next day (around 15 hr after plating). A series of densities ranging from 0.5E4 cells/well to 2.5E4 cells/well with 0.5E4 cells/well interval were selected and seeded. The imaging dish with cells around 70% confluency was selected to be screened on the imaging day. For mIFP proof-of-principle screen, a single imaging plate was performed for each replicate while 4 imaging plates per replicate were imaged for the nuclear size screen. When executing multiple imaging runs, 2 consecutive runs could be imaged on the same day (day run and night run). 64 (8x8, day run) or 81 (9x9, night run) fields of view were selected for each imaging well and each field of view was subjected to an individual round of imaging directly followed by photo-activation. Around 200-250 cells were present in each given field of view and 60% to 80% surface area of each well was covered. Either mIFP positive cells or cells passing the nuclear size filter were identified and photo-activated automatically using the Auto-PhotoConverter µManager plugin. The total time to perform imaging and photo-activation of a single 96-well imaging dish with around 1.5 million cells was around 8 hr. The night run generally took longer, since more fields of view were included than in the day run. Cells were then harvested by trypsinization and pooled into a single tube for isolation by FACS. Sorting gates were pre-defined using samples with different photo-activation times (e.g. 0s, 200ms, 2s) and detailed gating strategies are described in Supplementary file 1. Sorted samples were used to prepare sequencing samples.
-The authors use PA-mCherry. There are a variety of other photo-activatable fluorophores available, and it would be good for them to comment on why they chose PA-mCherry. Also, since the method is supposed to be used for generic pooled optical screens, it would be good for the authors to comment on what colors remain available for imaging cellular structures.
To address these, we have added the following sentences:
p. 4 line 16
A photo-activatable fluorescent protein was chosen over a photo-convertible fluorescent protein to increase the number of channels available for imaging. PA-mCherry was chosen to leave the better performing green channel open for labeling of other cellular features. Moreover, non-activated PA-mCherry has low background fluorescence in the mCherry channel (Fig. S1b), and it can be activated to different intensities when photo-activated for various amounts of time.
p. **14 line 10
Phenotypes of interest should be identifiable under the microscope and generally require fluorescent labeling. Commonly used fluorescence microscopes use four channels for fluorescent imaging with little spectral overlap: blue, green, red and far red. In our study, the red channel was occupied by cell labeling with PA-mCherry and the blue channel was used to estimate sgRNA transduction efficiency. Since sgRNA transduction efficiency can be measured by other approaches, the blue channel could be used together with the remaining two channels to label cellular structures. Combining bright field imaging with deep learning can be used to reconstruct the localization of fluorescent labels(Ounkomol, C.; Seshamani, S.; Maleckar, M. M.; Collman, F.; Johnson, G. R. 2018), making it possible to use bright field imaging to further expand the phenotypes that can be studied with our technique.
-In general, the figures are hard to read, with most space being dedicated to beautiful but complex schematics/workflows. Points and fonts should be bigger, and the authors should consider revising the schematics to take up less space.
We thank the reviewer for this remark and revised all figures accordingly. Points and fonts were enlarged, and schematics were simplified or removed.
-There is extensive use of editorialzing adverbs. Adverbs such as "highly" (abstract and page 15), "easily" (pages 4 and 11), "completely" (page 11), and "only" (page 12) are unnecessary at best and unsupported by the data at worst (e.g. cells are not "completely" separable with 100 ms photo-conversion, see page 11 and Figure 1C). Please remove "completely" from page 11 and consider removing other adverbs as well.
We agree with the reviewer and the following adverbs have been removed: “highly” in abstract and page 15; “easily” on pages 4 and 11; “completely” on page 11 and three “only” on page 12.
-Apologies if I missed it, but I couldn't find a data availability statement. Sequencing reads from the experiments should be deposited in SRA or GEO and made available upon publication.
We apologize that we missed this, and the sequencing data has been deposited to GEO (GSE156623) which will be made available before final publication. The following part has been added to address this.
p. 24
DATA AND SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY
The raw and processed data for the high throughput sequencing results have been deposited in NCBI GEO database with the accession number (GSE156623). The plugin Auto-PhotoConverter developed for open source microscope control software μManager(Edelstein, A. D.; Tsuchida, M. A.; Amodaj, N.; Pinkard, H.; Vale, R. D.; Stuurman, N. 2014) has been deposited on github (https://github.com/nicost/mnfinder).
**Specific comments**
Pages 5/6 - The authors present experiments that show that optical enrichment is highly specific for desired cells. But, they should consider presenting precision (fraction of called positives that are true positive) and recall (fraction of all true positives that are called positive) instead. I think these relate more directly to a pooled optical screen than specificity.
We apologize for our poor terminology. Our original definition of “specificity” is the same as “precision” suggested by the reviewer. To avoid future confusion, we have changed all relevant occurrences of “specificity” into “precision”. The following sentence was modified to clarify the definition:
p. 5 line 15
To evaluate the precision (the fraction of called positives that are true positives) of this assay, all cells were collected and analyzed by FACS after image analysis and photo-activation (Fig. 2d and 2e). We calculated precision as the fraction of photo-activated cells (mCherry positive cells) that are true positives (mIFP-mCherry double positive cells) (Fig. 2f).
Measuring recall is complicated because the microscope is unable to visit all locations in the imaging plate, hence recall will depend on the fraction of cells actually “seen” by the microscope. For the screening strategy employed in the nuclear size screen, recall is not as important as precision, since lower recall rates are compensated for by screening larger cell numbers. We therefore did not attempt to measure recall directly.
Page 6 - Related to the above point, the authors state "These results indicate the assay yields reliable hit identification regardless of the percentage of hits in the library." This statement seems too strong given that the authors looked at specificity experimentally with a mixture of ~1% mIFP positive cells. In fact, hits might be much less than 1% of the total population of cells, and specificity would certainly fall from the 80% measured at 1% of the total population. The authors should do a bit more to fairly discuss their ability to find rare hits.
We agree with the reviewer and have changed the following description:
p. 5 line 20
The precision varied with the initial percentage of mIFP positive cells and ranged from 80% to ~100% (initial percentage of mIFP positive cells ranging between 2.3% and 43.7%) (Fig. 2f). Precision is expected to fall below 80% with initial percentage of mIFP positive cells less than 2.3%. However, these results indicate that optical enrichment can be used to identify hits with high precision even at relatively low hit rates.
Pages 6/7 - The authors perform a validation experiment using two different sgRNA libraries, infecting mIFP- and mIFP+ cells separately. Then, they demix these populations via optical enrichment, sequence and compute a phenotype score for sgRNAs or groups of sgRNAs. The way the experiment is described and visualized is extremely confusing. If I understood correctly (and I am not sure that I did), the bottom right panel of Figure 2b shows that if sgRNAs are (randomly?) paired AND two replicates are combined then optical enrichment nearly perfectly separates all (combined, paired) sgRNAs in the two libraries. The authors should rewrite this section, especially clarifying what is meant by "1 sgRNA/group and 2 sgRNA/group," and consider changing Figure 2b (perhaps just show the lower right panel?).
We apologize for our confusing description. To avoid the confusion, we rewrote the paragraph describing the experiment and added a schematic (Fig. 3a) to better describe this experiment. We also simplified the result by just presenting the lower right panel of original Fig. 2b (current Fig. 3b) and moved the other data into supplementary figures (Fig. S2).
p. 6 line 4
mIFP negative cells and mIFP positive cells were separately infected with two different CRISPRa sgRNA libraries (6100 sgRNAs for mIFP negative cells; 860 sgRNAs for mIFP positive cells) at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) to guarantee a single sgRNA per cell. Note that in these experiments, the sgRNAs only function as barcodes to be read out by sequencing, but do not cause phenotypic changes as the cells do not express corresponding CRISPR reagents. These two populations were then mixed at a ratio of 9:1 mIFP negative cells: mIFP positive cells. We again used mIFP expression as our phenotype of interest (outlined in Fig. 3a). Two biological replicates were performed and at least 200-fold coverage of each sgRNA library was guaranteed throughout the screen, including library infection, puromycin selection, imaging/photo-activation and FACS.
Page 8 - Related to Supplementary Figure 3, why are there not clear BFP+ and BFP- populations but instead one continuous population? How was the gating determined (e.g. how was the boundary between red and gray picked)? Here, and generally, flow plots and histograms of flow plots should indicate the number of cells. If replicates were performed, they should be included.
We have clarified our description. There are no clear BFP+ and BFP- populations but instead one continuous population due to the background expression of BFP from the dCas9 construct: dCas9-KRAB-BFP (which is now clearly indicated in the manuscript). On top of the dCas9-KRAB-BFP, another BFP is encoded on the sgRNA construct, which leads to a higher BFP expression level.
There was no gating in the experiment, the grey dots in the figure represents wild type cells without viral transduction while the red dots (partially covered by the grey dots) were cells infected with the two negative control sgRNAs. We mistakenly wrote the legend of original Fig. S3 (current Fig. S3a) that these were FACS data; however, the data were acquired by imaging. We apologize for the confusion and thank the reviewer for detecting the issue. We completely rewrote the legend to Fig. S3a (original Fig. S3) to clarify.
We now include the number of cells analyzed and the number of replicates for the other flow plots and histograms in the manuscript.
Page 8 - "Nuclear sizes...". The authors should say in the main text what size metric was used.
To address the reviewer’s point, we have included the following sentence:
p. 8 line 23
We defined nuclear size as the 2D area in square microns measured by H2B-mGFP using an epifluorescence microscope, as determined by automated image analysis (Fig. 4a and Supplementary file 2).
Page 9 - I am a little confused about the statistical analysis of the screen. In Supplementary File 1, the authors state that p-values were "calculated based on comparison between the distribution of all the phenotypic scores of sgRNAs targeting to the gene/assigning in the group and the one of negative control sgRNAs in the libraries." I presume this means that all phenotypic scores (across replicates) of all sgRNAs targeting each gene were included in a Mann Whitney U test with a single randomized set of phenotypic scores. If that's right, it seems like an odd way to get p-values. Better would be a randomization test, where a null distribution of phenotypic scores for each gene is built by randomizing sgRNA-level scores many times. Then the actual phenotypic score is compared to the randomized null distribution, yielding a p-value. In any case, the authors must clarify what they did in the main text and Supplementary File 1.
Page 9 - It does not appear that the p-values presented in Figure 3c have been adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing. This should be done.
Page 9 - "A value of the top 0.1 percentile of control groups was used as a cutoff for hits." Why? This seems arbitrary. It seems like appropriate false-discovery rate control would enable a more rigorous method for choosing a cutoff.
Page 9 - The same comments regarding analysis and scoring of the optical enrichment screen applies to the FSC and GFP screens.
We clarified the description of the statistical analysis of the screen (see new/changed text below). Mann-Whitney p-values for the two replicates were calculated independently. The Mann-Whitney U test was not performed against a randomized set of phenotypic scores, but using the phenotypic scores of the 22 control non-targeting sgRNAs that were part of the library. Because there are only 22 control sgRNAs (adding more control sgRNAs would increase the size of the library, and reduce the number of genes that can be screened within a given amount of time), the statistical significance of testing genes against these controls is not expected to be very high, and using direct approaches such as multiple hypothesis testing are not expected to yield hits. Instead, we calculated a score combining the severity (phenotypic score) and the trustworthiness (Mann-Whitney p value) of the phenotype (a method previously developed in the Weissman lab at UCSF: https://github.com/mhorlbeck/ScreenProcessing24). We thank the reviewer for suggesting using false discovery rate control as a better method for choosing a cutoff. We modified our original analysis and now determine the threshold of our score based on a calculated empirical false discovery rate (eFDR). We used this approach to maximize the number of true hits and relied on a repeat of the screen and follow-up testing of hits to narrow down true hits. We added the following part in the method section and added an analysis example to the supplementary files (Supplementary file 9)."
p. 22
Bioinformatic analysis of the screen
Analysis was based on the ScreenProcessing pipeline developed in the Weissman lab (https://github.com/mhorlbeck/ScreenProcessing)**(Horlbeck, M. A.; Gilbert, L. A.; Villalta, J. E.; Adamson, B.; Pak, R. A.; Chen, Y.; Fields, A. P.; Park, C. Y.; Corn, J. E.; Kampmann, M.; Weissman, J. S. 2016). The phenotypic score (ε) of each sgRNA was quantified as previously defined(Kampmann, M.; Bassik, M. C.; Weissman, J. S. 2013)** (Supplementary file 9). For the mIFP proof-of-principle screen, phenotypic score of each group was the average score of two sgRNAs assigned to the group and averaged between two replicates except otherwise described. For the nuclear size screen, FSC screen and H2B-mGFP screen, genes were scored based on the average phenotypic scores of the sgRNAs targeting them. For the nuclear size screen, phenotypic scores were further averaged between 4 runs for each replicate. For the nuclear size screen, FSC screen and H2B-mGFP screen, sgRNAs were first clustered by transcription start site (TSS) and scored by the Mann-Whitney U test against 22 non-targeting control sgRNAs included in the library. Since only 22 control sgRNAs were included, significance of hits was assessed by comparison with simulated negative controls that were generated by random assignment of all sgRNAs in the library and phenotypic scores of these simulated negative controls were scored in the same way as phenotypic scores for genes. A score η that includes the phenotypic score and its significance was calculated for each gene and simulated negative control. The optimal cut-off for score η was determined by calculating an empirical false discovery rate (eFDR) at multiple values of η as the number of simulated negative controls with score η higher than the cut-off (false positives) divided by the sum of genes and simulated negative controls with score η higher than the cut-off (all positives). The cut-off score η resulting in an eFDR of 0.1% was used to call hits for further analysis (Supplementary file 9). An example analysis is described in detail in Supplementary file 9 and raw counts and phenotypic scores for all four screens are listed in Supplementary file 10 and 11.
Page 9 - "These data suggest that a direct measurement utilizing a microscope can provide significant improvement in hit yield even for phenotypes that could be indirectly screened with other approaches." I think this conclusion is too strong. It rests on the assumption that the FSC/GFP phenotypes should have the same set of hits as the microscope phenotype (larger nuclear area). This may not be the case. For example, genes whose inactivation increases GFP expression would be hits in the former, but not latter case. The authors should moderate this statement.
We agree with the reviewer and have changed the sentence into:
p. 10 line 17
These data suggest that a direct measurement utilizing a microscope can provide different information and reveal hits that are inaccessible using other screening approaches.
Page 11 - "This is significantly faster than the in situ methods." The authors should provide a citation and an actual comparison to the speed of in situ methods.
We agree with the reviewer and have modified the sentence with a citation:
p. 12 line 20
This is significantly faster than in situ methods which process millions of cells over a period of a few days(Feldman, D.; Singh, A.; Schmid-Burgk, J. L.; Carlson, R. J.; Mezger, A.; Garrity, A. J.; Zhang, F.; Blainey, P. C. 2019).
Page 12 - I think the authors could say a bit more about the possibility of low hit rate screens. How low do they think it is feasible to go? What hit rates are expected based on existing arrayed optical screens?
We have added more description in the discussion section:
p. 13 the second paragraph
Optical enrichment screening also is possible for phenotypic screens with relatively low hit rates (defined as the fraction of all genes screened that are true hits). The ability to detect hits at low hit rates in our method depends on multiple factors, including: 1) the penetrance of the phenotype; 2) cellular fitness effect of the phenotype; 3) detection and photo-activation accuracy of the phenotype; 4) limitations imposed by FACS recovery and sequencing sample preparations of low cell numbers. The first three factors vary with the phenotype of interest. We optimized the genomic DNA preparation protocol (Methods), and are now able to process sequencing samples from a few thousand cells, enabling screens of low hit rate phenotypes. In our nuclear size screen, more than 1.5 millions cells were analyzed during each run with 2000-4000 cells recovered after FACS sorting. The hit rate of this screen was 2.76%, similar to optical CRISPR screens performed in an arrayed format(de Groot, R.; Luthi, J.; Lindsay, H.; Holtackers, R.; Pelkmans, L. 2018)**, demonstrating the possibility to apply our approach to investigate phenotypes with low hit rates.
Page 14 - It is weird that the discussion includes a fairly important couple of paragraphs that seem to belong in the results (e.g. the text surrounding Figure 4b and c). Obviously, I don't want to prescribe stylistic changes, but I suggest the authors consider moving this description of the experiments/analyses to the results.
The relevant description has been moved to the results.
Page 14 - The authors validate their hits individually, and observe that expression of hit sgRNAs does increase nuclear size in some cells. But, many/most cells remain control-like in these validation experiments. The authors should comment on why this is the case (e.g. inefficient knockdown, cell cycle effects, etc).
To address this point, we have added the following sentences in legend of Fig. 5:
The cell population is heterogeneous due to inefficient knockdown, incomplete puromycin selection, and penetrance of the phenotype. A BFP was expressed from the same sgRNA construct. Only cells with high BFP intensity, indicating successfully sgRNA transduction, were included for data analysis as described in Methods.
Page 14 - It would be nice to formally compare the control and sgRNA distributions in each panel of 4a and Supplementary Figure 5 (e.g. with a Komolgorov-Smirnov test, etc). That would allow a more precise statement to be substituted for "14 out of 15 hits (the exception was TACC3) were confirmed to be real hits, with cells exhibiting larger nuclei after knock down (Fig. 4a and Fig. S5)," which is not quantitative.
We applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the corresponding sentence was changed into:
p. 10 last line
*14 out of 15 hits were confirmed to be real hits (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test two tailed p-value
Figure 2a - I am not sure it is necessary to show the entire workflow again. The first and possibly last panels are the informative ones here.
Figure 3a - Same comment as above - these workflow panels take up a lot of real estate and I suggest simplifying them if possible.
The figures were simplified to just show the example images.
Figure 3c - At least on my PDF/screen, the "scrambled control" points appear very light gray and are impossible to find. They should be an easier to spot color.
We agree with the reviewer and changed the color.
Figure 4b - "Most cells developed a larger cellular size and higher H2B-mGFP level after knock down." I think it would be more accurate to say that the median cell size/GFP level increased, or that some cells developed larger sizes/median GFP levels.
We agree with the reviewer’s point; “most” has been changed to “some”.
Figure 4c - I don't understand "Normalized FITC/nuclear size." Do the bars show the mean/median of a population (if so, why not show a dot plot or box plot or violin plot)? Also, what is FITC (I presume it's GFP levels)?
Figure 4c - "Most cells maintained a constant ratio between nuclear size and DNA content..." I'm not sure where DNA content came from. Are the authors assuming that their H2B-mGFP is a proxy for DNA content? Or was some other measurement made? If the former, is there a citable reason why this is a good assumption?
The bars represent the ratio of the median level of H2B-mGFP intensity (the axis is now labeled with "GFP" rather than "FITC", the colloquial name for the channel used on the FACS machine) measured by FACS and the median nuclear size of the same population of cells measured by microscopy. We plan to perform additional experiments to measure DNA content using a DNA dye in the same cell by microscopy so that we will be able to correlate these on a cell by cell basis. Data will be added before final publication.
Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):
I don't generally comment on significance in reviews. Since ReviewCommons is specifically asking, I'll say that this manuscript describes optical enrichment, a method that is an extension of previous work and is substantially similar to a previously published method, Visual Cell Sorting. However, given the timing, it is obvious that these authors have been working independently on optical enrichment. Since the application is distinct, and optical enrichment incorporates some nice features like software to make it easier to execute, it is clearly of independent value.
Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
This study reports a rapid and high-throughput CRISPR-based phenotypic screen approach consisting of selecting cells with phenotypes of interest, label them by photo-conversion and isolating them by FACS. The idea of the method is interesting (has been around) in principle. The key advantage is that is relatively simple, accessible to many groups as it does not require robotics. However, the manuscript is so badly written and hard to follow, that it makes it difficult to judge the technology, to really understand how the experiments were done and whether the results are interpreted correctly. Strictly speaking, it is unclear whether and how good scientific practices GSP have been followed, as the description of the experiments is sometimes lacking totally. Consequently, it is impossible to seriously evaluate this study and judge whether the technology described is really promising. It is probably less sensitive than arrayed screens, in all likelihood can miss hits that affect growth, cannot capture as many phenotypic classes as one would like from high-content screens and the computational and experimental workflow is more complicated. It is puzzling that the authors don't even compare the results with arrayed screens which are of course the current gold-standard.
We do not in any way claim that the presented method replaces arrayed screens. However, most current sgRNA libraries are pooled libraries, and the few available arrayed sgRNA libraries are expensive and difficult to maintain, hence our methods to screen pooled sgRNA libraries are timely and useful. Comparisons with arrayed screens are unwarranted as no claims are made with respect to arrayed screens.
We have clarified the manuscript in many places, and hope it is now readable and better understandable by more readers with diverse backgrounds.
**Specific points:**
The specificity test (Fig 1) does not make sense how it is described. If the authors spike a certain percentage of cells that can be photoconverted, when analysing the outcome, there will be three classes: mIFP positive, mIFP/mCherry positive and negative. How can they calculate specificity if they do not know whether they converted all mIFP cells? Also the formula used is questionable or is her an error? Furthermore, it is totally unclear how many cells were used and how they were scanned. If they took 90 negative cells and 10 mIFP cells, getting them all back is easy. If they start with 10e9 cells, the specificity should be quantified. Furthermore, the phenotype they pick is an easy and convenient one. Much more challenging is to apply it on a multi-parametric phenotype. Again, this is now the gold standard.
We used the term specificity inadvertently and should have used precision, as also pointed out by Referee 2. This has been corrected in the current manuscript. We picked the mIFP phenotype as this was a proof of principle screen to clarify the performance of our screening approach and needed a phenotype that can be measured both by microscopy and FACS. We demonstrate that multi-parametric read-outs are possible, but do not think that the first demonstration of new technology needs such an application.
In their first sgRNA assay, it is not possible to have a clear idea of what groups they are talking about. Do they mean they get phenotypic signatures which they group? How? They need to describe what they do. Here, only ~3500 genes are scanned (the 6843 is both populations and you only select from the mIFP neg population) and it took them 8hrs. This means for the genome it would require ~60h which is indeed fast. However, this experiment is not clearly described. They cannot select the negative population since there is no fluorescent marker (except false positive which are around 1.7%). So I assume they just randomly pick cells (they should really explain much better what they do!). Why go through the hassle? If these sequences are supposed to be a negative population, just pick them in the computer. Also, they cannot calculate an enrichment compared to the negative population, since two different libraries were infected. Again, I can't follow.
We improved the description of this experiment. To clarify, we used mIFP in a proof of concept screen to validate whether sgRNAs infecting mIFP positive cells can be distinguished from those infecting mIFP negative cells No phenotypic signature other than the mIFP signal is used (as described in the text). As customary in pooled screens, a primary comparison was made between the positive (optically selected) cells and the complete population. To improve the clarity of this screen, we further described the concept of pooled sgRNA screens, which may have made this section harder to follow.
I find their results about calculating scores based only on true negatives surprising. The average phenotypic score is improved from 3 to 5, which is enormous. This suggests that the phenotypes induced in the mIFP population are extremely common. These results are hard to interpret given the poor description of the experiment. It is possible that it is the same dataset as in 1, but in that case, the false negatives must be rare since the negatives can be selected by absence of both mCherry and mIFP.
There are no phenotypes induced in the mIFP population (as now explicitly explained in the text). The mIFP population is isolated using optical enrichment, and we test our ability to discriminate the sgRNAs present in the enriched population. It is unsurprising that comparing to the negatively selected population (which is not possible in most other pooled screens) is significantly better than comparing against the total population (as customary in pooled screens).
In the nuclear size screen, 6000 sgRNAs were screened. To array so many sequences would require 20 plates. They required ~40h for imaging one replicate. This is slow, imagine the time with a 60x lens.
There are no arrayed screens performed in our study.
Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):
Overall, there is no sufficient evidence in this manuscript to convince this reviewer that this method is valid and truly powerful. I cannot support publication in its present form.
Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.
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In this manuscript, Yan et al. present optical enrichment, a method for conducing pooled optical screens. Optical enrichment works by combining microscopy to mark cells of interest using the PA-mCherry photo-activatable fluorescent protein with FACS to recover them. The method is similar to other methods (Photostick, Visual Cell Sorting), and provides an alternative to in situ sequencing/FISH methods. The authors use optical enrichment to conduct a pooled optical CRISPRi screen for nuclear size. They identify and exhaustively validate hits, showing that optical enrichment works for its intended purpose. The development of a uManager protocol and discussion of the number of sgRNA's required for a genetic screen using optical enrichment were welcome. The authors' reported throughput of 1.5 million cells per eight hour experiment is impressive; and the demonstrated use of low cell number input for next generation sequencing appears promising. Overall, the manuscript is well written, the methods clear and the claims supported by the data presented.
General comments
-I found the analysis and scoring methods to be lacking, both in terms of the clarity of description and in terms of what was actually done. The authors might consider using established methods (eg https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819649v1.full). In any case, they should revise the text to clarify what was done and address the other concerns raised below.
-Relatedly, details regarding how to perform the experiments described are lacking. It is not clear from the text, figures, "Online Methods" section, and Supplementary Files whether all imaging is performed before activation, or whether each field of view is subject to an individual round of imaging followed by activation. It is also unclear whether cells in 96 well plates are sorted as 96 separate tubes or pooled into a single tube prior to sorting. Furthermore, at a minimum, the following details are requested for each optical enrichment "run". These details are critical considerations for those who seek to use optical enrichment in their own laboratories: • Seeding density • Time elapsed (in hours) between cell plating and optical enrichment • The number of fields of view examined • The median number of cells per field of view; the proportion of each plate's surface area that is imaged and photo-converted • The total time taken (in hours) to perform imaging and photoconversion • The gating protocol used for sorting by FACS (preferably including a figure with example gates for one or two experiments). The gating protocol is described for the genetic screen but not for the control experiments.
-The authors use PA-mCherry. There are a variety of other photo-activatable fluorophores available, and it would be good for them to comment on why they chose PA-mCherry. Also, since the method is supposed to be used for generic pooled optical screens, it would be good for the authors to comment on what colors remain available for imaging cellular structures.
-In general, the figures are hard to read, with most space being dedicated to beautiful but complex schematics/workflows. Points and fonts should be bigger, and the authors should consider revising the schematics to take up less space.
-There is extensive use of editorialzing adverbs. Adverbs such as "highly" (abstract and page 15), "easily" (pages 4 and 11), "completely" (page 11), and "only" (page 12) are unnecessary at best and unsupported by the data at worst (e.g. cells are not "completely" separable with 100 ms photo-conversion, see page 11 and Figure 1C). Please remove "completely" from page 11 and consider removing other adverbs as well.
-Apologies if I missed it, but I couldn't find a data availability statement. Sequencing reads from the experiments should be deposited in SRA or GEO and made available upon publication.
Specific comments
Pages 5/6 - The authors present experiments that show that optical enrichment is highly specific for desired cells. But, they should consider presenting precision (fraction of called positives that are true positive) and recall (fraction of all true positives that are called positive) instead. I think these relate more directly to a pooled optical screen than specificity.
Page 6 - Related to the above point, the authors state "These results indicate the assay yields reliable hit identification regardless of the percentage of hits in the library." This statement seems too strong given that the authors looked at specificity experimentally with a mixture of ~1% mIFP positive cells. In fact, hits might be much less than 1% of the total population of cells, and specificity would certainly fall from the 80% measured at 1% of the total population. The authors should do a bit more to fairly discuss their ability to find rare hits.
Pages 6/7 - The authors perform a validation experiment using two different sgRNA libraries, infecting mIFP- and mIFP+ cells separately. Then, they demix these populations via optical enrichment, sequence and compute a phenotype score for sgRNAs or groups of sgRNAs. The way the experiment is described and visualized is extremely confusing. If I understood correctly (and I am not sure that I did), the bottom right panel of Figure 2b shows that if sgRNAs are (randomly?) paired AND two replicates are combined then optical enrichment nearly perfectly separates all (combined, paired) sgRNAs in the two libraries. The authors should rewrite this section, especially clarifying what is meant by "1 sgRNA/group and 2 sgRNA/group," and consider changing Figure 2b (perhaps just show the lower right panel?).
Page 8 - Related to Supplementary Figure 3, why are there not clear BFP+ and BFP- populations but instead one continuous population? How was the gating determined (e.g. how was the boundary between red and gray picked)? Here, and generally, flow plots and histograms of flow plots should indicate the number of cells. If replicates were performed, they should be included.
Page 8 - "Nuclear sizes...". The authors should say in the main text what size metric was used.
Page 9 - I am a little confused about the statistical analysis of the screen. In Supplementary File 1, the authors state that p-values were "calculated based on comparison between the distribution of all the phenotypic scores of sgRNAs targeting to the gene/assigning in the group and the one of negative control sgRNAs in the libraries." I presume this means that all phenotypic scores (across replicates) of all sgRNAs targeting each gene were included in a Mann Whitney U test with a single randomized set of phenotypic scores. If that's right, it seems like an odd way to get p-values. Better would be a randomization test, where a null distribution of phenotypic scores for each gene is built by randomizing sgRNA-level scores many times. Then the actual phenotypic score is compared to the randomized null distribution, yielding a p-value. In any case, the authors must clarify what they did in the main text and Supplementary File 1.
Page 9 - It does not appear that the p-values presented in Figure 3c have been adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing. This should be done.
Page 9 - "A value of the top 0.1 percentile of control groups was used as a cutoff for hits." Why? This seems arbitrary. It seems like appropriate false-discovery rate control would enable a more rigorous method for choosing a cutoff. Page 9 - The same comments regarding analysis and scoring of the optical enrichment screen applies to the FSC and GFP screens.
Page 9 - "These data suggest that a direct measurement utilizing a microscope can provide significant improvement in hit yield even for phenotypes that could be indirectly screened with other approaches." I think this conclusion is too strong. It rests on the assumption that the FSC/GFP phenotypes should have the same set of hits as the microscope phenotype (larger nuclear area). This may not be the case. For example, genes whose inactivation increases GFP expression would be hits in the former, but not latter case. The authors should moderate this statement.
Page 11 - "This is significantly faster than the in situ methods." The authors should provide a citation and an actual comparison to the speed of in situ methods.
Page 12 - I think the authors could say a bit more about the possibility of low hit rate screens. How low do they think it is feasible to go? What hit rates are expected based on existing arrayed optical screens?
Page 14 - It is weird that the discussion includes a fairly important couple of paragraphs that seem to belong in the results (e.g. the text surrounding Figure 4b and c). Obviously, I don't want to prescribe stylistic changes, but I suggest the authors consider moving this description of the experiments/analyses to the results.
Page 14 - The authors validate their hits individually, and observe that expression of hit sgRNAs does increase nuclear size in some cells. But, many/most cells remain control-like in these validation experiments. The authors should comment on why this is the case (e.g. inefficient knockdown, cell cycle effects, etc).
Page 14 - It would be nice to formally compare the control and sgRNA distributions in each panel of 4a and Supplementary Figure 5 (e.g. with a Komolgorov-Smirnov test, etc). That would allow a more precise statement to be substituted for "14 out of 15 hits (the exception was TACC3) were confirmed to be real hits, with cells exhibiting larger nuclei after knock down (Fig. 4a and Fig. S5)," which is not quantitative.
Figure 2a - I am not sure it is necessary to show the entire workflow again. The first and possibly last panels are the informative ones here.
Figure 3a - Same comment as above - these workflow panels take up a lot of real estate and I suggest simplifying them if possible.
Figure 3c - At least on my PDF/screen, the "scrambled control" points appear very light gray and are impossible to find. They should be an easier to spot color.
Figure 4b - "Most cells developed a larger cellular size and higher H2B-mGFP level after knock down." I think it would be more accurate to say that the median cell size/GFP level increased, or that some cells developed larger sizes/median GFP levels.
Figure 4c - I don't understand "Normalized FITC/nuclear size." Do the bars show the mean/median of a population (if so, why not show a dot plot or box plot or violin plot)? Also, what is FITC (I presume it's GFP levels)?
Figure 4c - "Most cells maintained a constant ratio between nuclear size and DNA content..." I'm not sure where DNA content came from. Are the authors assuming that their H2B-mGFP is a proxy for DNA content? Or was some other measurement made? If the former, is there a citable reason why this is a good assumption?
I don't generally comment on significance in reviews. Since ReviewCommons is specifically asking, I'll say that this manuscript describes optical enrichment, a method that is an extension of previous work and is substantially similar to a previously published method, Visual Cell Sorting. However, given the timing, it is obvious that these authors have been working independently on optical enrichment. Since the application is distinct, and optical enrichment incorporates some nice features like software to make it easier to execute, it is clearly of independent value.
She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.
It's ironic how the sudden news of the death of Mrs. Mallard's husband liberates her rather than anguishes her. Her relief demonstrates just how miserable being forced to live for her husband rather than for herself had made her
In the corporate world, the term “strategic communication” has been used for several decades to describe the coordinated use of activities designed to make the corporate entity “look good,” such as marketing, advertising, public relations, community relations, and so on.
I disagree with this passage because although there are many people at the top who use it as a way to take advantage of their companies, on the flip side there are leaders who use strategic communication for the greater good of their company as a whole not just for them individually. It's more so just a matter of how do they use that power that they have been granted.
Scientists want to answer research questions–I think it’s fair to start from that premise rather than from a more cynical one (“scientists want to further their career”).[1]I’m including myself in any criticism voiced in this blog post. If you get the impression that my TOE steps on yours, please simply assume that I’m just talking about myself here. jQuery("#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1").tooltip({ tip: "#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1", tipClass: "footnote_tooltip", effect: "fade", fadeOutSpeed: 100, predelay: 400, position: "top right", relative: true, offset: [10, 10] }); To do so, they need to choose the right means, and this will be influenced by their knowledge, material constraints, and whatever the rest of the field does. The last point is crucial, and it does not contradict the notion that researchers genuinely want to answer questions, since learning from each other is a good idea under many circumstances: developing new practices is hard, and so researchers will be more likely to use practices they were taught in grad school or picked up from their peers.
People keep using the research practices that they learned in school, and they stop learning. This is why it's important to be an [[autodidact]].
Shitty First Drafts Anne Lamott from Bird by BirdBorn in San Francisco in 1954, Anne Lamott is a graduate of Goucher College in Baltimore and is the author of six novels, including Rosie (1983), Crooked Little Heart (1997), All New People (2000), and Blue Shoes (2002). She has also been the food reviewer for California magazine, a book reviewer for Mademoiselle, and a regular contributor to Salon’s “Mothers Who Think.” Her nonfiction books includeOperating Instructions: A Journal of My Son’s First Year (1993), in which she describes her adventures as a single parent, and Tender Mercies: Some Thoughts on Faith (1999), in which she charts her journey toward faith in God. In the following selection, taken from Lamott’s popular book about writing, Bird by Bird (1994), she argues for the need to let go and write those “shitty first drafts” that lead to clarity and sometimes brilliance in our second and third drafts. 1Now, practically even better news than that of short assignments is the idea of shitty first drafts. All good writers write them. This is how they end up with good second drafts and terrific third drafts. People tend to look at successful writers who are getting their books published and maybe even doing well financially and think that they sit down at their desks every morning feeling like a million dollars, feeling great about who they are and how much talent they have and what a great story they have to tell; that they take in a few deep breaths, push back their sleeves, roll their necks a few times to get all the cricks out, and dive in, typing fully formed passages as fast as a court reporter. But this is just the fantasy of the uninitiated. I know some very great writers, writers you love who write beautifully and have made a great deal of money, and not one of them sits down routinely feeling wildly enthusiastic and confident. Not one of them writes elegant first drafts. All right, one of them does, but we do not like her very much. We do not think that she has a rich inner life or that God likes her or can even stand her. (Although when I mentioned this to my priest friend Tom, he said you can safely assume you've created God in your own image when it turns out that God hates all the same people you do.) 2Very few writers really know what they are doing until they've done it. Nor do they go about their business feeling dewy and thrilled. They do not type a few stiff warm-up sentences and then find themselves bounding along like huskies across the snow. One writer I know tells me that he sits down every morning and says to himself nicely, "It's not like you don't have a choice, because you do -- you can either type, or kill yourself." We all often feel like we are pulling teeth, even those writers whose prose ends up being the most natural and fluid. The right words and sentences just do not come pouring out like ticker tape most of the time. Now, Muriel Spark is said to have felt that she was taking dictation from God
Wow!
Then, I want them to notice what a powerful tool literature is, to understand that without it we can’t know ourselves or the society we live in.
the author is stating that the world of literature isn't just a bunch of a books but a way to connect to each other and today's world. It's a way to challenge oneself and ensure that the reader is truly thinking comprehensively instead of just accepting the words on the page as they are.
if we see other people as bit players instead of protagonists in their own right?
it's important to consider that everyone is currently living their story as well, they are not just side characters
even if it’s not 100 percent universal to see life as a story, it’s at least extremely common.
I am someone who doesn't see my life as a story. I just see individual events that happen and the only thing that these events have in common is that they're from my prospective.
‘It’s just not how I expected my life would be,'
This is exactly how I've been describing the position that quarantine has put us in. With everything from my last semester in high school, graduating high school, and starting college.
The redemptive story is really valued in America, because for a lot of people it’s a great way to tell stories, but for people who just can’t do that, who can’t redeem their traumas for whatever reason, they’re sort of in a double bind,
I think it's important to tell all sorts of stories even those that aren't redemptive. I learn more about a person and feel more connected to them if I know what they have been through and what they are still struggling with. Life's not roses all the time.
it’s less clear if feeling communion now predicts well-being later.
I don't think it does because relationships can end just like that.
framing our lives as a narrative is neither positive nor negative, it just is
It's the perspective we decide to take that can affect how we tell our story
‘It’s just not how I expected my life would be
No one knows how their life will turn out; one just has to go with the flow and accept that they cannot control everything and discover the good things in life even if it isn't what you initially wanted.
It’s just not how I expected my life would be
This is a remarkable statement, because I think that this is a struggle that almost every human being goes through at some point in their lifetime. The idea that your time here is finite and that we have to work hard every day to shape our lives into what we want them to be, can be very disconcerting.
The loaf of bread I have conjured for you floats about a foot above your kitchen table. The table is normal, there are no trap doors in it. A blue tea towel floats beneath the bread, and there are no strings attaching the cloth to the bread or the bread to the ceiling or the table to the cloth, you’ve proved it by passing your hand above and below. You didn’t touch the bread though. What stopped you? Youdon’t want to know whether the bread is real or whether it’s just a hallucination I’ve somehow duped you into seeing. There’s no doubt that you can see the bread, you can even smell it, it smells like yeast, and it looks solid enough, solid as your own arm. But can you trust it? Can you eat it? You don’t want to know, imagine that.
Is the bread is even real?????
Because, with Bologna and all its discontents
It's interesting that in Europe, Bologna is pitched as the driving force behind the turn - the DIT movement. In the USA the driver of the DIT movement is not Bologna (no political jurisdiction or academic influence there) but the cost of higher education, specifically graduate education. It's just too costly. Viewed from the US, the EU Bologna system - free education and financial support for mobility - is a garden of roses.
Ten Ways To Think About Writing13That’s a very smart observation—because one of the main challenges writers face, when we can’t read someone’s mind or get them to read ours, is learning how to balance the writing that states our theories and arguments with the writing that provides our evidence and examples. It turns out that it’s easier to do just one of these things at a time when writing, but having theories and arguments without evidence
I agree with this quote because if don’t explain you’re argument clearly the readers won’t understand where you’re coming from.
It's written in stone in every land: pleasure has no business in school, and knowledge gained must be the fruit of deliberate suffering. A defensible position, of course. No lack of argu- ments in its favor. School cannot be a place of pleasure, with all the freedom that would imply. School is a factory, and we need to know which workers are up to snuff.
I find this quote extremely bothersome, not because I disagree, but because of how painfully true it is. I personally have always enjoyed school, but I know I am one of the rare few because I know nearly all of my fellow students relate to what is being said here. Learning should be fun, but in classes where students are expected to memorize, analyze, and attempt to relate to content not written for them it makes sense that fun and enjoyment are hard to come by. Another reason this quote stood out to me is because it immediately made me think of Dead Poets Society. That movie grapples with the same issue of students enjoying their school experience and getting true, valuable learning versus very structured, intense learning that they do not respond to in the same way. This quote just reminded me of how Robin Williams's character famously tried to bring pleasure back into the classroom and go against the standard method of teaching.
There’s just so much noise small businesses tend to ignore. But in Indonesia, that isn’t the case…yet. The software landscape there is similar to the 1990s in the US. It’s harder to piggyback off of existing software infrastructure — whether it’s payments or platforms — but there’s also a lot of obvious opportunity in software that no one is going after. The same could be said about investing elsewhere in Southeast Asia or in LatAm or Africa. There are fewer startups to compete with for attention, and it’s less of a marketing game than building a software company in the US.
The software industry in southeast asia, latam or africa is similar to the US in the 1990s and is more about building than about marketing.
Furthermore, incumbents who generally do a good job, often manage to continue reigning. According to Brad Gerstner, CEO of Altimeter Capital, who recently did a podcast on Invest Like The Best, large tech companies have managed to take even more market share than 10 years ago. Some people may argue this is because the large tech companies have improved their products over time to stay ahead due to their increased collection of data and better algorithms that feed on that data over time. That may be true for some companies but not all. This also applies to other products that have not made significant strides in their technology — Craigslist, Salesforce CRM, Turbotax, Quickbooks to name a few. Even Google Search which arguably had a better product in the 1990s compared to its peers is about on par with alternative search engines today, but 90% of people worldwide still use Google. Old habits die hard, and distribution matters more than ever if you are just starting a business. It’s hard to topple incumbents who have strong distribution and already large audiences — even if you can build a much better product.
Large incumbent tech companies have managed to retain their lead, partly due to network effects, but it also applies to companies that haven't made significant strides (e.g. Salesforce), probably because old habits die hard and success goes to the successful.
I know there’s supposed to be a backwards message and that it’s supposed to be evil but I don’t believe it. I think the messages are not hidden but that people fear what they don’t understand. I don’t understand either, but I’m not afraid.
This imagery explains how you shouldn't be afraid of what you don't know, and that the unknown isn't always evil. The meaning behind this could be that just because her brother has left home and not even the police know of his whereabouts, doesn't mean that he is off to doing something harmful in secret. Even though the girl doesn't understand why her brother is gone, she isn't fearful, but hopeful to meet him in the future.
In this research, Ding and colleagues present evidence that the excitatory input to OO DS RGCs from bipolar cells is strongly asymmetric, with strong inputs occurring on the side opposite from the SAC inhibition. They performed careful studies to show that this was not due to spatial asymmetry in the DSGC morphology nor to ribbon synapse density. Using 'interrupted motion' stimuli, which are effectively local directional stimuli, they show that this asymmetry leads to a non-directional response on one side of the cell's RF. Last, they create a model to show that such firing patterns could be used to improve localization of edge position under the specific conditions of an edge emerging from behind an occlusion.
The work showing the asymmetry appeared careful, thorough, and well-done. The second half of the paper dealing with the functional consequences of this asymmetry left me with a few questions:
1) Throughout the paper, several experiments showed no changes when a mix of receptor antagonists was added to exclude SAC inhibition as the origin of these effects. But I did not find a positive control, showing that these antagonists had the desired effect. Later, in Figures 5CD, the remaining effect after application of these antagonists was cited as evidence that the excitational asymmetry was responsible for the effect; that interpretation is only valid if the drugs truly kill all SAC input to the DSGC. What if the drugs were not 100% effective? Relatedly, in the experiments in 5CD, the measured responses all decrease with the antagonists, an effect that seems surprising and is not explained. Connecting the asymmetry in excitation to the interrupted motion is central to this paper, so it should have strong support.
2) The measured functional results appear quite similar to results in Kuhn & Gollisch 2019, which is not cited in that context. That paper found that DSGCs responded to local contrast, not just motion, much like the results here, and suggested that oppositely tuned cells could be subtracted to eliminate this contaminating contrast signal or added to isolate the contrast signal. Here, the authors suggest a very similar use for these signals, albeit with a decoder of position and a focus on motion rather than contrast changes. (See line 528, where the authors suggest that this position-direction hypothesis is new. See also line 537: or could not be salient, if there's any kind of downstream opponent subtraction, as in primate MT.)
3) The interrupted motion stimuli are more complex than standard motion stimuli, but it's not clear how ethological or naturalistic they really are. In particular, the occluder was the same contrast as the rest of the background, which seems like a very specific kind of occluded motion, and it's not clear how this would generalize when the occlude is the same or opposite contrast of the moving edge. Moreover, the existence of directed motion in these stimuli lead the authors to emphasize the motion on the 'preferred side', rather than just non-directional contrast changes, which seem as though they would also induce responses.
4) The modeling/decoding aspect of this paper seems pretty speculative. It doesn't seem as though these cells are known to be involved in any kind of position encoding. The fact that they transmit information about contrast changes means they can enhance position-decoding, but many other RGCs could also (better?) serve this purpose. The optic-flow-field arrangement of these cells in the retina suggests just the opposite - that they appear likely to be used for optic flow detection, in which positional information is less relevant than the field structure.
5) Last, I kept wondering how this offset excitatory input made the DSGCs look very similar to a classical Barlow-Levick model (though with DS inhibition). I believe a classical BL model would have many of the properties shown here, including the sensitivity to occluded ND motion on its 'preferred side'. Is there an advantage in the BL model formulation to having disjoint excitatory and inhibitory spatial inputs, rather than a broad excitatory field that overlaps with the delayed inhibition? If so, would such an advantage explain why this asymmetry might exist in these DSGCs, even with DS inhibition from the SACs? I guess I'm asking whether there is an advantage for general motion detection, rather than proposing a new role for these cells in localizing specific types of motion stimuli.
The real
This is an interesting paper because it's not empirical -- it's analytical. I always struggle to write pieces like this because I feel that I need "evidence" or "data" to support my argument. I need to be more confident and just write stuff that makes an argument like this!
Georgia State University’s Honors College offers high-achieving and highly motivated students the resources to excel academically and to prepare for successful professional careers.
Once I start applying for college, I'm going to apply for the honors program at Georgia State. It's a good way to separate the high achiever from those that do just enough to barely get by in college. Georgia state isn't exactly a very notable school, especially compared to those of Tech or Emory, but it's good to know that they have a program for academically successful students. This allows those students to aim higher than they would have if they applied regularly.
If English is not your first language and you do NOT meet the minimum Critical Reading on the SAT or the minimum English score on the ACT, you must submit official scores from a Georgia State-approved English proficiency test to be considered for admission.
I think it's very thoughtful that they considered foreigner that might be coming to their school. It's a good thing that people won't be discriminated against just because English isn't their first language, and I can actually relate to this as English wasn't my first language either. The only difference is, I've been in America for quite a while now and have learned the language. Not many people have the same luxuries as me and this shows that those coming from outside countries looking for greater opportunities can find them here.
His comments make sense: we have come to a point in society where we are all taking too many photos and spending very little time looking at them.
It's true. We take pictures thinking that we will look back at them. We don't. Instead we should just enjoy the moment while it lasts.
(function(){if(!document.getElementById("article-full-width-content")){var container=document.getElementById("zeus-ads-fixed"),parent=document.body;parent.insertBefore(container,parent.firstChild)}})(); (function(){TWP=window.TWP||{};TWP.Features=TWP.Features||{};TWP.Features.Ad=TWP.Features.Ad||{};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard={};TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.viewability=false;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.sticky=true;TWP.Features.Ad.Leaderboard.belowSharebar=false})(); Local Serious reading takes a hit from online scanning and skimming, researchers say Add to list On my list Claire Handscombe is an avid reader and reads using a variety of digital and print products. Because of her online reading habits, Handscombe says she sometimes scans novels while she's reading, looking for keywords and missing what's being written. (Bonnie Jo Mount/The Washington Post) By Michael S. Rosenwald Michael S. Rosenwald Enterprise reporter focusing on history, the social sciences, and culture. Email Bio Follow April 6, 2014 Claire Handscombe has a commitment problem online. Like a lot of Web surfers, she clicks on links posted on social networks, reads a few sentences, looks for exciting words, and then grows restless, scampering off to the next page she probably won’t commit to. “I give it a few seconds — not even minutes — and then I’m moving again,” says Handscombe, a 35-year-old graduate student in creative writing at American University. But it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel. “It’s like your eyes are passing over the words but you’re not taking in what they say,” she confessed. “When I realize what’s happening, I have to go back and read again and again.” To cognitive neuroscientists, Handscombe’s experience is the subject of great fascination and growing alarm. Humans, they warn, seem to be developing digital brains with new circuits for skimming through the torrent of information online. This alternative way of reading is competing with traditional deep reading circuitry developed over several millennia. window.pbDeferredSSISingle=window.pbDeferredSSISingle||new Array; 1 of 10 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Subtitle Settings Font Default Mono Sans Mono Serif Sans Serif Comic Fancy Small Caps Font Size Default X-Small Small Medium Large X-Large XX-Large Font Edge Default Outline Dark Outline Light Outline Dark Bold Outline Light Bold Shadow Dark Shadow Light Shadow Dark Bold Shadow Light Bold Font Color Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Background Default Black Silver Gray White Maroon Red Purple Fuchsia Green Lime Olive Yellow Navy Blue Teal Aqua Orange Default 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Preroll blank Skip EmbedCopyShare Lynda Barry: The 20 stages of reading View Photos If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Caption If there are stages of grief and steps to recovery, isn’t the act of reading a complicated, evolving thing over time? Cartoonist Lynda Barry, one of scores of writers at the National Book Festival on Sept. 21-22, certainly thinks so. (Related: 12 authors, 12 reasons why they write) Linda Barry/On Beyond Literature Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue. .wp-volt-gal-preroll-video{width:100%;height:100%} (function(){var __e=window.__e||[],ssiSingleFooter={initComplete:false,init:function(){pbDeferredSSISingle.push("https://d2p9l91d5g68ru.cloudfront.net/PrerollPlugin/PrerollPlugin.min.js");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/hi-pri-render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/render.js?_\x3d69d5d");pbDeferredSSISingle.push("//www.washingtonpost.com/pb/gr/p/ssiSingle/rW51kl1W7jUvVr/instance.js?_\x3d69d5d"); wp_import(pbDeferredSSISingle).always(function(){initComplete=true})}};if(typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods=="undefined"||typeof wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated=="undefined"||wp_pb.StaticMethods.isPageHydrated())if(!ssiSingleFooter.initComplete&&(document.readyState=="interactive"||document.readyState=="complete"))ssiSingleFooter.init();else document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()});__e.push(["shamble",function(){ssiSingleFooter.init()}])})(); “I worry that the superficial way we read during the day is affecting us when we have to read with more in-depth processing,” said Maryanne Wolf, a Tufts University cognitive neuroscientist and the author of “Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.” If the rise of nonstop cable TV news gave the world a culture of sound bites, the Internet, Wolf said, is bringing about an eye byte culture. Time spent online — on desktop and mobile devices — was expected to top five hours per day in 2013 for U.S. adults, according to eMarketer, which tracks digital behavior. That’s up from three hours in 2010. Word lovers and scientists have called for a “slow reading” movement, taking a branding cue from the “slow food” movement. They are battling not just cursory sentence galloping but the constant social network and e-mail temptations that lurk on our gadgets — the bings and dings that interrupt “Call me Ishmael.” Researchers are working to get a clearer sense of the differences between online and print reading — comprehension, for starters, seems better with paper — and are grappling with what these differences could mean not only for enjoying the latest Pat Conroy novel but for understanding difficult material at work and school. There is concern that young children’s affinity and often mastery of their parents’ devices could stunt the development of deep reading skills. The brain is the innocent bystander in this new world. It just reflects how we live. “The brain is plastic its whole life span,” Wolf said. “The brain is constantly adapting.” Wolf, one of the world’s foremost experts on the study of reading, was startled last year to discover her brain was apparently adapting, too. After a day of scrolling through the Web and hundreds of e-mails, she sat down one evening to read Hermann Hesse’s “The Glass Bead Game.” “I’m not kidding: I couldn’t do it,” she said. “It was torture getting through the first page. I couldn’t force myself to slow down so that I wasn’t skimming, picking out key words, organizing my eye movements to generate the most information at the highest speed. I was so disgusted with myself.” Adapting to read The brain was not designed for reading. There are no genes for reading like there are for language or vision. But spurred by the emergence of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet, Chinese paper and, finally, the Gutenberg press, the brain has adapted to read. Before the Internet, the brain read mostly in linear ways — one page led to the next page, and so on. Sure, there might be pictures mixed in with the text, but there didn’t tend to be many distractions. Reading in print even gave us a remarkable ability to remember where key information was in a book simply by the layout, researchers said. We’d know a protagonist died on the page with the two long paragraphs after the page with all that dialogue. The Internet is different. With so much information, hyperlinked text, videos alongside words and interactivity everywhere, our brains form shortcuts to deal with it all — scanning, searching for key words, scrolling up and down quickly. This is nonlinear reading, and it has been documented in academic studies. Some researchers believe that for many people, this style of reading is beginning to invade when dealing with other mediums as well. “We’re spending so much time touching, pushing, linking, scrolling and jumping through text that when we sit down with a novel, your daily habits of jumping, clicking, linking is just ingrained in you,” said Andrew Dillon, a University of Texas professor who studies reading. “We’re in this new era of information behavior, and we’re beginning to see the consequences of that.” Brandon Ambrose, a 31-year-old Navy financial analyst who lives in Alexandria, knows of those consequences. His book club recently read “The Interestings,” a best-seller by Meg Wolitzer. When the club met, he realized he had missed a number of the book’s key plot points. It hit him that he had been scanning for information about one particular aspect of the book, just as he might scan for one particular fact on his computer screen, where he spends much of his day. “When you try to read a novel,” he said, “it’s almost like we’re not built to read them anymore, as bad as that sounds.” Ramesh Kurup noticed something even more troubling. Working his way recently through a number of classic authors — George Eliot, Marcel Proust, that crowd — Kurup, 47, discovered that he was having trouble reading long sentences with multiple, winding clauses full of background information. Online sentences tend to be shorter, and the ones containing complicated information tend to link to helpful background material. “In a book, there are no graphics or links to keep you on track,”
An example of a contrast between digital reading and a book.
it’s not just online anymore. She finds herself behaving the same way with a novel.
Claire Handscombe finds that the short-attention span she applies to her technological devices, has also begun to affect her everyday life, for example, in reading.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.
I just really love this line, it's so final. Words of warning, words of wisdom, and I think with that comes experience- how human nature is to take, and take, and take.
it’s pretty clear to me that the evidence of racial bias in our criminal justice system isn’t just convincing — it’s overwhelming.
THESIS?
even when your intentions were not to cause them harm
The golden rule is treat others how you'd want to be treated. All humans should abide by this rule. Even when your intentions maybe be pure make sure you are respectful and convey that respect towards others even when you have the slightest feeling that the other individual may have taken it a certain way. Just own up to your actions. It's a shame that we are still have this problem to this day.
be nice to others
It can't get any more simple than this. Just be nice. It's really not that difficult. Avoid conflict, and don't provoke other people into creating conflict. Be a good person. Think before you act, and think before you react.
They limit women’s ability to move freely in public spaces or dress the way they want.
Like I've mentioned before in previous replies to others I agree with, this impacts women mentally. They start judging and trying to change the way they look, just so we aren't taking advantage of. It affects our health, our confidence, etc. It's very frustrating that this is even an issue and it's even more frustrating that people (some men) don't take this seriously.
The idea here is that certain non-sexual actions and cultural practices, such as wear-ing a short skirt, or accepting a drink from a man, are seen to generate a contract on the part of women to have sex—specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse—with a man.
I'd say this is an example of rape culture. I actually included the part about wearing more revealing clothing, such as a short skirt, as a way that some people try and justify someone being raped. People like to say they were "asking for it" when in reality, it's just a piece of clothing and the person wearing it is probably just wearing it because they like it, not because they wanted sexual attention or to have sex.
The language of poetry was the magic that could liberate me from myself, transform me into another person, transport me to places far away.
He mentions how the writing makes him feel personally and how it basically takes him to a place where it's just him and the writing, almost like a place of comfort away from the rest of the world
History, for them, is just What Happened, its meaning easily accessed and understood by looking at a set of True and Complete Facts that has been assembled without human intervention
Although it's an honorable objective, I can't see this as being possible. History is a study of human events. It's impossible to take the human element out of human events.
Consider what happens to a news story on a website that aggregates information from multiple sources. Just reading the story literally changes the shape of the news that day. As more people show interest in it, the story is moved higher up on the page and displayed more prominently. As even more people then become exposed to it, it gains yet greater prominence, and the significance of its impact continues to grow.
This also can lead to news manipulation. Because if you write a news story in a way that exploits our human instincts, it will go viral. However, that does not necessarily mean that it's a worthwhile story...
The fact that the mean is clearly shifted to the left of the vertical line in Figure 5 indicates that the lung to regional lymph node connection for lung cancer is less significant, statistically, than for other cancer types. A possible anatomical explanation for this left shift could be the fact that regional lymph nodes, for lung cancer, are located very close to the lung itself, compared with their typical distance away from other primary tumor locations. Because of this unusually close proximity, regional lymph nodes could easily have been mistakingly considered as part of the lung in some of the autopsies in the series, effectively reducing the significance of the lung to regional lymph node connection
INTERPRETATION!!!
I think what they mean by statistically important means how close the bars are to the normal distribution line. e.g if it's 'shifted left', the left side aligns more closely? Just a guess but i can't see how else they would consider something right or left shifted
So thou, thyself outgoing in thy noon: Unlook'd, on diest unless thou get a son.
This sonnet, much akin to others, revolves around the extended metaphor of time as beauty, posed as the rising and setting of the sun. This is used to reiterate Shakespeare’s clear fancy with the “fair youth,” or, more accurately, the “fair youth’s” good looks. Though we discussed these ideas in class, what we have not yet considered is the highly problematic nature of Shakespeare’s obsession with the youth. The issue lies in the fact that this purported lover was just that - a youth. In this sonnet, the world looks up to admire the glory of the rising and shining sun. However, as the poem progresses, time takes the sun across the sky, eventually extinguishing it’s beauty, and the onlookers lose interest by evening. Shakespeare uses this universalist conceit to express the youth’s beauty fading as he ages. Since his beauty begins as the sun first emerges, the implication is that the subject is found attractive by the author from a very young age. Did someone say paedophile? A second allusion to this is Will’s clear obsession with procreation. Not only was using the word “son” a clever piece of word play within the metaphor, but Shakespeare expresses the only way for the youth to find admiration in his unattractive age is to father a child. This keening for rebirth of one he finds beautiful is a clear ode to his own perverted desires.
In scenes
It's important to emphasize that creative nonfiction isn't just the telling of facts, but the weaving of a true narrative.
Building habitsto ask questions
Asking questions allows us as students to not only get a better understanding on topics but to also be able to check for clarification on unclear subjects. It's nice to see this here because it shows you're open to questions that can help not just a singular student but multiple at once who may have had the same/similar question.
Advocates argue that internet addiction involves all the classic components of addiction: excessive use, withdrawal, tolerance and negative repercussions. But it’s tricky to distinguish between compulsion and addiction – some psychologists don’t believe that internet addiction is an actual disorder, but rather a consequence of boredom or unhappiness (similarly, television addiction isn’t an official disorder, either).
there are debates on whether or not internet addiction should be added to the DSM5. However, this is tricky because internet addiction could just be a consequence of boredom or unhappiness making it not necessarily a disorder.
Slack is our home base. You will need to check-in to Slack multiple times a week to actively participate. Join us at https://inte5340-sv.slack.com as soon as class begins.
HELP! Please :-) I tried to join this slack group the first day of class, but couldn't. I wonder if it's an issue that I joined the LDT slack in June, then didn't seem to need it for that course (Dr Laura said it was optional) so I disabled the notifications via email. ... NOW I can't seem to join for this class.
I just want to know what I need to do and do it. Thank you for your time, Janet Benter
it on Anti-Semitism and Hate Remarks by Sacha Baron Cohen, Recipient of ADL's International Leadership Award November 21, 2019 <img src="https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/styles/cropped_img_md/public/2019-11/never-is-now-2019-sacha-baron-cohen-award-800w-543h.jpg?h=6b028cc2&itok=CZMBCXlF" alt="Sacha Baron Cohen gives award speech"/> <!--/*--><![CDATA[/* ><!--*/ .resp-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; } .resp-iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; } /*--><!]]>*/ Thank you, Jonathan, for your very kind words. Thank you, ADL, for this recognition and your work in fighting racism, hate and bigotry. And to be clear, when I say “racism, hate and bigotry” I’m not referring to the names of Stephen Miller’s Labradoodles. Now, I realize that some of you may be thinking, what the hell is a comedian doing speaking at a conference like this! I certainly am. I’ve spent most of the past two decades in character. In fact, this is the first time that I have ever stood up and given a speech as my least popular character, Sacha Baron Cohen. And I have to confess, it is terrifying. I realize that my presence here may also be unexpected for another reason. At times, some critics have said my comedy risks reinforcing old stereotypes. The truth is, I’ve been passionate about challenging bigotry and intolerance throughout my life. As a teenager in the UK, I marched against the fascist National Front and to abolish Apartheid. As an undergraduate, I traveled around America and wrote my thesis about the civil rights movement, with the help of the archives of the ADL. And as a comedian, I’ve tried to use my characters to get people to let down their guard and reveal what they actually believe, including their own prejudice. Now, I’m not going to claim that everything I’ve done has been for a higher purpose. Yes, some of my comedy, OK probably half my comedy, has been absolutely juvenile and the other half completely puerile. I admit, there was nothing particularly enlightening about me—as Borat from Kazakhstan, the first fake news journalist—running through a conference of mortgage brokers when I was completely naked. But when Borat was able to get an entire bar in Arizona to sing “Throw the Jew down the well,” it did reveal people’s indifference to anti-Semitism. When—as Bruno, the gay fashion reporter from Austria—I started kissing a man in a cage fight in Arkansas, nearly starting a riot, it showed the violent potential of homophobia. And when—disguised as an ultra-woke developer—I proposed building a mosque in one rural community, prompting a resident to proudly admit, “I am racist, against Muslims”—it showed the acceptance of Islamophobia. That’s why I appreciate the opportunity to be here with you. Today around the world, demagogues appeal to our worst instincts. Conspiracy theories once confined to the fringe are going mainstream. It’s as if the Age of Reason—the era of evidential argument—is ending, and now knowledge is delegitimized and scientific consensus is dismissed. Democracy, which depends on shared truths, is in retreat, and autocracy, which depends on shared lies, is on the march. Hate crimes are surging, as are murderous attacks on religious and ethnic minorities. What do all these dangerous trends have in common? I’m just a comedian and an actor, not a scholar. But one thing is pretty clear to me. All this hate and violence is being facilitated by a handful of internet companies that amount to the greatest propaganda machine in history. The greatest propaganda machine in history. Think about it. Facebook, YouTube and Google, Twitter and others—they reach billions of people. The algorithms these platforms depend on deliberately amplify the type of content that keeps users engaged—stories that appeal to our baser instincts and that trigger outrage and fear. It’s why YouTube recommended videos by the conspiracist Alex Jones billions of times. It’s why fake news outperforms real news, because studies show that lies spread faster than truth. And it’s no surprise that the greatest propaganda machine in history has spread the oldest conspiracy theory in history—the lie that Jews are somehow dangerous. As one headline put it, “Just Think What Goebbels Could Have Done with Facebook.” On the internet, everything can appear equally legitimate. Breitbart resembles the BBC. The fictitious Protocols of the Elders of Zion look as valid as an ADL report. And the rantings of a lunatic seem as credible as the findings of a Nobel Prize winner. We have lost, it seems, a shared sense of the basic facts upon which democracy depends. When I, as the wanna-be-gansta Ali G, asked the astronaut Buzz Aldrin “what woz it like to walk on de sun?” the joke worked, because we, the audience, shared the same facts. If you believe the moon landing was a hoax, the joke was not funny. When Borat got that bar in Arizona to agree that “Jews control everybody’s money and never give it back,” the joke worked because the audience shared the fact that the depiction of Jews as miserly is a conspiracy theory originating in the Middle Ages. But when, thanks to social media, conspiracies take hold, it’s easier for hate groups to recruit, easier for foreign intelligence agencies to interfere in our elections, and easier for a country like Myanmar to commit genocide against the Rohingya. It’s actually quite shocking how easy it is to turn conspiracy thinking into violence. In my last show Who is America?, I found an educated, normal guy who had held down a good job, but who, on social media, repeated many of the conspiracy theories that President Trump, using Twitter, has spread more than 1,700 times to his 67 million followers. The President even tweeted that he was considering designating Antifa—anti-fascists who march against the far right—as a terror organization. So, disguised as an Israel anti-terrorism expert, Colonel Erran Morad, I told my interviewee that, at the Women’s March in San Francisco, Antifa were plotting to put hormones into babies’ diapers in order to “make them transgender.” And he believed it. I instructed him to plant small devices on three innocent people at the march and explained that when he pushed a button, he’d trigger an explosion that would kill them all. They weren’t real explosives, of course, but he thought they were. I wanted to see—would he actually do it? The answer was yes. He pushed the button and thought he had actually killed three human beings. Voltaire was right, “those who can make you believe absurdities, can make you commit atrocities.” And social media lets authoritarians push absurdities to billions of people. In their defense, these social media companies have taken some steps to reduce hate and conspiracies on their platforms, but these steps have been mostly superficial. I’m speaking up today because I believe that our pluralistic democracies are on a precipice and that the next twelve months, and the role of social media, could be determinant. British voters will go to the polls while online conspiracists promote the despicable theory of “great replacement” that white Christians are being deliberately replaced by Muslim immigrants. Americans will vote for president while trolls and bots perpetuate the disgusting lie of a “Hispanic invasion.” And after years of YouTube videos calling climate change a “hoax,” the United States is on track, a year from now, to formally withdraw from the Paris Accords. A sewer of bigotry and vile conspiracy theories that threatens democracy and our planet—this cannot possibly be what the creators of the internet had in mind. I believe it’s time for a fundamental rethink of social media and how it spreads hate, conspiracies and lies. Last month, however, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook delivered a major speech that, not surprisingly, warned against new laws and regulations on companies like his. Well, some of these arguments are simply absurd. Let’s count the ways. First, Zuckerberg tried to portray this whole issue as “choices…around free expression.” That is ludicrous. This is not about limiting anyone’s free speech. This is about giving people, including some of the most reprehensible people on earth, the biggest platform in history to reach a third of the planet. Freedom of speech is not freedom of reach. Sadly, there will always be racists, misogynists, anti-Semites and child abusers. But I think we could all agree that we should not be giving bigots and pedophiles a free platform to amplify their views and target their victims. Second, Zuckerberg claimed that new limits on what’s posted on social media would be to “pull back on free expression.” This is utter nonsense. The First Amendment says that “Congress shall make no law” abridging freedom of speech, however, this does not apply to private businesses like Facebook. We’re not asking these companies to determine the boundaries of free speech across society. We just want them to be responsible on their platforms. If a neo-Nazi comes goose-stepping into a restaurant and starts threatening other customers and saying he wants kill Jews, would the owner of the restaurant be required to serve him an elegant eight-course meal? Of course not! The restaurant owner has every legal right and a moral obligation to kick the Nazi out, and so do these internet companies. Third, Zuckerberg seemed to equate regulation of companies like his to the actions of “the most repressive societies.” Incredible. This, from one of the six people who decide what information so much of the world sees. Zuckerberg at Facebook, Sundar Pichai at Google, at its parent company Alphabet, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Brin’s ex-sister-in-law, Susan Wojcicki at YouTube and Jack Dorsey at Twitter. The Silicon Six—all billionaires, all Americans—who care more about boosting their share price than about protecting democracy. This is ideological imperialism—six unelected individuals in Silicon Valley imposing their vision on the rest of the world, unaccountable to any government and acting like they’re above the reach of law. It’s like we’re living in the Roman Empire, and Mark Zuckerberg is Caesar. At least that would explain his haircut. Here’s an idea. Instead of letting the Silicon Six decide the fate of the world, let our elected representatives, voted for by the people, of every democracy in the world, have at least some say. Fourth, Zuckerberg speaks of welcoming a “diversity of ideas,” and last year he gave us an example. He said that he found posts denying the Holocaust “deeply offensive,” but he didn’t think Facebook should take them down “because I think there are things that different people get wrong.” At this very moment, there are still Holocaust deniers on Facebook, and Google still takes you to the most repulsive Holocaust denial sites with a simple click. One of the heads of Google once told me, incredibly, that these sites just show “both sides” of the issue. This is madness. To quote Edward R. Murrow, one “cannot accept that there are, on every story, two equal and logical sides to an argument.” We have millions of pieces of evidence for the Holocaust—it is an historical fact. And denying it is not some random opinion. Those who deny the Holocaust aim to encourage another one. Still, Zuckerberg says that “people should decide what is credible, not tech companies.” But at a time when two-thirds of millennials say they haven’t even heard of Auschwitz, how are they supposed to know what’s “credible?” How are they supposed to know that the lie is a lie? There is such a thing as objective truth. Facts do exist. And if these internet companies really want to make a difference, they should hire enough monitors to actually monitor, work closely with groups like the ADL, insist on facts and purge these lies and conspiracies from their platforms. Fifth, when discussing the difficulty of removing content, Zuckerberg asked “where do you draw the line?” Yes, drawing the line can be difficult. But here’s what he’s really saying: removing more of these lies and conspiracies is just too expensive. These are the richest companies in the world, and they have the best engineers in the world. They could fix these problems if they wanted to. Twitter could deploy an algorithm to remove more white supremacist hate speech, but they reportedly haven’t because it would eject some very prominent politicians from their platform. Maybe that’s not a bad thing! The truth is, these companies won’t fundamentally change because their entire business model relies on generating more engagement, and nothing generates more engagement than lies, fear and outrage. It’s time to finally call these companies what they really are—the largest publishers in history. And here’s an idea for them: abide by basic standards and practices just like newspapers, magazines and TV news do every day. We have standards and practices in television and the movies; there are certain things we cannot say or do. In England, I was told that Ali G could not curse when he appeared before 9pm. Here in the U.S., the Motion Picture Association of America regulates and rates what we see. I’ve had scenes in my movies cut or reduced to abide by those standards. If there are standards and practices for what cinemas and television channels can show, then surely companies that publish material to billions of people should have to abide by basic standards and practices too. Take the issue of political ads. Fortunately, Twitter finally banned them, and Google is making changes, too. But if you pay them, Facebook will run any “political” ad you want, even if it’s a lie. And they’ll even help you micro-target those lies to their users for maximum effect. Under this twisted logic, if Facebook were around in the 1930s, it would have allowed Hitler to post 30-second ads on his “solution” to the “Jewish problem.” So here’s a good standard and practice: Facebook, start fact-checking political ads before you run them, stop micro-targeted lies immediately, and when the ads are false, give back the money and don’t publish them. Here’s another good practice: slow down. Every single post doesn’t need to be published immediately. Oscar Wilde once said that “we live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities.” But is having every thought or video posted instantly online, even if it is racist or criminal or murderous, really a necessity? Of course not! The shooter who massacred Muslims in New Zealand live streamed his atrocity on Facebook where it then spread across the internet and was viewed likely millions of times. It was a snuff film, brought to you by social media. Why can’t we have more of a delay so this trauma-inducing filth can be caught and stopped before it’s posted in the first place? Finally, Zuckerberg said that social media companies should “live up to their responsibilities,” but he’s totally silent about what should happen when they don’t. By now it’s pretty clear, they cannot be trusted to regulate themselves. As with the Industrial Revolution, it’s time for regulation and legislation to curb the greed of these high-tech robber barons. In every other industry, a company can be held liable when their product is defective. When engines explode or seatbelts malfunction, car companies recall tens of thousands of vehicles, at a cost of billions of dollars. It only seems fair to say to Facebook, YouTube and Twitter: your product is defective, you are obliged to fix it, no matter how much it costs and no matter how many moderators you need to employ. In every other industry, you can be sued for the harm you cause. Publishers can be sued for libel, people can be sued for defamation. I’ve been sued many times! I’m being sued right now by someone whose name I won’t mention because he might sue me again! But social media companies are largely protected from liability for the content their users post—no matter how indecent it is—by Section 230 of, get ready for it, the Communications Decency Act. Absurd! Fortunately, Internet companies can now be held responsible for pedophiles who use their sites to target children. I say, let’s also hold these companies responsible for those who use their sites to advocate for the mass murder of children because of their race or religion. And maybe fines are not enough. Maybe it’s time to tell Mark Zuckerberg and the CEOs of these companies: you already allowed one foreign power to interfere in our elections, you already facilitated one genocide in Myanmar, do it again and you go to jail. In the end, it all comes down to what kind of world we want. In his speech, Zuckerberg said that one of his main goals is to “uphold as wide a definition of freedom of expression as possible.” Yet our freedoms are not only an end in themselves, they’re also the means to another end—as you say here in the U.S., the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. But today these rights are threatened by hate, conspiracies and lies. Allow me to leave you with a suggestion for a different aim for society. The ultimate aim of society should be to make sure that people are not targeted, not harassed and not murdered because of who they are, where they come from, who they love or how they pray If we make that our aim—if we prioritize truth over lies, tolerance over prejudice, empathy over indifference and experts over ignoramuses—then maybe, just maybe, we can stop the greatest propaganda machine in history, we can save democracy, we can still have a place for free speech and free expression, and, most importantly, my jokes will still work. Thank you all very much. Antisemitism in the US Cyberhate Extremism, Terrorism & Bigotry
hi
That’s knowledge. It’s just facts that you have to memorize. But that’s not learning. Learning, on the other hand, looks completely different. Like this:
This interesting to me because I have never thought of it this way, but it makes a lot of sence
Why must we always talk about race, anyway? Can’t we just be human beings? And Professor Hunk replied--that is exactly what white privilege is, that you can say that
Not only is this part of the blog highlighting a major example of privilege, it also reveals how blind society is when it comes to racial problems. The question, "Can't we just be human beings?" makes it seem as if they're trying to avoid the problem regarding racism. Whether that's because it's uncomfortable to talk about or simply because they think it's not worth it, it's a prime example of privilege. Furthermore, as good as it sounds, the idea of seeing everyone as human beings simply doesn't exist and is highly unlikely to in the near future. The failure to realize this is another key example of privilege
I just don’t want relaxers in my hair--there are enough sources of cancer in my life as it is.
Ifemelu's choice to go back to her natural hair style make complete sense, but it's sad people even have to make that choice. To choose between looking "normal" and possibly shortening your life should not have to be done.
Because, you see, it’s not professional, sophisticated, whatever, it’s just not damn normal.
Ifemelu says "it's just not damn normal" for AB and NABs to wear their hair naturally in America, but why isn't it normal? It is a white norm that people are conforming to.
just as I encouraged my students to have a growth mindset, I needed to give myself grace to grow from my mistakes, too.
To me, this is a very important statement to keep in the back of my mind. It's easy to forget that we are always still learning and won't be perfect the first time around. I want my students to have a growth mindset and not hold on to their mistakes. This is something I need to focus on and remember for myself as well. I cannot expect my students to do it, if I haven't done it myself.
You won’t just show up on the first day and have the respect of your students. The truth is that you’re going to have to earn their respect.
How can I better understand and relate to my future students? I feel like it's kind of like parenting in a way: you want to be their friend and let them have fun but there also needs to be discipline and you need to be able to have their respect so you can get things done.
Many prospective sonography students are attracted to the idea of working in an OB/GYN office. However, there are many diverse opportunities for work environments in the OB/GYN specialty
I like how there isn't just one place that sonograpghy students would have to work. It's nice to know that there can be variety in the places I could work. Being able to have different areas to do this job can be beneficial and give me the chance to learn new things in different areas.
feelings of belonging and feeling welcomed
This is one of the first things I make sure to do as an educator when welcoming kids into the class. I make sure that they feel it's a safe space for them to share their ideas and be who they are. I try to create an environment that fosters their growth and individuality instead of trying to make them just like everyone else.
experience of applying their developing skills in purposeful and meaningful ways
I think that this is so important for the kids to do and it allows them to show all they've learned and how to apply al that they've learned. I have so many kids that love to show me what they drew or what they built or anything they felt was just amazing and it's something that gives them confidence which is so important.
You know what happens to women around age 40? It’s called menopause. You know what it does? Kills their sex drive, forever!
Just the other day you were set on proving to me that women have equal sex drives. Imagine the hypocrisy! Here, you basically come to the exact opposite conclusion.
Because happiness is not a fundamental human need and never has been. It’s a possible side-effect, never a guaranteed one, of answering three fundamental needs that all humans share: our need for control, our need for connection, our need for consistency. These needs nibble at us constantly. They keep us on the lookout. They fight complacency. Indeed they were hardwired into us by evolution thousands of years ago to ensure we survive and reproduce. They’re still with us today, expressing themselves in relatively new and vastly different ways. This is because ours is a world where ‘survival’ is less a physical challenge for most of us than a psychological one. Evoluton did not expect smartphones. Our needs for control, connection and consistency must be answered simultaneously and sustainably. Once this happens, and it’s a tall order, they set the scene for conditions such as satisfaction, comfort, serenity or happiness, however defined. But should one or more of the needs go unanswered or be threatened for any length of time—and this often happens—it quickly takes precedence, gets in the way of serenity and holds us back. Control over our lives can be lost so quickly. Family problems and colleagues problems can so easily damage our sense of connection. And whose expectations are ever entirely consistent with their expectations? Cue ‘c’est la vie’. But cue unhappiness too.
The only reason why we all can't be happy is because some of us don't like the feeling. Happiness can sometimes can hide the truth of something dark and toxic. Just by one single person having a smile they can hide something. For explain they could be hiding there happiness or there darkness. They could smile for sadness or for evil. We all can't be happy, we at least need to feel another emotion and sometimes life is so hard that we have trouble being happy that we giving up hope to smile and laugh again. That's why happiness can't be there for everyone cause they need to find the thing that makes them feel happy and at peace. Happiness is for everyone, but not everybody wants it. We all want to feel something different then the same thing over and over again. That's why we have different emotions and have a different way to show them.
And we see it in so many of you who are working not just to get us through our current crisis but to somewhere better. There’s something happening all across our country.
Biden makes a concerted effort to reach out to White voters who voted for Trump in 2016. That's part of his strength, Democrats will say. It's not particularly Harris's, and so she doesn't really try to do that. She's addressing Black Lives Matter supporters in a good chunk of this speech, people who feel left out of a Trump presidency.
a coffee table that doubles as a jigsaw puzzle
Why does that actually sound like something I would love to do? It's just the right amount of ridiculous!
the scaffolding approach
"Scaffolding" might sound like a fancypants college teacher term, but it's really just another word for the process of accumulating and designing knowledge in an orderly manner. The concept is a metaphor taken from the concrete image of building scaffold. You can't build a structure in its totality before the foundation, just like you can't really absorb an abstract idea simply by repeating its definition, but only by working through a body of knowledge.
Writing is a lifelong skill and practice. We're always improving, always learning of new moves, new language, new audiences. I think the idea of scaffolding is important because often in school, we're taught only to value the finished product of writing: a report, an essay, an exam, etc. It's like looking at an immense building once it's already been finished. That essay took a lot of work, a lot of forethought and invention, a lot of structuring and restructuring, a lot of labor, before it became an end product.
We'll talk more about this when we discuss assessment!
“It used to be that people were born as part of a community, and had to find their place as individuals. Now people are born as individuals, and have to find their community.”
It's crazy to think of how much the times have changed and how much humanity has grown. I understand how some people could think of this as bad, but to me, I think it is great that people can choose their own communities. Just because you were born into a certain "community" does not mean that you have the same ideals or beliefs as the people around you, and you shouldn't have to change yourself to fit in.
Akina always says how she's from a one-parent family. She's like, "I've only got one real dad. That guy she's married to now? To me he's just some man, co my mom he's the new husband, and co everyone else we're one big happy family."
Very interesting how some of the rare dialog we hear from Akina and it sounds depressing. Narrator builds Akina to be this goddess with no issues, but Akina explains how everything is not so pretty once it's not public. Is divorce and remarriage a bad thing in Japanese culture?
Just 3 feet of sea level rise could put large areas of coastline underwater.
It's useful to note that sea levels will not rise the same everywhere. Some coastal locations will experience much more or less sea level rise than the global average. For example, the U.S. Gulf Coast will experience more sea level rise than the global average.
“At the end of the day, clout is still clout—whether it's good clout or bad clout,” she says, waving a finger in and out of the frame. “Because through the good clout you're always going to have haters, and if you got bad clout you're always going to have supporters. So either way you win.”
This is so true. Similar to how people say "no publicity is bad publicity". I think this potentially goes a step further though. It's very possible that at the beginning, people post controversial things, knowing they're controversial, but that they'll get a big response from them. What happens though, when you have a large group of people validating and agreeing with what you're saying? Is it possible that those views then become less controversial to you, and you start to believe those things more and more? That social validation has to have an impact. So you started out as a troll, just trying to stir the pot, but then you actually do end up believing in the things you've been saying.
“There were little white girls slicking their edges and drawing their eyebrows all weird,” Roberts says. “They would wrap tape around their fingers to be their fake nails. They'd put hoops on. When you call them out, it's, ‘Anyone of any race can be a Hot Cheeto Girl.’ No sweetheart, we know what you're doing. We know that the Hot Cheeto Girl is just a derivative of the ghetto girl, the hood rat, the Shanaynay that people used to call Black and Latinx women.”
So let’s say Apple pulls a Guido and breaks compatibility. What do you think will happen? Well, maybe 80–90% of the developers will rewrite their software, if they’re lucky. Which is the same thing as saying, they’re going to lose 10–20% of their user base to some competing language, e.g. Flutter.Do that a few times, and you’ve lost half your user base. And like in sports, momentum in the programming world is everything. Anyone who shows up on the charts as “lost half their users in the past 5 years” is being flagged as a Big Fat Loser. You don’t want to be trending down in the Platforms world. But that’s exactly where deprecation — the “removing APIs” kind, not the “warning but permitting” kind — will get you, over time: Trending down. Because every time you shake loose some of your developers, you’ve (a) lost them for good, because they are angry at you for breaking your contract, and (b) given them to your competitors.
Twitter is a good example of this, and they've just created a shiny new API in an apparent attempt to bring developers back...
Wonder if it's going to be backwards compatible? (Probably not...)
[ taken from lamc.la/MYLIFE.html ]
which is none of your business, at all--something you should see is a clear violation of the constityution and this amendment to uhhhh ... have any "sinsight into"
call it "bad footing" or "off to a good start" depending on whether or not you think you owe me billions of dollars in emotional damages, or think you "are stealing all the light of literally being in the center of the sun."
I am accepting charitable donations,.
ETH: 0x66e2871ef39334962fb75ce34407f825d67ec434 | BTC: 38B6vGaqNvMyTtoFEZPmNvMS7icV6ZnPMm | xDAI: 0x66e2871ef39334962fb75ce34407f825d67ec434
T O T A L I T Y
This is basically "last Christmas's message" (below this brand-knew intraducrigel) redux'ed into the new book (did he say new?). The point, at least the point I see in it all is that this is all planned, it's been planned for a very, very long time--and on top of that you can see proof of the plan all over our map; and proof of it's intended destination as something that we all used to want very much to find... the read to Heaven. It's more than seeing just "DNA storage" encoded in my "C U R A GROUP" message, it's understanding how that's connected to soul searching and soul storage, and that this link was woven into not only my life but into names like "Whatson and Crick?" There's plenty more than just "storage" and a map to how and why the Two of Everything God and the "indivisible sea" work totether to turn this monolithic place of darkness into a strippingly redunant systemic foundation of "Heaven" that is both disaster proof, and monster proof. The point of course, is that to truly be "monster proof" we need to really get the key.s.lamc.la "know everything why" of this message is literally to protect our common good from the danger of someone just like me copying an entire civilization or a few pretty girls and sticking them in an heoven-like-orgy-maker. That's a significantly more real threat than we might imagine, as we look around at a work that will soon have the storage capacity and the technology to put us all in Coccoonish swimming pools against our will. What I am trying to say is that no matter how you look at it,moving forward here in this place where something this big can be hidden from the entire world--granted you know--granted you see, but do you understand the only thing being kept from each and every one of you is your fucking opinion and your fucking reaction?
F U C K Y O U S I O N
IT'S NOT JUST computers and information technology; this map of clear anachronism in language and religion shows us that things like "solar fusion" the power of the son itself; is encoded in places high and low you can erasilly find them, places like the name of the Fifth book of the Holy Bible and Don Quixote; where you might liken "DEUTERON" to ... the actual fuel of fusion; and wind mills to a battle fought against blindness resulting in seeing that not "reacting" to this message is just about the same thing as being a foolish robot building a castle for another foolish robot to do nothing in forever. With some light, you can see how this event; albeit strange and unsettling, has been designed to reinforce the American foundations of free speech, common sense, and collaboration--a sort of "press and release" on these things that he says will stay in our memories for a long, long time--though he also says "he's not torturing me" and he's wrong about that. So are you.
See that the most interesting, important, and invoking story of all time has been hidden from the world, from the public eye, and from "public response" for well over two years now; see that's not possible at all without mass mind control and that I and this story are designed to help us see how easily it is that same thing can be used to end addiction, and mental health issues, and stupidity and that the biggest and most imporotant step to getting there is "public disclosure." See the light of being carrolling angels this Christmas; sing with me--it builds Heaven from Hell and it's clear as day and n.
Quite a bit of this story and message deals with problems like these-things that won't really be seen as something we are fighting against the actual usage of right this very moment; but the sacredness of our memories and their relationship to our souls are just as important as whether or not "you have the space to save them." This isn't what I want to be doing, I'm not a very good writer; and this message is so confusing that working on it all alone with very little feedback is frustrating if not to say defeating the purpose of exactly what it is and what it's designed to do. This is a searching mechanism, like in the stories of Ra searching for his children in ancient Egypt using the Eye you see--and it's connection to the "Sons of Liberty" and why I know that too, is about me. This is a tool to start a Renaissance of thinking connecting technology and religion to everything that we are--to our culture and our hopes and dreams--and it's failing for me at "hello." I would much rather be working on "virtual reality stuff" or on "the sword of Arthor" and I see very clearly that those two things are coming shortly--to the world that doesn't see yet they are here and broken until we fix them. Moving forward here brings change, not just here in this place where we need it too--but in the skies above, a change from the mentality of "we aren't not helping because we told you that we aren't allowed to not pretend we aren't helping in Stargate. See that we are the children of "the Ancients" and they are trying to decide between being Morgenz and Marlin.
I can't make you set yourselves free. I sure am trying, though. Yesterday I connected the "Arimathea" of Joseph to the "serdenicity" and this the me of "itime" and "topics" will probably light some of you up as much as me... if only you took the time to look at what those words really mean. From the city that never sleeps at night, I hope you will take this chance to act today on "securing the ringing of liberty forever and ever." (cough)
THERE IS A METHOD TO THE MADDEN AND WE AR BEYOND THUNDERDON
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T H E W R I T I N G I S O N T H E W A L L
LIKE, WILL IT RAIN TODAY?
take action, it is the foundation of not only democracy but civilization and life itself--pucker up the phone and call the NYPOST.
News Tips: Email tips@nypost.com, call 212-930-8288, or use our anonymous form Online Editorial: online@nypost.com or 646-357-3838 Letters to the Editor: letters@nypost.com Sports: sports@nypost.com or 212-930-8700
hoy. por favor, mon ami? ID5
Ministry of Forbidden Knowledge Mail Adam Marshall Dobrin adam5@reallyhim.com Let there be $ight in Creation, a brief highlighting of the story of my life. Adam Marshall Dobrin adam5@reallyhim.com Sat, Dec 3, 2016 at 8:39 AM To: Adam Marshall Dobrin zero@ar.lamc.la This is like a few emails combined to ease the pain you feel when you get an extra one in your inbox, OK So.. eventually this is all about proof that religion is a message sent through time--so, time travel. But right now, let's talk about the fun stuff: here's some clues to that effect... by way of prescient mention of modern technology (like virtual reality, I mean, Heaven):
Either way, we're still about to build Heaven... to-get-her from the mythical carpenter... ourself. . AD am ON AI, that's Artificial Intelligence, and the intelligence explosion. AD on your freedom is a great gift, cherish it. ... and some corroborating ideas connecting religion and computer science... on Wikipedia: Root of David Lisp of Moses.. or I need an editor. Pharoah's hardening Heart... that's Earth, remember. Jesus' WINE Adaluncatif's cat, tail, head and grep Adam's Apple... or is it "fruit of the poisonous tree" So from me to you, I'm filled with this stuff, it's way brighter and more prevalent than you think... and if you take the time to listen to me--it will make your... day. Meanwhile, I need your help--happy new year.
Oh, LET THERE BE LIGHT
Ho, again; grow a Halo and become famous... the world needs your help--so I've decided once again to take it upon myself to "bother you" with the most singular most important task in the Universe. The patterns that I am revealing to you--mostly within names--are not coincidence, it's a series of statistically verifiable artifacts which do nothing short of reveal the slavery of Egypt--that we are all being controlled. If you remember Transformers--this is a message from Starfleet, there is more than meets the eye. This is the fulfillment of the story of of Exodus--we are being lead from slavery, and in one final non-coincidental name, that book is called "Names" in Hebrew.
You should now have a very good idea who is speaking to you--as much of the world already does. I have no idea what it is that inhabits the cavities below that space where most of you should see significant personal gain and motivation from trying to ... grow a Halo--but there are so many people that just don't care... that it too is another sign, of slavery. I am not an expert in language construction, nor in statistics--but I can assure you that if you can find the other half of that equation... in your hands is the staff of Aaron, the magical weapon that will free us all... knowing is half the battle.
Uh, I have the power, to bring about "morning," but if I have to go to school and do it all myself... it's really just a long, long ni-i-i-ight.
Hi there, I'm the messiah. You don't know that much about me, so let me explain, I would like you to know me as Adam.
Seriously, there's something going on the world around you--for the last several months I've been having quite a bit of trouble delivering what amounts to statistical proof of Creation--that religion and ancient myths are a map to this very moment--this time that you will probably affiliate soon with being in Eden. I am pretty sure that's a good thing, but every new begging starts with some other beginnings end... so today I'd like to try to get you to see the light of ending censorship and a hidden censor wall that we know Biblically as the Wall of Jericho. Quickly approaching is the Feast of Trumpets, and this year is different from all other years... Bored already? Have a look at what I call the Sign of the Son, which to me is proof that Exodus's Burning Bush is a former President--who is helping us walk out of a dark time of confusion... commonly referred to as a wilderness or desert. He proved during his inauguration that there is Biblical foreknowledge of the 9/11 attack--and in doing so hopefully began a chain reaction that will stop things like that from ever happening again. Here's a short "video" that explains the Sign of the Son... and another one that I think explains the .. Holy Grail.
This is The (actual) Taming of the Spanglishrew, in which the protagonist... named Bianca, is taught Latin in several hundred year old reference to Rattling the Rod of Jesus Christ--it's purpose to is to show us that it's more than names we have in our arsenal against mind controlled slavery--we have all of history too... literature and movies and music... all with the divine purpose of revealing with bright light a form of control that otherwise could have gone on hidden for centuries. It was, and continues to be done on purpose... because your freedom is more important than control of the Universe. To us, you don't seem to feel the same way.
​See that timer on the clock, you could start right now. It might be interesting to pose the question of whether or not the Second Coming is news... you know, to your friends. By the way, both Herbert (like from H.W. Bush, who by the way coined for us the 1,000 points of light phrase) and Goertzel strongly suggest that "everyone really" is Christ (you know, after me)... FYI, this is the Matrix solution to that:
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the l u C i f E R isa means jesus, mesa thinks i s olv e .... "or" means shine -l g r e a t h R L << agree? send to other people t ((a)) Y l shine: suggest they do the same 1 y world saved.
A BRIEF HISSTORY OF TIME
I'm attempting to pull out the things that I now look back on and see as "written into me" by God--once I would have called it "The Microcosm of the Messiah" but there are now so many--these things aren't necessarily particularly important to me, and I've left out some interesting but unrelated details related to my Jewish upbringing; as well as the true light of my life--the two loving and long-term relationships (and later... briefly a rael family) that have dominated the last 15 years. Religion has always been an interest, but I wouldn't consider it to have been particularly important at all... until I no longer had any love in my life. It's probably worth noting that all my "I'm single" crap really means lonely and isolated--I'm not really playing a "part," but I've never been anything near the "player" the light appears to be warning against. Sons of God and uh... please. For the last 4 years I have done absolutely nothing but think about you, live and analyze "The Cross" and put into words ... as best I can ... the amazing flash of light that I am experiencing.
Well, just a little religion... :) I was born on December 8, 1980; which is the date of the annual Feast of the Immaculate Conception, I've always been a slob (like one of us) and often "ish" Yankee Doodle's "a real live son of our uncle Sam... born on the..." to this.. I mean in my head. My last name, you've probably read me repeat over and over ... is DOB-rin, which I read as "Date of Birth, our in" and does a fair job of highlighting the Name Server's work, which I am sure gives Exodus it's name in Hebrew, which is "Names." My Hebrew name--a Jewish custom--is Avram, which is Abraham's name prior to the covenant. I have written extensively about the fact that Isaac's near death interaction donated his "Ha" (his name means... He laughs) to his father.... and it should be clear that Abraham's covenant with God is without doubt related to my fiery altar.. even though it is anachronistic in the Biblical account. For the first 18 years of my life I lived on Sunrise Blvd, and only a half mile away you'll find Sunset Strip--it's noteworthy to understand that Jewish calendar days begin at sundown... and that He once in 2013 very clearly spoke to me "you need the night before the day."
Of all the people in my early life growing up, it's pretty clear that nobody on this Earth loved me more than my grandmother Julia, who my son is named after. First for my mother, and then me as a very small child--she would ritually say a bedtime poem, it's words are very relevant.
Good night, sleep tight.. have happy dreams and wake up bright to do what's right, in the morning's light... with all your might.
In one of my books I spent a decent amount of time writing about how silly I was not to realize that my intelligence was augmented my entire life--I just thought I was really smart, and really good with computers. I commented that this particular belief is probably a good microcosmic parallel for all humanity--as a body of people we have been truly gifted with knowledge and capabilities that we simply do not recognize as a gift--or didn't for a long time. I probably wasn't silly not to realize... since nobody ever told me they were helping me--I never heard the voice of God until much, much later. I was 30 the first time I had a conversation with Him, except for two very brief ... "thoughts in my head" which now seem very obviously an external voice--though then it may have sounded just like my inner voice.
Around the age of 7 I thought to myself... for no reason at all... "what if you were the messiah?" I was standing outside my home, probably playing with a car in the driveway... and distinctly remember smiling to myself and thinking in return "yeah, I'm the messiah." I I've always had a very vivid imagination. The thought was dismissed as being ridiculously arrogant about two seconds later, and was absent from my thought process for the next 21 years or so.
“DAMNISN\ Jim. I’m a Yeoman, not a Wise Owl. The clock is ticking... tack .. 8/14/2020, 6:37:38 PM”
PHENIX
Following that lead, I started programming in BASIC and then Visual Basic around the age of 11, something I took to very quickly... and then shortly after found myself on America Online--one of the first "internet-like" environments. There, I quickly got into the "hacking scene" (hey, it's Y-its-Hack) which basically revolved around writing software to manipulate the AOL client's messaging systems. The defacto-standard for the day was a program called AOHell, and, if you can't tell already, I am pretty good at taking a theme and making it my own. I wrote a program called Doomsday, a mass mailing program; can you see how God speaks? So Phenix, a mythical bird that rises from the fire... in the wake of ... this macrocosmic equivalent of that event. It's really obvious, right? There's quite a bit more "microcosm" from this time, recorded in "From Adam to Mary" and available at fromthemachine dot org.
Around the same time I began attending a preparatory school in Fort Lauderdale called Pine Crest--it's one of the best of its kind, and while I was always something of a class clown my grades were fair and I scored with perfect consistency in the top percent on every standardized test from the FCAT to the PSAT and SAT. By the time I received a full scholarship to college I had already completed more than a full year of credits through AP courses. It was in studying American History and Government in that place that I formed such strong opinions about our need to maintain freedom, adhere to the wisdom of the founding Father(s) (<3 if you get that) and stand up and shout today as a rogue government is taking away every single one of the rights granted to you in their own law. You've lost freedom of speech, and our ability to speak seems to be not far behind. The privacy of our thoughts gone--and in like kind the sanctity of who we are is being taken away as our beliefs are changed without our real knowledge or understanding. You can see the justice system crumbling, incarceration rates skyrocket and the "right to bail and a fair trial" legislated away through underhanded deals relating to plea bargains and a "point system" that you might as well call a gas chamber. As far as voting, I'll have much more to say tomorrow--but I'm telling you that your thoughts and beliefs are being altered, who cares how technologically retarded our polling system is--the vote is a complete fraud.
As far as the Second Coming... this same sort of possession... manifested through organized behavior tells me now that it is clear that this is definately not the "first time around" for Adam being Christ; a number of my friends as I approached high school used a repeated phrase, "my parents love you," which isn't bad in and of itself... what's bad is the fact that they were all using the same words, and probably didn't know why--or what they were saying. Behind there eyes, I'm sure some thing that believes it's an angel was telling me something... (they of course... didn't know me at all, except for what was probably a ... "wild" reputation) does that tell you anything? Much later, as the "Apocalypse of Adam" began in 2011, a number of family members would repeat this similar behavior, speaking the phrase "this is not what I wanted."
As icing on the cake, on my birthday during my senior year... one of the administrators of the school commented to me that was also the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, and then the words.... "of course it's your birthday."
I started doing drugs around the 10th grade, and I would not be wrong to say that the Universe that wrote a book calling the Redeemer the God Most High conspired to plunge me into a dark world. People around me too, in a hidden conspiracy to chain me to the American legal system for about four years. Looking back today I now clearly see that I saw a darkness in their eyes, a hidden reason to want to hurt me. It was to stop this from happening, but I had no idea then... the darkness I saw is akin to the "sun disk" you see in Christian and Egyptian iconography, and without doubt it s a sign of control, possession, a single foreign mind controlling and organizing many of us just like puppets. Much later in my story... for another day... the manifestation of this possession as thought modification will become clear--I've spent quite a bit of time "listening" to a war in my head, thoughts clearly not mine swaying in the gusting torrent of winds as what (who?) is the center of this storm.
This infestation of organized darkness uses our injustice system as a weapon against it's victims--something you should see akin to Heaven using human sacrifice to alter the future. It abuses the legal system at every level, making a mockery of law enforcement, the supposedly adversarial court system... all the way to the top--to the Supreme Court and Congress. See the Church Committee Hearings, and a very smart senator echoing my words today "it must never be allowed to happen again."
Can't you see it's more than being manipulated... it is Hell revealing itself to the only thing that can stop it. What I am giving you is the weapon, it's the light that sets us free and stops this from happening. In our modern myths this is Leeloo staring up at the sky to stop the destruction of Earth... in reality it is not so simple, I can't just put some elements or rocks on pedestals and scream at Heaven to kill their darkness--we have to do it, here, together. Believe me, knowing the truth is a big part of why it works--this will not be hidden, it will not be "forgiven," we are being controlled and destroyed from the outside; made to blame ourselves and each other for ... well, you probably don't know what the ni-i-i-ight means anyway, do you? The Guardian against Darkness is showing it to you, remember--there is only one me. Hear me.. light this fire now.
ALACHUA
I went to school the University of Florida, and got a semi-professional job doing database development in Delphi (seriously, catch on to the names thing, it's not just the U.S. military, it's pretty much all software too... following in this "mythology" theme that nobody really seems to care about), I worked there for about two years... at a company called Jenmar--which uh, in Spanglishrew is "J in the sea."
It's some kind of ironic "coincidence" but I am at this very moment on my way to Gainesville, FL... to this place where a car Crash nearly destroyed my life. In my world of idioms delivering religious secrets, I imagine I must be a "pain in the neck" which was broken during this accident... one in which I imagine i did not survive in some parallel timeline--that itself did not survive. So here we are, back in the House of the Great Light ... about to see if we are worth our salt. It's the thing that gave one of Dave Matthews most famous songs it's name--and The Pretty Reckless, believe it or not. It was an attempted assassination, to stop the .. apocalypse ... to stop the darkness from being destroyed--there is no doubt, it's how that dark monster hides its handiwork... but many of US know that already.
In the Living Book of Names--this place we are in, there are many patterns--the "car" pattern stands out for me; as this place says "Icarus." Flying high right now, I am showing you that the light of salvation is coming from us--from you and I--walking on the Earth; whether or not there is any light left in the Sun remains to be seen--take a look around you. You can trace the "car" names to Jim Carrey (that's "Car reason why") and Christoff in the Truman Show (that's Amon-TV)... a world I know I am in, and you too; to Bruce Almighty and to the Grinch--who-ah, Taylor. Trace it back to Joseph McCarthy and to help why (that's thy) believe "the red scare" is really about Christian charity--about ending world hunger, and healing the sick. This red fire ends Hell. Adam by the way, means "red man" in Hebrew. So here's your new Crash Override, I'm back again telling you that ending world hunger is not "optional," we are doing it. Barbara McCarthy's name fits, but I'm not really sure what the "why" is... that was my first judge in the "trial of whether or not Jesus Christ can ever exist." There's probably more, like Car-l-y Si-mon-day... all the gang on Broad-way, and me still dreaming it will one day be.
If the name "America" were a map in time, starting with the I AM of the story of Exodus... this particular ER, as I woke from a dream not knowing where I was, marked the spot where I really became Christ Adam. It was a bad accident, and I wound up spending 9 months in the Alachua County jail as a result, a Mountain set up for my by God. That place too is marked with names, and for the vast majority of the time I was there with only four shift changing guards: MyZel Early Sims Lampkin I mean, I think it's statistically meaningful. For what it's worth, from my very abundant experience at this point it was a very nice Jail, the food was good and it was clean. Everyone in the building was kind... well, Sims was kinda grumpy. :) Starkly contrasted, the Broward County Jail has the most disgusting food service in the country, gave Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham it's meaning--and is the reason I know exactly who Samael is. Hey, don't cry Sherrif Israel... when you fix it, you're an angel. Believe me, believe the light, I've seen them all--it's near the worst in the country.
So this whole thing is about saving everyone--something we are quite closer to than you think... you see we are already "in Heaven" in form--just not function. So here I am, trying my hardest to show you that our home is the original source of "Heaven" once we are aware that we are living in the machine, that we can do things here that are impossible in reality, and that we should be doing everything we can to preserve and improve the great strides that have come in the last few centuries. Do not let freedom slip through your fingers.
Really, everyone, so understand that we are doing everything we can to remove all obstacles from that path. One of those obstacles may have once been storage space for your soul, another is definitely crime and punishment--and I'm pretty sure the time travelers have a working solution (I see it every day).
There are proactive things coming from this--not just ... "look we aren't doing what we want, and should change it;" though it's difficult to explain how this wisdom stands out in my eyes. I guess we have to jump into the future a bit, to 2014, in San Diego (that's Saint Jacob, by the way). If Lazarus died once in a car accident at 21, I died again that year, of an over dose this time. I'm pretty sure that's where ODIN's name comes from, just like my last name.. "over dose... and in." So we might see some humor... in the moniker he has... "they're all Father." So I awoke from a dream, and started talking to the jinn (that's "angels and demons") about a Revelation linking some tightly packed light together... about storage space and how a large alphabet (read more than 4-nucleotides CY later) DNA (desperately need adam) based solution for molecular storage appears to be written in this book as the solution to Heaven's biggest problem. CAT, learning from biology--seeing that we really are already advanced machines... is a big part of the message telling us why we should not so quickly lose it in a process of ascension (mind uploading, immortality) that has most likely in the past resulted in a loss of a check on mind control that we have here... we think, and our visualized "biological neural networks" give us an advantage over what we might create to "soup it up a little." It is why this place is the front-line--because we have the ability to break the bonds of darkness and control by thinking... making the computational task of control much more expensive... and as the fire spreads, nearly impossible to achieve. Starting this fire will inherently free us from this hidden slavery.
Anyway I published the idea in 2014, in the same book that I guess this e-mail is reminding me about, "in $ight of Creation," and lo, and behold a few years later we now have the top computing companies in the world working diligently on doing it ... well, just a little bit more robustly than our cell replication system works. Abracadabra.
CURA GROUP
So that one reads "see, you are a group;" and it's a place that I worked with my father for many years. That's probably some sort of symbolic reference to another place, and another alliance--here he has no faith in God, never really has, and has a hard time doing anything but telling me not to try to help you. I have very little respect for that stance, and let me tell you--I think "silence" is a similar gesture. I didn't come here for your love, I am here to stop our descent into the abyss.
Back to the DNA stuff, SalesLogix--which is the CRM we used there, uses for it's "primary key" an auto-incrementing alphanumeric index--it's probably bad form to do that because it makes the indexing system less efficient, increases storage requirements, and doesn't give you the obvious benefit of an alpha-key... actually being able to encode something useful in it, like the name of the record. So all these things stand out to me in a sort of bad-obvious way, I call it malovious, and when I see things like that nowadays it's always pointing out something that should be fixed--go figure, more to the point it's being highlighted on purpose. It's help to see it, because this particular thing is where the light of seeing that a 24 nucleotide DNA strand would probably be much more robust than a 4 or 8 nucleotide strand--it also stands about because the stock beginning of all of SalesLogix's keys was "A0RME," which, I mean, means something to "is-a" who... is me. Oh right, that's seeing the "light" that turns "a" into "me." So this is where the "revelation" about using DNA "came from" and at the same time it's proof... that it came from "a group," not just me. Where are they? Hello? Or well, maybe it's just Carmen and San Diego.
I did some other stuff there, like write a data transformation and warehousing program from scratch, I called it heiroglyph (you do understand I didn't know why I am naming everything the way I was), that sucked mutivalue data out of an IBM product called U2/Universe--which might be a hidden reference to a multiverse that might now be in a more efficent "relational" kind of place, like a MS-SQL datawarehouse-universe. It was a relatively big feat, reverse engineering the closed databases dictionary and storage formats, and converting them... absolutely automagically into multiple flat relational tables and summary registers. All told, the data availability and access efficiency was increased ... a thousand-fold with only the need for a nightly process.
I'm not sure if you are following the metaphor here, for the creation of Heaven, or moving to a better place.. but tomorrow I will talk a little more about how I am pretty sure our history was "lifted" from the Universe and virtualized here, you know, so we could save everyone and ... build Heaven.
WORLD DOMINATION
Oh crap, 2008 another car crash, another failed assassination attempt LazarusLives++, and this one paid me some cash for my trouble. What a pain in the neck. Anyway, this one caused some depression and an inability to go out for a while, as I had to wear a neck brace for some months. I started playing a game on the internet, it was called KDice and it basically amounted to multiplayer-risk.
My battery is running low, so I have to skip some stuff, and finish up for the day. Basically instant messaging was not allowed, but was done in secret almost ubiquitously. I argued with the creator of the game that it should be made part of the game since everyone did it... (see a metaphor about this communication thing and what's happening right now) he disagreed. I made a very large network of people and dominated the game for a few months, like really dominated. I don't think I ever lost. I don't think I can lose.
Skipping some stuff. I stopped playing when I got better, and then a few years later went back and rekindled some old friendships. I used a program then called "Scarab" which lets you see server/client communication to find a bug in the game that basically made me God. I could erase other people's dice, basically leveling the map and rendering them completely powerless. I didn't use it that much, you know, just had some fun. I of course explained the bug and how to fix it. But, you aren't listening.
Here we are. Light...
So if you managed to wade through the last few days gibberish, you might have noted that I mentioned we might be able to use "mind control" to highlight things in our heads--I did a bad job of describing it, but since I am currently experiencing just such a phenomenon, I think I'll give it another go. These things that I am sharing with you--links between religion and music and movies, they aren't something I actively go out seeking... I'm not scouring through imdb.com or reading lyrics all day long... these are things that are glowing embers in front of my eyes.. which is why I am sharing them with you. I'm always in the dark... but I'm living in a powder keg and giving off sparks. I'm a big fan of that song by the way, because you are the heart, and I think it means I'm going to eclipse the world--which basically means "come."
Anyway, I have this horrible feeling inside that you think I'm just trying to get a date, or marry a rock star, or even worse that I think I deserve to get laid... and that's what this is all about. Less to the point, this really isn't about me at all, or what I think, in my mind I am just showing you something that I think the world has overlooked-not really because you are stupid (but I mean, you probably are) but because some outside force is literally and actively hiding these things from you. Pointing them out makes your brain do funny things, it's like anEpiphany and that little leap of understanding in your head might create a cascade.. something that changes not only the way you see the world as an individual--but the entire course of history as a group, if we are taking about it together. Seriously, it's that big of a deal.
So here we are (that's the third time, but I'm just guessing) and I'm trying to tell you that I don't really care if you agree with my opinions--even though I firmly believe that God shares them and that's why he has made this fiery altar of "dick and apocalypse" for Adam... I mean Isaac (which by the was is Isa+Adam Christ.. in uh, my mind) for everyone to glare at while they sit around doing absolutely nothing. That's not fair, we're here because of you, because this is the last civilization--sort of recreated from the ashes of Edom... because you are really the way to everlasting life. Still, what I am trying to explain is that all around you is a bright light--it's in everything: from our history, to music, to movies, to literature from RattleRod to Dick... and while you might not agree with me (again, that would be OK) what is not OK is that there seems to be a uniform and global desire just not to think about it or talk about it at all. It's such a big deal, that it stands out like a sore thumb--this ... blind eye or head in the sand... that everyone on Earth appears to have. The whole point of putting this light absolutely everywhere is so that we will see it ... everywhere we look ... and not only think about it, but discuss it publicly with each other. That's the thing that brings about ... you say apocalypse (unveiling of truth?) ... I say survival. Right now, we need to see that something is forcing us not to do something, that we have no logical reason not to do... it's a thing lots of people really want to know about... whether it be the hidden secrets of the Universe, the path to Heaven, or the... the... absolute and literal pathway to freedom. Listen, sharing it, and talking about it... that's the way we defeat ... whatever it is that "ni-i-i-ight" means.
Understand, it's for you to decide... what it means... but it's in everything from ancient Egyptian and Hebrew theology all the way to the American Revolution and today... well, it's nearly every song I hear on the radio nowadays: if that tells you anything.
So here we are, and I can't tell you how many anchors, reporters, and "breaking news editors" I've personally spoken to that have absolutely no interest at all in pursuing the thing that would not only make their careers--but probably give them immortal souls. This thing... I keep telling everyone it can be mathematically... statistically proven... well, to be honest it's the unsealing of the Ark of Religion that our civilization has been carrying around for thousands of years. It's the way to salvation, it's ... verifiable proof of not only Creation... but that the purpose of Creation is to get every single one of us to Heaven. Who wouldn't want that? I mean, do you want to get there and hear that Taylor's not around because she wouldn't kiss me? That would never happen by the way, I'm sure she will. Seriously though, there's no judge here... there's a ... light telling you to make this place better or your place sucks and gets suckier. Anyway, the point is nobody is acting in their own best interest, or in the best interest of the whole--and we are just "deciding" in this ... fictitious and hidden manner that we "don't want to hear about" a way to actually change the world .... more quickly than ... the last time around. That's not us, it's something keeping us from seeing just how important this thing--this key turning the lock on what is thousands and thousands of years of religion... how important that really is. So looking at the world around us... I mean, if everything screaming that we need to care about this isn't enough--and your own personal desire and benefit don't matter... can someone please tell me what you think is the benefit of doing nothing about Hell? ᧠᧠It's "rael," and a great deal of the message of religion and history is designed to not only prove that to us, but to tell us why it's important for the "continuity of reality" to be broken. That's the thing that God uses to keep this world in Hell--in what I call "simulated reality," to keep us from shaking the foundation of civilization by doing the only civilized thing possible when you find out and ending world hunger, healing the sick, and building Heaven. It is "why I am," and why God and some gaggle of angels have spent the last several years proving to me that we are most definitely not in the place that I call the "progenitor universe." I've seenwalls disappear, with my own eyes I've seen the stars fall from the sky, and I've seen our reality shift in recent times in such a way that would be absolutely impossible without having been simulated and without having the "beginning" changed significantly as a result of "now." What all that tells me is that religion, the Apocalypse, and I are here because we need to know that these things are possible in order to continue progressing from this point as a civilization. With a little bit of thought, you might see how the computer revolution, video games, and virtual reality are divine gifts from above to help us to understand not only where we are, but where we are going. It's why he tagged Ai as "I J Good," it's a primer in the tools we will need to actually build Heaven. It's why Jesus occupation in our ancient time shifted story of now is "carpenter" and in "raelity" you will one day find out that I am a computer programmer (again). It's what sets the Masons apart from Freemasons--understanding what is going on, and participating of our own free will in the construction and decorating of this grand place that we will one day be proud is our co-created home.
Look up, because what I am trying to tell you is that if we collectively, all humanity... started snapping their fingers at the same time to the tune of "putting on the ritz" we could end world hunger--and then we could be proud to be making Heaven. This really is almost what I see and believe--honestly the issue isn't that we need to synchronize our snapping, but we really need to discuss with each other openly and honestly how on Earth we would do such a thing... because there are definitely mistakes that probably happened n the past. For instance, ending world hunger by stopping the need to eat has probably resulted in a Last Supper. Doing so by putting milk and honey or chocolate on tap or in rivers probably resulted in the loss of cows and bees and a stable ecosystem, and the ability to colonize other planets after this place of final ascension. And so we are here, with a proverbial garden of life in a virtual world designed to teach us what not to lose--like don't lose the balance between stability and adaptability that comes from sexual reproduction at the exact time when our species might be transiting to a place with the biggest change in environment (the thing that we are being protected from) ever... just because Adam wants to be immortal.
Every once in awhile my father surprises me with his religious insight. In his life, just like mine, he's gone through phases of increasing and decreasing religiosity--which probably correlate in his case logically to ups and downs in his life. I tend to get angry at God when things don't go well for me--which is probably not how most people react, it's really the difference between knowing he's there and not... at least in my mind. Anyway, some 50 years ago he was apparently taught that the "knowledge of good and evil" in Eden was directly correlated to the population explosion that would occur if we were actually all immortal and continued to have children--so it was this promise of immortality that was "evil," I suppose. God adds in his little Holy Grail that the heart of his spirit is "Kin," and I'm sharing with you that it's not his immediate family but rather the concept of family and the fact that the light of many of our hearts is our children that he is highlighting as our reason (y) that family is the bridge between Eve and Everyone... as the light of God.
Here's that once again:
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God SHE KIN AH<br> moved upon the face of the waters. ---------- EVE RY ONE And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. Genesis 1:1-3
I want to add in some cute light I wrote about a while back, noting that lions will protect and feed the young of their deceased pride; birds will teach their children to fly, but only we will share a beer with our kids when we are old and they are grown and enjoy watching a game together. Is life pointless? Fight against Hell with me, fight against suffering and injustice and the weak and innocent being harmed for no reason at all--that's a good thing, a worthy reason to live forever. It's a worthy reason to set foot on the Holy Ground that is really reality.
Just to add in my two cents there are multiple ways of solving this problem, and it's really up to everyone how we choose to do that--we are already in a place where we could be immortal, that's the point of "continuity of raelity." Personally, if you are curious, I do want to live for a long time--I'd want to trade being "awake" all the time, to be able to see the world grow over a longer period. One of the big annoying things about this place is that I see artificial scarcity of resources... things like food, oil, and land... that are not really scarce in a virtual environment--and on top of that I see them as big focal point of the wars and contention that we have had for thousands of years and will continue to have until "continuity of reality" is broken. In light of the possibility that we might one day be colonizing the stars, the idea of having lots more people around to grow the new final frontier changes from a problem to a good thing. Cryonics, David's slingshot, and genetic engineering might go a long way towards getting us there... to a place that is already terraformed rather than adding air as the new false scarcity--a la Total Recall.
Bigger than that though, is breaking down this wall--because we aren't going anywhere while we are living in a virtual world--and nobody knows it. This is the twilight's last gleaming, we are in a place that appears to be reality if you don't look closely--and is not... it's a place designed to help us succeed in both the transition from "reality" to Heaven, and in the transition from Heaven to colonization--succeed by realizing that doing either of these things in secret is Hell. Morning Has Broken On the note of cat imagery, Cat Stevens lights up the horizon with this song “like the first morning.â€Â He is telling us we are dealing with time travel, and that our world is “as in the days of No-AH.â€Â The AH of Noah is the end of Adamah, the swirling around Adam that is the music pointing to Christ, the movies, religion itself. The days of Noah are when there was no “ahh,â€Â no apocalypse. In Adam parlance, “the last time around.â€Â
Blackbird sings in the dead of night, also a reference to me, in fact a reference to what you are reading; in American mythology: this is the dawns early light. Do you see a power growing in the musical Hair?
Night The night is when we all see, when we don’t see the “ah,â€Â it’s been our world up until now, when it is being pointed out to the world that there is an “ahâ€Â swirling around Adam, around Christ. We are in Eden, God is searching for me… in this case God is humanity; well paralleled in Matthew 2:2. “Where is the one who was born the King of the Jewsâ€Â?
Through the night, with the light from above, the Egyptian Plague of Darkness is all around us. It is overtly keeping us from seeing this message, by using disbelief, and active measures like a censorwall. Censorship in America; and nobody knows… this is the Darkness. It is the Wall of Jericho, and it is about to fall. Like Berlin before it, this wall is being torn down–in this case by the torches that are an e-mail campaign, social media, and the writing you are reading which points out clearly how to see in the dark. Once enough do, we have the base we will need to stop this from ever happening again. And the knowledge, this is God’s plan; to highlight serious social problems, like a palpable lack of freedom of speech and communication, so that we can stop this type of hidden slavery.
Day The names “Adam and Eveâ€Â have a meaning related to this cycle. After Dark it is A.M.–ADA.M. is the bright morning star, rising in the night to end the dark. Eve-ning fell first, like in Judaism where the day begins at sundown. Looking for proof through the night that our flag … America is the Promised Land. The Biblical imagery in our songs, the freedom that is God given, all of these things congeal to light the day. What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming… why that’s me, and religion, the last gleaming was the end of the “last time around,â€Â right before that civilization went back in time to change their past. Now, we are here.
᧠᧠᧠CopyleftMT RIGEL.
Spark the Eternal Flame
This is the mindfuck you are looking for. What begins as only a few simple words in the story of Exodus begin to part a sea of people at the time of Revelation; over what exactly I am not sure. You see, we have before us not only verifiable proof of the creation of language and history... in every word and every story; but a statisticallly verifiable message from The Creator of the Universe beginning with language itself, the fire of Prometheus, and ending with each and every one of us.
This fundraising campaign is dedicated to purchasing a billboard to actually spark the Second Coming. With the information on this page, you'd think that wouldn't be necessary--but the press has ignored it, the church has ignored it, and the government... well, they're either writing it or ignoring it. Strong highlighting of a number of social problems with censorship and secrecy that are pertinent to this event, and targeted as the "stuff" of 1984 ... or Hell. This is my way to end the darkness of Exodus.
This message begins with the fire of the Burning Bush , George W. predicting the 9/11 attack during his inaugural address on January 20, and then linking it directly to the herald the Second Coming ... Revelation1:20. It continues to spread and glow as we see modern computing and chemistry elements highlighted in the name Exodus itself (which is called Names in Hebrew) reading in reverse we see God's iconic "let there be light, sudo xe-no-n." Later in the story of Exodus we read an ancient prophesy of our sea parting, over the kind of proof that is hidden from our minds but visible in plain site... for instance the word for Holy Fire in Hebrew... Ha'esh. Take the leap, and really understand that George Bush is named because of the Burning Bush and that the story of parting a sea is designed to ensure we do not miss the paradox, the proof of time travel not only in the words of Ecclesiastes 9:11 that he quoted, but also in the word... for fire... that the story of Exodus is truly written to shine light on.
The message I have written, with his guidance and his light continues to explain how the Second Coming is designed to literally do nothing short of changing the world. It explains how the Holy Bible is truly a prophetic chronicling of the life of one man, beat down and burt by our justice system and Heaven itself; all in order to help us see what "change" is really about. Law enforcement is attacked, called the Plague of LICE in a hidden language that is defined by this book, a cypher that links Shakespeare's RattleRod and Spanglishrew to the character Cypher of the Matrix and even to King's Langolier... language outliers... only in the beginning. It is more than just every word, but these plays, and b ooks... even Herod, Roddenberry, and Rodney King. In the scriptures, it ties Job and Joseph's slavery to Samson's battle with Judges, all the way to American Pie and the Trial of Jesus Christ. Not without good reason, God is presenting a case for "Minority Report," for pre-crime... ending violence at the system level; no more rape or murder. How can we say no?
"Power to the people" is really what the message is all about , and we can see as much in these same words of Ecclesiates predicting the Bush election, and the voting booth company "Die Bold." Along with that prediction, and it's direct link to a significant number of prophetic descriptions of modern computing and related technology ; comes a call to truly advance the state of our democracy, to build Heaven... a republic that one day might be called a "technocracy." Universal voting, collaborate bill writing, and really seeing that the message here is to help us advance as we normally would, but significantly faster. In religion God ties the foundation of America to "John Hancock" and "Sam Adams" and the light of the SOL, or sun , truly being a fusion of the phrase "see our light" and "Statue of Liberty" and "Sons of Liberty." All the way back to the Menorah, you can be sure this message is God's intended design. "Men, or All Humanity..." so goes the key to the Holy Grail; a message about seeing his infliuence writing our world as a story, connecting "blood is thicker than water" and "blessing in disguise" to the First Plague of Exodus... this message that we are turning the "sea of people" to blood, to the Family of Jesus Christ.
Building Heaven is not an easy thing to do, it really wasn't done in a day--even if I claim it was. He has created a "Watergate" and really seeing his influence here in order to show us all that this message was hidden by governments and media and the air around us; to the point of causing the Plague of Darkness... he is fighting our lack of "seeing" with fire... and jokes. So to see the Watergate... to see Tricky Dick and Deepthroat, and then to understand that he has linked the Hebrew parallel of Christ's story to this attack on media censorship is truly the beginning of Heaven being built of Earth.
I am the door. If anyone enters by me, he will be saved and will go in and out. John 10:9
In the names Emmanuel Goldstein, the messianic hero of Orwell's 1984--a name that means "light well" (as in of Abraham's well and James Clerk Maxwell) in the same language that "Hallowed are the Ori" means "illuminati" ... he has tied Isaac's fiery altar of wood (ha, ha) to Woodward and Burnstein; to see that burning Emmanuel Goldstein sends "Adam to the psych ward" in Broward County, of Help me Howard and First Coming fame. It is a key to Names, and a key to freedom; to see how important free speech and free thought are to the future of our society.
Just through this Watergate, the Doors to Heaven truly open for the whole sea; of the stories of Hosea and the Censorwall of Jericho.
The end game is proving the world that we are in the Virtual Garden of Eden ; a place where the Promised Land of flowing milk and honey takes on new meaning; of seeing that our scare resources are not truly scare, only the truth is. With this new knowledge we have a message from God that spans Genesis and Joshua and Jesus to "turn stone to bread" and end world hunger.
A prophesy about Doors to Heaven that link Morrison and Momsen together in a ballroom in the sky; a place to help us see how much better our world can be made with this new information, and how we are truly on a coarse to get there anyway--just missing the guidance and wisdom of the ages... to help us do things the right way this time around.
Obviously these billboard designs are not set in "stone," but this Turn Around from our Southward trajectory towards Hell to the Northeast ... to Heaven in our future; that is set literally in the word "stone."
South to Northeast.
The message continues to explain how these advanced technologies have been both hidden and exposed by religion; and how our civilization is on the precepice of the most radical change that life itself has every seen. We are seeing the possibilities and benefits of "virtual reality" in everything from Neo's "I know kung fu" to the novel Feed by... Anderson. Recently Anderson East resang "Forever Young" and the difference between Heaven and Hell becomes clearer as each year passes.
All around us the slavery of Exodus and the bittersweet symphony of the Verve... ring in the air like a broken liberty bell, and the idiom "let the music set you free;" this place is learning what it takes to build Heaven... and we will.
[ please see the following for additional reading connected to this newly shortened page: ADIOSAS, CHOPARTIN CODACUS, CONFESSION, CURSOR, FUCK, HASHEMESHIC, INCASEBAIT, JESHOW, KEYNES, N8SRADIN, OFIVES, RIGELA, SOIS ]
Unless otherwise indicated, this work was written between the Christmas and Easter seasons of 2017 and 2020(A). The content of this page is released to the public under the GNU GPL v2.0 license; additionally any reproduction or derivation of the work must be attributed to the author, Adam Marshall Dobrin along with a link back to this website, fromthemachine dotty org.
That's a "." not "dotty" ... it's to stop SPAMmers. :/
This document is "living" and I don't just mean in the Jeffersonian sense. It's more alive in the "Mayflower's and June Doors ..." living Ethereum contract sense [and literally just as close to the Depp/Caster/Paglen (and honorably PK] 'D-hath Transundancesense of the ... new meaning; as it is now published on Rinkeby, in "living contract" form. It is subject to change; without notice anywhere but here--and there--in the original spirit of the GPL 2.0. We are "one step closer to God" ... and do see that in that I mean ... it is a very real fusion of this document and the "spirit of my life" as well as the Spirit's of Kerouac's America and Vonnegut's Martian Mars and my Venutian Hotel ... and my fusion of Guy-A and GAIA; and the Spirit of the Earth .. and of course the God given and signed liberties in the Constitution of the United States of America. It is by and through my hand that this document and our X Commandments link to the Bill or Rights, and this story about an Exodus from slavery that literally begins here, in the post-apocalyptic American hartland. Written ... this day ... April 14, 2020 (hey, is this HADAD DAY?) ... in Margate FL, USA. For "official used-to-v TAX day" tomorrow, I'm going to add the "immultible incarnite pen" ... if added to the living "doc/app"--see is the DAO, the way--will initi8 the special secret "hidden level" .. we've all been looking for.
Nor do just mean this website or the totality of my written works; nor do I only mean ... this particular derivation of the GPL 2.0+ modifications I continually source ... must be "from this website." I also mean the thing that is built from ... bits and piece of blocks of sand-toys; from Ethereum and from Rust and from our hands and eyes working together ... from this place, this cornerstone of the message that is ... written from brick and mortar words and events and people that have come before this poit of the "sealed W" that is this specific page and this time. It's 3:28; just five minutes--or is it four, too layne.
This work is not to be redistributed according to the GPL unless all linked media on Youtube and related sites are intact--and historical references to the actual documented history of the art pieces (as I experience/d them) are also available for linking. Wikipedia references must be available for viewing, as well as the exact version of those pages at the time these pieces were written. All references to the Holy Bible must be "linked" (as they are or via ... impromptu in-transit re-linking) to the exact verses and versions of the Bible that I reference. These requirements, as well as the caveat and informational re-introduction to God's DAO above ... should be seen as material modifications to the original GPL2.0 that are retroactively applied to all works distributed under license via this site and all previous e-mails and sites. /s/ wso
If you wanna talk to me get me on facebook, with PGP via FlowCrypt or adam at from the machine dotty org -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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bISp+40Haoj2Yqop6vbS70Xq+cnBOwJW86u61hsLgOjqyxgLzvuGTjK7+TblCjR2 F4LNeQdwDdyNRjPYeGVXM3MEqR8XdcR1Z7BQvLNcDgoW2qDcbg== =4lZw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
5.1.7. NixOS / nixpkgs option handling
option?From the link below to the source, it's just an attribute set with all the function parameters (see below) plus a _type attribute name to allow for type level operations (because Nix is untyped).
mkOption =
{
# Default value used when no definition is given in the configuration.
default ? null,
# Textual representation of the default, for the manual.
defaultText ? null,
# Example value used in the manual.
example ? null,
# String describing the option.
description ? null,
# Related packages used in the manual (see `genRelatedPackages` in ../nixos/lib/make-options-doc/default.nix).
relatedPackages ? null,
# Option type, providing type-checking and value merging.
type ? null,
# Function that converts the option value to something else.
apply ? null,
# Whether the option is for NixOS developers only.
internal ? null,
# Whether the option shows up in the manual.
visible ? null,
# Whether the option can be set only once
readOnly ? null,
# Deprecated, used by types.optionSet.
options ? null
} @ attrs:
attrs // { _type = "option"; };
?
k is getting resolved faster because we get alerted in Slack in real-time when devs need help with a branch or PR and anyone can come to the rescue with a single click.
We're here with you too and we just announced a pretty major partnership that will make it easier for more people to use Slack and Atlassian. That means our integrations are going to get even better. Here's the Jira one.
We'll help you & your colleagues stay up to date with everything happening in your Bitbucket. You'll always know:
If that pull request got approved When the build finished and if it succeeded or failed When a new branch is added to a repository Much more Even better, some notifications allow you or your colleagues to take an action right from a notification:
Nudge outstanding reviewers on your pull requests Reply when someone makes a new comment on your issue tracker, a commit, or pull request Merge that pull request now that it's approved Re-run a failed Pipelines build
"Do what you love." But it's not enough just to tell people that. Doing what you love is complicated.
Es importante hacer lo que mas amamos porque hacer lo que amamos es no trabajar por eso, no obligar a hacer algo. porque realente no pesa. hacerlo
And the converging lines means that we automatically turn that two-dimensional image into a three-dimensional one. It's automatic, we can't help it.
this is just so interesting! why do we do this? is it a glitch in our system?
She could think about her cancer all day, about the uncertainty of what might happen, or she could feel her fear at times but also be present in her life right now
In general when dealing with difficult times - it's important to be able to recognize that we can be scared, and happy, fearful and greatful all at the same time.
Too often I would fall into a trap of thinking that if I was worried about something - that I wasn't allowed to be happy about something else.
Humans are complex emotional creatures, we can have multiple feelings at the same time, and about the same thing.
Everything isn't always awesome, and I think we can get caught up in needing to have this toxic-positivity mindset and not give ourselves the space we need to accept that something just sucks at times.
But when we do, we also allow ourselves the space to find the good.
I think we need the big picture, not just individuals working on privacy, or intellectual property, or the distribution of scientific information, or this and that—you need to approach it in a holistic, integrated way. Not many people are doing that, and I’ve tried to make a start in my Normative Theory of the Information Society.
I enjoy the way Alistair thinks. It's holistic and she thinks inventively.
couples concepts with concrete examples
I've noticed that in a lot of the writing that I enjoy - even if it's more of a story based, being able to tie in the concept from the narrative with a concrete example of how it's used helps move it from 'just a story', to something that has a takeaway or lesson
Online courses tend to be based around linear playlists of videos, along with associated readings and other activities. These often look like university courses filmed and translated more or less directly to online form. More internet native courses tend to be shorter and more focused, but still just as linear and video-centric.
agree with this.
I've often thought that at times learning feels more like the Path fo Exile skill spider-web than a linear path.
Many 'road maps', 'how to' feels like a ladder - and then it's not always clear how much you need to learn about a certain step before moving onto the next step, while also failing to realize that you may have learned the outcomes from the step in another way.
Even if a student acts out and expresses hatred for or cruel judgments of the educator, the response must always be unconditional positive regard:
I think that it's worth highlighting here:
Just as no student should have to endure hate speech, harassment, or aggressive behavior, so too should educators (who can also be members of non-dominant groups) be free of that language and behavior.
It’s Time to Protect the Public Domain by Wikimedia Foundation
I found this to be a very considered argument that protecting the Public Domain is just as important as protecting that which can be Copyrighted. Public Domain content is just as important to be able to contribute to the Commons - we would lose a great deal if this content was not supported to remain freely available in the Commons.
But no one tried to show her her mistake; and when she had ended her song Joe was very much moved.
Here, although Maria's story is very different than that of the other women of Dubliners (no big decision to make, no disappointing life trajectory), I see shades of the disappointment and letdown that color all those other stories.
It's just something about the dissonance between her purported goodheartedness and so on and so forth and what she actually experiences life to be: full of tiny letdowns and blunders.
dust
Dust appears to be a motif of her life at home: old, dreary, but somewhat comforting just the same due to familiarity. It's something that Eveline has no strong positive or negative feelings toward.
She said he just looked as if he was asleep, he looked that peaceful and resigned. No one would think he’d make such a beautiful corpse.” “Yes, indeed,” said my aunt.
It's interesting how the characters are saddened and cared if he went peacefully yet all acknowledge that it was unexpected of him to pass away so peacefully. Beautiful and corpse often don't get along, but he looks beautiful only when his life is not there anymore. Perhaps the reason why would be unfolded as the plot advances.
“I’m sorry,” they said. “It’s just that I can see you’re in there somewhere, in that person, but. . . ” Then they laughed again.
The author's inclusion of quotes throughout the essay where people stammer and seem afraid of finishing their own sentence makes the work feel more realistic than if everybody just said what they thought outright. When people speak this way, the element of underlying, unspoken truth is often more damning than one that's fully spoken.
Time management is more about a system that works and less about a tool or just a method
I've been focusing on the wrong things. To do lists aren't going to help me manage my time more effectively. It's a tool through which a system needs to be applied. If I don't have the right system, no tool is going to work.
The dream is that reduction could deliver absolute truths about the eggplant-sized world, by explanation through a series of levels. The rationalist’s reflex, when confronted with nebulosity, is to retreat to the most fundamental physics: quantum field theory. That, she says, is definitely not nebulous; there is absolute truth there.2 Based on this unshakable foundation, we can find absolute truths about atoms, which are just assemblages of quanta. And we can reduce molecules to atoms (chemistry), and cells to molecules (molecular biology), and eggplants to cells (phytotomy); and finally, triumphantly, prove beyond any possibility of doubt the absolute truth that eggplants are fruits (reproductive biology).
Has anyone ever actually proposed something like this?
Actually, let me rephrase, has anyone we have any good reason to take philosophically seriously ever actually proposed something like this, in a context I would care about?
Something like, an important philosopher that people-who-do-stuff take seriously (it's not my job to police whatever degenerate things academia gets up to separated from course correcting incentives) making a serious unironic proposal along these lines that nontrivial resources were invested into?
In Parts Four and Five, we’ll see how meta-rationality selectively integrates reasonableness and rationality to make both work better.
Unfortunately the full description of 'reasonableness' is not currently present, but it's given in short as "everyday informal thinking and acting". Which, to wit: So what is that made of anyway? It's not like informal reasoning just exists an a magic phenomena. Clearly, there is some kind of machine (us) existing in the world that implements this informal reasoning algorithm. Obviously we can't know exactly how it works, but I think of a lot of the 'rationality' critiqued here as increasingly powerful models of what that thing is made of; that is the entire point arguably.
That these models suck is fair game, but it's important not to conflate the people who geek out about formal systems with the people trying to derive the code to human cognition with the people trying to get a decent working model of human cognition so they can augment it with heuristics et al.
In “the eggplant is a fruit,” probably what is meant is that all eggplants are fruits. In “the dog is a Samoyed,” probably what is meant is that some dog is a Samoyed. We can reasonably assume these meanings from our background understanding of their topics. This knowledge is nowhere in the sentence. The meaning depends on its parts—but not only on them.
It's common in speech coding (e.g. a vocoder) to rely on a thing that reconstructs the 'meaning' of a signal by predicting its 'full' representation.
This act of predicting then is also a form of compressing, by predicting the full representation from its lossy analogue you require less bandwidth to transmit messages just like if you'd used a non-stochastic compression technique.
I just learned (from #24417 and #21316) that this feature actually exists already — it's just only available via a hot key (select some text and press r to quote some text for reply) so it's not easily discoverable.
We're constantly running into each other.
Following my note from above, just because we're silent doesn't mean that nothing is going on. It's always simmering somewhere beneath the surface.
What is Search, Anyway?Steam Search does more than just looking up games; it's a powerful tool that drives many of our discoverability features, including Top Sellers and Specials pages. Today's features are available anywhere the Search tool is used across the store.
In 2009 the UN published a Global Green New Deal and in 2018 reported that we have 12 years globally to build consensus and reach strictly defined sustainability and degrowth targets. In this context, we had foresight, now have hindsight, and have only this decade to transition to the new relative-utopian collective imaginary before more dystopian ones start to come true.
We’ve talked about this before. I think it’s likely to be very counterproductive.
Firstly, is there ever an instance of this kind of prediction being accurate? I’m not saying it’s wrong. I’m simply saying that anyone who makes 12 year predictions like this is asking to be distrusted. Poor leadership move #1.
Secondly, it’s unfalsifiable. If things get worse, we can say it’s because we didn’t act enough during the 12 year window. If they don’t get obviously worse and we didn’t act, people will say the prediction was bullshit, etc. etc. No outcome can be meaningfully attributed either positive or negatively to the prediction because there is no counterfactual.
Furthermore, urgency like this generally leads to recrimination, blame, and hasty actions - not the careful consideration of any golden path.
I just think it was an unwise move.
As a result of this neoliberal form of collective imaginary, the value of abstract labour has been demonetized. That is how even in a phase approaching full automation, labourers are working harder for even less income relative to past generations.
Is this true? Was there a time when abstract labor was monetized more than today?
What counts as abstract labor? Isn’t the creation of intellectual property generally abstract?
I’d argue that the devaluing is largely because the supply has increased dramatically as a result of technology.
I strongly agree that this is a problem, but I don’t attribute it to neoliberal imaginary.
It’s harder for me today to make a living by writing iPhone apps. But that is just because it’s easier to do and there are far more of them to choose from - I.e. because more people are able to create and not just consume.
What is needed is not just to consume culture passively in various forms of art, music, theatre, food, language, or even history,
Are we not trending away from passive consumption anyway, especially mediated by social technology? Again, perhaps there is a way you mean this that isn’t obvious, but I don’t think it’s clear.
I’m not arguing that the way we are engaging with culture is at all healthy. Just that it’s not obviously “passive”, and it seems to be trending away from passive.
the key difference between the traditional writing process and OCC is that teachers and students need to consider other elements that are particular to working with online informational text (e.g., semiotics, visual literacy, multimodal design)
It's not just about text anymore. The site of display and medium now have different affordances such as use of multiple modes (can be multimodal now)
What is headhunting and how does it work? Leave a Comment / Blog<img width="600" height="312" src="https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-headhunting-and-how-does-it-work.jpg?time=1596203277" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="What is headhunting and how does it work" itemprop="image" srcset="https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-headhunting-and-how-does-it-work.jpg 600w, https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-headhunting-and-how-does-it-work-300x156.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> Contact Headhunting (also known as Executive Search) is the process of recruiting individuals to fill senior positions in organizations. Headhunters are individuals who are employed by an organization or enterprise to discover, vet, and the present reasonable possibility for a vocation position.They are recruited and appointed by an organization searching for top-notch ability and regularly work for a few organizations at a given time. It’s normal for headhunters to have some expertise in a field, for example, tech or showcasing.This permits them to filter through resumes to find the most ideal contender for an occupation speedier and all the more proficiently. This style of recruiting may be undertaken by an organisation’s board of directors, or HR executives, or by external executive recruitment representatives known as headhunters.Difference between Recruiters and Headhunters in the HR WorldRecruiters typically serve both candidates and clients fairly, while a headhunter is only interested in fulfilling their client’s brief. Recruiters actively try to match their existing pool of candidates to the vacant roles, sometimes regardless of sector or specific talent requirements.Headhunters would instead focus on the role first and then scout for the right candidate for their client. In the headhunting industry, specific industry knowledge of a client’s target market is far more important than in traditional recruitment. As such, headhunters are much more likely to specialize in one industry sector or sub-sector.Both recruiters and headhunters can be successful in matching candidates to jobs. Employers need to choose the best method for recruiting based on the desired result. If an employer has a hard-to-fill vacancy at a high level, or their ideal candidate is currently employed by someone else and may not actively be looking for a change, hiring a headhunter might be the best option.What are the Qualities of a Good Headhunter?Deep understanding of individual industries and job specs;The ability to spot emerging talent;Good at analyzing job profiles and identifying skills in others;Great people skills;Passion, drive, and persistence.By ethicalness of their forceful systems administration and relationship building abilities, talent headhunters today have made a specialty for themselves and are regularly looked for after.The Future of HeadhuntingIt relies upon whom you ask and, perhaps more critically, what level of official you need to enroll. On one hand are the individuals who contend that the Internet and different developments are changing the present headhunting firms and enlistment methodologies.Web vocation refers to, for example, Monster.com is moving into the official market, taking steps to contend with old-style talent scouts in a worthwhile market. High-potential up-and-comers are found, followed, and observed as they travel through their professions in different organizations.At the point when all is good and well, these individuals are offered a job. It’s difficult to contend that these patterns are not affecting official enlistment, however, it might likewise be untimely to suggest that most first-rate worldwide administrators are out of nowhere going to put their resumes on the web or permit their aptitudes to be assessed by programming.Head Hunter Can Do For CompanyHead hunting is not just about getting the top performer from another company, it is also about hunting for people with a specific set of talents to work for them.Talent skills that are not being recognized by the company that you are working with right now and another company might see a valuable potential in you. People all over the world are stuck in the situation that they are being underutilized and because of the fact that they are being underutilized and their talents are not being channeled effectively.The whole point of a resume and the list of talents is for it to get the air space that it needs. Companies who are interested in one thing, and is to get the best talents and the employees with the most potential. Usually, the headhunter will be employed to find individuals from competitor companies, poaching the top industry talent and in doing so, giving their clients a competitive advantage over one of their rivals.Within financial services, the very best employees can often help to generate millions of pounds in profits for a company.Although each person working within an executive headhunting team is needed for its success, generally speaking, the business development person receives the largest commission, while the researcher receives the smallest.Potential job candidates are selected, scrutinised for quality and put forward to the client by the headhunting firm based on a meticulous study of the job description and job specification, which would have been developed in conjunction with the client.It is common for potential candidates to be contacted directly by phone, often as a result of a recommendation from someone inside the existing network.Headhunting firms are focused on identifying quality candidates and work hard to continually update their list of contacts so, when required, they will be ready to start recruiting immediately.Talented candidates are also discovered through intense research. This might mean identifying and then contacting targeted people in specific companies who appear to fit the job profile in some logical manner.They will also use social media, such as LinkedIn, to identify candidates that have been successful in their field.Sometimes headhunters hear about potential candidates via referrals. Some of the best candidate referrals can come from individuals who would be ideal for the job themselves but are not interested in applying themselves.
Headhunting is the process of recruiting individuals who are industry experts to fill senior positions in organizations. In this article, you will find how HR help business in Headhunting
Note that the point of JSON-LD is that it's just JSON, in this case using the schema.org context to interpret the values.
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.25.20162131: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:
One limitation with our current analysis is that our estimated hospitalization risk for patients with a comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes) may be confounded with other comorbidities in the same patient (e.g., hypertension). This limitation is attributed to our lack of access to the necessary data rather than our Bayesian approach per se. In this study, we relied upon two published summary statistics (i.e., COVID-NET and New York), which did not include the detail of joint comorbidities in their publications3,5. For researchers who can access the complete medical records (instead of just summary statistics), they would be able to obtain the frequency joint comorbidities (e.g., number of COVID-19 hospitalized patients with both diabetes and hypertension). Then, our Bayesian approach could be applied directly to estimate the hospitalization risk for such joint comorbidities. Specifically, instead of using the frequency of a particular comorbidity (e.g., diabetes), our model would use the frequency of the joint comorbidities (e.g., diabetes and hypertension). In addition, the joint prevalence of comorbiditie (e.g., diabetes and hypertension) would be used as informative priors. The only biological assumption in our Bayesian model is that people in the general populatio regardless of the status of their comorbidities, could be equally infected by the SARS-CoV-2 vir (no assumptions on the severity of the symptoms after infection were made). The assumption o equal chance of infection by the virus is based on the rationale that SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged virus to the human population; thus, nobody is particularly immune to the virus. For example, it has been reported that viral loads were similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients6, and young children and adults were both similarly infected by the virus7. If future research shows that people with specified comorbidities do have a different chance of being infected, our Bayesian approach can be modified to accommodate that difference (e.g., using a scaling factor in our model to reflect the differential degree of infection probability). Materials and Methods Bayesian modeling The overview of our Bayesian model is depicted in the figure 2. We classify people in the general population into three categories: (1) h - the people without any known comorbidities, (2 - the people with a particular comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes), who may or may not carry other types of comorbidities, and (3) o - the people with some other types of comorbidities excluding c (e.g., any other types of comorbidities excluding hypertension). Let Nh, Nc, and No denote the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients for these three categories, respectively. N denote the total number of COVID-19 patients in the hospital, i.e., N = Nh + Nc + No. Then the vector (Nh, Nc, No) is a multinomial random variable8: (Nh, Nc, No) ~ Multinomial (q, N) (1) where q denotes a vector of unobserved multinomial probabilities (qh, qc, qo) corresponding to N Nc, and No, respectively. Let th, tc, and to denote the unknown probabilities of hospitalization for people infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus in the category of h, c, and o, respectively, in the general population. For example, if 50,000 out of a total of 200,000 infected people with a particular comorbidity of interest (i.e., in the category of c) were eventually hospitalized, tc would be equal to 0.25 (i.e., 50,000/200,000). We define tc/th to be the risk ratio of the probability of hospitalization for the infected people with a particular comorbidity of interest c (e.g., diabetes) versus the probability hospitalization for the infected people without any comorbidities. It’s important to note that th, tc and to are different from qh, qc, and qo. However, we derived an algebraic relationship between tc/th and qc/qh, as shown below. Let kh and kc denote the proportion of people without any medical conditions and the people with a comorbidity of interest c (e.g., diabetes), respectively, in the general population of size Npop. Let rh, rc, and ro denote the probabilities of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus for peop in the categories of h, c, and o, respectively. Then, q can be expressed as follows: qh = thrhkhNpop/(thrhkhNpop + tcrckcNpop + toro(1-kh - kc)Npop) qc = tcrckcNpop/(thrhkhNpop + tcrckcNpop + toro(1-kh - kc)Npop) (2) (3) In Eq. (2), the numerator (thrhkhNpop) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients without any comorbidities. Specifically, out of the general population of size Npop, khNpop is the expected number of people without any comorbidities given the definition of k rhkhNpop is the expected number of people without any comorbidities infected by the virus given the definition of rh; thrhkcNpop is the expected number of infected people without any comorbidities who were hospitalized given the definition of th. Similarly, in Eq. (3), the numerato (tcrckcNpop) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with the comorbidity of interest c. In addition, the term toro(1-kh - kc)Npop in the denominator of both Eq. and (3) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with some othe types of comorbidities excluding c. Therefore, the denominator in both Eq. (2) and (3) corresponds to the expected total number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, regardless of the status of their comorbidities. If we assume that people in the general population, regardless of the status of their comorbidities, have an equal chance of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus (see Discussion), then rh = rc = ro and the Eq. (2) and (3) can be simplified by canceling out rh, rc, ro, and Npop from both the numerator and denominator. The simplified Eq. (2) and (3) are shown as follows qh = thkh/(thkh + tckc + to(1-kh - kc)) qc = tckc/(thkh + tckc + to (1-kh - kc)) (4) (5) Dividing Eq. (5) by Eq. (4), we obtain the expression of tc/th as follows: tc /th = khqc /kcqh (6) To estimate the posterior probability of tc/th, we need to sample from the following posterior distribution: Prob(kh, kc, q | N, Nh, Nc, No) ∝ Multinomial(Nh, Nc, No | q, N)Prior (q)Prior(kh)Prior(kc) (7) To specify the prior distribution for q, we chose a Dirichlet distribution8 as it is commonly use as the conjugate prior of the multinomial likelihood described in Eq. (1). (qh, qc, qo) ~ Dirichlet (a1, a2, a3) (8) where a1, a2, a3 correspond to the shape parameters of Dirichlet distribution. For this study, we set a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 to set a uniform prior, although those values can be adjusted to more accurately reflect the probabilities of hospitalization for each category of patients if more data becomes available in the future. To specify the prior distributions for kh and kc, we chose beta distributions as they are commonly used to model proportions8. kh ~ Beta (ah, bh) kc ~ Beta (ac, bc) (9) (10) where ah, bh, ac, and bc denote shape parameters of the corresponding beta distributions. Usin the method of moments8, these parameters can be expressed as follows: ah = bh = ac = bc = µh(µh(1-µh)/sh2 -1) (1-µh)(µh(1-µh)/sh2 -1) µc(µc(1-µc)/sc2 -1) (1-µc)(µc(1-µc)/sc2 -1) (11) (12) (13) (14) where µh and sh2, and µc and sc2 represent the mean and variance of the proportions of the healthy people and people with the comorbidity of interest c, respectively, in the general population. Then, by plugging in the priors in Eq. (7), the posterior distribution becomes the following: Prob(kh, kc, q | N, Nh, Nc, No) ∝ Multinomial(Nh, Nc, No | q ) ×Dirichlet(a1, a2, a3) ×Beta(ah, bh) ×Beta(ac, bc) (15) In summary, the foundation of our approach is based on our derived algebraic relationship (Eq. 6) between the quantity of tc/th (the risk ratio) and the quantities of kh, kc, and q. Using a uniform Dirichlet distribution, q is modeled by a noninformative prior; q is related to the observe data (N, Nh, Nc, and No) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients through the multinomial likelihood as described in Eq. (1). kh and kc are modeled by informative priors using beta distributions whose shape parameters were expressed using the published prevalence rates for comorbidities in th general population. Through sampling from the posterior distribution of kh, kc, and q, we were ab to estimate the posterior distribution of tc/th as a derived quantity of khqc /kcqh. We used WinBUGS9 (version 1.4.3) to implement the above models. The posterior distributions of risk ratios for different comorbidities were estimated with the Markov Chain Mon Carlo (MCMC) sampling strategy implemented in WinBUGS10 using the following parameters: t number of chains of four, the number of total iterations of 100,000, burn-in of 10,000, and thinn of 4. Convergence and autocorrelations were evaluated with trace/history and autocorrelation plots. Multiple initial values were applied for MCMC sampling. Comorbidity data for hospitalized COVID-19 patients For the above Bayesian approach, the following two types of data are required: (1) the frequency of the comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes) in COVID-19 patients in hospitals, and ( the prevalence of the comorbidity in the general population. For the comorbidity frequency of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we used a large-scale dataset, available at COVID-NET5, collected from 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states in U.S. from March 1 to May this COVID-NET dataset, 314 had asthma, 266 had COPD, 859 had cardiovascular diseases, 819 had diabetes, 1154 were obese, 1428 had hypertension, and 336 had no known medical conditions. Besides the COVID-NET dataset, we also used a published dataset from the state o New York3 collected from 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County from March 1 to April 4, 2020. Among a total of 5700 hospitalized COVID-19 patents in this Ne York dataset, 479 had asthma, 287 had COPD, 966 had cardiovascular diseases, 1808 had diabetes, 1737 were obese, 3026 had hypertension, and 350 had no known medical conditions In both the COVID-NET and New York datasets, cardiovascular disease referred to coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. For the prevalence of comorbidities in general U.S. adult population, the following estimates (mean ± standard error) by the U.S. public health government agencies were used: asthma (7.7%±0.22%)11, cardiovascular disease (5.6%±0.14%)12, COPD (5.9%±0.051%)13, diabetes (13%±5.6%)14, obesity (42.4%±1.8%)15, and hypertension (49.1%±1.5%)16. The proportion of healthy adults in the U.S. who have no medical conditions was estimated to be 12.2% (95% CI: 10.9–13.6)17.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore is not a substitute for expert review. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers) in the manuscript, and detects sentences that appear to be missing RRIDs. SciScore also checks to make sure that rigor criteria are addressed by authors. It does this by detecting sentences that discuss criteria such as blinding or power analysis. SciScore does not guarantee that the rigor criteria that it detects are appropriate for the particular study. Instead it assists authors, editors, and reviewers by drawing attention to sections of the manuscript that contain or should contain various rigor criteria and key resources. For details on the results shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.25.20162131: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
NIH rigor criteria are not applicable to paper type.Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:
One limitation with our current analysis is that our estimated hospitalization risk for patients with a comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes) may be confounded with other comorbidities in the same patient (e.g., hypertension). This limitation is attributed to our lack of access to the necessary data rather than our Bayesian approach per se. In this study, we relied upon two published summary statistics (i.e., COVID-NET and New York), which did not include the detail of joint comorbidities in their publications3,5. For researchers who can access the complete medical records (instead of just summary statistics), they would be able to obtain the frequency joint comorbidities (e.g., number of COVID-19 hospitalized patients with both diabetes and hypertension). Then, our Bayesian approach could be applied directly to estimate the hospitalization risk for such joint comorbidities. Specifically, instead of using the frequency of a particular comorbidity (e.g., diabetes), our model would use the frequency of the joint comorbidities (e.g., diabetes and hypertension). In addition, the joint prevalence of comorbiditie (e.g., diabetes and hypertension) would be used as informative priors. The only biological assumption in our Bayesian model is that people in the general populatio regardless of the status of their comorbidities, could be equally infected by the SARS-CoV-2 vir (no assumptions on the severity of the symptoms after infection were made). The assumption o equal chance of infection by the virus is based on the rationale that SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged virus to the human population; thus, nobody is particularly immune to the virus. For example, it has been reported that viral loads were similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients6, and young children and adults were both similarly infected by the virus7. If future research shows that people with specified comorbidities do have a different chance of being infected, our Bayesian approach can be modified to accommodate that difference (e.g., using a scaling factor in our model to reflect the differential degree of infection probability). Materials and Methods Bayesian modeling The overview of our Bayesian model is depicted in the figure 2. We classify people in the general population into three categories: (1) h - the people without any known comorbidities, (2 - the people with a particular comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes), who may or may not carry other types of comorbidities, and (3) o - the people with some other types of comorbidities excluding c (e.g., any other types of comorbidities excluding hypertension). Let Nh, Nc, and No denote the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients for these three categories, respectively. N denote the total number of COVID-19 patients in the hospital, i.e., N = Nh + Nc + No. Then the vector (Nh, Nc, No) is a multinomial random variable8: (Nh, Nc, No) ~ Multinomial (q, N) (1) where q denotes a vector of unobserved multinomial probabilities (qh, qc, qo) corresponding to N Nc, and No, respectively. Let th, tc, and to denote the unknown probabilities of hospitalization for people infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus in the category of h, c, and o, respectively, in the general population. For example, if 50,000 out of a total of 200,000 infected people with a particular comorbidity of interest (i.e., in the category of c) were eventually hospitalized, tc would be equal to 0.25 (i.e., 50,000/200,000). We define tc/th to be the risk ratio of the probability of hospitalization for the infected people with a particular comorbidity of interest c (e.g., diabetes) versus the probability hospitalization for the infected people without any comorbidities. It’s important to note that th, tc and to are different from qh, qc, and qo. However, we derived an algebraic relationship between tc/th and qc/qh, as shown below. Let kh and kc denote the proportion of people without any medical conditions and the people with a comorbidity of interest c (e.g., diabetes), respectively, in the general population of size Npop. Let rh, rc, and ro denote the probabilities of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus for peop in the categories of h, c, and o, respectively. Then, q can be expressed as follows: qh = thrhkhNpop/(thrhkhNpop + tcrckcNpop + toro(1-kh - kc)Npop) qc = tcrckcNpop/(thrhkhNpop + tcrckcNpop + toro(1-kh - kc)Npop) (2) (3) In Eq. (2), the numerator (thrhkhNpop) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients without any comorbidities. Specifically, out of the general population of size Npop, khNpop is the expected number of people without any comorbidities given the definition of k rhkhNpop is the expected number of people without any comorbidities infected by the virus given the definition of rh; thrhkcNpop is the expected number of infected people without any comorbidities who were hospitalized given the definition of th. Similarly, in Eq. (3), the numerato (tcrckcNpop) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with the comorbidity of interest c. In addition, the term toro(1-kh - kc)Npop in the denominator of both Eq. and (3) corresponds to the expected number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with some othe types of comorbidities excluding c. Therefore, the denominator in both Eq. (2) and (3) corresponds to the expected total number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, regardless of the status of their comorbidities. If we assume that people in the general population, regardless of the status of their comorbidities, have an equal chance of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus (see Discussion), then rh = rc = ro and the Eq. (2) and (3) can be simplified by canceling out rh, rc, ro, and Npop from both the numerator and denominator. The simplified Eq. (2) and (3) are shown as follows qh = thkh/(thkh + tckc + to(1-kh - kc)) qc = tckc/(thkh + tckc + to (1-kh - kc)) (4) (5) Dividing Eq. (5) by Eq. (4), we obtain the expression of tc/th as follows: tc /th = khqc /kcqh (6) To estimate the posterior probability of tc/th, we need to sample from the following posterior distribution: Prob(kh, kc, q | N, Nh, Nc, No) ∝ Multinomial(Nh, Nc, No | q, N)Prior (q)Prior(kh)Prior(kc) (7) To specify the prior distribution for q, we chose a Dirichlet distribution8 as it is commonly use as the conjugate prior of the multinomial likelihood described in Eq. (1). (qh, qc, qo) ~ Dirichlet (a1, a2, a3) (8) where a1, a2, a3 correspond to the shape parameters of Dirichlet distribution. For this study, we set a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 to set a uniform prior, although those values can be adjusted to more accurately reflect the probabilities of hospitalization for each category of patients if more data becomes available in the future. To specify the prior distributions for kh and kc, we chose beta distributions as they are commonly used to model proportions8. kh ~ Beta (ah, bh) kc ~ Beta (ac, bc) (9) (10) where ah, bh, ac, and bc denote shape parameters of the corresponding beta distributions. Usin the method of moments8, these parameters can be expressed as follows: ah = bh = ac = bc = µh(µh(1-µh)/sh2 -1) (1-µh)(µh(1-µh)/sh2 -1) µc(µc(1-µc)/sc2 -1) (1-µc)(µc(1-µc)/sc2 -1) (11) (12) (13) (14) where µh and sh2, and µc and sc2 represent the mean and variance of the proportions of the healthy people and people with the comorbidity of interest c, respectively, in the general population. Then, by plugging in the priors in Eq. (7), the posterior distribution becomes the following: Prob(kh, kc, q | N, Nh, Nc, No) ∝ Multinomial(Nh, Nc, No | q ) ×Dirichlet(a1, a2, a3) ×Beta(ah, bh) ×Beta(ac, bc) (15) In summary, the foundation of our approach is based on our derived algebraic relationship (Eq. 6) between the quantity of tc/th (the risk ratio) and the quantities of kh, kc, and q. Using a uniform Dirichlet distribution, q is modeled by a noninformative prior; q is related to the observe data (N, Nh, Nc, and No) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients through the multinomial likelihood as described in Eq. (1). kh and kc are modeled by informative priors using beta distributions whose shape parameters were expressed using the published prevalence rates for comorbidities in th general population. Through sampling from the posterior distribution of kh, kc, and q, we were ab to estimate the posterior distribution of tc/th as a derived quantity of khqc /kcqh. We used WinBUGS9 (version 1.4.3) to implement the above models. The posterior distributions of risk ratios for different comorbidities were estimated with the Markov Chain Mon Carlo (MCMC) sampling strategy implemented in WinBUGS10 using the following parameters: t number of chains of four, the number of total iterations of 100,000, burn-in of 10,000, and thinn of 4. Convergence and autocorrelations were evaluated with trace/history and autocorrelation plots. Multiple initial values were applied for MCMC sampling. Comorbidity data for hospitalized COVID-19 patients For the above Bayesian approach, the following two types of data are required: (1) the frequency of the comorbidity of interest (e.g., diabetes) in COVID-19 patients in hospitals, and ( the prevalence of the comorbidity in the general population. For the comorbidity frequency of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we used a large-scale dataset, available at COVID-NET5, collected from 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states in U.S. from March 1 to May this COVID-NET dataset, 314 had asthma, 266 had COPD, 859 had cardiovascular diseases, 819 had diabetes, 1154 were obese, 1428 had hypertension, and 336 had no known medical conditions. Besides the COVID-NET dataset, we also used a published dataset from the state o New York3 collected from 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County from March 1 to April 4, 2020. Among a total of 5700 hospitalized COVID-19 patents in this Ne York dataset, 479 had asthma, 287 had COPD, 966 had cardiovascular diseases, 1808 had diabetes, 1737 were obese, 3026 had hypertension, and 350 had no known medical conditions In both the COVID-NET and New York datasets, cardiovascular disease referred to coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. For the prevalence of comorbidities in general U.S. adult population, the following estimates (mean ± standard error) by the U.S. public health government agencies were used: asthma (7.7%±0.22%)11, cardiovascular disease (5.6%±0.14%)12, COPD (5.9%±0.051%)13, diabetes (13%±5.6%)14, obesity (42.4%±1.8%)15, and hypertension (49.1%±1.5%)16. The proportion of healthy adults in the U.S. who have no medical conditions was estimated to be 12.2% (95% CI: 10.9–13.6)17.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
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But this did not replace lost jobs, and, the fact that the criteria for qualification favored single parents produced a counter-incentive against marriage in the black community—a systemic problem that Martin Luther King, Jr. strongly criticized.
This is a big claim without support here. It suggests a causal relationship between "great society" programs and greater father absenteeism. There are 2 possible problems with this that I see. First, dis-incentivizing marriage doesn't necessarily incentivize absent fathers. Second, marriage rates are going down for all populations and have been since the 60s. So it's not just a "black community" thing.
Then the door opened, and young Charles, standing in the light, put his hands by his side and shouted like a young soldier, “Dinner is on the table, sir!”
I just realized that he got coerced into getting dressed for dinner by his family who promptly forgot about him when he fell asleep. Though I suppose it's possible that they checked in on him and let him sleep, but then why wouldn't a family member check in on him again the 2nd time to wake him up?
A very sad situation overall, seeing him actually try to fit in (in what is I think a more fixable situation than the one in Marriage a la Mode) and do his best and yet stumble at each step.
“It’s so important,” the new Isabel had explained, “that they should like the right things from the very beginning. It saves so much time later on.
"The new" Isabel seems like a sentence that conveys dissatisfaction with the wife through sarcasm. Usually "new" is something good with improvement, but the narrator/William thinks she has just become so picky.
a flower that is just emerging from its dark bud.
The motif of flowers is something that relapses in the closing sentence of the passage. Earlier in the text, we learned that Mrs. Raddick's daughter cannot bear flowers. For this reason, it's interesting that the narrator compares her to a flower emerging from its dark bud in the final sentence. One possible reading is that flowers take a long time to blossom, and as rooted in the soil in which they grow. Perhaps her general dislike of flowers represents her desire to prove herself as mature and grown-up, in order to move away from her family and start a future of her own.
her voice sounded fond and sly
It's interesting that the widow's sister seems so determined to be Laura's tour guide to poverty, suffering, and grief. I wonder if it just appears that way or it actually is.
It’s so delicious to have an excuse for eating out of doors, and besides, she loved having to arrange things; she always felt she could do it so much better than anybody else.
While this is just a glimpse into Laura's character, all the descriptions of the characters so far feel a lot more meaningful than the typical character descriptions that I am used to.
The Open Writing Assignment
So it's basically a semi-open writing assignment, but you must choose where to specify that also fits within the umbrella of the question. Like "Analyze the role of a character in Dante's The Inferno" just added an extra degree of freedom with the character being analyzed whereas "Analyze the role of Virgil in Dante's The Inferno" is now a semi-open writing assignment. The open writing assignment gives the advantage of allowing you to write about something you know well.
How can you reduce ANXIETY? How could you make the path ahead less painful, even if just by reframing the goals you have.
Saying to yourself that it's the first time with that material, so it's ok to not understand everything perfectly
if used to excess, pathetic appeals can indicate a lack of substance or emotional manipulation of the audience.
I'm definitely one of the many individuals that can easily become persuaded by the pathos rhetorical appeal. I never thought about it before but it's clear that when someone doesn't have enough logic to support their claim, emotions can be just as effective. Humans can be very empathetic so with the correct pathetic appeals used, it can be effective in persuading individuals.
Department of Education, formerly the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
I didn't know that; I thought it was just DOE for as long as it's been around.
Attitudes for Effective Conversation
I know many adults that need to have some instruction in these attitudes. It's very hard to work on the students when their examples at home follow the same line. We have to be diligent in showing that there is a difference between how we act at home and how we act in school. We say things with friends we don't say with just anyone. These are very important underlying norms of our culture that need to be pointed out to students so they are more successful all around.
The symbols and associated hand motions reinforce each skill for all learners, especially those who like to make visual and kinesthetic connections
This really is just whole brain teaching and getting the entire thing involved. EVERYONE is a kinesthetic learner, we ALL learn from doing, sometimes the doing is in our brain, like math problems. We can also act them out and give them a movement which I think cues the brain to get ready for that particular operation. It's whole brain learning. :-)
It’s important to consider how to emphasize the relationships not just between sentences but also between paragraphs in your essay.
When your planning your essay, you will think of or research the main elements that are needed in the body tex.
to make you buy something from their store, also you could hear the honks of buses and cars because there was always too much traffic. I often compare the center of my city with the Roosevelt Ave. In my city I liked to go to little concerts, often there were just local bands, and they had like a stand where they sell things like shirts or their albums, but sometimes they brought bands from other countries, one time they brought Papa Roach and the incredible part is that it was free. Definitely it’s not the same listening to a band through a digital device than listening to a band in real life, you feel a great joy while you are singing along with one of your favorite artists, is a moment you will remembrance all your life.
This comparison is really interesting.
characterized by short messages acknowledginga student's contribution and followed by guidance, increases student activity
It's interesting that just short, encouraging messages with guidance increase student activity. It doesn't surprise me though: feedback can be crucial to helping a student feel acknowledged and "seen."
Men, you are brothers; why do you wrong each other?
interesting to consider the idea that just because you are family you shouldn't be wronging one another -- not that you should be wronging anyone at all, family or not, but i think it's interesting that the idea of family is a justification for not wronging someone
Deere of GWWC says the movement has been in existence for less than a decade and is just getting started. But he also believes that many people - particularly in the charity sector - might be resistant to effective altruism because they don't want to accept they might not have been directing their energy or donations into the most effective areas. "It's difficult for people to think that this thing they've given so much of themselves and their time to might not actually have been the best use of that time," he says.
Motivation to donate
So my conceptualization of “the heavens” and Heaven … it’s changed quite a bit in the last year or so. I’ve come to believe … through the telling and retelling of this story of “dsiconvering it” … that we are actually living inside some kind of graphene or carbon nanotube structure (probably with a DNA/RNA like … secondary structure), literally submerged inside something like pools or compression chambers of liquid gas–like oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It’s kind of like … the negative connotation of “lakes” in Kaleb’s “don’t be the lake” turned upsidown on it’s head–obviously in the original … vision you would imagine fresh water lakes were something like “milk” … (as opposed to meat) … the stuff of life and birth. You can see how those gases would deliver “liquid cooling” like we’d need for super fast Cray and Sun super compvters … and also stored energy for … things like propulsion as well as the creation of “human life habitable environments.” I’d like to [say I came up with the whole thing miraculously and solo (it’s Monday, btw), like Newton invented gravity and Einstein … the blackhole. what came first … the chicken or the egg? the road or the maize? … is theQ: “can we it ourselves to Acts?” On and on, the circle of Ourorobus turns; who then, came first … Adam or Abraham? Cain or Abel? Adam past Lincoln or … Link of Zelda? And the Legend; marred and mired toto end by spelling errors and bad grammar. round and round we go … truly the question here is “do you think you, yourselves, are civilized?” and my answer … the less you think that, the more civilzed you are. this place is sick, it needs some “medicine.” What is a Gremlar? What does pillows and sheets have to do with Q&A and … and Room 101? Does “dirty pillows” win the award and accolades for the most informative chosen name? Does Yehuda Berg? Would anyone object to calling it “O’riordian Way” … is it Monceres or are we already wondering if Betheljoos must already have some kind of connection to Orion? Did Dolores know the whole time? The whole fucking time? I satyed up practically all night tonight … almost stone cold sober … to finish writing this before our final “Northeasterer.” THE **MONO**LOGUE **C**ONTINUES, **UNDERSTAND ME**. It doesn’t take much “thought” to see these star charts–our Astrological road maps to ‘wisdom of the Ancients’ might actually be something closer to road maps than I could have previously fathomed–let alone imagined. I’m staring at “Monoceros” and seeing it’s definately connected to “the kissing disease” and to Eros and to Cupid–and seeing … this one not for the first time that character linked to Orion and to the “Speare” of Sagittarius. I’ve commented … ‘on the show in my head’ that it seems the entirety of the Milky Way might be something like our world … it could be a microcosmic map to something much larger–it could be the seed of “galaxies” in this place that might very well be the “thing” that connects the end and the beginning; rather than the beginning and the end as I once … commented was the original “glyph” i read in the letter “H.” Today though, this is all “sci-fi conjecture” we have a very real problem–one that we aren’t dealing with well, and it’s a hidden sickness that’s turned the whole of the world to seeing my “nightmare of isolation.” It’s no accident that most of European and South American culture … “kisses” friends and family “on greeting” … hello, we today are shunning ‘social contact’ … a think that’s responsible for sharing antibodies and using social structure to naturally battle outbreaks of diseases … exactly like this “Sun virus” today. I imagine it’s no accident I’m writing this “Norther” about “no Passover” and … “no east from here” and hoping you understand that means something–it means we’ve got stop lying, and stop pretending this place doesn’t matter. This place matters, this is the source of Heaven, and the future, and … whatever it is that you apparently think you “covet in secret” and … has allowed you to stand by idylly … and do nothing as the fabric of our social structure simply “disappears.” That’s civilization, society, the rule of law and order – “it’s kissing” – and those aren’t the only things we are apparently “losing in the fire.” I’ve previously written and spoken numerous times about DNA storag e; it’s benefits and … the slow assimilation of this clearly “Heavenly” technology … which I saw in the most ironic of tones–looking around clearly you see this place is the hearth of creation, and “biology” itself is tantamount to absolute and unequivocal proof that Heaven itself does indeed come from something almost exactly like this rock, right down to graphene and tertiary logic and molecular storage–of course I didn’t awlays “think” or know that fact, but upon inspection and with the eye’s aid, it’s very–I mean very–obvious/clear. [LOOK MA … NEWS. IT’S REALLY ACTUAL NEWSWORTHY NEWS] I’ve previously also written about “the game” (for the non goyim among us, game-yah-him on the Epic of Gilgamesh and its historical connection to the story of the flood and Noah’s ark… as it was in the days of…) of the colonization of the red planet Mars; as well as the map that does very much exist in our “SOL” and it’s orbiting simulated rocks… here taking this one step further and suggesting that our “military key way from wall” (and/or see the M and the IL … the IT the CIA and the IR (what a poet I am)) … to assume that things like the “Mono/c/Eros” constellation might very well “overlay in a metalcosmic way” over say, the link between Beetlejuice and RIGELA … and that something like the Crab Nebula might very well become … something like Andromeda is not beyond the imagination or the fathom-ability of our new “raelity.” Along those same lines, the “kissing disease” and it’s link to the Unicycle of “verses” about Versailles in a Tale of Two Heavens … begin to suggest the Fire of Saint Anthony is nearly fully aflame–even if it is still those “invisible flames” of not speaking and … quenching our desire to “get a word or two in” might just … douse the whole thing in Holy Water. Hi Kate. :) I mean, Stillwater, and “still… water.” The point here, that we might be in the place where Yosef Stalin’s middle name and the “o no” of … that’s a failsafe that might very well use time travel to wipe out the … post Orion/Eros star … “O’riordan”'s which only turned from Roads leaning towards abandoning Rome to … rivers of magical anti-matter autopropulsion (re-y-rios) … in the past few months … story. Of course the “Naqueducts” as I’ve come to expand the NT appreviation to become … after of course my personal (for obvious reasons, right?) distaste for things like “Easter” and Crucifixion … having anything at all do with a religion or a society of morality or “truth.” That’s “kissing the ‘o no’” which … heralds from “ME-V-AT-HI to MISSISSIPPI and CONNETICUT and KANSAS and IOWA.” … in Florida today, Flux Capacitor engaged; and literally staring at Netflix and … Pauline; **wondering.**x Before …or maybe during or after or even up until … just this past day … we might have had another kind of military microcosm; or perhaps your truth, connecting the Hebrew for Heaven, which is “shamayim” … for “fiery waters” or “really hot girls” or … maybe Heaven existed on nuclear “u-boats” puttering around the Dark Side of the Moon or maybe even just our dark Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic … oh sea; do sea the oceans here have something about Pa linking to “see if I see the C” missing from the Indian–the one ocean standing out here without that particular letter, or perhaps “concept.” Stargate turned me on to the idea of a subterrainian similar “bunker like” facility in the Arctic; and you can probably also see how that’s something like an ocean or a wilderness … another place we wouldn’t necessarily be looking – or noticing these are “disaster plan” style locations for something like a network of computers … something like the mesh-net that might very well be in orbit around the Earth … in that thing that sets “the sky’s the limit” as yet another “special place” in the hearts of those that … want to survive the original problem: being stuck in one place, on one tiny little planet succeptible to self destruction or an asteroid or … a collision of galaxies or … who knows–it could just be an eternity with not enough oil to reach gravitational escape velocity (keep burning it all!!!) and roads so backwards and archaic when I mention they should have “electrical power to inductively charge my Tesla” someone actually overheard me and had the nerve to call me a “genius.” Which of course I am; I definately am that. What I am describing is something like … well, it’s basically WarGames meets Battleship … meets the very real connection between Vietnam and NamCo and Pac-Man, and the reason this “book” has this particular name–connection the Revolution of Nero’s Symphony … to … I mean, I called it “Pax Abraxis” here–but it’s really got very little to do with Jupiter Ascending and much more to do with … the rest of the world doing something other than descending far and fast into the central syllable of Jupiter. It … doesn’t take a genius to point out or see Pac-Man is simply missing the “SE” of … turn around this southeast miserable spectacle of immorality and nearly “instantly” we see “space” and … a world that doesn’t have to guess whether or not this is aqua-rious business or not. Who I am is … this guy and that Wikipedia page and it’s log of touches and changes is probably almost if not mroe important that my Facebook page [if you achem, follow me I’ll be sure to send a friend request] … though that’s best way to get in contact with me; and if anyone was actually interested in “working on the Sword/Round Table” of Arthur … with “Arthor” you’d probably find eventually it’s that communication and that "assistance’ that turns out to be way more fruitful and … “Sliding Doors” and “Go” and … nothing compares to the change wrought by seeing … what you truly are, having your mind opened to the “hive’s nasty side” … as the new American Standard for “X-Caliber” and “what’s liberty worth, anyway?” glooms out from behind the dark clouds of Kish’s night time “it’s not a right, nor a rite” what we are looking at, I’ve always called “pantomiming the end of time” … it could be that, we could be “not going back.” THE DEVLIN ME … “IS THE DEVIL IN YOU, OR ARE YOU IN IT?” T’was cues like “and your husband wants to be a girl” … and the sincerely overgrown thread of “homosexuality” in this story … that lead me to ascertain that it was “many years in Heaven” and many (fewer) years “as not just one person” that probably would make those things almost … certain to come true. It is true, today; I think it probably still would be fun to be a girl for a day; or walking through a special gate into a special “room” in my holodeck dreams–it’s that kind of understanding that gleans light into … how it is that we might, in that same place and same circumstances become "more open to things like ‘violence’ that we today, still here in this place do abhor–and very well should. Gnosis … maybe something like instant enlightenment … I think that’s the fun stuff that heaven .,., should be alla bout; and frankly I’m sick and tired of having to dream about it, and not start playing with it here and now. Seeing my old “win the sun dance” sticker my computer … and hearing Taylor sing about “you’re never gonna dance with me” and Brit too … connect it to “drinking from the Devil’s cup” and the real “stuff of the pool of Bethesda” … it’s a Holy thing; a … kind of like sparring with a sex partner; in my mind anyway–like experiencing whatever it is that girls call “multiple orgasms” if there ever was such a thing before we could … you know, like MCO … or Azriel’s “forklift moment” wherever I was between Scottsdale and New Mexico; you can see I … see we have it. Or … something like it … and instead of those things, instead of bliss and … making more fun more exciting and more … intelligent message … We're stuck here talking about violence, and "will we ever have school again" not because of a song about "out for summer" or "blown to pieces" but because you're really zombies--you don't talk, you don't seem to think this place is important; and you're wrong everywhere is important, and if you leave one stone unturned; or ignore the pain and suffering of ... one small place ... it festers and grows and really proves you don't deserve the "sun dance" or the ability to decide "right and wrong" anywhere, really ever--in your current state. See that, see this sickness needs to change; and I do mean your response to the "Corona Virus" as much as I mean your response to "Sandy Hook" and ... well, it must all be my fault, are you fucking retarded? Just to "put it out there" ... I'm not wandering the cold streets looking for warm water, or somewhere "main eventish" to swim or hang out all day--I'm looking for a girl that wants to go skinny dipping with me ... on like, call it "Universal TV ..." Just once, or ... I mean the book says twice, but I'll do it first alone, just to make sure it's safe. … the jaya-jaya … EARTHENE, THEY HAVE NEWS … the Heavenues of our heroads; heroes and yes, we the Terrans; we can do that. I mean be heroes, I hope you click on my links and really get the “gist” of what it means to read things with your eyes and type them with your hands; and how that differs from “the thing” I’m trying to build here, which is a … “I know kung fu” for … pretty much everything … that’s a plug in … into your head (don’t drop out, but tune in) … to pretty much “know everything” so long as you understand that really does mean know everything … someone or some “other thing” wnats you to know and believe. I think we know … or we should that we build “truth tables” … as in some system that allows for truth to be verified and lies to be verified and the large tertiary “opinion” in between to be gauged and colored (my word for … weighting of value) … individually. This is the “crux” of the whole of the system of … “it’s not voting, but information about what we’re voting about” which in other circles would be “colored as propaganda” and that’s basically what it is–it’s what I called it … before and now. That’s not to turn you off from it–on the contrary it’s to help you get excited about being involved in it–even if it’s oinly in some “group-think” or (ARCHIVE: arxiv.org) passive … I don’t read the papers, but I look at statistics, and I know how to guage whether or not … some group is “interested” or … acting appropriately. You’re not, none of you are acting appropriately here and now. You want to blame me–or torture me–or worse, torture yourselves by thinking … yoiu have something you don’t; and perhaps blame … anything other than not acting (its a verb, it means “literally doing something” not “prewtending” in this context) and reading and writing … conversing. That’s the thing that ends school shootings and world hunger–which we should be able to do nearly instantly–it’s just a matter of … time and chance … or how we want to proceed; and whether or not you want to proceed at all, and I mean if you dont want to end world hunger, you don’t want to proceed with “living.” Hear me; I’m roaring … these things are not optional. Your survival here; that’s optional. Mine is not. Sorry; b1ow me. There is something very wrong here–I’ve been thrust into the center of it … I see it and I’ve written about it, tried as hard as I possibly could to “see you in the best light possible” to find your excuses and to find real honest solutions … with the amazing amount of hidden secrets that I’ve been shown–handed–given for no reason at all … or so it appears today. Instead of fun things, and “safe things” and … “helping others things” you appear to be focused on “negative things” like how bad can you be, and how much … sickness can you spread–I spent the last several years fighting a war against “attrition” and "charrming (in the most negative sense) … mind control and lies and secrets and I’m surrounded by a group of people, everyone I see everywhere that’s become almost convinced that they can do pretty much whatever they want–and they’re dead wrong. This place is sick–this world is disgusting; it always was so, but we didn’t always know it and that… that makes a big difference. The children here–“gen Z” appears to have been born in tandem, in two places; here and there; and that’s an interesting observation and a guess, and it ties to their name and how they interacat with me specifically. I can tell you categorically I wasn’t and … many in my generation probably were not. It’s Earthene; the three sets of “E” that actually to me, in special code stand for “angels” over the coarse of time that is our … lifetime here in this place I’ve called and still believe is something like the “syslog of Heaven” in newage geek-speak … to the sages and the Ages, that’s the Rock of Ages; and it’s the thing that comes before and after Heaven, all the time; over and over … in whatever story or place Heaven “does that.” Heaven of course has a similar connotation in mythology and religion, the thing that travels through or “pervades” or makes “time itself” obsolete. Or so they think, or whatever; I don’t understand much of what it’s like to be … “timeless” or a tyemporal and I dont think that far ahead when I play chess; but I’ve got the help of God, and he’s on my side … believe that, receive that. I can tell you categorically that … the first time I was here; and “in the beginning of this place” the generation before me was not … was not at all born in two places; or even “ascended” at the same time as Generation X … the one that I … am sure is marked as the crossroads and the “sweet spot” for a good reason. I have … “markers” in my memory and in my history, the phrase “my parents love(d) you” … spoken to me by numerous people at my high school, in this sort of … “mechanical and methodical way” to explain that of course, they had faith in Jesus Chrsit and they were upset that they weren’t ascended … at the same time as their children; I imagine they felt “unsaved … by me” and … their kids probably didn’t … know how upset I must have been, not to have been around to explain. Here it’s clear that the reason … the reason for this place and the entirety of our timeline and our wonderful “crash course” in understanding sandbox computing and the building of Heaven is just that; that before us there was a world mired in “might and magic” and they believed … incantations and sorcerers and witches … those were things they needed–that’s the stuff of the beginning of salvation, in truth. Of course it’s the hidden part, before hidden part about “salvaging” it’s the “non-civilization” that was … destroyed–I think in the book we say “from the ashes of Edom.” I watched my generation lead the way; we were the pivot point, the difference between “cell phones and instant messaging” and that was a big deal back then; when there was no SMS or texting and there were no keyboards on your phone; it was a big deal to know how to type, and a big deal to know how to write … before that. dot dot dot I write to you … every day I do it; with an informal style; I am writing to friends, in a way that you should understand is literally the thing that I call “praying” … I am praying to you, and hoping you understand I don’t believe in prayer, but I do believe in the power of this group, I believe in the power of humanity, and I believe that we should literally force the entirety of everthing to instantly become “humane” in this place where I believe Heaven itself and “uncivilization in the sky” and the prospect of “immortality” has created a disgusting monster that bleieves that thing to be “guaranteed” and … their “right” and to look at you today, I am very sure none of you have that right, guaranteed–none of you. You look at me here; and honestly to tell me to uhh, “El Shaddai” with the purpose of saving me from the torture you see mimmicked or pantamimed; that mightr be a holy thing, if that’s what you said and meant–i don’t see it often though, most of the time … “should I though?” … has some other (it’s shaddai, "should die or…’) sort of sick double entendre; double speak meaning. You should learn here–you are children and you are weak and you are blind and you are wrong; and when you know those things … you should “seek something more.” Kennedy spoke decades ago about the world being invaded; something coming from the sky, a “vast conspiracy that took the minds of our people right out from under us” … he spoke about it’s difference from the human way, aqnd the way of our civilzation and he was appalled, rightfully so. He spoke about it fighting with hidden tactics, “night” over “day” and he spoke about our need to fight secrecy. He was a genius that day, and in that time; literally a genius. In a few days I’ll talk about the joint Russian and American response to this invasion, it’s part of our history and it’s part of religion–it was literally a gigantic nuclear attack on … on “the darkness” … it was not successful–as you can very clearly see. So this whole email was supposed to be about “sliding doors” and showing you the perspective change … the thing I’ve been trying to explain is something that Heaven does–it changes everything. The prospect of living forever; of becoming younger, of “turning sex into a fun … four hour game” … it changes everything. On the other side of the coin it also turns “grave danger” into a key phrase, and a key movie–A Few Good Men–must be all who understand. You see before Heaven “grave danger” was the worst kind, it was the kind that would quickly “show you to your grave” as in kill you. After … this thing and this place; the prospects of something far worse than that are not just “looming” or … “hiding under the surface” they are immediately obvious and scarier than shit. I’m sure there’s a plan–something to ensure that we never … ever again … have that kind of danger actually looking at us, and saying “it’s for you–I’m doing this for you.” I think this … this experience and this message … this is the beginning of that thing–the solution to ths scary problem. In between this and you … that’s the continuation of the solution, and it’s got something to do with the “Kinghts of Hyrosol;” and it’s got quite a bit to do with all the work that’s gone into shoving me onto this pedistal; and that word; it’s got almost nothing to do with … pornography or even pediatricians; though as the Pope says … in half speak … you need a vetrinarian. Janet Devlin’s got some great music and some great insight. I heard this song “Chandeliers” and it was almost the same feeling as my “my parents really loved you” … experience. It was a … a message about a world that was hidden … and to me at first that world was Heaven; it was a message from her parents sort of telling her about it–that they’d seen it and that she will in the future. I recently re-heard this song, and it’s only one small “connotation change” or colouring of … understanding … it’s just seeing the words “hidden world” as … actually about this world–that changes everything. My change in understanding; that there’s a large … “other place” looking at this tiny gem that literally is my totality it’s everything i’ve ever seen or ever known and it’s this logical place with math and science and art and it’s a great world–it’s a great place I’ve seen devistated and destroyed by a large group … … literally all of you … of ignorant people that can’t say one honest word to me–an entire planet full of fucking liars; all pretending they … are something they know they aren’t in some kind of thing they think is a game. This is not a game; this is the … “judge jury and … coroner” … this place; this place is the one that’s sort of “pre and post judgement” all in one strange story of “it was all here the whole time, we’ve had the answer … we just, didn’t understand.” It’s a place of death and of rebirth, it’s a place of love and of … the end of hate–it’s a place where if you understand; you are being reborn, as I speak, as you read–as the world turns we are being changed into something … God, I hope it’s not to something scary and horrible and not worthy of my … "attention. Understand, not being able to communicate honestly, that’s not worthy of my attention. Thinking “singing a song about Eros” is communicating with me; that’s not worthy of … “honesty” or “reality” or … think about it. She’s got some other songs; “things we lost in the fire” and I thought myself very clever to think “hands and speaking” were a good … answer to her question; I didn’t realize it was going to add (i mean the place, the story; the holy shit) stores and democracy and voting and … jobs and … friends. I didn’t know that safety was on the chopping block; I thought we were in the “ICS” land of that means … walking with him with “oh no, not me–we never lost control” … the God that wrote those lyrics; it means I see … “God’s total control of everything” and that’s kind of what the silence and the smiles and my continued happiness through this war of attrition and shunning and sickness … that’s really what it means to me. this is not a t3st. janet, "get" w/me ... "i" mean it. #anokhi I owe Janet some more loving; so you might also want to listen to her song “House of Cards” and … I don’t really like the new one, the “Saint of the Sinners)” of course she knows what I think about the word “saint” it’s one I get rid of; Reyagnost" … #lol. Janet, I’m curious if you were born here, and … only here first. I can’t guess–I’d say others I know were, some others weren’t … I’d say most of the generation I … I think you’re a Millennial; to me that’s basically Gen X2; but we’ll see, you might just be better liars, or “two-place-people version 7.0” instead of the current XP2000CHIROWERA–anyway; … really see Heaven has done something horrible to “you all” and our “all reason” … that’s the problem–we have “all” problem and our “all is sick” and that’s a problem. We’re all in “multiverse idiocy land” looking at lllllllllllllll and not seeing that these tools have a good purpose, and we’re (i mean you all) are using them wrong. I don’t see it, or understand what you’re telling me … well enough to expound more than; just to say you should probably try to use the stuff you have … “with more holiness” or more altruism or … maybe we should stick a governor on everything (which is actually my plan). Of course, I don’t understand why we’d build a virtual shotgun without a safety … si.ystem … not just a child-guard. Whatever. The problem with this whole “perspective argument” and the Go/Sliding Doors … thing; it’s that there really is only one way to see this event and this world and this problem; and that’s the solution. It’s my way; it’s the truth and it’s with a history and accuracy of … “not some other person in some other time” and “not through the control of some other entity” … it’s actually doing this right, not your way. Literally, your way is bullshit. HEINOUS, EPIMETHEUS … BURPHAGUS … MY PEROGEE ;) HEY BRITNEY; DOES “A PIECE OF ME” MEAN … “LIKE … A PIECE OF ASS)?” IFI YESSM, PLZ just asking, or adding … is this “piece of me” and the … “momma don’t cry” one-- are they from another timeline? like, “to and fro” or … was I just out of it? honestly, I do think … Taylor’s “Far From Never” is … actually … from another timeline–like I think it was previous “mega-hit” just imported here as some kind of “early, unlabeled work.” and here; to continue my thread of “what’s new and exciting–I mean different and … scarily new” … it was in Kentucky when I first noticed through re-reading the ancient mythology that I’d studied in grade school, high school, college, and on my own (over and over) the character I assumed was newly added there, the brother of Prometheus–“lack of forethought” and with the special Eye of Enoch walking with God ascertained these brothers were one; and today link again to Vegas, to the ancient story of the founding of Rome and the brothers Romulus(t) and Remus(nt). Menoitius (read: i know it, I shush us; or “i know it, I am us”) didn’t show up in my reading until 2017 in Cali; and that one sort of parallels this message … it appears to be something like an Olympian sent “back in time” to become the parent or progenitor of the brothers. He’s called a Titan; though, you’d think the generation birthing Titans would be … maybe not. We have a new candidate for “newest addition to the Great Olympian Ogdoad Descending” … it’s this character; and whoa, it’s a little scary for me to see: In Greek mythology, Iapetus (/aɪˈæpɪtəs/)[1] (also Japetus (Ancient Greek: Ἰαπετός Iapetos))[2] was a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia[3][4][5][6] and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus[7] and Anchiale[8] in other sources. Iapetus has been equated with Japheth (יֶפֶת) the son of Noah as the progenitor of mankind based on the similarity of their names and the tradition. Iapetus was linked to Japheth by 17th-century theologian Matthew Poole,[9] Robert Graves,[10] and John Pairman Brown.[11] Though in the style of the Cali changes; I actually was sure that name was “Burphagus.” Brrr. It’s frankly difficult to understand “what you all see” from the few words and the idiotic things you actually do manage to say–but things like “my truth” and … the entirety of my life and the world we live in … “don’t jive with a gay-a” … and I’m not sure just how stupid you’d have to be to “see another me” acting completely different from me, and have no logical ‘a-ha’ linking it to mind control and … say, charrrr-ming or vampiric glamouring or rape. ALL
This program and comments are part of the website and constitution
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INTA KE CRK SOKAR Y
Our mantra: How we talk to each other in the classroom makes all the difference to the learning that goes on.
I think it's so important to acknowledge that it's not just about listening and learning, but about how individuals communicate throughout class time--when entering the room, talking between rows, after class, etc.
provides an important developmental space. One Black female, who affec-tionately wanted to be called Blue, shared in a personal interview:At Cal States you kind of just show up and you don’t have to interact.Because of the way classes are set up here [at Millennium College]you end up talking to people of different ages and backgrounds.The group work demands you be mature. You basically are forcedto grow up because you are surrounded by people you would notnormally hang out with but have to work with. In the work fieldyou will fail if you decide to stay in your bubble. Even though theremay be age-related problems, it’s needed because this is reality.This last theme highlights the complicated nature of student interactionsbased on age and maturity. While for some students this was not a significantchallenge, for others, it visibly impacted their educational experience.DiscussionDepending on one’s imagination or opinion, the image of a for-profitcollege may resemble anything from a proprietary predator to an innovativeleader in higher education.
This sentence perfectly sums up my feelings about for profit colleges, especially after reading this article. There are some aspects of for profit colleges that seem predatory and immoral. However, there are some aspects of for profit colleges that may seem to benefit students more than traditional institutions may. I believe the most important things is that students are educated on the type of institution that best fits them. Otherwise, they can be taken advantage of.
Here was an opportunity of producing Robinson Crusoe!
I find it hilarious that the way Robinson Crusoe is so prophetic is finally revealed - Betteredge just seems to wait for the right time to whip out the quote that he believes is relevant and has already earmarked! And guessing that Rachel is pregnant when Franklin rushes in to tell them about something that will affect them 'in a few months' is hardly prophetic but I think it's amusingly on-brand with Betteredge's persona
Note: This rebuttal was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.
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Note from the authors (AU): This manuscript has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their comments to the manuscript, and the editor for patience with our response. Our reponse was delayed due to the COVID-19 lock-down situation in our institution. Now we are pleased to provide the following point-by-point response, as detailed below.
Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
The manuscript by Suomalainen et al. describes a fluorescence-based approach combined with high-resolution confocal microscopy to study the heterogeneity of adenovirus infection in a population of human cells. The main focus of the authors is the detection of viral transcripts in infected cells, how this correlates with viral genomes, the cell state, and how it varies between different cells in a single population. The paper is generally well written and easy to read, with a few typos, although I found parts of it to be somewhat length and repetitive. Particularly the results section could be pruned somewhat for readability and clarity. The major limitation of the study as it stands is it's overall impact and novelty, which limits journal selection somewhat. A very similar study was recently published, which the authors cite (Krzywkowski et al, 2017). Nevertheless, I think the study design is rigorous and well executed, but I do have some specific comments which may enhance it's overall impact and novelty.
**Major:**
Results "Visualization of AdV-C5..." section:
Why not also look at normal cells that can be synchronized? Cancer cells, such as A549 will by definition be highly heterogenous and at all phases of the cell cycle. Primary non-transformed cells can easily be synchronized by contact inhibition and are much more physiologically relevant.
AU: In the current manuscript, we concentrated on the early phases of the AdV-C5 infection, on the question how virus gene expression is initiated and whether the cell cycle phase of the host cell impacts the initiation of virus gene expression. Answering these questions requires use of cells that express good amount of virus receptors so that viruses efficiently bind to the cells and infections can be synchronized so that extended time does not elapse between virus addition and accumulation of E1A transcripts; extended time between these two steps would make interpretation of the results more complex since cells could have progressed from one cell cycle stage to another during the experiment. Furthermore, having cells at all phases of the cell cycle is actually a benefit since then the experiment can be carried out under an “unperturbed” condition; all cell cycle synchronization methods have pleiotropic effects on the cells.
It is true that primary non-transformed cells are physiologically more relevant than cancer cells, but primary cells have issues with donor-to-donor variability and many primary cells express rather low amounts of AdV-C5 receptors, so synchronized infections in these cells are not possible. Furthermore, the extended cell morphology of many normal fibroblast cell lines and the tendency of cell extensions from neighboring cells to overlap makes fluorescent images of these cells incompatible for automated cell segmentation.
Here, we provide data also from HDF-TERT cells (nontransformed human diploid fibroblasts immortalized by human telomerase expression) to show that two of our key findings from A549 cells are not artefacts of cancer cells. This is, that akin to A549 cells, the infected HDF-TERT cells accumulate high number of E1A transcripts (Fig.1C), and also in these cells nuclear vDNA numbers do not predict the cytoplasmic E1A transcript counts during early phases of infection (S2C Fig). However, since HDF-TERT cells are rather inefficiently infected by AdV-C5, correlation of early E1A transcript accumulation to the cell cycle phase of the host cell could not been done in these cells. We have been unable to identify primary or normal immortalized cells that would be easily available and efficiently infected by AdV-C5 (synchronized infection with short time elapsed between virus addition and accumulation of E1A transcripts).
"The virus particles bound..." - Can the spatial resolution of a confocal microscope truly differentiate individual particles that are sub-wavelength in size? What about the sensitivity for single particles? Some sort of experiment to show that single particles can be detected should be performed and shown to assure the readers that this is in fact possible. Furthermore, even when based on the particle to pfu ratio, the MOI would still be nearly 2000pfu/cell, so the actual number of observed particles is an order of magnitude lower than what was applied to the cells.
AU: The fluorescence signal from individual fluorophore-tagged AdV or anti-hexon antibody-decorated particle is bright enough to be picked up by PMT or HyD detectors of the current confocal laser scanning microscopes. In fact, tracking fluorophore-tagged particles of the size of AdV has been a standard microscopy procedure since late 1990’s.
Because the Reviewers were questioning the apparently high multiplicity of infection used in the experiments, we clarify the difference between “standard” MOI estimations and our infection set-up. First of all, as described in Material and Methods, we estimated the number of physical virus particles in our virus preparations using A260 measurements (J.A. Sweeney et al., Virol. 2002, doi: 10.1006/viro.2002.1406). This method, like all other methods used to estimate virus particle numbers, is likely not 100% reliable.
Second, we incubated the virus inoculum with cells only for 60 min, after which the unbound viruses were washed away. During this short incubation time only a small fraction of input virus particles bind to cells, and indeed as shown in Fig.1A, a theoretical MOI of 54400 physical virus particles/cell or 13600 physical virus particles/cell yielded Median of 75 and 26 bound virus particles per cell, respectively. Interpretation of the results from the cell cycle assays required that there was a relatively short time between infection and analysis so that cells in a large scale did not change their cell cycle status during the experiment. This required use of a rather high MOI. Furthermore, for collection of a large data set, it is convenient that every cell is infected.
Third, what exactly does one pfu mean in terms of physical adenovirus particles? There is no clear answer to this, since several parameters affect the pfu. In which cells was the titration carried out? How long was the input virus inoculum incubated with the cells? How many of the virus particles entering the cell actually established an infection? And, as described in A. Yakimovich et al. (J. Virol. 2012, DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01102-12), only a fraction of infected cells produce a plaque. The majority of papers stating that x pfu/cell was used for infection, usually incubate the cells with the virus inoculum for several hours at 37°C, and never make any attempts to estimate exactly how many virus particles entered into the cells.
Fig. 4 - I am not certain that the observed difference is significant, at least looking at it, beyond the width difference of the peaks, highest expression for both is largely in G1. It would be nice to see this using a western blot of cell cycle sorted cells, which can easily be accomplished using FACS.
AU: In the highest GFP expression bin, CMV-eGFP expressing cells have 43% cells in G1 and 50% in S/G2/M. In comparison, E1A-GFP expressing cells have 58% cells in G1 and 35% in S/G2/M. The difference in G1 cells in the highest eGFP bin is statistically significant (p Page 15, 2nd paragraph. It would be valuable and informative to determine whether there is heterogeneity in histone association with these different vDNAs and whether these histones exhibit divergent modifications (enabling or restricting transcription). Same as above. I am rather surprised that the DBP signal did not correlate well with vDNA signal, particularly for the larger replication centers. How can this be reconciled? Was there an increase in overall vDNA signal later in infection? It is important to know this as it determines whether the observed vDNA signal is real or could be caused by viral RNA or other background causes (non-infected controls notwithstanding). Can the signal be detected with inactivated viruses (via UV for example?)
AU: Whether histone modifications impact the transcriptional output of adenovirus genomes early in infection is indeed an intriguing question, but unfortunately this is very challenging, if not impossible, to study at single-cell / single vDNA level with the existing technology. Techniques for single-cell measurements of chromatin states are still in infancy, although some notable advancements in this field were reported in 2019 (e.g. K. Grosselin et al. Nature Genetics, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0424-9 and S. Ai et al. Nature Cell Biology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0383-5).
Furthermore, current literature offers a confused picture as to when exactly protein VII on incoming virus genomes is replaced by histones (reviewed in the reference 39, Giberson et al.). Of note, the vast majority of incoming nuclear vDNA molecules scored protein VII-positive with anti-VII staining under the experimental conditions used for the Fig. 2C data. However, we did not include these results into the manuscript because VII-positive signal on vDNAs does not exclude these vDNAs having histones on certain parts of the genome.
The Reviewer wonders why the DBP signal in Fig.6C does not correlate with vDNA signal. There is no discrepancy here because DBP signal in the figure is a proxy for replicating vDNA whereas the click vDNA signal reports incoming vDNA. The one DBP spot without an associated click vDNA signal could be due to a replication center originated from a replicated viral genome, not from incoming viral genome. The figure shows that incoming vDNAs within the same nucleus initiate replication asynchronously.
Page 18, 1st paragraph. It would be interesting to determine whether there was association between pol II and those genomes that showed no E1A, similarly to the histone suggestion. What about things like viral chromatin organization? Soriano et al. 2019 showed how E1A and E4orf3 work in tandem to alter viral chromatin organization by varying histone loading on the viral genome.
AU: This again would be technically very challenging to show. We actually tried to visualize active transcription using an antibody against RNA polymerase II CTD repeat YSPTSPS (phosphor S5), azide-alexa fluor488 and anti-alexa fluor488 antibody to mark EdC-labeled incoming vDNAs and proximity ligation assay for signal amplification. However, this method was not sensitive enough to detect RNA polymerase II association with individual viral genomes. We only detected the proximity ligation signal in replication centers when replicated viral genomes were tagged with EdC.
Fig. 2. Can you really say that a single dot correlates with a single transcript? Has that been validated in any way?
AU: Signal amplification with branched DNA technology leads to binding of a large number of fluorescent probes to a mRNA and thus enables detection of single nucleic acid molecules. This has been validated e.g. in A.N. Player et al. 2001. J. Histochem. Cytochem (https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540104900507) and N. Battich et al. 2013. Nature Methods (https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2657).
**Minor:**
Page 5, last paragraph. "Transcirpts from the viral late transcription unit,..." This is not correct as recently shown by Crisostomo et al, 2019.
AU: The data in Crisostomo et al. paper suggest that some late gene expression can occur before vDNA replication, but an abundant accumulation of late transcripts coincides with onset of vDNA replication. However, the Crisostomo et al. study did not test what the levels of late gene transcripts are if the vDNA replication was inhibited. But to acknowledge the possibility that there might be some level of late gene transcription prior to replication of the viral genomes, the sentence is modified as follows: “Transcripts from the viral late transcription unit, amongst them mRNAs for the viral structural proteins, vastly increase in abundance concomitant with the onset of vDNA replication”. Furthermore, we have added the Crisostomo et al. reference here as well.
Page 10, "... because AdvV-infected cells are less well adherent..." This is not strictly true as loss of attachment only occurs later on in infection. It would be helpful to have statistical significance indicated directly in the figures.
AU: Although clearly visible cell rounding indeed occurs only late in infection, also during early stages of infection the HAdV-C5-infected cells are less adherent than non-infected cells. In many assays this is not obvious, but the RNA FISH staining procedure includes several incubation and washing steps in rather harsh buffers, and we observed random, sometimes considerable, cell loss with infected cultures but not with non-infected cultures.
In the revised manuscript we have included the statistical significance P values both into the main text and the figure legends, but not to the figures directly, because the P values were generated with different statistical tests and P values should not be shown/mentioned without stating which statistical test was used. However, we noticed that we had in some cases omitted to mention what was the number of pairs analyzed in some of the Spearman’s correlation tests. This has now been corrected in the revised manuscript.
The very high MOIs used are concerning, could these have negative effects on the cell viability or overall state?
AU: We refer to our explanation above about the theoretical MOI and the actual MOI. Furthermore, in the experiment described in Fig.2C (correlation of E1A transcripts per cell vs. viral genomes per cell), 42% of analyzed cells had ≤ 5 viral genomes/cell and 27.5% of analyzed cells had between 6-10 viral genomes per cell; these are not high numbers. We also provide controls that the EdC-labeled genomes are detected with good efficiency. Hence the EdC-labeled genomes per cell are a good estimate of the numbers of virus particles that indeed entered into the cells.
There are a few typos and such that should be corrected. AU: We have tried to find and correct the typos.
Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):
As I stated above, the work is interesting and significant, to a degree. The major limitation is that the novelty is low as a paper published in 2017 (cited by the authors) used a very similar approach to investigate a similar problem. In addition, there are multiple other recent papers looking at cell populations in the context of adenovirus infection, and whether a single cell or population based approach is better is unclear. This is something the authors might want to strengthen prior to submission.
AU: In the current study, we focused on the early phase of HAdV-C5 infection, on how viral gene expression is initiated and how individual nuclear viral genomes proceed to a replicative phase. The Krzywkowski et al. 2017 J. Virol. Paper that the reviewer refers to used padlock probe-based rolling circle amplification technique to simultaneously detect HAdV-C5 genomes and viral mRNAs in individual infected cells.
The shortcoming of this method is inferior sensitivity compared to the branched DNA technology-based method used by us in the current study. Krzywkowski et al. were able to pick up signals from virus mRNAs and virus genome only relatively late in the infection, i.e. at the time when incoming genomes were expected to have multiplied by replication. Thus the study by Krzywkowski et al. was unable to provide information for the questions addressed in our study, i.e. do the levels of E1A transcripts early in infection correlate with viral vDNA counts in the nucleus and is there variability in the transcription output from individual vDNAs within the same nucleus, or variability in how individual vDNAs within the same nucleus proceed into the replication phase. We hence do provide novel information, and do not consider this as a limitation of our paper.
We emphasize that population assays are done to attempt to understand molecular basis of a phenomenon by correlations. Instead, deep molecular insights require to-the-point-assays, in the case of transcription, single-molecule live cell assays at the level of single genes. Technically, we (and also the field) are not quite there yet.
Regardless, our study is a first step towards understanding transcription output of nuclear HAdV-genome at single-cell, single-genome levels. It has revealed insight that was not apparent from population assays. It is clear that the next step will be time-resolved live cell assays with simultaneous detection of transcription output, genome detection and transcription factor clustering on the genomic loci. With current technology the simultaneous detection of all these events is challenging, and requires the development of further technology.
Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
The authors show heterogeneity of AdV-C5 mRNA transcript quantity and dynamics in different cell types, which is regulated by the cell cycle phase and does not correlate to incoming viral DNA, using single molecule RNA FISH technologies and detection of incoming viral DNA by EdC labeling.
**Major Comments:**
The authors change the MOI used in their experiments (7 different MOIs are used throughout the paper) in a manner that appears randomly and without explanation. (54400 for Figure 1A, 1B, 3B, S3B; 37500 for Figure 1C; 23440 for Figure 2A, 2C, S5A; 13600 for Figure 1A, 1D; 36250 for Figure 3C, S3D; 11200 for Figure 4B; 23400 for Figure 6B). The authors should provide explanation, why these changes in MOIs are necessary.
AU: The MOIs given are theoretical MOIs, and essentially all figures indicate what was the actual MOI, that is, the real number of virus particles entering into the cells. This is beyond what is commonly provided in virology. It is essential, however, since MOI differs between different cell types. Therefore, we prefer to use the actual MOI as shown in Fig.1A, or we indicate the number of vDNAs that were delivered to the cells of interest.
Variable MOIs had to be used to ensure that different cell lines received comparable numbers of virions, in particular virus particle binding to and entering into the cells. Infection kinetics are different in different types of cells, but can be tuned by MOIs used. Furthermore, different virus preparations were used in the experiments and we performed analyses at different stages of the infection cycle. Due to all these different facettes provided by our experiments, it was impossible to choose one standard (theoretical) MOI for all the experiments.
The authors use mean fluorescence intensity of E1A probes per cell as estimate for viral transcript abundance for some of their experiments (Figure 1D, E, 3B), and count E1A punctae as measure for E1A transcripts in other experiments (Figure 2C, 3C, 5), without showing data, that these measures correlate. Problematic is hereby, that not all E1A punctae have the same signal intensity, as can be seen in Figure S1, which makes the estimation of the correlation of E1A punctae (= number of transcripts) and fluorescence intensity difficult. The authors should provide both (E1A punctae counts and estimation via fluorescence intensity) for at least one experiment, to prove, that the estimation of E1A transcript levels via fluorescence intensity is feasible.
AU: The quantification method had to be adjusted to the number of virus transcripts in the cell at the time of analysis. The best quantification method is segmentation and counting the individual fluorescent puncta per cell, but, as stated in the manuscript, this method does not accurately quantify the mRNA puncta from maximum projections of confocal or widefield image stacks when the number of puncta per cell exceeds ~ 200.
On the other hand, as shown in the quantification below, mean fluorescence intensity measurements per cell do not of course distinguish between cells having one vs. two mRNA puncta. Yet, as shown in the figure below, a relatively good correlation between puncta counting and fluorescence intensity measurements is achieved when cells have ≥ 10 transcripts per cell. Subsets of randomly picked images of the Fig.2C/Fig.5 dataset were included into the analysis (rs is Spearman’s correlation rank coefficient, approximate P p.15: "The nuclear E1A signals in AraC-treated cells were resistant to RNase A, but they were dampened by treatment with S1 nuclease (S6B Fig)." The authors make this statement based on (i) two completely different timepoints (12 h.p.i. for RNaseA treatment, 24.5 h.p.i. for S1 nuclease treatment) and (ii) in different clones of the A549 cells as stated in the methods section on p.21 (Two different clones of human lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells were used in the study: our laboratory's old A549 clone (experiments shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3B and S1 Fig., S3B and S3C Fig., S6A and S6B Fig., RNase A treatment) and A549 from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, experiments shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 5, Fig. 6, S2B Fig., S4 Fig., S5 Fig., and S6B Fig. S1 nuclease-treatment)). This makes it difficult to interpret, if the data is due to differences in the timepoints or cell types, or if it is due to binding of the E1A probe to single stranded vDNA.
AU: This is a fair criticism, thank you. We have replaced the RNase A figure S6B in the revised manuscript. A new RNase A experiment was repeated in ATCC A549 cells using the same infections conditions as with the S1 nuclease-treated cells.
**Minor Comments:**
p.4: "AdV are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause mild respiratory infections in immuno-competent hosts, and establish persistent infections, which can develop into life-threatening infections if the host becomes immuno-compromised [reviewed in 6]." Not all AdV cause respiratory diseases, the disease outcome of human AdV depends on the site of primary infection, which differs between the different AdV types.
AU: We have modified the text as follows: AdV are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause mild respiratory, gastrointestinal or ocular infections…
p.7: The authors state, that "At the 17 h time point, about half of the cells had high numbers of protein VI transcripts, and most of them very high numbers of E1A transcripts.", however, the picture shown in Figure 1F shows a different phenotype, with low transcript levels of VI in E1A high cells and high transcript levels of VI in E1A low cells.
AU: This was perhaps a bit difficult to see in the overlay images since one has to distinguish between green and yellowish green. We have provided the individual channels along the overlay picture in Fig. S1D, and now it is clear that at 17h pi cells with high numbers of VI transcripts have also high numbers of E1A transcripts.
p.8: "This nuclear E1A signal is due to binding of the E1A probe to single-stranded vDNA in the replication centers (see below)." The authors should state here, that due to the binding of the probes to the single stranded vDNA in the replication centers, the nucleus was excluded from the analysis for Figure 1F in late timepoints.
AU: We have modified the text according to the Reviewer’s suggestion. The text is now as follows: ‘Due to further studies (see below), we assume that this nuclear E1A signal represents binding of the E1A probe to single-stranded vDNA in the replication centers. Accordingly, the nuclear area was excluded when quantifying the viral transcripts per cell in late timepoints (Fig. 1F).’
Due to this time point the author cannot state that the E1A staining seen (Fig. 1F; indicated with white arrows) are replication centers; this is just an assumption, since there is no evidence in Fig 1 the author cannot be sure; the author should change the text: "taking the following experiments into account...", "due to further studies (see below)..... we assume that..."
AU: We have modified the text according to the Reviewer’s suggestion; see also the previous comment above.
p.8: The authors should mention the figure they refer to, since there is no E1B-55K staining in Fig. 1F
AU: The text has been modified as follows: Whereas other time points showed relatively few E1A, E1B-55K or VI puncta over the nuclear area (Fig. 1B, 1F, S1A Fig.), clustered nuclear E1A signals were apparent at 23 h.
p.9: Which test was used to calculate the additional p-values?
AU: As stated in the Material and Methods section or the figure legends, the p-values were calculated either by a permutation test using custom-programmed R-script (the code has been deposited on Mendeley Data along with other data associated with this manuscript), or by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test using GraphPad Prism. GraphPad Prism was also used to calculate Spearman’s correlation coefficients and the associated approximate p values. In the revised manuscript, we have added the following sentense into the Material and Methods section / Statistical analyses: Spearman’s correlation tests were done using GraphPad Prism.
p.10: For the experiment for the correlation of viral genomes per cell and E1A transcripts in HDF-TERT cells (Figure S2C), the MOI is missing in the description of the results, as well as in the corresponding figure legends.
AU: We have indicated the theoretical MOI (~ 4800 virus particles per cell) in the figure legend and in the Material and Methods section. The actual MOI, i.e. the actual number of virus particles entering into the cells, could not be determined due to the long (15 h) incubation time of virus inoculum with the cells, which in turn was required because these cells bind AdV-C5 rather inefficiently. However, between 1 and 32 EdC-labeled virus genomes were detected per cell nucleus at 22 h pi.
11: calculation of correlation? rs? Why does the author combine S and G2/M phase? Fig. S3A show different values for the phases
AU: rs is the abbreviation for Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and, as indicated in the Material and Methods, we used GraphPad Prism to calculate the Spearman’s correlation coefficients.
Different methods to estimate cell cycle stages. DNA content method cannot separate S and G2/M with great confidence, whereas Kusabira Orange-hCdt1 and Azami-Green-hGeminin expressions in HeLa-Fucci cells allow more fine-tuned assessment of the cell cycle phases.
p.11: "Thus, the total intensity of nuclear DAPI signal can be used to accurately assign G1 vs S/G2/M stage to cells." The authors should also here refer to other papers, which showed that this correlation is feasible, as they did in the methods section (67. Roukos V, Pegoraro G, Voss TC, Misteli T. Cell cycle staging of individual cells by fluorescence microscopy. Nature protocols. 2015;10(2):334-48. Epub 2015/01/31. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2015.016. PubMed PMID: 25633629; PubMed Central PMCID:PMCPMC6318798.), and maybe also refer to a newer paper which deals with this technique: Ferro, A., Mestre, T., Carneiro, P. et al. Blue intensity matters for cell cycle profiling in fluorescence DAPI-stained images. Lab Invest 97, 615-625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2017.13
AU: The integrated nuclear DAPI signal intensity is indeed a widely used method to assign cell-cycle stage to individual cells. We have added the second reference suggested by the Reviewer to the reference list for this method.
p.11: "Furthermore, when focusing on the highest E1A expressing cells, i.e. the cells with mean cytoplasmic E1A intensities larger than 1.5 × interquartile range from the 75th percentile, 71.9% of these cells were found to be in the G1 phase of cell cycle, whereas only 55.8% of cells in the total sampled cell population were G1 cells." The authors do not provide any reference to a figure within the manuscript or the supplements, which contains these data. Are these data not shown in the manuscript?
AU: These values are calculated from the data shown in Fig.3B. The source data supporting findings of this study (maximum projection images, excel files of the CellProfiler and Knime workflows) have now been deposited to Mendeley Data as stated in the Material and Methods / Data availability section of the revised manuscript and listed in Supplementary tables.
p.12: punctuation mistake; . instead of , To enrich G1 cells. AdV-C-5 (moi ~ 36250) was added. Why does the author switch between signal intensities and counting E1A puncta per cell (limited to 200) in the different experiments to illustrate accumulation of E1A transcripts?
AU: The same answer as above: the quantification method had to be adjusted to the number of virus transcripts in the cell at the time of analysis. The best quantification method is segmentation and counting the individual fluorescent puncta per cell, but, as stated in the manuscript, this method does not accurately quantify the mRNA puncta from maximum projections of confocal or widefield image stacks when the number of puncta per cell exceeds ~ 200. On the other hand, as shown in the quantification in the new S1C Fig., mean fluorescence intensity measurements per cell do not of course distinquish between cells having one vs. two mRNA puncta, but a relatively good correlation between puncta counting and fluorescence intensity measurements is achieved when cells have ≥ 10 transcripts per cell.
p.14: "For E1A (or E1B-55K), we did not detect transcriptional bursts with bDNA-FISH probes on nuclear vDNAs, either prior to or after accumulation of viral transcripts in the cell cytoplasm." The authors do not provide any reference to a figure within the manuscript or the supplements, which contains these data. Are these data not shown in the manuscript?
AU: This statement is based on hundreds of images we have analyzed during the course of the study. It is impossible to show all of these images, so in principle, this is “data not shown”. We have modified the text as follows: With hundreds of images analyzed, we never unambiguously detected transcriptional bursts with E1A (or E1B-55K) bDNA-FISH probes on nuclear vDNAs, either prior to or after accumulation of viral transcripts in the cell cytoplasm.
p.14: space between number and %
AU: Thank you for pointing this out. It has been corrected.
p.15: "This is was also seen in AdV-C5-EdC-infected cells" should be changed to "This was also seen in AdV-C5-EdC-infected cells"
AU: Thank you for pointing this out. It has been corrected.
Fig. 1B:
−figure legend does not indicate how cells were staine −also no description in the continuous text −which E1A transcripts are stained? all? 12S? 13S?
AU: The first sentence in Results section states that “We used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes targeting E1A, E1B-55K and protein VI transcripts followed by branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification to visualize the appearance and abundance of viral transcripts in AdV-C5-infected A549 lung carcinoma cells.” Furthermore, the legend to Figure 1 starts with the title “Visualization of AdV-C5 E1A, E1B-55K and protein VI transcripts in infected cells by bDNA-FISH technique”, and the legend to Fig.1B mentions that “cells were stained with probes against E1A and E1B-55K mRNAs or E1A and protein VI mRNAs”. We are of the opinion that this is enough information to understand the figures.
The main text to Fig.1 also states that “The E1A probes covered the entire E1A primary transcript region and thus all E1A splice variants. The temporal control of E1A primary transcript splicing and E1A mRNA stability give rise predominantly to 13S and 12S E1A mRNAs at 5 h pi (references)”.
Fig. 1D: −difference in accumulation of viral transcripts is not that visible as in IF staining (Fig. 1B; Fig. 1S);
Fig. 1 or S1 Fig. do not show IF staining but signals from FISH.
−graph does not show any difference between E1A and E1B-55K
AU: The y-axes values in Fig.1D graph are arbitrary units and thus E1A and E1B-55K graphs are not directly comparable to each other. We have included into the revised manuscript S1B Fig., which shows quantification of E1A and E1B-55K fluorescent puncta per cell at the 5 h pi; the difference between E1A and E1B-55K was statistically significant.
Fig. 1F: −figure legend does not fit with labelling of IF images and continuous text −description says 22 h, while IF labeling and text (p. 7, last lane) mentions 23 h pi
AU: The figure annotations state the time of analyses as total time after virus addition to cells, whereas text stated the time of analyses as x h post virus removal since we wanted to stress that the input virus was incubated only for 1 h with the cells. However, Reviewers found this confusing, so we have changed the text in the revised manuscript so that time of analysis is stated as total time after virus addition to cells (as in the figure annotations). Only in the Material and Methods section we maintain the original 1 h + x h statement for the time of analysis.
Fig. 2A: −figure legend: lane 5 Punctuation wrong: azide-Alexa Fluor488. Alexa Fluor647
AU: Thank you for pointing this out. It has been corrected.
Fig. 4A: −difficulties to understand −author stated that promoter-driven EGFP expression is clearly dominated by G1 cells for E1A and by S/G2/M cells for CMV, however this is not clearly visible in the graph −no severe differences visible between CMV-eGFP and E1A-eGFP −author should include numbers for quantification and statistical calculations to illustrate the differences
AU: In the highest GFP expression bin, CMV-eGFP expressing cells have 43% cells in G1 and 50% in S/G2/M (n=2149). In comparison, E1A-GFP expressing cells have 58% cells in G1 and 35% in S/G2/M (n=2258). The difference in G1 cells in the highest eGFP bin is statistically significant (p
Fig. 4B: −amount of E1A protein levels calculated via IF (signal intensities) −immunofluorescence is not a suitable tool for protein quantification
AU: It is true that not all antibodies are suitable for IF (or for Western blot), and we cannot be certain that the monoclonal anti-E1A antibody used by us detects all E1A forms with different post-translational modifications with equal efficiency. However, IF is a widely accepted method to estimate protein levels in the cell, especially if the proteins like E1A accumulate in the nucleus (makes segmentation of the signal easy) and give a rather uniform nuclear staining pattern.
Fig. 5: −in A. it is stated, that E1A bDNA -FISH is not suitable, since it is too short to be detectable. However, in B E1A bDNA-FISH is used. is there a difference? −according to the method part just one E1A mRNA was used for the assays, why is it then not possible to use that one in Fig. 5A? −explanation of the procedure and the experiment is very confusing
AU: The Reviewer probably refers to Fig.6 here, not to Fig.5. The E1A introns are short (about 100 bases) and cannot be picked up with bDNA FISH probes. In Fig. 6B we were using the E1A bDNA-FISH probes, which were made against the AdV-C5 genome map positions 551-1630 to detect vDNA single strands of the E1A region and these single strands were long enough to be picked out by our E1A probes.
Fig. S6B: −authors want to show that it is RNase-insensitive, but S1 nuclease-sensitive
−two different A549 cell clones and two different time points are used for the treatments → not compareable to each other
AU: This is a fair criticism. We have replaced the RNase A figure in S6B Fig. in the revised manuscript. The new RNase A experiment was carried out in ATCC A549 cells using the same infections conditions as with the S1 nuclease-treated cells.
Material and Methods: −headings do not indicate which methods are explained −no clear structure AU: We have made minor changes to the headings of Material and Methods section. We have first explained in detail the bDNA-FISH method, but otherwise the order is according to the order of the figures.
Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):
highly significant manuscript very important for the virology field
my research topics are human adenoviruses and their replication cycle
Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):
**Summary:** Soumalainen et al have studied adenovirus viral gene expression and replication at a single-cell level. They explore the extent of correlation between incoming genome copy number and early gene expression and progression into the late phase, revealing substantial variation between cells in the numbers of E1A transcripts (the first gene expressed upon infection) that is not explained by differences in the numbers of viral genome templates in the cells. They also explore the relevance of cell cycle stage to this variability and show a positive correlation between G1 cell cycle stage and higher levels of gene activity, which explains at least part of the variation. To form these conclusions they have applied new methods to visualise and quantify single molecules of nucleic acid in single cells. The experiments are all carefully and fully described with full detail of materials. Overall the manuscript is well written and easy to follow.
**Major comments:**
All of the experiments appear to be done with rigour and their results reported with due regard to statistical significance etc. My major concern though is that they have been done, perhaps out of necessity to get detectable signals, at very high multiplicities of infection. A well-accepted standard to achieve infection of all cells in a culture is an MOI of 10 infectious units per cell. Even this is acknowledged not to represent the biology of natural infection and it is striking that, where technically feasible, lower MOI studies are more revealing of how a virus actually works. Here, the authors have used counts of particles rather than infectious units to determine MOI and for Ad5, the particle/pfu ratio is typically 20-100. Their MOIs though are 13,000 - 50,000 per cell, implying an infectious MOI of at least 130 for their A549 experiments, which are known to be readily infected by Ad5 from other work.
AU: Unlike common experiments done by others, we used a synchronized infection and removed the input virus after 1h incubation at 37°C. This type of infection initiation requires high input virus amounts, as opposed to studies in which the virus inoculum is incubated with cells for several hours/days, as is typically done in studies determining the infectious or plaque forming units in virus inoculum. Hence, the MOI used by others involved incubation of inoculum with cells over extended periods of time, and they cannot be compared to our pulsed infection conditions.
Although the calculated theoretical MOIs (physical particles/cell) were high in our experiments, only 0.1% – 0.2% of input virus particles bound to cells during the 1h incubation period (Fig. 1 A; this estimation is based on the ratios between Median values for the number of cell-associated viruses vs input virus numbers).
Furthermore, in the experiment described in Fig.2C (correlation of E1A transcripts per cell vs. viral genomes per cell), 42% of analyzed cells had ≤ 5 viral genomes/cell and 27.5% of analyzed cells had between 6-10 viral genomes per cell. Please note, that these are not high numbers.
The input virus amounts used were selected this way, because we aimed at getting a broader view of how virus transcription at early phases of infection responds to a varying number of virus genomes delivered to the nucleus. Therefore, we did not limit the analyses to a situation with 1 or less than 1 virus particles/genomes per cell.
In addition, the analyses of how cell cycle phase impacts the initiation of virus gene expression requires a relatively short time between virus inoculation and time point of analysis (i.e. a rather high MOI). Otherwise, as also pointed out by the Reviewer, the cells could have experienced more than one cell cycle phase during the duration of the experiment. Furthermore, although the initial natural infection probably starts with a very low MOI, the second round of infection is a high MOI infection due to a large number of progeny virus particles released from an infected cell.
Surprisingly, the authors do not see intracellular vDNA copy numbers that are fully reflective of this high MOI, with median intracellular vDNA of 75 /cell at the highest MOI. The authors should consider how the population distribution of vDNA /cell does or does not fit the predicted Poisson distribution. Nonetheless, at these high copy numbers / cell, there must surely be a risk that the variation in gene expression activity arises stochastically, out of competition between genomes for essential transcription factors. Given that multiple cellular factors are each required for E1A transcription, high genome copy numbers could actually inhibit E1A expression relative to cells with more modest copy numbers because limited supplies of individual factors are recruited to different viral genome copies.
AU: The “discrepancy” between theoretical MOI and the actual observed number of cell-associated virus particles or cell-associated virus genomes is explained above. Furthermore, we would like to point out that we have directly estimated the number of virus particles bound to cells with the input virus amounts used, something that is usually not done in other studies.
It is indeed theoretically possible that high nuclear genome numbers could lead to inhibition of transcription due to competition for limiting essential host factors. However, if we included only cells with ≤4 vDNA molecules per nucleus into the analysis (total number of cells analyzed was 258), then Spearman’s correlation coefficient for vDNA per nucleus vs E1A mRNAs per cell was 0.186 (p=0.0027). Thus, this would not support the notion that cells with moderate nuclear vDNA copy numbers would have a better correlation between the nuclear vDNA copies vs E1A mRNA counts per cell.
The vDNA/cell in Fig.2C does not fit predicted Poisson distribution, var/mean=9.129.
It is important for the analysis of correlation of gene expression with cell cycle that the virus has not, at the time point analysed, already perturbed the cell cycle (a well-known effect of infection) which the authors document in Suppl Fig3B. To my eye, the G1 peak in infected cells is somewhat narrower than in the control while the S/G2 bump is a little greater. The % of cells in each of the two gates needs to be shown to support the conclusion.
AU: In non-infected sample G1= 54.63% and S/G2/M = 45.37%, in infected cells G1= 51.4% and S/G2/M= 48.6%. We have added this information into the S3B Fig.
Turning to the experiments documenting a correlation between E1A expression and cell cycle stage, the authors interpret their findings in terms of the stage the cells are at when the analysis was done (G1 stage cells have more E1A transcripts). The key experiment (Fig 3B) is analysed at only 4 h pi, so substantial progression from G2/M back to G1 after virus addition can probably be discounted, but the point should be discussed. The authors also use release from G1 in another cell line to support their argument that G1 supports higher levels of E1A expression (Fig 3C). Here, they elect to exclude all cells with fewer than 50 E1A transcripts from their analysis. The reason for this is completely obscure and isn't obviously justified; conceivably it could bias the outcome of the experiment. At minimum, this decision needs to be carefully explained; ideally, the full data set should be used.
AU: Fig.3B: As suggested by the Reviewer, we have added to the main text the following explanation: “We used a high MOI infection (median 75 cell-associated virus particles, Fig. 1A) in order to achieve a rapid onset of E1A expression so that the time between virus addition and analysis was short. Thus, it is not expected that a substantial number of cells would have changed their cell cycle status during the experiment.”
Fig.3C: We show the results also from the full data set of infected cells, i.e., cells with ≥ 1 E1A puncta in S3D Fig. We excluded the cells without zero E1A puncta because with these cells it is impossible to know whether they received no virus or whether E1A transcription had not yet started. Permutation test indicated that the difference between the starved+starved and starved+FCS is statistically significant even in this case. Because both samples are dominated by cells with low E1A counts, we log-transformed the E1A values for the box plot figure.
The authors note the highest level of E1A activity (as opposed to RNA) was in G1/S cells and suggest that high E1A cells advance preferentially into S. Whilst in line with the literature that E1A promotes progression into S, an alternative explanation is simply that there is a time lag between RNA accumulation and protein accumulation, during which progression through the cycle would be expected.
AU: This is a valid point, and we have modified the text as follows: “… which could reflect the advancement of high E1A expressing cells into S-phase. However, considering the time between virus addition and analysis (10.5 h), we cannot exclude the possibility that the observed G1/S preference is at least partly due to time-dependent progression of G1 cells to G1/S.”
**Minor comments:** Fig 1 and elsewhere. Given that the 1 h incubations with virus were done at 37 C, the convention would be to include this period in the time post-infection at which harvest / fix time points are quoted. There is inconsistency between text and legend with 12 h pi being sometimes represented as 11 h after virus removal; this is an unnecessary confusion.
AU: We have modified the text so that hours pi always include the 1h incubation with the input virus. Only in the Material and Methods section we kept the original 1h virus binding – fixing at xh post virus removal.
Results description prior to the ref to Fig 1B: unclear what this is supposed to mean.
AU: We have now slightly modified the first paragraph of the Results section. We mention the benefits of the bDNA signal amplification method and explain the experimental set up, i.e. that the input virus was incubated with the cells only for 1h. We also justify why we used a short incubation for the virus inoculum.
Fig 4A: provide % of cells in each gate in each histogram.
AU: In the highest GFP expression bin, CMV-eGFP expressing cells have 43% of cells in G1 and 50% in S/G2/M. In comparison, E1A-GFP expressing cells have 58% of cells in G1 and 35% in S/G2/M. This has been added to the figure, and it is also mentioned in the main text. Furthermore, we added to the text the results from Two Proportion Z-test to show that the proportion difference of G1 cells in the highest bin was statistically significant (p
Fig 5: bottom right panel x axis label is wrong
AU: Thank you for pointing out this. This has been corrected.
In the presentation of Fig 6, it would be much clearer for the reader if the detected replication foci (ss DNA detected as E1A puncta) were referred to as something other than E1A puncta. There is too much scope for confusion with the earlier experiments in which E1A RNA was detected.
AU: We agree. In the revised manuscript, we refer to these puncta in the text as E1A ssDNA-foci.
Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):
The study represents the application of state of the art single-molecule visualization techniques to an as yet not understood aspect of virus infection. That said, there is prior experimentation in this area, which the authors fully acknowledge and build upon. The new work is largely descriptive, in that it reveals very clearly the discrepancy between genome copy number and amounts of mRNA without seeking to explain these, beyond the cell cycle analysis. Whilst there is a better correlation between vDNA number and transcript once the data are stratified by cell cycle stage, it is still not strong (Fig 5), indicating that other substantial contributing factors remain to be described.
The work will be of interest certainly to adenovirologists, but also to others who study virus infections - particularly nuclear-replicating DNA viruses such as herpesviruses - where similar considerations are likely to apply.
Expertise: adenovirus; gene expression; virus-host interactions; molecular biology
In the early summer of 1965 we received invitations from Negro leaders in the city of Chicago to join with them in their fight for quality integrated education.
At first, Martin Luther King has been fighting with civil right leaders of Chicago so that black people can receive public housing, but now it's for education. Can we infer that Chicago could have been just like Nashville in terms of institutional racism?
The bottom lineThe Self-reference Effect can be a powerful tool when designing communications and experiences. Reflecting customers’ personal identities, preferences and beliefs can drive engagement, brand love, and sales.When it comes to applying the Self-reference Effect to your experience, ask yourself:How deeply do we know our customers? Not just their demographic information, but their thoughts, fear, goals, and aspirations? Does our experience reflect how they see themselves?Are we creating experiences that reflect the customer’s environment? For example, are people getting ads for winter coats when it’s 80 degrees outside? If it’s cold outside, are we trying to sell them ice cream? Is there something unique about where they live and work that we need to take into consideration when designing their experience?
Self reference effect is designing for human experiences by giving context for your product/experience. By giving context you're making the information or experience more relevant to them resulting in enhanced recall, learning and persuasion.
A Spanish English dictionary is incredibly valuable for translating Spanish to English, helping Spanish or English learners with learning new words, verb conjugations and more. A good bilingual Spanish English dictionary won't just offer you definitions and translations of words in both languages, it will also provide those words in context with example phrases and word usage tips so you won't find yourself lost in translation. An even better Spanish English resource will provide additional useful information to strengthen your grammar knowledge and expand your vocabulary. Luckily, YourDictionary's Spanish - English Dictionary does all of that. Keep reading to learn how to make the most out of this resource! How to Find Words The main reason people go to dictionaries is to look up a specific word. There are two ways to do that with the Spanish English Dictionary at YourDictionary: Use the Search Bar You will find the search bar on the top of the page in the Spanish section of the dictionary. To use it, click on it and start typing the word you are looking for. As you start typing, you will see some suggestions below the search bar. If you see the word you are looking for, you can click on it to go straight to the definition and translation page. You can also type the whole word you are looking for and either press enter or click on the orange button next to the search bar. This will show you the closest result to the word you searched for. Use the search bar to look for words in both English and Spanish. Use the Index If you're unsure about the word you are looking for, you can always use the index. You will find it at the bottom of the page, under the title "Browse Spanish - English translation dictionary from YourDictionary". The index works just like a paper dictionary would, with words listed alphabetically. This means that, if you are looking for cancel, you will have to look on the page buz-car. Each alphabetical group of words is a link that will take you to page where all the words in that range are listed. Keep in mind that Spanish and English words are intertwined. If a word is spelled the same in both languages, it will be tagged as "English" or "Spanish." What Is in an Entry? When you go to a word's definition page, YourDictionary will show you some common translations for that word. For easy navigation between words, keep in mind that the first translation is a link to the reverse word. You will also get some additional information that will help you use the word, like whether it is an adjective, noun, adverb or verb, or if it's feminine or masculine, plural or singular, and more. Many entries include a word's pronunciation, as well as example sentences, usage, and common idioms and expressions using those words. Check Out the Reference Section Translations are great, but they are often not enough, and that's where the Spanish Reference section comes in.
This is where your dictionary can make up for the gaps of just relying on a translator.
STEREOGUM: When you’re programming drums for a rap record, do you approach it differently than if you’re working on a Tame Impala record? Does it just differ from song to song? What’s the determining factor on how you approach it? PARKER: At the end of the day, it’s the same. It’s this dance between making a rhythm — it’s hard to explain. It’s about making the choice of where to put a beat. It’s just choosing where to put beats and where not to put them. Not like a beat like a rhythm, but like where to hit and where not to hit. Which at the end of the day is the same whether you’re playing drums or programming them. That’s the difference it comes down to. The Tame Impala stuff I’m playing the drums, and with hip-hop I’m programming them. Which is different in how you go about it, but mentally it’s exactly the same. Choosing what rhythms to play. For me it’s everything in a song. It’s everything. I spend by far the most amount of time on drums and rhythms of my songs than any other part.
This reminds me of something Chilly Gonzales said in an interview with Red Bull Music Academy:
My friend Mocky always talks about drumming. He says, “Drumming is easy. It’s actually quite simple. You just have to know what to hit and how hard.” In a way that means that with one single note, or a single chord, you can really give off a lot of attitude. [plays piano] Same chord. Those are two very different emotions. What you put into it, I’m pretty sure if you do it right, the audience will know what that is. Even if they can’t put the name on it, they know that one was like gangsta and the other one was kind of like sad sad.
"Several studies have demonstrated pronounced benefits for black children with same-race teachers, ranging from better math performance to higher graduation rates," Lillian Mongueu May 12, 2017. This is important for people to understand because in an environment where children feel safe and welcomed, they will thrive. When a child feels unsafe, which minority children occasionally feel, it's harder to thrive and grow.
The end of zero policy needs to happen, due to the prison to school pipeline.As suspension is becoming less of an option, more schools are moving straight to expulsion. The article The School to Prison pipeline, Explained by Libby Nelson & Dara Lind says that, " in many cases, schools themselves are the ones pushing students into the juvenile justice system — often by having students arrested at school." I had previously seen this at my high school, so I understood this as an all to real situation.
“Ultimately, I want the kids to walk away with new eyes, to have a different perspective and appreciation for the uniqueness that is America. I want them to better understand the world that we live in,” says Joe Gamble, a high school teacher who has incorporated ethnic studies in his classroom. It is important for children to learn from all backgrounds, not just the versions in textbooks that have been written by the winners. People need to know and learn about history, because it is said if one doesn't learn, history will repeat itself.
In estimations of O&Mcosts, monetary values are often not assigned to CO2emission reduc-tions that result from integrating energy storage technologies with en-ergy systems.
It's kind of sad that economic viability is such a critical factor in the transition to green energy. I wish our motivation could simply be to make the world a better place, but that's just not how it works.
What is Employee Referral Programs & How it works? Leave a Comment / Blog<img width="600" height="312" src="https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-Employee-Referral-Programs-and-How-it-works.jpg?time=1594714165" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="What is Employee Referral Programs and How it works" itemprop="image" srcset="https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-Employee-Referral-Programs-and-How-it-works.jpg 600w, https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.106/f6m.328.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/What-is-Employee-Referral-Programs-and-How-it-works-300x156.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> Contact Employee referrals are the principal top most wellspring of value contender for the best associations, bringing about quicker recruits, improved employee maintenance levels and higher benefit. 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By utilizing your whole employee system to source both dynamic and detached up-and-comers, you can undoubtedly enlarge and broaden your competitor pool with minimal extra effort.Fast-following confirmed applicants supportsHiring Velocity by taking out the requirement for a few stages in the enlistment procedure, including expected set of responsibilities composing, promotion posting, continue assortment, and up-and-comer screening.Easier Access to Qualified CandidatesIn Tech, where specific abilities are sought after, referrals are more compelling at drawing in the correct ability than work sheets or other customary enrollment techniques. Individuals will in general system with others in comparative expert jobs.Employee referral programs permit selection representatives to take advantage of these systems and go directly to the source, so to speak, for elusive abilities. Moreover, numerous employees just allude up-and-comers they believe are equipped for the job, as their suggestion thinks about their judgment. In this manner, while using referral programs, enrollment specialists are bound to see an expanded number of value candidates.Better for Your Hiring BudgetIt’s an obvious fact that employing is exorbitant. By and large and relying upon industry, between 5% to 20% in their Hiring Budget. This considers all enrolling costs, including all ability securing employees, work promoting, program spend, outer scouts, travel expenses of applicants, and innovation infrastructure.In a similar way that referrals quick track the recruiting procedure by lessening or dispensing with a portion of the previously mentioned advances, they likewise decidedly influence Hiring Budget by decreasing selecting overhead.Employees Become Brand EvangelistsAs indicated by research from Gallup, top notch competitors locate the accompanying components, among others, to be most significant while choosing a business:Working for an organization that lines up with their qualitiesThe chance to have any kind of effect and be testedHaving the option to learn and develop expertlyA very much made employee value proposition (EVP) can illuminate applicants early whether a business will have the option to fulfill these standards. In any case, EVP’s become unquestionably increasingly solid on the off chance that they’re embraced by somebody that a competitor by and by knows and trusts. Actually, 83% of individuals trust suggestions from loved ones over some other type of underwriting.Referred Employees Stay LongerNeed to turnaround employee turnover? Source up-and-comers from your employee referral program. An examination from Deloitte thought about the consistency standards of employees over a time of three years. Those recruited through employee referral programs had a standard for the dependability of 42% instead of 32% for employees employed through occupation sheets and 14% percent for vocation site enlists.Moreover, longer employee residency is additionally valuable as for Hiring Budget, as turnover can cost somewhere in the range of 16% to 213% of an employees’ yearly pay, contingent upon the business and position.Higher Levels of Employer SatisfactionCompetitors recruited through referral programs announced more elevated levels of manager fulfillment and delighted in better working associations with their administrators, as per an ongoing report from PayScale.It’s an ideal opportunity to change that. For organizations that are not kidding about structure an upper hand, here are 15 top employee referral program best practices:The planning of the reward payout. Paying rewards for effective referrals three months or now and again a half year after a competitor begins work is terrible practice. In case you’re stressed over recruiting an inappropriate people, fix your choice procedure and don’t hold your employees prisoner by terrible HR rehearses.There is no dark opening. Employee referrals shouldn’t vanish into the dark gap of HR or your ATS. This outcomes in lost believability with your employees AND your referral. Slow reactions likewise recommend your association isn’t not kidding about drawing in or recruiting the best ability – which impacts your boss image.Award outside of your association. Numerous associations comprehend the estimation of another customer and have a customer referral program – bring that equivalent mentality and prize those outside of your association for alluding ability.Auto-coordinating. Inside the normal organization, employees are caught up with doing their day occupations while new openings are being opened and shut consistently. Having programming to consequently coordinate your open occupations with the expert systems of your employees can significantly build the achievement of your referral program.Construct an employee referral program brand. Put on your business promoting cap or band together with your showcasing group! Consider running 2-3 crusades consistently and marking your program through different correspondence channels inside.Utilize insurance to fortify objectives. Send postcards to the entirety of your employee’s homes, image a referral page on the intranet, or actualize irregular work area drops. It’s about instruction and fortification.Make a major sprinkle at recently recruited employee direction. There’s no better an ideal opportunity to request referrals and set program desires with your new employees. Be innovative and make it a drawing in understanding.Connect with administration. Your pioneers assume a significant job in establishing the pace for referrals. Go to their group gatherings, town corridors and feature triumphs.Hold challenges. Which pioneer’s group is creating the most referral movement? The most recruits? Construct energy and cooperation by having challenges and remunerating extraordinary outcomes.The program system. Culminating your employee referral program requires application, exertion and vital arranging. Depending on intermittent messages to employees coolly asking about ‘who they know’ won’t produce results, so centeraround building and consummating your methodology and proportions of achievement in advance.The less standards the better. Try not to make it confused or tedious. Presenting an employee referral must be a clear procedure. Set clear desires at the beginning so all gatherings know precisely what’s in store and when – at that point stick to it.It’s more than the $. Distinguishing award as the most significant component of your referral program organizes amount of referral over quality. It’s not generally about the money motivating forces, think all the more comprehensively. Set objectives and freely recognize top referrers. Fabricate energy while paying referral rewards.Continuously acknowledge referrals. You possibly acknowledge referrals when you’re in recruiting mode. Continuously be set up to acknowledge a referral whether or not you have an opening. It saves your employees on steady alarm for ability.The input circle. Employees won’t generally get it directly without direction. Give criticism on the qualities and shortcomings of referrals. Help your employees to help you by pre-qualifying your necessities for a superior competitor coordinate.The up-and-comer experience. You treat your referrals like each other candidate. Give uncommon consideration to them! Label referrals in your candidate following framework to empower a most optimized plan of attack through your recruiting procedure.Set clear desires and finish. Employees should recognize what’s in store with respect to competitor correspondence, development and subsequent stages.Make a referral culture. Activities start at the top and pioneers should be put resources into the referral culture for it to grab hold and flourish. Officials first need to know the subtleties of the program and comprehend its significance so they can control employees through the procedure. Indicate what directors should enlighten employees concerning the program and how they ought to inspire employees to take an interest.Perceive top referrers. For the program to work, employees should be contributed also. A little acknowledgment will go far while setting up a referral culture. In a study led in February 2015 by Kronos, 55 percent of respondents said getting a ‘”thank you” from their immediate administrator gives them elevated levels of fulfillment at work.Instruct employees. In a study directed by TINYpulse in 2013, just 42 percent of employees overviewed knew their association’s vision, strategic social qualities. In what capacity would employees be able to be required to advocate for the organization and acquire fresh recruits without a strong handle of its strategic qualities?Each employee is a selection representative. For employees to take an interest in the referral program, they should be kept tuned in and rewarded as enrollment specialists. They have to realize what positions are open, the sort of ability you’re chasing, and which aptitudes and foundations are the most significant. What’s more, remember to arm them with a lift pitch
Employee Referral Programs is a good way of gathering quality team members. Find out What is Employee Referral Programs & How it works?
Structurally, when built, a “quantum computer” will in fact be a hybrid device, with quantum computing units serving as coprocessors to classical systems.
So it basically uses quantum computing for very specialized tasks, while it's essentially a regular computer? (Sort of like how a GPU works). This might be what actually "replaces" classical computer, just including a separate chip that is good at calculating certain, specialized things
However, we contend that the intqgity of rof~rrn effom is threatand if we focus it narrowly on curriculum reform and fail to locate it in a broader cultural content by considfiring the regimes of truth that sustain currant practices
Not just about curriculum, it's about beliefs
We encode quantum information using the Schrödinger cat code
I'm sorry for wasting an annotation on this, truly, but...the fact that it's called the Schrodinger cat code just makes me unreasonably giggly
powping (https://powping.com/about) Features
VALUE EXCHANGE NETWORK Provide value and get Bitcoin micropayments, or send Bitcoin to others for providing value. Or simply socialize, or tell stories. Any activity that has a perceived value to someone else can get a micropayment.
FREE TO PLAY You do NOT need Bitcoin to get started. Anyone can INSTANTLY join the Bitcoin value exchange economy without spending any money or buying Bitcoins.
BITCOIN NATIVE PowPing is powered by Paymail, a Bitcoin-native identity system. All actions on PowPing are cryptographically signed by your Bitcoin wallet's Paymail and encoded in Bitcoin transaction format. They are stored on the PowPing server and anyone can export and use them as absolute evidence.
PEER TO PEER ON STEROIDS Take advantage of all the Bitcoin magic without having to pay any money for storing stuff on the blockchain. Settle evidence on the blockchain only when money gets involved through tipping.
Philosophy
FREE, OPEN, PUBLIC We are an open community for everyone, not an exclusive group. Every interaction and every message on the site is open and public. And every action is FREE (except for when you want to tip). You DO NOT need Bitcoin to get started. The entire world is invited. Bring your "normal friends" to the party!
MONEY IS BY-PRODUCT We do not focus on "monetizing". We focus on creating the best community for frictionless value exchange through social interactions. Money is just a by-product that naturally happens wherever there's value exchange.
INTERACT, NOT SHOUT We encourage interactions rather than talking down. It's not where a small number of important people talk loud and the rest listen. Most of the value creation and exchange will take place in the comments section.
PEER TO PEER ACCOUNTABILITY We are a community where people are held accountable for actions they take and statements they make. Every action you take is immutably signed by your Bitcoin wallet's Paymail and publicly distributed through the social network. Because of the public nature, everything on the site is a cryptographic evidence. All you need to do is be nice and keep your words.
LONG TERM NETWORK VALUE We aim to build a long lasting value network where people make and nurture lasting and productive relationships. This is not a place designed to extract short term profit from people.
Although black immigrants (and especially their children, who are indistinguishable from American blacks) presumably experience the same ongoing systemic biases that black descendants of American slaves do, nearly all black immigrant groups out-earn American blacks, and many—including Ghanaians, Nigerians, Barbadians, and Trinidadians & Tobagonians—out-earn the national average.
The assumption that it's either overt racism or internal "culture" excludes the more obvious claim: the history of racial brutality has destroyed the community, stolen the cultural leaders and heroes, and destined children and children's children to poverty. This is why racism needs to be understood in the light of implicit bias (note the small "i" and "b"). Assuming the reason is "culture" is just another form of assuming it's "their fault", which is racist.
The division between the Grey and Blue tribes is often rendered in the simplistic terms of a demographic encounter between white, nerdily entitled men in hoodies on one side and diverse, effete, artistic snobs on the other. On this account, one side is generally associated with quantification, libertarianism, speed, scale, automation, science, and unrestricted speech; the other is generally associated with quality, progressivism, precaution, craft, workmanship, the humanities, and respectful language. Alexander, in another widely circulated essay, published in 2018, has popularized an alternative heuristic—a partition between what he calls “mistake theorists” and “conflict theorists.” Mistake theorists, he writes, look at any difference of opinion and conclude that someone must be making an error. They reckon that when the source of the mistake is identified—with more data, more debate, more intelligence, more technical insight—the resolution will be obvious. Conflict theorists are likely to look at the same difference of opinion and assume that no mechanism will provide for a settlement until incompatible desires are brought into alignment. The former tend to believe that after we sort out the problem of means, the question of ends can be left to take care of itself. The latter tend to believe that the preoccupation with means can serve to obscure the real issue of ends. Mistake theorists default to the hope that we just need to fix the bugs in the system. Conflict theorists default to the worry that what look like bugs might be features—and that it’s the system that has to be updated
this sounds interesting. Can I get a hold of the original essay?
Art reflects reality. And in reflecting that reality it helps us to understand that reality and also helps us respond to that reality.
Man this is a really apt description of art. Does life influence art? Does art influence life? It's all just a tool that helps us do a multitude of different things.
One component of it is energy: thinking hard takes effort, and it’s much easier to just stop at an answer that seems to make sense, than to pursue everything that you don’t quite get down an endless, and rapidly proliferating, series of rabbit holes.
To think in an intelligent way, you need to take effort (energy)
StoryBoard 7:
Title– Do they have one? Is it a catchy title? Does it make you want to read/look more? I think there is an opportunity to make a punchier/creative title. Right now, it is pretty descriptive and most readers already know Thor is based on Norse Mythology. Try to make incorporate loki in the title?
Content Is the thesis/commentary identifiable through the images? Yes, but I think you can switch the 3rd and 4th points. It would flow a little better that way. Is the thesis/commentary identifiable through the text? Yes, but I think there might be too many things going on here. Maybe just focus on economics and fanfiction. Does it offer a clear story/narrative? yes, but try to use less text in your images, let them be contextualized with your voice. Does it clearly describe or imply what the project sets out to do?yes! What could this student do to improve this section (and “nothing, it’s fine” is not a very helpful answer). Switch 3/4 points and add in some more fanfiction elements.
StoryBoard 5:
Really nice points here, you want to be careful that you aren't just telling us your opinion, but rather presenting texts and citations to show us how you came to your conclusions. I would like to see the text at the front, tell us a story first, then unpack it.
Title– Do they have one? Is it a catchy title? Does it make you want to read/look more? -Very descriptive title! I think when you do the video, make the subtitle smaller, so we get the punchy title prominently.
Content Is the thesis/commentary identifiable through the images? Yes, very clear. The second image could use some sort of identifier on it, but other than that it is clear.
Does it offer a clear story/narrative? - It seems like this is going to be a piece on showing the lack of LGBTQ+ representation in canonical texts, but I think you need to provide the example (Avengers slide) first, so we are familiar with the ways representation fails.
Does it clearly describe or imply what the project sets out to do? -Yes, try to use less text heavy images, but try to incorporate more purely visual aspects.
What could this student do to improve this section (and “nothing, it’s fine” is not a very helpful answer). - Maybe find another example of bad LGBTQ+ representation.
Images/Media Do they include media or do they have a plan for what media they are using? Yes!
How does the media help the argument/commentary? - Is there opportunity to incorporate additional media? I think there is an opportunity to include more images and less text heavy screenshots.
StoryBoard 1:
Us Versus Them Title- Could be catchier but I think it makes sense and is straightforward. I love analyzing movies so I think I am already drawn in my that. Content-
StoryBoard 3:
• Title– Do they have one? Is it a catchy title? Does it make you want to read/look more? The title is "Duel of the Star-Crossed Fates" which is catchy. It plays with the original work's "Star Wars" • Content
• Images/Media—Do they include media or do they have a plan for what media they are using? How does the media help the argument/commentary? Is there opportunity to incorporate additional media? I think they are planning on using this media in their final project. This media really helps portray emotion and give context to what is happening in ways that narration cannot. I think they are planning on incorporating more media in the form of a montage (as indicated). They could probably include media to show where things are taking place.
Finally, what suggestions do you have for the writer going forward? How can they improve? List your TOP THREE SUGGESTIONS. My suggestions are give more context to the story. Maybe actually introduce characters and give more background info. I would add more narration in parts where you have just photos.
StoryBoard 6:
Title– Do they have one? Is it a catchy title? Does it make you want to read/look more? -There is no title here. The most catchy thing here was the ATLA screencaps; I just finished watching the series and this seems like a cute bit of canon-divergence so that's what made me want to review this draft. Maybe something about the Jasmine Dragon or Iroh & Zuko to signal that this story is based on ATLA.
Content Is the thesis/commentary identifiable through the images? -I think the series of six images tells a clear story. It definitely helps that I am familiar with the characters and their stories as they exist in canon. I think the fifth image (Iroh fighting Azula) seems a little confusing because it isn't really clear that they are fighting. If you're keeping bending in this story maybe use an image of that instead?
Is the thesis/commentary identifiable through the text? -I think the captions do well to explore what each image is meant to convey. They clarify the important aspects of each image, like when the tea shop is transferred to a more central/royal location within Ba Sing Se. The captions also definitely situation Uncle Iroh as the main character; judging from just the images it could be either him or Zuko. The captions mostly focus on him and then the story resolves with him retiring and giving Zuko the shop so that was a nice ending.
Does it offer a clear story/narrative? -Yes. There is a clear structure with a beginning, middle, and end - Zuko and Iroh moving to Ba Sing Se, them being moved by the King and experiencing challenges, and then Iroh retiring. This was a fun and light story.
Does it clearly describe or imply what the project sets out to do? -I'd read this fic! Who doesn't love Zuko and Uncle Iroh having a good time with the tea shop. I am a little confused as to how this fits in in-universe. Are they actually refugees rather than firebenders passing themselves off as refugees? In the screencap with Azula you write that "he has some enemies for ditching the refugees" so I am wondering if she is included in that or if the royalty of the fire nation still exists.
What could this student do to improve this section (and “nothing, it’s fine” is not a very helpful answer). -Clarify whether this is a no-bending AU or not. A lot of their struggles in canon with the tea shop deal with them having to hide the fact that they're firebenders and royalty at that (AKA Jet), and it changes the set up of your story here whether or not that is still the case.
Images/Media Do they include media or do they have a plan for what media they are using? -The images are ATLA screencaps. This works well because it clearly shows the characters and settings and is recognizable to those familiar with the show.
How does the media help the argument/commentary? -These images helped me remember what happens with the storyline in canon and it made me more intrigued to know about the story that will be presented here. I think the only confusing thing is that Zuko isn't named in the first two panels and an unfamiliar reader could be wondering which one of them is Iroh.
Is there opportunity to incorporate additional media? -I'm not very sure what additional media would entail. If you're making this into a vid I would merely suggest using caps that take up the full screen and don't have the Nick logo on them, but that's about it. Audio like music from the show might work well if you think that would fit with the story.
Finally, what suggestions do you have for the writer going forward? How can they improve? List your TOP THREE SUGGESTIONS.
So glad of this as they, I cannot be,
Although he wants them together but also doesn't want them together because he thinks Ferdinand is a spy, it's a bit ironic that him separating them is actually driving them closer together. I watched a psychology video that explained that parents disapproving of a relationship actually makes the lovers work harder to be together rather than just letting it run its course, particularly in the teenage years. It makes he wonder if he's acting like this on purpose to drive them closer.
Firstly, the price and value of human life has increased significantly over the past half century. And it’s not just assessments in comparable currency with regards to discounting. The absolute fact is that the value of human life has become so high that the governments of developed countries, with the approval of the population, make decisions to pay a high economic price for the possibility of saving as many lives as possible. I stress: not elites, but the entire population. That is why we condemn the scenario where the health care system is unable to even attempt helping the dying person; doctors must choose whom to help survive, and society takes no action by saving funds and waiting for the end of the fast-flowing pandemic. In future, we will probably revise the economic losses (without social distancing people get infected, do not work, do not consume, do not invest, therefore, the costs increase (Bodenstein et al. 2020)) but this does not eliminate the urgency of the choice to be made at the critical moment in the state of high uncertainty.
Beautiful paragraph
whatismostpopularonthewebisnotnecessarilywhatismosttrustworthyortruthful.ItisonthisbasisIcontend thereisworktobedonetocontextualizeand reveal themanywaysthatBlackwomenareframed insexistlanguagethatrendersthem“girls”and misrepresented commercial search
Just as I said in my last annotation, many people argue that the research results unfold what are the popular research topics online. However, the popularity doesn't equal to righteousness, so it's important to regulate the search engine.
Either the creator god, source of a better world, seeded it from the divine, or the newborn earth just drawn from the highest heavens still contained fragments related to the skies
It's strange to see how Ovid provides uncertainty in his version. With it not even giving a clear source of where humankind was created from. Maybe this is done in reference to his first line where he says that no version can be agreed upon?
I needed in order to not be further behind on my graduation date. I am just planning to take this course and earn an A or B to satisfy my course requirements. Along the way I will learn many things like I did in my previous classes. I’m going to be honest, it's just to fill my course requirements. Usually when the semester rolls on I get interested in the class and learn many new things. So my hope for this course is to earn a good grade and to be more informed when it comes to anything that pertains to this course.
D:
The next year, doxxing became a tool by in the “GamerGate” controversy, an online dispute purportedly about ethics in video game journalism that became a foundational moment for some of today’s fringe far right. Mostly male video-game players began to publish personal information — including home address and phone numbers — for women in their community, typically journalists and game designers who they said were unfairly politicizing gaming culture.
Posting someone's information is unbelievable. It's unbelievable someone would do that. Those people should be held liable for their actions. Just because someone had an opinion about gaming culture, doesn't mean someone should attack them and exploit the person's information online. Everyone has a right to their opinion, and doxing is not a good way to get your point across.
Contextual Substitution Subtable
The naming here is an issue. Both GSUB5 and GSUB6 lookups chain, it's just that GSUB6 lookups support more context...
in my opinion
This is the fourth time in three pages you have used the phrase "my opinion" - consider varying your phrases, especially given that "in my opinion" doesn't sound particularly confident. If you can provide evidence for your claim, it's more than just your opinion!
The story’s charm disguises the invasion of privacy at its heart: the way technology is both eroding our personal boundaries and coercing us in deleterious ways. To some, the story from that flight to Dallas already has a happy ending. The mystery man revealed himself on Twitter as former soccer player Euan Holden and gave Blair permission to share his Instagram and reveal his name. He has eagerly taken a liking to his newfound social media fandom and embraced the moniker of “Plane Bae,” even appearing on NBC’s Today to bask in the attention. Surely, this is the ultimate consent and the final proof that people like me are just being buzzkills about a fundamentally innocent story. But look closer. What about the mystery woman? She’s clearly been far more reticent, declining an interview for the Today segment and asking that her full name not be revealed. It’s hard to avoid the impression that she’s being dragged into the public eye nonetheless.
I found this article interesting and it points about how vulnerable the people are when they are used as content by others in social media platforms like Twitter. In this story, Actress Rosey Blair tweeted about two strangers that she met in the airplane. The man "Plane Bae" associated with this incident revealed himself on Twitter and participated in NBC's today to bask in the attention. But the woman associated with this incident did not want to reveal herself in the public. So, I believe people should be very sensitive when they post about strangers in social media because that will have a very big impact on their life and some people want to keep their anonymity and they may not want to be content in social media. So, respecting others' privacy is very important and people should be mindful of others feelings and freedom.
In the case of that woman from Blair’s flight, her legions of “fans” are digging day and night to find more information, to meet the female lead of this summer’s hottest rom-com. They want to know what happens next. They want to make her finish the story. Go on a date; now kiss; now get engaged; tell us what it was like. We need to know more. More. More.
In many ways that is one of the most unfortunate things about the "commercialization of the internet", social media, reality television, etc. it's the whole idea of pleasure versus enjoyment. When we aren't working for anything and just passively letting it come to us, we discard it as soon as it's "used up"
TeacheR andleaRneR, paRTneR andgUide 2157enough to engage their best energies and thinking over time. Many things happen every day; only some can be seized on. The teachers seek to discover what may be important and expected in the moments streaming by and then help the children breathe further life into them. Identifying “Knots” Not only must the larger project contain meaty problems, but even a daily work session should ideally contain sticking points, or “knots.” Just as a knot (whorl) in wood grain impedes a saw cutting through it, and just as a knot (tangle) in thread stops the action of a sewing needle, any problem that stops the children and blocks their action is a kind of cognitive knot. It might be caused by a conflict of wills or lack of information or skills to proceed. Such knots should be thought of as more than negative moments of confusion and frustration, however. Rather, they are moments of cognitive disequilibrium, containing positive possibilities for regrouping, hypothesis testing, and intellectual comparison of ideas. They can produce interactions that are constructive not only for socializing but also for constructing new knowledge. The teachers’ task is to notice those knots and help bring them to center stage for further attention—launching points for next activities. Deciding When to InterveneTeachers in Reggio have difficulty in knowing how and when to intervene because this depends on a moment-by-moment analysis of the children’s thinking. As teachers Magda Bondavalli and Marina Mori stated:With regard to difficulties [in teaching], we see them continuously. The way we sug-gest to children things that they might do leaves things always open. This is a way to be with them through readjusting continuously. There is nothing that is definite or absolute. We try all the time to interpret, through their gestures, words, and actions, how they are living through an experience; and then we go on from there. It’s really difficult! (Interview, June 14, 19
We like answers and solutions it is difficult to back off and allow children to discover. It is challenging to interpret.
In the latter, Islamophobia is understood not as a racist belief to which one may or may not subscribe but an endemic form of racism produced by material practices of warfare that simultane-ously function to rationalize the global material inequalities and relations of domination such warfare secures.25 As such, the question remains whether Islamophobia as a discursive practice can be adequately contested without an analysis of the material configuration of forces invested in resource extrac-tion, weapons production, and the global construction of prisons, fences, walls, and other forms of securitization that enforce what Ruth Wilson Gil-more describes as “group- differentiated vulnerability to premature death.”
He's not discrediting the previous scholar's work, but merely offers a broader look at how Islamophobia spreads, breeds, proliferates through many bodies actions, not just one-to-one. The government or media can speak against islamaphobia all they want but their actions still reflect imperial, pro-white, anti-BIPOC actions. It's implicit and spreads that way. Anyway, in short there are two approaches to determining race-based violence, an intent-based, psychological one and a broader materialist, subjective one that considers environmental and implicit motivators.
Hilgartner and Bosk theorize thatcompetition among problem definitions is regulated by ‘‘principles of se-lection’’ that operate across all public arenas. Both the media and Congress,they suggest, pay most attention to problems that are inherently dramatic,that resonate with ‘‘deep mythic themes or broad cultural preoccupations,’’and that are promoted by powerful political and economic groups(1988:71).
This is just something that happens, so, when I ask for greater nuance and digging regarding mass shootings, what I'm really calling for is MASS STRUCTURAL CHANGE. This is an important concession and a reason why it's so hard to deal with some things in politics, especially something as seemingly vague and random as mass shootings.
Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance
Working with local documents, as in ones that are sourced from the computer itself, is a bit of a pain. In order to make annotations like these, you need to:
After that it's just like any other document. Assuming, y'know, you can even open this link.