380 Matching Annotations
  1. Last 7 days
  2. Apr 2024
  3. Feb 2024
    1. I'm not sure if I should write it in the answer directly, but I could also say that when an OP simply rolls back an edit without preemptively stating any reasoning in a comment etc., that tends to create the impression that OP is misguidedly claiming "ownership" of the content or feels entitled to reject changes without needing a reason.
    2. In fact, I think this self-answered Q&A of yours was already quite good by the standards of the site, and very useful - I've used it to close other duplicates several times. As someone who wears a "curator" hat around here, I want to make questions like this even better - as good as they can be - and make it clear to others that this is the right duplicate target to use when someone else asks the same question.
    3. Then I gave the question a longer, more descriptive title: I made it an actual question (with a question mark and everything), and replaced the term "lazy evaluation" with a more concrete description. The goal is to make the question more recognizable and more searchable. Hopefully this way, people who need this information have a better chance of finding it with a search engine; people who click through to it from a search page (either on Stack Overflow or from external search) will take less time to verify that it's the question they're trying to answer; and other curators will be able to close duplicates more quickly and more accurately. This edit also improves visibility for some related questions (and I made similar changes elsewhere to promote this one appropriately).
  4. Dec 2023
    1. Dichter und sehr gut dokumentierter Überblicksratikel über die Expansionspläne der Öl- und Gasindustrie. Aus unerschlossenen Feldern sollen 230 Milliarden Barrel Öläquivalent gefördert werden - im klaren Widerspruch zum Pariser Abkommen. Durch Ausbeutung neuer Lager werden bis 2025 voraussichtlich 70 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> und damit 17% des Budgets für das 1,5° Ziel ausgestoßen. Eingegangen wird auch auf den Ausstiegsplan des Tyndall Centre. https://taz.de/Run-auf-fossile-Brennstoffe/!5973686/

  5. Nov 2023
    1. It does provide an answer. The issue is that the Google form validates that the user has input a valid looking URL. So he needs to input an arbitrary, but valid URL, and then add that to /etc/hosts so his browser will resolve it to the address of his devserver. The question and answer are both fine as is and don't require any critique or clarification.

      The critical comment this was apparently in reply to was apparently deleted

  6. Oct 2023
  7. ivanov-petrov.livejournal.com ivanov-petrov.livejournal.com
    1. “Never argue with a fool, onlookers may not be able to tell the difference.”
    1. What’s the bestway to solve it? C

      This is one key question to address when solving problems and thinking computationally; it encourages learners to draw a solution path, using the environmental resources optimally.

    1. What’s the bestway to solve it?

      This is one key question to address when solving problems and thinking computationally; it encourages learners to draw a solution path, using the environmental resources optimally.

  8. Sep 2023
    1. Missing 0 (0%)

      Missing added as a future proof option for future data uploads.

    2. OU 0 (0%) Not Recorded 0 (0%)

      When we filter out records for condition == ALL we lose all Not Recorded and OU records in the Eye table.

    1. spoken by a dog, he is not misreading the author's intention but misreading the actual words of the actual poem. Again, this is a question of the text, not of the author.

      This statement brings up what Professor Machado said on the first day of class, that other people can see different things in passages and that we should always find evidence to support our thoughts. It's okay to see different things. My favorite part about literature is that it is up for interpretation. There is no definite answer.

    2. Perhaps other people’s poems do what they tell them to, but mine rarely do.

      I feel that. The same thing happens to me with the plot of short stories. It's always fun when you are surprised by your own writing.

    3. I have neither the desire nor the ability to discern an author's intentions.

      Personally, when I read, I have the opposite approach. I could care less what is written. I am more interested in how the writing makes both the author and the reader feel. I want to know what the writer was thinking when they wrote it. I want to know what feelings and ideas inspired them.

    4. I’m sure every writer has had the experience, sometimes frustrating, often exhilarating, of the work taking off in a completely different direction than that which he or she “intended.”

      This is incredibly frustrating at least for me. It is also interesting to see what comes out of it though.

  9. Aug 2023
    1. near-term forecasts of this event were good, albeit underestimating the magnitude of the maximum temperatures.
      • for: weather prediction, climate prediction, Pacific Northwest heatwave, comment, question, question - Pacific Northwest heatwave
      • paraphrase
        • near-term forecasts of this event were good, albeit underestimating the magnitude of the maximum temperatures.
      • comment
      • question
        • could appropriate measures have been in taken, our were the predicted temperature so far off that appropriate measures could not be recommended?
        • in particular, with the mass dieoff from the marine heatwave of an estimate billion marines organisms due to:
          • low tide,
          • high surface air temperature and
          • elevated ocean temperatures,
        • could interventions have been organized such as:
          • increasing dissolved oxygen levels in parts of the ocean dense with sea life or
          • soaking shellfish exposed to extreme sea surface temperature?
        • what are the future impacts in terms of biodiversity loss and extinction?
    1. Reporting a hadith is a heavy responsibility. Integrity and accuracy is incumbent upon us when relaying hadith to avoid incurring sin and perpetuating misinformation.

    2. Narrated Abu Huraira(May Allah be pleased with him) :

      I said: "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! Who will be the luckiest person, who will gain your intercession on the Day of Resurrection?" Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: O Abu Huraira! "I have thought that none will ask me about it before you as I know your longing for the (learning of) Hadiths. The luckiest person who will have my intercession on the Day of Resurrection will be the one who said sincerely from the bottom of his heart "None has the right to be worshipped but Allah."

      (Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 3, Hadith 98 www.Sunnah.com)

      May Allah make us one of those closest to Him. Ameen

    1. spirituality is not even a fourth pillar of sustainability, but is instead the foundation upon which the pillars of people, planet and profit must be constructed. To succeed on the triple bottom line, we must build a strong spiritual foundation. To do that, we must look inwards.
      • for: quote, quote - spirituality, quote - Tom Greenwood, triple bottom line, spirituality and business

      • paraphrase

      • quote

        • spirituality is not even a fourth pillar of sustainability,
          • but is instead the foundation upon which the pillars of
            • people,
            • planet and
            • profit
          • must be constructed.
        • To succeed on the triple bottom line,
          • we must build a strong spiritual foundation.
        • To do that, we must look inwards.
      • comment

        • We could express this succinctly in a new phrase:
          • The bottom line of the triple bottom line is spirituality
    2. We all wonder about it, but we don’t like to talk about it because it sounds a bit religious and unscientific, but in truth it’s just mysterious.
      • for: comment, comment - emptiness, emptiness
      • comment
        • in fact, there is a way to talk about these things in a philosophical way by using the concept of emptiness, commonly found in Eastern Religions
        • The interesting thing about the concept of emptiness is that even though there is a strong tradition of it in Eastern religions, it inherently defies all attempts to classify it under any of
        • these categories:
          • religion,
          • spirituality,
          • science,
          • philosophy or
          • language.
        • It is part of all of these, yet does not belong solely to any of them.
        • emptiness can be used as a tool and organizing principle to delve into the unnamable quality of life
    1. sense of self is a construct a psychological and social construct it's something it's not something that 00:06:42 infants are born with it's actually something that develops as we grow up our caregivers look into our eyes give us a name that we learned to identify with and also basically we learn to see 00:06:59 ourselves as they see us we inte
      • for: self, constructing reality, constructed self, constructed reality, constructing the sense of self, self and other, nonduality, duality, insecurable, comment, question

      • paraphrase

        • sense of self is a construct
        • a psychological and social construct
        • it's not something that infants are born with
          • it's actually something that develops as we grow up
        • our caregivers look into our eyes
          • give us a name that we learned to identify with and
          • also basically we learn to see ourselves as they see us
            • we internalize that which is why we are so preoccupied with what other people think about
          • we learned to use language in certain ways
            • mine
            • you
            • yours
            • his
            • hers and so forth
          • that's all very essential to it
        • so we could say that the sense of self is being a construct
        • it's composed of mostly habitual ways of
          • thinking
          • feeling
          • acting
          • reacting
          • remembering
          • planning and
          • tending
        • it's the way that these mostly habitual processes work together re-enforce each other
        • but does that give us insight into what the fundamental problem is?
      • I think it does and here's what it is as I understand it
        • because the sense of self is a construct
          • because it doesn't refer it
          • doesn't depend on it
          • doesn't point back to a real self that has any self-reality or or self-identity
      • this sense of self by virtue of its lack of essence is inherently uncomfortable

        • we can say it's basically inherently insecure
        • in fact it's not only insecure but it's insecurable
      • comment

      • question
        • I agree with David's analysis but also have a question for him:
          • what about the biological, evolutionary definition of the self of a living organism. Is there a contradiction here?
          • reference
            • Major Evolutionary Transitions occur when a group of individuated living organisms achieve greater fitness by mutualism and begin to reproduce together as a new unit
              • How do we harmonize the claim of a psychologically constructed self with this evolutionary formation of new biological SELF units through MET?
  10. Jul 2023
    1. Some artworks and novels have been labeled “solarpunk” retrospectively

      I was thinking for instance in Proteus as the game game appears to be in this new land; where the game is just living or "experimenting"

  11. Jun 2023
  12. viva.pressbooks.pub viva.pressbooks.pub
    1. disprefer

      I've never heard of this word 😀!

    2. Upper/lower refers to the root direction, and flat/sharp clarifies whether the interval between the roots is a major or minor third

      SIDENOTE: Do you know Scott Murphy's MnM system? It's a much more powerful and term-heavy system where the first M represents the quality of the first chord and the last M is the quality of the last chord. The "n" is the number of half steps between the two chord roots.

      • M3M = Upper Flat mediant
      • M4M = Upper Sharp mediant
      • M8M (or M-4M) = Lower Flat mediant
      • M9M (or M-3M) = Lower Sharp mediant

      Anyhow, just thought I'd mention it but it's not a suggestion for this chapter.

    3. The R-relation connects C-major and A-minor The L-relation connects C-major and E-minor

      The area seems like more of discussion about Neo-Riemannian theory than the mediant approach this chapter is laying out.

    1. "Wenn der Weise auf den Mond zeigt, schaut der Narr auf den Finger". In der Libération beschäftigt sich Serge July mit den Bemühungen europäischer Politiker, die Einwanderung zu regeln, wobei die viel größere Bedrohung durch die Klimakrise und die durch sie ausgelösten Migrationsströme ignoriert wird. July verweist auf die wissenschaftlichen Studien und auf die Meldungen über Waldbrände und andere Extremwetter Ereignisse, die in den letzten Wochen veröffentlicht wurden. https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/opinions/face-a-lurgence-climatique-nous-sommes-tous-des-imbeciles-par-serge-july-20230612_ELQHNM56JJBUZBVV2QRB47GLP4/

  13. May 2023
    1. And some holding it best to live temperately, and to avoidexcesses of all kinds, made parties, and shut themselves up from the rest of the world; eating and drinking mod-erately of the best, and diverting themselves with music, and such other entertainments as they might have withindoor; never listening to anything from without, to make them uneasy.

      Different ways to cope with trauma and tragic situations, when the destruction is so gigantic that however you react is right and painfully accurate.

    1. Keep Comments Open! by Dan Allosso

      Some thoughts about the ability to turn off public comments on Substack posts, which may diminish the conversation.

  14. Apr 2023
    1. is beyond all the dominant terms

      index n1 is larger than the indices for all the dominating terms in the sequence.

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    1. Die Regenfälle der letzten Tage werden nur einen kleinen Teil der Folgen ausgleichen, welche die lange andauernde Trockenheit in Österreich hat. Es sind dringend Maßnahmen gegen die Versiegelung von Böden und die Verschwendung von Wasser z.B. durch private Pools nötig. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000145470485/der-regen-kommt-die-wassernot-bleibt

    1. the basic idea in the procedure is tostart at node 1 and fan out along the tree arcs using the thread indices to computeother node potentials.

      The starting node is, the first element from thread. First node from the in-order tree traversal.

    1. The definition willinvolve a general field K, but in functional analysis, K will be R or C.The elements of K are called scalars; hence in our case they will ber.eal or complex numbers.

      This is probably very important due to the fact that, both field is complete, and they are equipped with norm. And of course, the reals and the complex are technically also a vector field with dim = 1.

      The total orderness property is probably important for vector fields in functional analysis.

    2. subspaces of a normed spaceX (of any dimension)

      I just discovered that the subspaces in vector spaces are very different compare to metric spaces.

      1. A subspace of a metric space just have to be a metric space.
      2. A subspace of a vector space will still have to retain the vector space structure. But if it's viewed as a metric space, this doesn't have to be the case.

      Also take note that this is talking about any spaces of dimensions.

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  15. Mar 2023
    1. it is for the parents to guide them frominfancy in the ways of virtue, propriety, and worthy Christian conduct, so that when grown up they may be thestaff of their parents’ old age, and the glory of their posterity; and to force them to study this or that science I donot think wise, though it may be no harm to persuade them; and when there is no need to study for the sake ofpane lucrando, and it is the student’s good fortune that heaven has given him parents who provide him with it, itwould be my advice to them to let him pursue whatever science they may see him most inclined to

      This may be the best way to teach children, nowadays.

    2. I, Senor Don Quixote,” answered the gentleman, “have one son, without whom, perhaps, I should count myselfhappier than I am, not because he is a bad son, but because he is not so good as I could wish. He is eighteen yearsof age; he has been for six at Salamanca studying Latin and Greek, and when I wished him to turn to the study ofother sciences I found him so wrapped up in that of poetry (if that can be called a science) that there is no gettinghim to take kindly to the law, which I wished him to study, or to theology, the queen of them all. I would like him tobe an honour to his family, as we live in days when our kings liberally reward learning that is virtuous and worthy;for learning without virtue is a pearl on a dunghill. He spends the whole day in settling whether Homer expressedhimself correctly or not in such and such a line of the Iliad, whether Martial was indecent or not in such and suchan epigram, whether such and such lines of Virgil are to be understood in this way or in that; in short, all his talkis of the works of these poets, and those of Horace, Perseus, Juvenal, and Tibullus; for of the moderns in our ownlanguage he makes no great account; but with all his seeming indifference to Spanish poetry, just now his thoughtsare absorbed in making a gloss on four lines that have been sent him from Salamanca, which I suspect are for somepoetical tournament.”

      I think Don Quixote thinks this is not why we study poetry.

    3. Don Quixote turned to look and found that it was true, and rejoicing exceedingly, he concluded that they weretwo armies about to engage and encounter in the midst of that broad plain;

      His bravery is his biggest trait.

    4. it was not right thata horse belonging to a knight so famous, and one with such merits of his own, should be without some distinctivename

      The question of identity is always intriguing.

    5. ed away by theintense enjoyment he found in these pleasant fancies, he sethimself forthwith to put his scheme into execution

      This is what I like about Don Quixote. He think of what he wants to do first and execute it, instead of what he can do, because I know that if I only think of what I can do in the beginning, then I will achieve nothing.

    6. In short, his wits being quite gone, he hit upon the strang-est notion that ever madman in this world hit upon, and thatwas that he fancied it was right and requisite, as well for thesupport of his own honour as for the service of his country,that he should make a knight-errant of himself,

      Mostly, ambition is perceived as mad, but being mad is not always a bad thing.

    7. For how shall I be able, said he, to rule over others, that havenot full power and command of myself?

      Many leader lead other very well, but lose control of their own life.

    1. Because of that great longing to excel, 80whereon my heart was set, I certainlywould not have been so courteous while I lived.Here is the forfeit paid for pride like this;nor should I be here yet, had it not beenthat, while I still could sin, I turned to God.

      Doing nothing is also a sin. Dante thinks you should stand up for your ideal.

    2. I’ve shown him all the people who are guilty;and now I mean those spirits to reveal, 65who ’neath thy jurisdiction cleanse themselves

      Dante gives sinners a second chance, kind of humanism.

    3. Great sorrow filled my heart on hearing this,because I knew of people of great worth,who in that Borderland suspended were.

      He still not understand that God is justice itself.

    4. against me this one seemed to be advancingwith head erect and with such raging hunger,that even the air seemed terrified thereby—and of a she-Wolf, which with every lustseemed in her leanness laden, and had caused 50many ere now to lead unhappy lives.

      This imply that lust is the most difficult one for humans to overcome.

    5. When half way through the journey of our lifeI found that I was in a gloomy wood,because the path which led aright was lost.

      This is also Dante reminding himself.

    6. I had his hair wrapped round my hand already,and more than one shock had I plucked from him,while he was barking, with his eyes turned down

      Now Dante fully accepted the fact that God is justice. Those people deserve to be punished like this.

    7. And the King said, By Allah, I will not kill her until I hear the remainder of her story.

      To change people, you need to have knowledge first.

    8. And she certainly determined [to seduce] him, and he would have inclined to her had he not seen the proof[i.e., sign] of his Lord. And thus [it was] that We should avert from him evil and immorality. Indeed, he wasof Our chosen servants

      This scene does show Joseph's defect, but it is also human defect.

    9. He said, “O my son, do not relate your vision to your brothers or they will contrive against you a plan. In-deed Satan, to man, is a manifest enemy.

      This is different than the plot of the Hebrew Bible.

    10. Bring us a Qur’ān other than this or change it.” Say, [O Muhammad], “It is not for me to change it onmy own accord. I only follow what is revealed to me.

      He does not change the law of God, too. This is somewhat like Jesus.

    11. Indeed, your Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himselfabove the Throne, arranging the matter [of His creation].

      Quran has the same creation with that of bible.

    1. But now the queen, who fear’d for Turnus’ life

      This is Turnus ignores the advice of the queen, and insist on going fighting with Aeneas , so the queen is worried about he

    2. ‘T is Pallas, Pallas gives this deadly blow.”

      When Aeneas saw the golden belt, he recalled Pallas. This made him out of his mind and take revenge for Pallas by killing Turnus.

    3. Libyan lion

      Virgil used personified method to describe the situation that Turnas was facing and portrayed him as a Libyan lion chased by the swains.

    4. chariot

      a carriage with two wheels that was pulled by horses and was raced and used in battle in ancient times (二輪戰車)

    5. But now he struggles with unequal fate

      Turnus’s sister don’t want to see her brother be killed by Trojans. So she pray to God

  16. Jan 2023
    1. One of the main purposes of the Freedmen’s Bureau, however, was to redistribute lands to formerly enslaved people that had been abandoned and confiscated by the federal government. Even these land grants were short-lived. In 1866, land that ex-Confederates had left behind was reinstated to them.

      I think this was very unfair the government gave land to newly freed people only to snatch it back to the original owners they had confiscated it from.

  17. Dec 2022
  18. Nov 2022
  19. Oct 2022
    1. Just as a breadcrumb here for future readers (I found this thread when I was searching), it seems Cuprite has support for non-headless now (via Ferrum). headless: false in the options does the trick. And thanks for your work on Cuprite.
    1. initial

      Change to "final" instead of "initial"

    2. Because the rate law is a power function we need to use logarithms to determine the order of reaction. First take the log of both sides

      In this example, should we first introduce a new reaction of a + b -->

    3. the power

      Sentence may need to be revised

  20. Sep 2022
    1. It is interesting to think that physical barriers can cause different phenotypes to form, which leads to speciation. I wonder if the opposite could happen when different species are brought close enough together and evolve to have similar traits that a advantageous to a common environment. After all, these species are meant to share common ancestor.

  21. Aug 2022
  22. Jun 2022
    1. We will continue to listen and work to make Hypothesis a safe and welcoming place for expression and conversation on the web

      What has been done to improve this situation since this post six years ago?

    1. I regularly check in on comments for this website and will generally respond!
    2. Although Hugo works with a number of commenting systems, I’ve chosen to use the social annotation software Hypothesis as the social layer on this website.

      https://spencergreenhalgh.com/hypothesis/

      Someone else using Hypothes.is as a commenting system in the wild.

  23. May 2022
  24. Apr 2022
  25. Dec 2021
    1. These case studies show that we cannot understand the mobility of gods simply in terms of the mobility of people.

      "The notion of «religious mobility» has also been proposed as a means of encompassing both religious change consequent on the mobility of people" from earlier in this article, pg 112. I feel this transition is a technique of writing the author implemented well. I did not think I would be introduced to a new concept and then read contradicting points. The author showed critical thinking and provided a solid argument.

    2. tendency to use modern Christianity as an analytical archetype or paradigm

      While Christianity is definitely a major religion both past and present, I think it is worth noting that Alexander the great ruled before it was invented, therefore making it obsolete to his part of history.

    3. sis came to be associated with human fertility, with healing, with the passage to the underworld and with travel by boat.

      Isis original Egyptian name is Aset, translating to "queen of the throne." This would definitely help spread her popularity. Perhaps she is nationally worshipped because every culture ties a significance to death and healing.

  26. Oct 2021
  27. Sep 2021
  28. fa21psy352.commons.gc.cuny.edu fa21psy352.commons.gc.cuny.edu
    1. Only recentlyhave we rediscovered the concept of the self, and too many of ushave still not absorbed James’s insights into the distinctionamong the material, social, and spiritual (conscious) selves (al-though few of us have had to contend with a Swedenborgianfather who rejected all notions of selfhood).

      This is surprising and perplexing to me because as early as Descartes he said and I quote "Cogito, ergo sum" meaning I think, therefore I am. Selfhood and consciousness shouldn't be a recently discovered concept.

    2. Wundt preached the inaccessibility ofthose phenomena to experimental and by implication ‘‘scien-tific’’ study.

      Yes! because the mind cant be experimented like other practical sciences, only through observation and studying can we learn more about the human mind.

    3. Henoted that whereas psychology must be based on the results ofethnology and anthropology, mental development may stillbe the same for different cultures or that similar cultures may,psychologically speaking, represent different stages of ‘‘mentalculture.’’

      I agree, from what i gathered in my past developmental psychology course we all share the same consensus that mental development is the same from culture to culture but the mental culture in other societies vary.

    4. He related the three broad topics Sprache, Mythus,and Sitte (language, mythology, and culture) to the individual-psychological aspects of representation, emotion, will, andhabit.

      Intriguing.. I can see where the connection is possibly being made, that language and culture have an impact on our psyche? Language can focus our aspect on specific aspects of the world and influences perception and culture effects us developmentally.

    1. Und dann kam die alte Großmutter auch noch lebendig heraus und konnte kaum atmen. Rotkäppchen aber holte geschwind große Steine, damit füllten sie dem Wolf den Leib, und wie er aufwachte, wollte er fortspringen, aber die Steine waren so schwer, dass er gleich niedersank und sich totfiel.

      Das Jäger ist der Held für die Großmutter und Rotkäppchen! Das ist sehr interessant.

    2. Komm, Rotkäppchen, da hast du ein Stück Kuchen und eine Flasche Wein, bring das der Großmutter hinaus; sie ist krank und schwach und wird sich daran laben.

      Ein Stück Kuchen und eine Flasche Wein ist zwei sehr fraglich Produkte zu einem kranken älteren Menschen bringen! Das ist nicht gut.

  29. Aug 2021
    1. The goal of this text is topresent a version of the history of psychologythat resists the traditional storylines of greatachievements by eminent people or schools ofthought that rise and fall in the wake of scientificprogress and that instead attempts to reveal thecomplex trajectory of psychology as a sociallyembedded set of theories and practices thatboth reify and reflect the contexts from whichthey arise and to which they return.

      This seems to be the key idea of the authors writing. Identifying that their approach to the history of Psychology will differ from the usual "traditional storylines" and to bring in a more complex, messy(?) and overlapping narratives that reflects the contexts that these psychological knowledge emerge from.

    2. he object of interest was notthe normally functioning, but the abnormallyfunctioning human mind.

      It seems like the different subject of study, in this case of "normally functioning" and "abnormally functioning" has shaped the models for experiments and the role expectations for observer and participant even though both models were developed in the same time period.

    3. How does the historian decidewho is, or was, important enough tobe included? That is, who should be at the center of the story,who should be at the periphery, andwho should be left out entirely?

      These are really great questions that are raised by the authors. Prior to this, I have not really considered or questioned who gets chosen to "represent" Psychology or why we are learning about them (e.g. Freud, Watson) over other theorists. This also relates to the reading by Conolly-Smith on Historiography which brings up the importance of questioning "who writes history, with what agenda in mind, and towards what ends?“ demonstrating that there is a purpose to the Psychological knowledge that gets recorded and remembered.

    4. What Morawski’s analysis demonstrates is notthat reflexivity renders experimentation impos-sible in psychology but that an understandingof its effects is sometimes required to make ourinterpretations of psychological data more mean-ingful.

      This is helping me with understanding some of my conundrum with the problems of not being able to replicate lab results of psychology experiments in the real world. Perhaps if more studies consider Morawski's consideration of reflexivity it can better help us with interpreting the results of our experimental studies?

    5. Psychology has been actively involved in creat-ing its own subject matter, has often changed thesubject matter that it has taken up in complexways, and has arguably created constructs thatwould (probably) never have existed without it.

      Ah! I'm guessing this is why Psychology moved from the study of observable behavior only in Behaviorism to the study of the mind in Cognitive psychology approaches? The object of study seem to have shifted quite drastically even as we recognize both as part of Psychology; seems like Psychology has a broad and/or ever-changing definition based on what is interesting to the psychologists at that time?

  30. Jun 2021
    1. Your attempt should work. There is a mismatch in column name in your query though. The query uses col2 but the table is defined with col1.

      I would actually lean towards making this a comment, at least the typo fix part. But if you remove the typo fix part, all that's left is "should work", which I guess should be a comment too since it's too short to be an answer.

  31. May 2021
    1. Componenet radial seismogram diperoleh dari seismogram dengan componenet s (Rayleigh Wave)

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  32. Apr 2021
  33. Mar 2021
    1. Years ago, I helped build a storytelling platform called Hi (a simplification of its original name: Hitotoki, now shuttered and archived) and one of the things I’m most proud of our team having concocted is the commenting system. We had tens of thousands of users and almost no issues with harassment. You could comment on anyone’s story and your having commented would be public — a little avatar at the bottom of the page — but the comment itself would be private. This allowed folks to reap the public validation of engagement (“Whoa! So many comments!”) while simultaneously removing any grandstanding or attacks. It wasn’t quite messaging. It wasn’t quite commenting. It felt very much like a contemporary, lighter take on email, and in being so was a joy to use. Here’s what the bottom of an entry looks like: "Commenting" on Hitotoki

      I like the design and set up for this feature. Perhaps something for the IndieWeb to pick up? In some sense the implementation of Webmention-based likes, bookmarks, and facepiled mentions on my site is just this sort of design.

      The anecdotal evidence that there was little harassment is a positive sign for creating such a thing.

    1. Timezones and cultures: If you have a geographically dispersed set of learners, any synchronous events will introduce timezone bias; additionally people may have variant weekend days, national holidays, and other important days they cannot meet Families and busy people: If you teach mostly non-traditional students who have either jobs or families, their time may not be as flexible and they may struggle to commit to synchronous meetings. Recording meetings for them to watch later could work BUT they would have FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) and you would lose their active participation in those meetings Technical: If some of your learners have infrastructure issues (e.g., live in remote/rural areas or developing countries where bandwidth is low or unreliable) then audiovisuals will discriminate against them, more so if this is live audiovisual interaction. Even those with relatively stable infrastructure occasionally struggle with connectivity and/or with mic/headset working properly every single time they connect Language: If some learners are not native speakers of, or not fluent in, the language of instruction, then they may prefer the additional time needed to interpret and reflect before responding

      I guess there are some implicits here - i.e. that you are targeting the whole world equally. This is laudable but might not always be the case - this will then impact the technologies and approach one can take. It comes down to aims and objectives when one considers the audience. One size does not fit all.

  34. Jan 2021
  35. Nov 2020
    1. He said this to throw me off, but his deceit                                        370 could never fool me. I was too clever. And so I gave him a misleading answer:

      Another line of dialogue that would have had a god like Athena interject to suggest the use of cunning. In this case compared to the Iliad which gives us insight on how the author is different. Thoughts are described and this could be because the story revolves around Odysseus, a man who uses wit rather then strength which makes the author use more internal thoughts and explanations.

    2. As he spoke, our hearts collapsed, terrified by his deep voice and monstrous size. But still, I answered him and said:

      Compared to the Iliad this was the first case where emotions were used to describe a characters feelings before dialogue. This is usually done through the use of god characters.

    3. Resourceful Odysseus then replied to Alcinous:

      Epithets are often used with Odysseus and specifically when he is about to do an interaction with another character in the story.

    1. the number of daily visitors has averaged about 540.

      yikes

    2. Some arts advocates have been encouraging politicians to allow museums to elevate their numbers, but there are no signs that the state plans to ease that restriction any time soon.

      I work at The High Line so this may be a bit different but this seems like a crazy thing to advocate for. Our capacity is 700 from beginning to end and even when it creeps up on 600 the pathways are uncomfortably full.

    3. And at the American Museum of Natural History, a visitor from Florida, Cheyenne Grant, 21, observed the emptiness: “It’s just us and the dinosaurs.”

      Interesting to see "visitor from Florida"

    1. the correction is appreciated, but please keep the reasoning behind the edit in the metadata text, or as a hidden comment in the source (using <!-- comment here --> syntax); putting it in huge bold print in the post itself can be considered defacement, and is probably why the initial suggestion was rejected.
  36. Oct 2020
    1. I just wrote a long, considered, friendly, and I hope helpful comment here but -- sorry, I have to see the irony in this once again -- your system wouldn't let me say anything longer tahn 1,500 characters. If you want more intelligent conversations, you might want to expand past soundbite.

      In 2008, even before Twitter had become a thing at 180 characters, here's a great reason that people should be posting their commentary on their own blogs.

      This example from 2008 is particularly rich as you'll find examples on this page of Derek Powazek and Jeff Jarvis posting comments with links to much richer content and commentary on their own websites.

      We're a decade+ on and we still haven't managed to improve on this problem. In fact, we may have actually made it worse.

      I'd love to see On the Media revisit this idea. (Of course their site doesn't have comments at all anymore either.)

    1. But note well, my friend, that all of these people are speaking to you with intelligence, experience, generosity, and civility. You know what’s missing? Two things: First, the sort of nasty comments your own piece decries. And second: You.

      Important!

    2. Why can't there be more sites with solid commentary like this anymore? Do the existence of Twitter and Facebook mean whe can't have nice things anymore?

    1. Comments are enabled via Hypothes.is

      This may be the first time I've seen someone explicitly use Hypothes.is as the comment system on their personal website.

      I wonder if Matthew actively monitors commentary on his site, and, if so, how he's accomplishing it?

      The method I've used in the past as a quick and dirty method is Jon Udell's facet tool https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?wildcard_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fmatthewlincoln.net%2F*&max=100, though it only indicates just a few comments so far.

      Use cases like this are another good reason why Hypothes.is ought to support the Webmention spec.

    1. This week, host Bob Garfield did a piece ostensibly about the problems newspaper sites have with website comments. Unfortunately it just came out sounding like another old journalist kvetching about how everyone on the net is an idiot. You can listen to the story here.

      Here's the new link to the audio: https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/episodes/131068-july-25-2008

      Here's the link to a version of the site in August 2008 with the commentary, which makes a fascinating rabbit hole to go down: https://web.archive.org/web/20080907233914/http://www.onthemedia.org/episodes/2008/07/25/segments/104537

    1. Another good time to slow people down is when they’re about to post something nasty online. Friction-positive design can help here, too. Civil Comments was an app you could apply to your comments section that forced commenters to rate three other comments before posting their own.
    2. Trisha Prabhu was fourteen years old when she was named a Google Science Fair Global Finalist for her ReThink plat-form, which, according to research she presented at the event, reduced teen hate-posting by 93 percent! How did she do it? Very simple. Let’s say you’re on a social media platform using the ReThink technology. You’re about to post a hateful mes-sage. ReThink catches it; when you hit “send,” a screen pops up that says:ReThink has detected that this message may be hurtful to others. Are you sure you want to post this message?93 percent of adolescents who saw that intervention didn’t post.
  37. Sep 2020
    1. I edited the post twice to remove the broken link /react-js-the-king-of-universal-apps/ (with the edit-comments clearly mentioning that it is a broken link), but the peers have rejected the edit both the times. Can someone guide me what's wrong in editing an answer and removing a broken link?
  38. Aug 2020
    1. program

      set of instructions

    2. The way of the program

      this is introduction. it gives the basics for programmers

  39. Jul 2020
  40. Jun 2020
  41. May 2020
    1. If there’s no equivalent for the Unicode code point you’re trying to represent in the encoding you’re trying to represent it in, you usually get a little question mark: ? or, if you’re really good, a box.

      Oh! So this is what I stumble into. Interesting!

    1. Problem-Solution PaperPresents a problem, explains its causes, and proposesand explains a solution

      I don't believe I've written anything like this in high school, so I have no experience with this type of assignment.

    1. Team Chat on any Webpage to Discuss Issues, Feedback: Inverse

      Am instalat extensia și mi-am făcut conturi cu dinu.laurentiu@gmail.com si laurentiu.test01@gmail.com. NU consider că extensia/aplicația este de păstrat... nu arată rău, dar nu aduce NIMIC ÎN PLUS FAȚĂ DE HYPOTHES.IS

  42. Feb 2020
    1. The comments on this piece are interesting and illuminating, particularly all these years later.

  43. Dec 2019
  44. Nov 2019
    1. nd in warfare as cowardly and effeminate men.

      Bravery, soldierliness and manliness seem to be recurring themes throughout this text

  45. Oct 2019
    1. To place Balbuena in his time, it is interesting to note that he was born within two years of Shakespeare, Galileo, and Michelangelo

      This is an interesting thing to think about in terms of contemporary history, as these figures are not often portrayed as being part of the colonial period

    1. ll prepared; six hundredweight of hardtack will be enough, but better have over that than under, and make it yourself, since you know how. And buy four cured hams from Ronda, and four cheeses; twelve pounds of rice; chickpeas and beans, rather too much than too little; all the spices; vinegar and olive oil, four jugs of each; jerked beef and mutton, plenty of it and well dressed; and as much linen and woolen clothing for you to wear as you can bring, because here it is very expensive.

      This paragraph demonstrates that the life in new land is still different from Spain, and those objects that people like in Spain are less prevalent or accessible in the new land, so the Spanish settlers have to import them back from the homeland. The economics were probably better in the new land but the overall level of comfort in the new place might not be as good as Spain.

    2. it would be a greater happi-ness to see you; yet you want to stay there in that poverty and need which people suffer in Spain.

      That sounds like people living in Spain was having a worse situation than people in the new land? Was Spain in some kinds of hardship at this moment, or was it because poor families tend to travel more to new land?

  46. Sep 2019
    1. That distance makes it safe for people to connect through weak ties where they can have the appearance of a connection because it’s safe.”

      I know that this is one of the main reasons people like using social media.

    1. Similarly, to focus on comparison, choose two subjects that seem at first to be unrelated.

      This will likely grab the readers attention and make them want to keep reading.

    1. you’ll probably want to go back to your readings and check your notes

      I know that in the past with writing essays, my notes have always helped me.

    1. less than a handful were women.

      I think that with programs like S.T.E.M. it's getting easier to involve all different types of students.

    1. enable or get sucked into their partner's addictions or narcissism.

      This reminds me of a few experiences.

    2. what-the-hell effect,

      Doesn't just happen to dieters. It can happen to anyone trying to better themselves like recovering alcoholics or smokes.

    3. 'd never do something like that."

      We never really know what we would do if we were ever put into a situation where we had to think on our feet.

    4. It's hard to let go of a fixed belief.

      If you have believed something your whole life, it would be very hard to try and think of it in a different way. One little thing is probably not going to change our minds.

    5. Similar tragedies play out time and again when people try to rescue companions.

      People don't really think about the consequences of their actions in the heat of the moment.

    6. there's a risk that in the heat of the moment we'll be tempted to overstep it.

      People think that there is no harm in overstepping the boundaries they set.

    7. "Don't use your intuition to convince yourself that things are going right, use it to alert you to potential problems,"

      Sometimes when something feels like it is right it might not always be right.

    8. It's easy to think: I'll just go over the redline a little bit. What difference will it make? The problem is that once we do, there are no more cues reminding us that we're heading in the wrong direction.

      That is like saying no to the cues that tell us right from wrong. Which then compromises the morals we choose/practice.

    1. Your brainstorming and prewriting assignments are important assignments

      I know that writing an outline for each essay really helps me gather all of my ideas.

    2. Why do we write?

      For someone writing a piece it could be about a passion. Or about someone or something they lost. Everyone has different reasons to why they write

    1. cause/effect relationship that the reader wasn’t expecting

      Usually in this type of essay, the reader doesn't realize the cause/effect until the end of the essay.

  47. Aug 2019
    1. The Plant Body

      This reading is an excellent example of how a seemingly simple plant is composed of a variety of complex categories and systems.

    2. three types

      I think the best way to go about remembering these 3 types are by breaking down the name itself. Apical derives from apex, which can refer to the farthest edge or tip of something (roots and stem tips). Lateral is a direction of movement, usually side to side (increased thickness). Intercalary refers to being inserted between other parts, areas/places, or things, in this case between leaf blades and nodes. Hope this helps.

    1. leaflets

      Many other plants, including the green elms on the DSU campus also have several leaflets coming off of a single stem-like structure to comprise a single leaf.

    2. plants have tissues that conduct food and water

      These plant tissues (vascular tissues) are also known as "TRACHEOPHYTES". These Vascular tissues are made up of two main tissues - The Xylem and Phloem.

    3. oxygen from photosynthesis

      Plants do not always carry "breathe'' out oxygen - sometimes they produce CO2. This is mostly at night as they need to break down carbohydrates to produce energy and also there is no sunlight during the night. With sunlight being one of the main components in the Photosynthesis process, plants cannot produce oxygen at night.

    4. Their seeds are not enclosed by a fleshy fruit

      I've also heard of gymnosperms being refered to as "naked seeded" plants since their seeds are open to air.

    1. Just by looking at the page you can see that it's not a normal check box. You are hiding the checkbox via CSS (opacity: 0) and replacing it with an image for styling reasons. Since the checkbox isn't visible Capybara can't find it. There are a couple of ways to deal with this, either find the element that contains the image being used as a replacement for the checkbox and click on that, or tell check/uncheck that it's allowed to click on the label if necessary to switch the checkbox
  48. Jul 2019
    1. I am a researcher working on topics related to subjective well-being (sometimes also called happiness).

      I should preface by saying that I have relatively modest training in statistics, and the arguments put forth in this paper are quite out of my depth. For example, I have not heard of things like first order stochastic dominance before reading this paper. I hope that by being open about things that I might be somewhat ignorant, this can be a path for me to develop a deeper understanding of the concerns raised in the paper.

      I think (which could well be wrong) the paper is saying that in an ordinal measure like happiness, groups and individuals differ in their 'standard' in reporting happiness (e.g., what it takes to push my happiness from 0 to 1 is different from what pushes your happiness from 0 to 1). This makes comparing 'latent' (or true level of) happiness across groups difficult, if not impossible.

      Put differently, if I report a 1 and you report a 0, I cannot be certain that I am happier than you. It could be the case that my standard for reporting a 1 is lower than you. The authors showed that by changing this standard around, inferences about 'true' happiness would change.

      I think this is an important point. I think happiness researchers have grappled with this to some degree (from a more abstract perspective; instead of the more statistical/mathematical perspective). E.g., A hypothesis about how people report life satisfaction is that they compare their life to an ideal life (here, the ideal life sets the standard; i.e., two people with the exact same life can have different levels of life satisfaction because they have different ideas about ideal life). Related research in social comparison could be interpreted as moving the standard for happiness higher (instead of lowering 'true' happiness). In contrast, things like gratitude may lead to higher happiness ratings because it lowers happiness standard (instead of increasing 'true' happiness). The set point hypothesis can be interpreted as 1) people fully adapting their 'true' happiness to baseline levels after experiencing major life events or 2) people create a new happiness standard after experiencing a major life event.

      This paper prompts me to think harder about happiness measures. It could well be the case that the standard people set for their happiness level (a cognitive process?) may be just as important as 'true' happiness itself.

  49. Jun 2019
  50. May 2019
    1. It’s a more Eastern idea that suffering is part of life.

      Note to self: try to find some good citation/literature on this

  51. Mar 2019
  52. Dec 2018
    1. It’s about doing the one little thing you can do, even if it’s useless: planting seeds in the midst of the apocalypse, spitting on a wildfire, bailing out the ocean with a bucket. Individual action is almost always pointless.

      I believe there are things which can be easily classified as "useless" and have absolutely no impact on the end result (see: a single vote in a normal election)

      On the other hand, there are things which do make a small contribution to the end result, even if it's very little. I don't like to call these "useless" because they do have an impact. These should be done even if the individual result is invisible.

      The examples shown here belong to the second category.

  53. Feb 2018
  54. Jan 2018
    1. hlachlne instruction would per- mlt each student to proceed at his orvn rate

      This may be true, but can a modern machine or AI, on its own, give a detailed and personalized explanation of why the student was incorrect? For instance, in terms of music, I do not believe a machine can explain the nuance and tone of a passage. It may be able to play a professional recording, but in my opinion, music-making, especially at an enriching, educational level, should be a creative process, not a reductive, emulative one.

      Furthermore, there is the problem of the expenses associated with these technologies. Let's say, in 2019, a machine or software is created that can grade music theory assignments with 99% accuracy. How long would it actually take for a significant number of schools to adopt such an AI? While wondering how great it would be to have such a device, it is simply not useful to pretend that it is already here.

      Beyond Scantron multiple choice graders or online assignments or videos, I rarely see machines that take the teacher's role. No machine could do everything a human teacher does in this day and age.

      Perhaps I extrapolated too much from this article. However, in my mind, when I see someone talk about "machine learning" or "machine teaching," I think of neural networking, big data, and Google Deep Mind.

    2. Programming Materia

      To create a music-teaching machine, expanding upon my first annotation, one would need it to understand the musical material. We would need complex, large-scale neural networking that can compare a student's playing to some model or professionally-done recording. With regard to my own philosophy, I think this would lead to a lack of uniqueness among young musicians. Additionally, this software would need to be easy for teachers to use without programming experience.

      In short, if we are to use machines to their full, modern capacity to inspire and guide young musicians, we would need:

      1. Neural networking software,
      2. A simple-to-use way for teachers to access or edit that software,
      3. recording equipment.

      Perhaps I extrapolated too much from this article. However, in my mind, when I see someone talk about "machine learning" or "machine teaching," I think of neural networking, big data, and Google Deep Mind.

    1. This type of reinforcement occurs frequently in the classroom.

      I see positive reinforcement very often. The directors often tell students when they are doing a good job, delegate solos to young artists, commend the ensemble for their work at the concert in front of the audience, and sometimes even let the band decide how a passage should be played. Much of a band, choir, or orchestra director's job is to give positive reinforcement. I'd even say that receiving this praise is the goal of some students for one reason or another.

    2. Obtaining a score of 80% or higher makes the final exam optional.

      Some of these examples can only be entertained in a music classroom fit for them. For instance, in an ensemble where the semester's concert is the final, this would not work. In other contexts, such as a general music, music theory, or music appreciation environment (or even ensembles that do have separate exams), I could see an optional exam, dropped poorest assignment, or homework pass being realistic.

      My point? I rarely see negative reinforcement in music classrooms; when I do see it, it serves a very specific purpose. While negative reinforcement is not common, it is useful, and I'd like to see good examples of it applied to a large classroom or ensemble rehearsal.

    1. The schoolsoften favor “covering the curriculum,” testing for isolated sets of skills andknowledge, and solo teaching, with limited use and understanding of newtechnologies

      It appear to me that as of 2018, Jacobs is ahead of this curve; to me, this curve has passed in teacher education. In terms of technology and new course material, I know we have had music education lectures and courses in the past on iPad ensembles, basic guitar performance, body percussion, and the pedagogy of pop music. In some other courses, we have networks of electric keyboards the instructor can listen to from their seat, and the Department of Bands has taken advantage of projectors and movies just like some major symphonies do.

    1. A common misconception regarding “constructivist” theories of know-ing (that existing knowledge is used to build new knowledge) is that teach-ers should never tell students anything directly but, instead, should alwaysallow them to construct knowledge for themselves.

      I'd say that this misconception can be falsified by simply stepping into a real teacher's classroom. I believe that there is a difference between pedagogy and execution, or an idea and its reality. I have had several of my own teachers fail to attempt this misguided approach with the students just more confused after the teacher prompts them. In all these cases, the instructor meant well and obviously intended for us to reach a certain conclusion, but nobody was able to get there on their own without direct instruction.

    2. Anunderstanding of veins and arteries does not guarantee an answer to thisdesign question, but it does support thinking about alternatives that are notreadily available if one only memorizes facts

      In a nutshell, this section provides an example of a subject that relies on intuitive thinking or additional knowledge to fill in the gaps between its parts. Knowledge does not arise in the form of lists; it could be said to be more like a web, or a mental internet of ideas.

  55. Oct 2017
  56. spring2018.robinwharton.net spring2018.robinwharton.net
    1. smooth/rough shiny/dull hot/cold soft/hard light/dark transparent/opaque up/down in/out sta bility/insta bili ty torwa rd/backwanl vertical/horizontal straight/curved or crooked light/heavy chin/thick dean/dirty

      The process of characterizing physical attributes is a very straightforward and seemingly uncreative, which may be unconventional for writers. Interestingly enough, computers thrive on performing logical tasks. In a TED talk in 2015, Fei-Fei Li talks about making computers able to understand images. Similar techniques have even been used to read people's dreams, where electrical signals are logged and arranged as an image, and a computer attempts to characterize what the person was "seeing". Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign took it a step further and wrote the paper "Describing Objects by their Attributes". In it they discussed how they were able to "develop computer vision algorithms that go beyond naming and infer the properties or attributes of objects".

      In the video, Fei-Fei Li explains the process her research team used to teach a computer how to recognize objects in images. This process was started by showing the computer gigantic amounts of processed images to allow it to train. At 7:35, SHEEEE mentions that thousands of employees worked together to organize and label over a billion images. This process reminded me of the metadata mentioned by Morna Gerrard in our visit to the Archives. Much like categorizing archives helps us identify the information we want, the categorization of images aids a computer to find what it is looking at.

      I think it would be interesting to have technology contributing in the first steps of Prowian Analysis, since their logical approach to solving problems might allow us to have more detailed and thorough descriptions. Perhaps one day, technology will be able to take it a step further and make assumptions about the meaning of physical attributes, allowing material culture to be partly automated.

      Paper: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.149.9539&rep=rep1&type=pdf

      Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40riCqvRoMs

    2. they cover over 150 years of American history,

      This text was written by two professors who specialize in American art and culture. Material culture is obviously not limited to studying American history, it can be applied anywhere. For example, Marianne Hulsbosch, Elizabeth Bedford, and Martha Chaiklin analyze the culture of different regions in Asia in their book called "Asian Material Culture" (link provided bellow). I would actually argue that material culture is not quite as useful for American history as it would be for others, since the history is relatively "new" and well-documented (if we exclude the limited artifacts that exist of Native American culutres). Material culture analysis is a very useful tool for studying ancient civilizations, which might not have documented every aspect of their lives and history, but have left behind relics and artifacts that showcase what their societies used and valued. By analyzing aspects of ancient objects, such as attention to detail in decoration or their physical condition, we can make conclusions about what life was like thousands of years ago.

      This image could be a prime example of history being discovered through material culture rather than the studying of texts. These dice could have been a very common recreational game in the lower classes of a civilization. Since the game was fairly known and popular only among the poor, the upper class scholars might have considered it unimportant to document this activity. Even though no text evidence would reference the dice, we would be able to utilize material culture to analyze the role of these artifacts in the ancient society. By noticing how frequently they appeared, the cheap materials used to make them, and the crude design work, historians could conclude that these artifacts were not a luxury product and were used by the common people.

      Image Source: http://www.judyhall.co.uk/miscellaneous/the-answer-will-be-found-in-a-basket-of-flint-ses-re-en-sesit-unbolting-the-door-of-concealed-things-divination-in-ancient-egypt

      Sources: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=290b1925-1046-44ec-9edc-49e64a048b24%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=297832&db=nlebk , http://www.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/MaterialCulture.html

    1. We can u-;e this mode to communicate representations of how something look~

      What counts as a visual mode of communication can become a bit confusing in certain cases.

      For example, authors of fantasy fiction these days rely heavily on the reader to imagine visuals. They carefully describe physical objects and scenes, much like in Prownian Analysis or our descriptions of the AIDS Quilt panels, to cause the reader to "see" things that they might have never seen or imagined before. I realize that using writing would technically fall under the category of the linguistic mode of communication, but this descriptive writing exists to evoke our visual senses. These authors depend on us visualizing the worlds that they create to tell their story. If this communication uses our "visual-spatial intelligence" according to the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, should it not be considered a mix of the visual and linguistic modes?

    2. The visual mode refers to the use of images and other characteris-tics that readers see

      I think that the importance that "other characteristics" can have as a visual mode is commonly overlooked. The layout of a webpage can communicate to the reader what to emphasize on, the color of an "Open/Closed" sign can communicate the status of a restaurant from beyond a legible distance, and the size of a specific visual object on a billboard can communicate what exact product is being advertised.

      A good example of the utilization of visual modes of communication without the direct use of an image is visual poetry. This type of poetry is known for having dominant visual elements. A common technique of achieving this is using the words of the poem to create the perception of a shape or image.

      This is a good example of a simple visual poem. The topic of the poem is coffee, hence the writer adjusted the layout of the text to create a shape. This shape is perceived by our minds as a coffee mug, even though there is no actual picture of one.

      On an interesting side note: the reason we are able to perceive this image is due to the Gestalt psychology. This is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology which studies the self-organizing tendencies of the human brain (especially with images). According to this psychological phenomenon, our mind is always trying to find patterns in the data it receives and many times organizes sets of randomness in order to perceive them as a whole. This is why the seemingly random positions of the words in the poem cause our mind to try to find a pattern in the darker areas of the poem's white background, eventually leading us to seeing a coffee mug.

      Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_poetry , https://www.britannica.com/science/Gestalt-psychology

      Image source: https://collaboems.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/visual-poetry-2/

    3. modes of communication

      Interestingly, these five modes of communication correlate to Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In 1983 he published the book "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences," which outlined a model in which people's intelligence was not determined solely by their general ability (also known as IQ or the g factor). Gardner believed believed that types of intelligence were required to fulfill eight criteria:

      1) the potential for brain isolation by brain damage

      2) its place in evolutionary history

      3) the presence of core operations

      4) susceptibility to encoding

      5) a distinct developmental progression

      6) the existence of idiot-savants, prodigies and other exceptional people

      7) support from experimental psychology

      8) support from psychometric findings.

      (Gardner, 1999)

      He then proposed nine types of intelligence that would satisfy these criteria: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential (The last one was added after the initial eight). The chart bellow shows the types of intelligence with visual queues and a simpler wordings.

      It is interesting that these modes of communication can associate to what Gardner would consider different functions of the brain (Linguistic mode of communication with verbal-linguistic intelligence, visual and spatial modes of communication with visual-spatial intelligence, aural communication with musical-rhythmic intelligence, and gestural communication with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence). Perhaps this indicated that by including multiple modes of communication in our writing for this class (or in any writing), we are able to target more parts of the brain and keep the audience more engaged. This would also mean that according to the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, a multimodal text would have a broader appeal since people lacking on a certain type of intelligence would be able to understand the text through whichever mode of communication suits their strength and preference more. For example, a heavy text with many visuals would be more easy for "picture smart" people (as the graphic above would indicate) to connect with.

      Sources: Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.

      Image source: Linkedin Blog - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/theory-multiple-intelligences-potential-applications-silva-fca-

    4. Gestural Mode

      The gestural mode, along with the visual mode, is another mode of communication that is deeply engraved in humans instincts. Scientific evidence even proves that the recognition of basic human expressions is universal regardless of cultural background. Scientific research has proven that there generally are seven emotions that all humans recognize through facial expressions: "anger, contempt, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise" (Matsumoto, 2008).

      The image above shows sample images of emotions in a study done by Dr. Matsumoto which proved the universality of their recognition.

      Sources: David Matsumoto and Paul Ekman (2008) Facial expression analysis. Scholarpedia, 3(5):4237.

    5. It may take too many pictures to convey the same idea quickly

      I think the author is ignoring a key aspect of the advantages of multimodal communication. Using multiple modes allows an audience that does not have access to every type of mode (ex: a user with a muted device) or can not comprehend every mode (ex: a dyslexic person who has difficulty reading) to still receive the information being communicated. For example, in our Primary Source Descriptions we included images, which were by far the most effective way of communicating the description of the Quilt panel, but still included detailed text descriptions. This would aid people who can not load the images in our posts or are blind (therefore using the text through text-to-speech or Braille to receive the information). In conclusion, people should not choose a mode simply due to its advantage for a communication, they should also consider the audience reach that their mode would have. For example, in the 1930s an animated cartoon (without sound) would have done a better job at communicating a story, but a comic book (without speech bubbles) would have been easier to access.