Eine aufwändige Expedition erforscht, ob die Sedimente in den unteren Zonen eines großen grönländischen Gletschers Barrieren gegen warmes Meerwasser bilden, die den Prozess des Abschmelzens verlangsamen und sich vielleicht sogar verstärken lassen. Hauptziel ist, den unaufhaltsamen Anstieg des Meeresspiegels besser modellieren zu können. Ausführliche Reportage im Guardian

for - question - how do you know when you are part of a larger cognitive system? - answer - adjacency - synchronicity - lower level example - two neurons talking to each other - Michael Levin - Mark Solms foundation theory of affect

question - how do you know when you are part of a larger cognitive system? - answer - adjacency - synchronicity - lower level example - two neurons talking to each other - Michael Levin - Mark Solms foundation theory of affect

adjacency - between - answer - synchronicity - lower level example - two neurons talking to each other - Michael Levin - Mark Solms foundational theory of affect - adjacency relationship - This is a very interesting question and Michael Levin provides a very interesting answer - First, it is very interesting that Mark Solms points out that affect is foundational to cognition - This is evident once we begin to think of the fundamental goals of any individual of any species is to optimize survival - The positive or negative affects that we feel are a feedback signal that measures how successful we are in our efforts to survive - Hence, it is more accurate to ask: - How do you know if and when you are part of a larger affective-cognitive system? - Levin illustrates the multi-level nature of simultaneous consciousness by looking at two neurons "in dialogue" with each other, and potentially speculating about a "higher level of consciousness", which is in fact, the level you and I operate at and take for granted - This speculative question is very important for it also can be generalized to the next layer up, - Do collectives of humans, each one experiencing itself a unified, cohesive inner perspective, constitute a higher level "collective consciousness"? - If we humans experience feelings and thinking whilst we have a well defined physical body, then - what does a society feel and think whilst not having such a well defined physical body?

for - question - Is music worse because entry level is lower? - Musicians response - Bernth's response

TSRP Desirable Characteristics

Erschienen: 2024-05-17 Genre:: Studienbericht Selbst in einem optimistischen Szenario (44 cm Meeresspiegel-Anstieg) werden bis 2100 mehr als ein Drittel der Feuchtgebiete in der Nähe der Mittelmeerküsten überschwemmt sein. In der Camargue ist das Wasser bereits um 15 cm gestiegen. Möglich sind in diesem Jahrhundert bis zu 1,61 Meter Anstieg. Eine neue Studie erfasst systematisch die Folgen der globalen Erhitzung für diese besonders bedrohten und besonders schwer zu schützenden Lebensräume. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/en-camargue-la-montee-des-eaux-menace-le-paradis-des-flamants-roses-20240517_L6LRO3TY2ZD4FESAHWAWGA32YY/

Die französische Regierung plant die Anpassung an eine Temperatursteigerung um 4° bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Die Libération gibt einen Überblick darüber, wie Frankreich dann aussehen wird.

https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000215556/franzoesischer-badeort-muss-uebersiedeln-das-meer-ist-immer-staerker

Die weltwetterorganisation WMO fast in ihrem Bericht über 2023 die Daten verschiedener Services zusammen und kommt zu dramatischen Aussagen über die Entwicklung der Temperatur auf der Erdoberfläche insbesondere insgesamt und besonders an der Oberfläche der Meere. Gleichzeitig ergibt eine Studie der BU Wien dass die Prognosen vieler, darunter großer starken über die Entwicklung der Emissionen deutlich zu optimistisch sind. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000212370/weltwetterorganisation-zeichnet-duesteres-bild-vom-klima-des-letzten-jahres

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/climate/sea-level-rise-east-coast-sinking-land-flooding.html

https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000210168/metropolen-an-der-us-ostkueste-sinken-mit-beunruhigendem-tempo

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/13/climate/flooding-sea-levels-groundwater.html

Der Standard informiert über zwei Studien, die unter anderem den Zusammenhang von Stadtentwicklung und globaler Erhitzung betreffen. Vor allem in den USA wird für die Mehrzahl der großen Städte eine Schrumpfung vorausgesagt, verstärkt durch die Folgen der Erhitzung. Die Studie verwendet ist Szenarien des IPCC. Unter anderem ergibt sich daraus die Forderung, die Stadtplanung nicht mehr vor allem an der Vorstellung von wachsenden Städten auszurichten. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000203501/tausende-us-staedte-koennten-bis-2100-zu-geisterorten-werden

In einigen Zonen des Mittelmeers steigt der Meeresspiegel dreimal so schnell wie bisher angenommen. Italien, vor allem das Veneto und die Emilia Romagna. ist davon besonders betroffen. Einer neuen Studie zufolge könnten die Schäden durch Bedrohung von Küstengebieten in Europa bis 2100 827 Milliarden Euro kosten, wenn die globale Temperatur um 4° bzw. der Meeresspiegel um 75 cm steigt. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2024/01/19/news/crisi_clima_innalzamento_mari_effetti_pil_costi_regioni-421918563/

Studie: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad127e

Definition and further explanation of the mean of Web Asssimilation.

for - Rainbow body - Deep Humanity - superorganism - multi-level communication - adjacency between - contemplative practice - direct experience of body's cellular activity

summary - Father Tiso and his catholic lineage combined with scholarship in Tibetan studies places him in a unique position for interfaith dialogue - His research interest in investigating the extraordinary and unexplained Tibetan meditation phenomena of Rainbow Body manifested by the greatest practitioners at the time of death (including contemporary ones) sheds light on the Rainbow Body phenomena in many spiritual traditions and challenges the scientific community to come up with an explanation for it. - If scientifically proven true, it offers an extraordinary possibility of human potential - Contemplation could be the practice technique that could directly bridge normal human consciousness with the microscopic world around us, which to date, is only accessible through scientific instrumentation.

question - Does deep contemplative practice offers a direct access to the microscopic reality? - If so, how does it accomplish this direct communication with human cells, and indeed, even the universe itself? - Father Tiso shares centuries old recorded visual drawings of experiences reported by Rainbow Body practitioners and speculates whether these drawings represent direct experience of the cellular scale of our human form - Indeed, could it even be at the quantum level of experience, since rainbows are an optical phenomenal?

Bangladesch ist dem Climate Risk Index zufolge das am siebtstärksten von den Folgen der globalen Erhitzung betroffene Land. Bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts wird dort mit 20 Millionen Binnenflüchtlingen aufgrund der Erhöhung des Meeresspiegels gerechnet. Die Regierung vertritt die Interessen der wirtschaftlichen Elite und reagiert zunehmend mit harter Repression auf Opposition. Reportage über junge AktivistInnen in Bangladesch anlässlich der Wahlen, an denen die wichtigsten Oppositionsparteien nicht teilnehmen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2024/01/05/news/bangladesh_elezioni_cambiamento_climatico-421819356/

Einer neuen Studie zufolge wird der Anstieg des Meeresspiegels bis 2150 in einigen Regionen des Mittelmeer, unter anderem durch geologische Prozesse, dreimal so hoch sein wie bisher angenommen. Damit sind 38.500 Quadratkilometer, davon 10.000 in Italien, von Überschwemmungen bedroht. https://www.greenandblue.it/2023/12/29/news/mediterraneo_coste_rischio_inondazione-421776898/

Studie: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad127e

https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/

• for: transition - at local level, community owned production cooperatives

• comment

  • SONECs can provide the vehicle for rapid whole system change and transition at the local level
  • From SONEC neighborhood parliaments, a community can become more independent and production can be relocaized in the form of community owned cooperatives for:
    • energy
    • water
    • food
    • transportation
    • health
    • manufacturing

• for: visualizations - sea level rise at 3 Deg C

• comment

  • Look to canal cities like Venice or Amsterdam for inspiration because if it cities are salvagable, parts of them will become canal cities.

Zwei neue Studien zeigen, dass in Grönland sowohl kleinere Gletscher außerhalb des großen Eisschilds als auch das Schelfeis viel schneller abschmelzen als im vergangenen Jahrhundert. Das Schelfeis s im Norden Grönland hat seit 1978/35% seines Volumens verloren. Wenn Abschnitte des shelf Eis kollabieren, was in diesem Jahrhundert bereits dreimal der Fall war, verdoppelt sich die Abschmelzgeschwindigkeit der Gletscher dahinter.

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/climate/greenland-glaciers-ice-melt.html

• for: individual / collective gestalt, Deep Humanity, superorganism, multi-level superorganism, major evolutionary transition, MET, cognitive light cone, umwelt

• paraphrase

  • a human being certainly has a light cone that does not belong to any of its pieces (ie cells)
  • at the conscious level of a human being, we have
    • goals
    • preferences
    • hopes
    • dreams
    • narratives
  • humans occupy spaces that do not belong to our individual cells, tissues or organs
    • those smaller parts work in
      • physiological space
      • transcriptional space
      • biomolecular space
  • When we were an embryo we worked in morphogenetic space

• comment

  • Since MET implies that these smaller structures of which we are constituted like
    • cells and
    • sub-cellular structures like mitochondria
  • were descended from individual organisms long ago in deep history, those contemporary proxies are occupying their own umwelt

• for: superorganism, multi-level superorganism, collective intelligence, individual-collective gestalt, Michael Levin,

• title: Cell Intelligence in Physiological and Morphological Spaces

• author: Michael Levin
• date 2022
• comment
  • This is a talk on collective intelligence in unconventional spaces

• for: superorganism, multi-level superorganism, David Chavalarias
• title: From inert matter to the global society life as multi-level networks of processes
• author: David Chavalarias
• date: Feb. 24, 2020
• source
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7061952/
• paraphrase: abstract
  • A few billion years have passed since the first life forms appeared.
  • Since then, life has continued to forge complex associations between the different emergent levels of interconnection it forms.
  • The advances of recent decades in molecular chemistry and theoretical biology, which have embraced complex systems approaches, now make it possible to conceptualize the questions of the origins of life and its increasing complexity from three complementary notions of:closure:
    • processes closure,
    • autocatalytic closure and
    • constraints closure.
  • Developed in the wake of the second-order cybernetics, this triple closure approach,
    • that relies on
      • graph theory and
      • complex networks science,
    • sketch a paradigm where it is possible to go up the physical levels of organization of matter,
      • from physics
      • to biology and society,
    • without resorting to strong reductionism. -The phenomenon of life is conceived as the contingent complexification of the organization of matter, until the emergence of life forms, defined as a network of auto-catalytic process networks, organized in a multi-level manner. This approach of living systems, initiated by Maturana & Varela and Kauffman, inevitably leads to a reflection on the nature of cognition; and in the face of the deep changes that affected humanity as a complex systems, on the nature of cultural evolution. Faced with the major challenges that humanity will have to address in the decades to come, this new paradigm invites us to change our conception of causality by shifting our attention from state change to process change and to abandon a widespread notion of 'local' causality in favour of complex systems thinking. It also highlights the importance of a better understanding of the influence of social networks, recommendation systems and artificial intelligence on our future collective dynamics and social cognition processes.

Küsten-Ökosysteme können sich nur eingeschränkt an eine schnelle Erhöhung des Meeresspiegels anpassen. Über 90% der Mangrovenwälder, Korallenriffe und Gezeitensümpfe würden bei einen Temperaturanstieg um 3° nicht mit dem schnellen Anstieg des Meeresspiegels Schritt halten und damit die Fähigkeit verlieren, CO2 zu binden, wie eine neue Studie prognostiziert. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/rechauffement-climatique-les-ecosystemes-cotiers-risquent-detre-noyes-par-la-montee-des-eaux-20230830_OHOQ4F5XRRA4RCJLRZEWHTJYRE/

• Julian Huxley's biology work was to lay the seed of
  • how one individual organism transforms over many generations
    • into a new higher-level individual organism
  • he called this the "movement of individuality"
  • It has also come to be known as
    • major transitions
    • major evolutionary transition (MET)
    • evolutionary transitions in individuality
  • grandson of Thomas Huxley
  • brother of Aldous Huxley (Brave New World)
  • wrote The Individual in the Animal Kingdom (1912)
  • advocated for closed, independent systems with harmonious parts
  • endorsed gradients of individuality
  • "closure is never complete, the independence never absolute, the harmony never perfect"

Not strictly true. Plenty of happy things happen throughout the lives of the Baudelaire orphans. This series shows us that it's the little things that count. the grim nature of the series is part of the charm of it.

Eine neue Modellierung der Witterung der globalen Erhitzung auf die Gletscher der Arktis i und Antarktis und auf ihreWechselwirkungen mit den Ozeanen ergibt, dass der Meeresspiegel bis Mitte der kommenden Jahrhunderts um anderthalb Meter steigen wird, wenn die Temperatur derbAtmosphäre um mehr als 1,8 Gerade steigt.

FPL is based on year prior to tax year. Ex:- for 2022 tax year FPL table is 2021

federal poverty level (FPL)

Federal Poverty Level (FPL) 2023

Micheal Hudson : tax the rent seeking class or face barbarism like in Rome - The situation today is degrading in the same way Rome degraded into feudalism - rent seeking class today is not the landlord class, but the financial and raw materials class that are making large fortunes from rent seeking - that is the system level reform necessary today

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h0Y6qE4TKg

-I will download this full article through EBSCO

-This article will provide me with teaching strategies that use technology in elementary reading lessons.

-rating 8/10

McDermott, P., & Gormley, K. A. (2016). Teachers’ use of technology in elementary reading lessons. Reading Psychology, 37(1), 121-146.

This article will provide me with insight on the views elementary teachers have on design, engineering and technology.

rating 8/10

Hsu, M. C., Purzer, S., & Cardella, M. E. (2011). Elementary teachers’ views about teaching design, engineering, and technology. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 1(2), 5.

This article will provide me insight into teaching with technology at the elementary school level.

rating 6/10

Varol, F. (2013). Elementary School Teachers and Teaching with Technology. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 12(3), 85-90.

https://www.npr.org/2022/10/20/1129689831/slavery-reparations-united-states-neh-jeffeson-lecture-andrew-delbanco

Perhaps in addition to reparations, we should be taking a closer look at poverty in general. We need to raise up the poorest among us. This will ease the political issue of whites who feel like they're being (unfairly) left behind. It should be a multi-racial effort.

We need to have a second Resonstruction.

A great example of the lag that large, complex systems exhibit when responding to significant input changes.

Lag is something that humans are woefully weak at recognizing and understanding. This, and other systems concepts are what we need to add to the curriculum at all levels of education, to change this very significant shortcoming of "common knowledge".

https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1453132196416524292?s=20&t=REKS2qu5Ti7lby2jmu6Imw

London, U. C. (2021, December 13). Unwillingness to have booster vaccine most common in groups with highest infection rates. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-12-unwillingness-booster-vaccine-common-groups.html

Zimmer, C. (2021, September 21). An extra J. & J. shot substantially boosts protection against Covid, the company reports. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/health/johnson-and-johnson-shot.html

Hamblin, J. (2021, December 9). Perspective | Omicron won’t keep us from ending the pandemic. We’re doing that ourselves. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/12/09/omicron-coronavirus-individual-threat/

(((Howard Forman))). (2022, January 30). New York City Update Cases down 67%. Positive rate down to 3.8%, lowest since 12/12. Hospital census down 33%, lowest since 12/28. New admits lowest since 12/21. Getting closer and closer to pre-Omicron levels. Https://t.co/c6H98PUA0E [Tweet]. @thehowie. https://twitter.com/thehowie/status/1487582265551077387

Dean, N. E. (2021, September 21). Hmm okay. J&J two dose results are a bit more complicated, with different results globally versus within the US. https://t.co/prFUorU8LE [Tweet]. @nataliexdean. https://twitter.com/nataliexdean/status/1440318770665324560

Sample, I. (2022, January 25). Long Covid: Doctors find ‘antibody signature’ for patients most at risk. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jan/25/doctors-find-antibody-signature-long-covid

1.10 Look at the machine from the higher level.

Balance between difficulty of task and level of skills Task that is too easy produces boredom, too difficult produces anxiety. Flow state exists when the difficulty is balanced with the skill level.

New technologies and processes are new tools that are exciting to learn because they allow us to engage old problems in novel new ways. When we innovate and solve problems using novel techniques, it increases our level of engagement and satisfaction.

increasing service level efficiency can play a major role in reducing upstream energy demands.

Operational Level Agreement – ​​The OLA

The purpose of an Operational Level Agreement (OLA) is to ensure that the SLA is met within the supplier's organization. This article contains a checklist to check whether an OLA is complete.

Principles of Shaping

When we shape the work, we need to do it at the right level of abstraction: not too vague and not too concrete. Product managers often err on one of these two extremes.

什么是指令并行?

Study finds brain changes similarly to Alzheimer’s after COVID-19. (n.d.). The Jerusalem Post | JPost.Com. Retrieved March 31, 2022, from https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/coronavirus/article-696565

Each highlighted statement expresses political talking points aligned to induce trump-like support.

Trump introduced new marketing and strategy, formulated using concepts and metrics mastered by Reality TV and Hollywood and then paired with advertising propaganda and "selling" techniques to create a "Brand". This is after-all Donald Trump, this is what he does, has done and is the only way he has found to make money. Trump built the "brand" (just barely) while teetering on self destruction.

His charismatic persona became "the glue" that allowed creative narratives to stick to certain types of people in-spite of risk. Trump learned OTJ how to capture a specific type of audience.

The mistake people make about Trump is assuming his audience to be "Joe Six-Pack", redneck's with limited education! This assumption does not have merit on its own.<br /> * There is a common "follower" theme among his audience that is exploited by those who: * Bought the "licensing rights" to the master-class Trump "how-to" course.

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @bhrenton: Preliminary look into the visitor locations to https://t.co/j5ei0O4u1e mapped with new COVID-19 cases shows some overlaps, bu…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 February 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1483697294373531652

When manufacturers, like Pietra, help influencers manufacture their own product lines, we've taken another step from big celebrities having their own product lines (think Martha Stewart cookware and other lifestyle plays her company has made).

This is splitting the difference between the Tupperware parties of old where you're empowering your users to sell your product and having celebrities sell your product.

What is the next step along this evolutionary path of breaking down the sales funnel? Can it be disintermediated further?

Another example of this are the thousands of small Etsy shops that are churning out products as intermediaries. An example of this is the proliferation of sticker companies that are selling somewhat custom designs for 2-3x the going rate and adding a rather large mark up for themselves. In this case there are at least some modest creative pieces being added in the value chain, but at what overall cost?

Will everyone be a manufacturer? When does it all become Amway?

Halliday, J., & correspondent, J. H. N. of E. (2022, January 17). ‘Christmas was awful’: On the Omicron frontline at the Royal Preston hospital. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/17/christmas-was-awful-on-the-omicron-frontline-at-the-royal-preston-hospital

Drury, P. J. (2021, December 31). the crowd: Three forms of Covid leadership. The Crowd. https://drury-sussex-the-crowd.blogspot.com/2021/12/three-forms-of-covid-leadership.html

Yong, E. (2021, December 16). America Is Not Ready for Omicron. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/12/america-omicron-variant-surge-booster/621027/

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘T cell immunologist getting very upset at people arguing that high levels of transmission are a good thing’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481178244678402048

felt

Mills, M. C., & Rüttenauer, T. (2021). The effect of mandatory COVID-19 certificates on vaccine uptake: Synthetic-control modelling of six countries. The Lancet Public Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00273-5

A major problem with fighting to "level the playing field" and removing "inequality" is that it doesn't have a concrete feel. What exactly would it mean to eliminate inequality? What measures would one implement? To fix such a problem the issue needs to be better defined. How can the issue be better framed so that it could be fought for or against?

Holder, Josh. ‘Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World’. The New York Times, 29 January 2021, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html.

Kojima, N., & Klausner, J. D. (2021). Protective immunity after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00676-9

BK Titanji #ILookLikeAScientist. (2021, November 2). I simply can’t get over this graph @FT https://t.co/Uozp7yBs9n [Tweet]. @Boghuma. https://twitter.com/Boghuma/status/1455493059534376963

Skimmed opening paragraphs in physical newspaper. Want to revisit. This sounds like the sort of "pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps" that actually works.

Great quote by itself.

How useful is the statute of limitations in cases like slavery in America? It goes against a broader law of humanity, but by pretending there was a statue of limitations for going against it, we have only helped to institutionalize racism in American society. The massive lack of a level playing field makes it all the harder for the marginalized to have the same freedoms as everyone else.

Perhaps this is why the idea of reparations is so powerful for so many. It removes the statue of limitations and may make it possible to allow us to actually level the playing field.

Related:

Luke 12:48 states, "From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and from the one who has been entrusted with much, much more will be asked." Is this simply a statement for justifying greater taxes for the massively wealth?

I love that Dave has started a list of these useful social justice metaphors.

I got side tracked by the idea this morning and submitted a handful I could think of off the top of my head.

• Baseball fence
• Parable of the Polygons
• Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack

I'm curious if there are any useful ones in the neurodiversity space? I feel like I need more of these myself.

Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: Just a third of blood cancer patients had antibodies against delta variant after two vaccine doses, study finds. BMJ, 375, n2623. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2623

Wilson, C. (2021, September 9). Blood test could reveal who is most likely to get severe covid-19. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2289718-blood-test-could-reveal-who-is-most-likely-to-get-severe-covid-19/

Blais, J., Babchishin, K. M., & Hanson, R. K. (2021). Improving our Risk Communication: Standardized Risk Levels for BARR-2002R. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xr3m

That's only for 2006-2015 period. So 许艺炜 & 胡修棉 is bullshiting when they write "自工业革命以来，全球海平面以3.6mm/yr速度上升（IPCC, 2019）"

We shouldn’t be giving Covid boosters while millions wait for a first dose | Andrew Pollard and Seth Berkley | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/13/covid-boosters-dose-vaccine

Seth Trueger. (2021, August 3). Time lapse of community prevelence from 7/1 to 8/1 https://t.co/mPomRzshLG [Tweet]. @MDaware. https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1422649454293835778

Shrotri, M., Navaratnam, A. M. D., Nguyen, V., Byrne, T., Geismar, C., Fragaszy, E., Beale, S., Fong, W. L. E., Patel, P., Kovar, J., Hayward, A. C., & Aldridge, R. W. (2021). Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. The Lancet, 398(10298), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01642-1

The Culture of Resentment Revisited. (2021, March 11). EU vs DISINFORMATION. https://euvsdisinfo.eu/the-culture-of-resentment-revisited/

"Many North American music education programs exclude in vast numbers students who do not embody Euroamerican ideals. One way to begin making music education programs more socially just is to make them more inclusive. For that to happen, we need to develop programs that actively take the standpoint of the least advantaged, and work toward a common good that seeks to undermine hierarchies of advantage and disadvantage. And that, inturn, requires the ability to discuss race directly and meaningfully. Such discussions afford valuable opportunities to confront and evaluate the practical consequences of our actions as music educators. It is only through such conversations, Connell argues, that we come to understand “the real relationships and processes that generate advantage and disadvantage”(p. 125). Unfortunately, these are also conversations many white educators find uncomfortable and prefer to avoid."