This statement belies the power of orality and the size of built communities without literacy. It's more a question of understanding how it was done and how communities either trusted (or didn't) those who memorized the materials.

Another factor is how long one needed to remember various facts, especially if for commerce and over what spaces?

Were there stratifications of society based on the power of memory here? Compare the anthropology and archaeology with the studies by Lynne Kelly.

for stats - economic history - corporate power - 10 years - American Chamber of Commerce - from 60,000 to 250,000 members

Am 2. Mai 2025 reichte die Trump-Regierung Klagen gegen Vermont und New York ein, um deren "Climate Superfund"-Gesetze zu blockieren. Diese Gesetze sollen Ölfirmen zur Deckung von von ihnen verursachten Folgekosten der Klimakrise zwingen. Vermonts Gesetz, das erste seiner Art, wurde 2024 verabschiedet. New Yorks Gesetz fordert 75 Milliarden US-Dollar über 25 Jahre. West Virginia und 23 weitere Bundesstaaten unterstützen die Klagen, da sie die Gesetze als illegal und schädlich für die Energiebranche betrachten. [Zusammenfassung mit Mistral generiert und leicht überarbeitet] https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/climate/climate-superfund-law-vermont-new-york-lawsuits.html

for - trivia / history - Merchant's Coffee House in New York - birth of the Bank of New York and The New York Chamber of Commerce

Verantwortliche der großen US-Fossilunternehmen haben vertraulich die öffentlichen Statements der Firmen zur Dekarbonisierung relativiert und in ihrer Öffentlichkeitsarbeit gegen die von ihnen selbst offiziell vertretene Politik agiert. Das geht aus Dokumenten hervor, deren Herausgabe der Ausschuss des Repräsentantenhauses für Oversight und Reform erzwungen hatte. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/climate/oil-industry-documents-disinformation.html

Verantwortliche der großen amerikanischen Ölfirmen haben auch nach 2015 privat zugegeben, dass sie die Gefahren fossiler Brennstoffe heruntergespielt haben. Sie haben internationale Pläne gegen die globale Erhitzung nach außen hin unterstützt und nach innen kommuniziert, dass ihre Firmenpolitik diesen Plänen widerspricht. Und sie haben gegen politische Maßnahmen lobbyiert, hinter die sie sich offiziell gestellt haben. Das alles ergibt sich aus dem neuen Bericht des amerikanischen Kongresses über die Desinformations-Politik von Big Oil. Ausführlicher Bericht mit Informationen über mögliche juristische Konsequenzen. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/30/big-oil-climate-crisis-us-senate-report

Definition and further explanation of the mean of Web Asssimilation.

Reasoning that privately own cats are essentially "fungible commodities".

Fungible: items that are equivalent or consist of many identical parts such that, for practical purposes, they are interchangeable.

Commodity: an economic good, usually a resource, that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.

how private possession leads to illegal international trade

How private possession and breeding impacts interstate commerce and the public

https://wptavern.com/matt-mullenweg-identifies-godaddy-as-a-parasitic-company-and-an-existential-threat-to-wordpress-future

WordPress open source or WordPress.com? Recall that Automattic is a VC backed company now and Matt has a big dog in the hunt.

Hugh of St. Victor wrote Didascalicon, a text about what topics should be learned and why. In it, he outlined seven mechanical arts (or technologies) in analogy with the seven liberal arts (trivium and quadrivium) as ways to repair the weaknesses inherit in humanity.

These seven mechanical arts he defines are: - fabric making - armament - commerce - agriculture - hunting - medicine - theatrics

Hugh of St. Victor's description of the mechanical art of commerce here is fascinating. He says "reconciles nations, calms wars, strengthens peace, and turns the private good of individuals into a benefit for all" (doublcheck the original quotation, context, and source). This sounds eerily familiar to the common statement in the United States about trade and commerce.

Link this to the quote from Albie Duncan in The West Wing (season 5?) about trade.

Other places where this sentiment occurs?

Is Hugh of St. Victor the first in history to state this sentiment?

Mims, C. (2020, November 21). Four Reasons the Stay-at-Home Economy Is Here to Stay. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/four-reasons-the-stay-at-home-economy-is-here-to-stay-11605934806

Yuan, Yuan, Muzhi Guan, Zhilun Zhou, Sundong Kim, Meeyoung Cha, and Yong Li. ‘Disruption in the Chinese E-Commerce During COVID-19:A Case Study of the Beidian Platform’. ArXiv:2009.14605 [Physics], 22 July 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.14605.

Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese, I., Dietzel, C., Wagner, D., Wichtlhuber, M., Tapiador, J., Vallina-Rodriguez, N., Hohlfeld, O., & Smaragdakis, G. (2020). The Lockdown Effect: Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Internet Traffic. ArXiv:2008.10959 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.10959

Chang, H.-H., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2020). COVID-19 and the Demand for Online Food Shopping Services: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan (Working Paper No. 27427; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27427

"Inclusive Access" and "Netflix of Books" (do you mean Kindle Unlimited?) not necessarily the same thing. Netflix DID make movies more accessible at lower net cost.

The idea of an interchange and commerce.

This is an incredibly important point.

This is an anachronism. That the storied Rothschild family had not yet established a widespread business network across Europe in the period Benito Cereno is set. This didn't develop until the first decades of the 19th century; by Melville's time, the family had become a well-known economic powerhouse. Either Melville never bothered to fact check such small details, or else he didn't mind bending the truth a bit in the service of art.

A brief history of the family business from the Rothschild Archive: "Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in 1744 in the Judengasse, in Frankfurt. His father had a business in goods-trading and currency exchange. He was a personal supplier of collectable coins to the Prince of Hesse. By the early years of the 19th century, Rothschild had consolidated his position, and in 1810, renamed his firm M A Rothschild und Söhne, establishing a partnership with his four sons still in Frankfurt, (his son Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836) having already established a business in Manchester and London).

Nathan Rothschild’s increasingly successful business provided a model for his brothers back in Frankfurt. In 1812, James Mayer Rothschild (1792-1868) established a banking house in Paris. Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774-1855) settled in Vienna in 1820. Carl Mayer Rothschild (1788-1855) set up business in Naples in 1821, leaving Amschel Mayer (1773-1855), to head the Frankfurt bank. From these roots, the Rothschild banking business spread out across much of Europe becoming the most successful international bankers of the age." Rothschild Archive.

Interestingly, the Rothschilds were instrumental in helping another South American nation, Brazil, achieve independence from Portugal in the early 19th century.

Pourquoi et comment mettre un terme et rompre un contrat de location-gérance d'un fonds de commerce ?

Commerçant, gérant, chef d'une société commerciale en France, vous voulez saisir le tribunal de commerce pour un litige commercial ?

C'est quoi le rôle d'un greffe et d'un greffier du tribunal de commerce ?

Sounds like a very quick summary of what Ben Thompson was saying two weeks ago. But, in this case, it’s from “the horse’s mouth”.