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- Jan 2022
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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www.agenciasinc.es www.agenciasinc.es
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Los linfocitos T no nos salvarán del coronavirus, pero ayudarán a resolver el puzle inmunitario. (n.d.). Agencia SINC. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from https://www.agenciasinc.es/Reportajes/Los-linfocitos-T-no-nos-salvaran-del-coronavirus-pero-ayudaran-a-resolver-el-puzle-inmunitario
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Halliday, J., & correspondent, J. H. N. of E. (2022, January 17). ‘Christmas was awful’: On the Omicron frontline at the Royal Preston hospital. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/17/christmas-was-awful-on-the-omicron-frontline-at-the-royal-preston-hospital
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Anthony J Leonardi, PhD, MS. (2022, January 4). Wow. 17 years of T cell immunity guys. Looks like it works as advertised. Https://t.co/bkSizFXK49 [Tweet]. @fitterhappierAJ. https://twitter.com/fitterhappierAJ/status/1478392475240869899
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘T cell immunologist getting very upset at people arguing that high levels of transmission are a good thing’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481178244678402048
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- Dec 2021
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Adamo, S., Michler, J., Zurbuchen, Y., Cervia, C., Taeschler, P., Raeber, M. E., Sain, S. B., Nilsson, J., Moor, A. E., & Boyman, O. (2021). Signature of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04280-x
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Heitmann, J. S., Bilich, T., Tandler, C., Nelde, A., Maringer, Y., Marconato, M., Reusch, J., Jäger, S., Denk, M., Richter, M., Anton, L., Weber, L. M., Roerden, M., Bauer, J., Rieth, J., Wacker, M., Hörber, S., Peter, A., Meisner, C., … Walz, J. S. (2021). A COVID-19 peptide vaccine for the induction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04232-5
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www.bmj.com www.bmj.com
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Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: Antibody boost after third dose varies greatly by vaccine, study finds. BMJ, 375, n3011. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n3011
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5G bands cheat sheet: Verizon vs AT&T vs Sprint vs T-Mobile vs World
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Andreano, E., Paciello, I., Piccini, G., Manganaro, N., Pileri, P., Hyseni, I., Leonardi, M., Pantano, E., Abbiento, V., Benincasa, L., Giglioli, G., De Santi, C., Fabbiani, M., Rancan, I., Tumbarello, M., Montagnani, F., Sala, C., Montomoli, E., & Rappuoli, R. (2021). Hybrid immunity improves B cells and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04117-7
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Burn, G. L., Foti, A., Marsman, G., Patel, D. F., & Zychlinsky, A. (2021). The Neutrophil. Immunity, 54(7), 1377–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.006
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- Sep 2021
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Geddes, L. (2021, September 28). Covid can infect cells in pancreas that make insulin, research shows. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/29/covid-can-infect-cells-in-pancreas-that-make-insulin-research-shows
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Lee, J. W., Su, Y., Baloni, P., Chen, D., Pavlovitch-Bedzyk, A. J., Yuan, D., Duvvuri, V. R., Ng, R. H., Choi, J., Xie, J., Zhang, R., Murray, K., Kornilov, S., Smith, B., Magis, A. T., Hoon, D. S. B., Hadlock, J. J., Goldman, J. D., Price, N. D., … Heath, J. R. (2021). Integrated analysis of plasma and single immune cells uncovers metabolic changes in individuals with COVID-19. Nature Biotechnology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-01020-4
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Wilson, C. (2021, September 9). Blood test could reveal who is most likely to get severe covid-19. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2289718-blood-test-could-reveal-who-is-most-likely-to-get-severe-covid-19/
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Each cubic cell has 8 atoms in each corner of the cube, and that atom is shared with 8 neighboring cells. In the Body Centered Cubic Cell (BCC) there is an additional atom in the center of the cube, and in the face centered cubic cell, an atom is shared between two unit cells along the face.
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Figure12.1.112.1.1\PageIndex{1}: The 7 types of unit cells. In this class we will only look at cubic systems, and will identify 3 types of cubic unit cells (figure. 12.b)
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αα\large\alpha = angle in the yz plane ββ\large\beta = angle in the xz plane γγ\large\gamma = angle in the xy plane
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www.theatlantic.com www.theatlantic.com
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Wu, K. J. (2021, September 3). What We Actually Know About Waning Immunity. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/waning-immunity-not-crisis-right-now/619965/
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twitter.com twitter.com
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John Burn-Murdoch. (2021, August 23). NEW: in the last couple of weeks there have a lot of new studies out assessing vaccine efficacy, many of which have touched on the question of waning immunity. Unsurprisingly, these have prompted a lot of questions. Time for a thread to summarise what we do and don’t know: [Tweet]. @jburnmurdoch. https://twitter.com/jburnmurdoch/status/1429878189011111936
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- Aug 2021
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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however, it also led to some level of cell membrane damage
the merged peptide led to some level of cell membrane damage
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Conjugation of our cyclic peptide at the C-terminal with cell penetrating peptide like TAT enabled cell penetrating
cell penetrating peptide TAT conjugated with a peptide binder
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- Jul 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Thushan de Silva on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 29 July 2021, from https://twitter.com/Thushan_deSilva/status/1418511974435115011
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www.nejm.org www.nejm.org
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Barouch, Dan H., Kathryn E. Stephenson, Jerald Sadoff, Jingyou Yu, Aiquan Chang, Makda Gebre, Katherine McMahan, et al. “Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination.” New England Journal of Medicine 0, no. 0 (July 14, 2021): null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2108829.
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Keerthivasan, S., Şenbabaoğlu, Y., Martinez-Martin, N., Husain, B., Verschueren, E., Wong, A., Yang, Y. A., Sun, Y., Pham, V., Hinkle, T., Oei, Y., Madireddi, S., Corpuz, R., Tam, L., Carlisle, S., Roose-Girma, M., Modrusan, Z., Ye, Z., Koerber, J. T., & Turley, S. J. (2021). Homeostatic functions of monocytes and interstitial lung macrophages are regulated via collagen domain-binding receptor LAIR1. Immunity, 54(7), 1511-1526.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.012
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- Jun 2021
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Life
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poseidon01.ssrn.com poseidon01.ssrn.com
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Parry, H. M., Tut, G., Faustini, S., Stephens, C., Saunders, P., Bentley, C., Hilyard, K., Brown, K., Amirthalingam, G., Charlton, S., Leung, S., Chiplin, E., Coombes, N. S., Bewley, K. R., Penn, E. J., Rowe, C., Otter, A., Watts, R., D’Arcangelo, S., … Moss, P. (2021). BNT162b2 Vaccination in People Over 80 Years of Age Induces Strong Humoral Immune Responses with Cross Neutralisation of P.1 Brazilian Variant. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816840
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- May 2021
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- Apr 2021
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Trevor Bedford. (2021, January 14). After ~10 months of relative quiescence we’ve started to see some striking evolution of SARS-CoV-2 with a repeated evolutionary pattern in the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern emerging from the UK, South Africa and Brazil. 1/19 [Tweet]. @trvrb. https://twitter.com/trvrb/status/1349774271095062528
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- Feb 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2020, November 21). RT @DrEricDing: Good question for immunologists like @michaelmina_lab @VirusesImmunity and @PeterHotez. Https://t.co/Rs1zaUPznm [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1334804615842439170
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Vigfusson, Y., Karlsson, T. A., Onken, D., Song, C., Einarsson, A. F., Kishore, N., Mitchell, R. M., Brooks-Pollock, E., Sigmundsdottir, G., & Danon, L. (2021). Cell-phone traces reveal infection-associated behavioral change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(6). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005241118
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Müller, J.A., Groß, R., Conzelmann, C. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Nat Metab (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1
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- Nov 2020
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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gametes
These are an organisms reproductive cells which are commonly called sex cells. There are female gametes which are ova or egg cells and the male gametes which are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells that carry only one copy for each chromosome.
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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NADH.
Short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a pyridine nucleotide which acts as an oxidative cofactor inside of eukaryotic cells.
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- Oct 2020
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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Passive transport
The process of moving ions and other atomic/molecular substances across the cell membranes without the need of an input of energy. Instead, it relies on the system to grow during entropy.
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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micro9laments
Microfilaments are also known as actin filaments; which, are protein filaments that are within the cytoplasm that form part of the cytoskeleton of an Eukaryotic Cell. They help in the process of cell movement via the actin working with another protein myosin that create muscle movements, cytoplasmic streaming, and cell division.
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
This is a single strand on an RNA molecule that leaves the the nucleus of a cell in order to relocate to the cytoplasm. This is where the mRNA can help create the protein for the cell in a process known as protein synthesis. The mRNA takes in information passed into it by DNA and decode it for the ribosomes to make more protein for the cell to live on.
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- Sep 2020
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Doshi, P. (2020). Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? BMJ, 370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3563
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., Chia, W. N., Chen, M. I.-C., Wang, L.-F., Ooi, E. E., Kalimuddin, S., Tambyah, P. A., Low, J. G.-H., Tan, Y.-J., & Bertoletti, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls. Nature, 584(7821), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z
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www.imperial.ac.uk www.imperial.ac.uk
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T cell immunity: What is it and how does it help to protect us from COVID-19? | Imperial News | Imperial College London. (n.d.). Imperial News. Retrieved September 18, 2020, from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/201833/cell-immunity-what-does-help-protect/
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Chu, H., Chan, J. F.-W., Yuen, T. T.-T., Shuai, H., Yuan, S., Wang, Y., Hu, B., Yip, C. C.-Y., Tsang, J. O.-L., Huang, X., Chai, Y., Yang, D., Hou, Y., Chik, K. K.-H., Zhang, X., Fung, A. Y.-F., Tsoi, H.-W., Cai, J.-P., Chan, W.-M., … Yuen, K.-Y. (2020). Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: An observational study. The Lancet Microbe, 1(1), e14–e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30004-5
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- Aug 2020
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Mateus, J., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Burger, Z. C., Rawlings, S. A., Smith, D. M., Phillips, E., Mallal, S., Lammers, M., Rubiro, P., Quiambao, L., Sutherland, A., Yu, E. D., Antunes, R. da S., Greenbaum, J., Frazier, A., … Weiskopf, D. (2020). Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3871
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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LeslieMay. 14, M., 2020, & Pm, 9:00. (2020, May 14). T cells found in COVID-19 patients ‘bode well’ for long-term immunity. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/t-cells-found-covid-19-patients-bode-well-long-term-immunity
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Mandavilli, A. (2020, June 18). You May Have Antibodies After Coronavirus Infection. But Not for Long. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/health/coronavirus-antibodies.html
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medrxiv.org medrxiv.org
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Ferretti, A. P., Kula, T., Wang, Y., Nguyen, D. M., Weinheimer, A., Dunlap, G. S., Xu, Q., Nabilsi, N., Perullo, C. R., Cristofaro, A. W., Whitton, H. J., Virbasius, A., Olivier, K. J., Baiamonte, L. B., Alistar, A. T., Whitman, E. D., Bertino, S. A., Chattopadhyay, S., & MacBeath, G. (2020). COVID-19 Patients Form Memory CD8+ T Cells that Recognize a Small Set of Shared Immunodominant Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. MedRxiv, 2020.07.24.20161653. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20161653
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Benjamin Meyer on Twitter: “1. Since there was a huge discussion about T-cell mediated immunity following the Lancet comment on seroprevalence by @EckerleIsabella and me, I’d like to share my thoughts on this in the following thread:” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from https://twitter.com/BenjaminMeyer85/status/1280257221587320835
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Xu, G., Qi, F., Li, H., Yang, Q., Wang, H., Wang, X., Liu, X., Zhao, J., Liao, X., Liu, Y., Amit, I., Liu, L., Zhang, S., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The differential immune responses to COVID-19 in peripheral and lung revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. MedRxiv, 2020.08.15.20175638. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.15.20175638
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Xu, G., Qi, F., Li, H., Yang, Q., Wang, H., Wang, X., Liu, X., Zhao, J., Liao, X., Liu, Y., Amit, I., Liu, L., Zhang, S., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The differential immune responses to COVID-19 in peripheral and lung revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. MedRxiv, 2020.08.15.20175638. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.15.20175638
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Nguyen, T. D., Gupta, S., Andersen, M., Bento, A., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Impacts of State Reopening Policy on Human Mobility (Working Paper No. 27235; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27235
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Hoffmann, M., Mösbauer, K., Hofmann-Winkler, H., Kaul, A., Kleine-Weber, H., Krüger, N., Gassen, N. C., Müller, M. A., Drosten, C., & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). Chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2575-3
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Unterman, A., Sumida, T. S., Nouri, N., Yan, X., Zhao, A. Y., Gasque, V., Schupp, J. C., Asashima, H., Liu, Y., Cosme, C., Deng, W., Chen, M., Raredon, M. S. B., Hoehn, K., Wang, G., Wang, Z., Deiuliis, G., Ravindra, N. G., Li, N., … Cruz, C. S. D. (2020). Single-Cell Omics Reveals Dyssynchrony of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System in Progressive COVID-19. MedRxiv, 2020.07.16.20153437. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.16.20153437
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- Jul 2020
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Cook, Marion. ‘Potential Factors Linked to High COVID-19 Death Rates in British Minority Ethnic Groups’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (17 July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30583-1.
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- Jun 2020
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www.wsj.com www.wsj.com
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Governments’ use of purchased location data has exploded in recent months, as officials around the world have sought insights on how people are moving around during the Covid-19 pandemic. In general, governments have assured their citizens that any location data collected by the marketing industry and used by public health entities is anonymous. But the movements of a phone give strong clues to its ownership—for example, where the phone is located during the evenings and overnight is likely where the phone owner lives. The identity of the phone’s owner can further be corroborated if their workplace, place of worship, therapist’s office or other information about their real-world activities are known to investigators.
private data is not anonymous as is purported
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Crotty, S. (2020, May 14). "Our new paper rapidly studied T cell + antibody immune responses in average COVID-19 cases. This is good news in multiple ways, including coronavirus vaccines. @ljiresearch cell.com/cell/fulltext/..." Twitter. https://twitter.com/profshanecrotty/status/1261052353773363200
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- May 2020
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www.cell.com www.cell.com
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Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., Marrama, D., de Silva, A. M., Frazier, A., Carlin, A., Greenbaum, J. A., Peters, B., Krammer, F., Smith, D. M., Crotty, S., & Sette, A. (2020). Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell, S0092867420306103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015
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blogs.scientificamerican.com blogs.scientificamerican.com
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Brangwynne, C. (2020 April 29). How a Landmark Physics Paper from the 1970s Uncannily Describes the COVID-19 Pandemic. Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-a-landmark-physics-paper-from-the-1970s-uncannily-describes-the-covid-19-pandemic/
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Wang, C., Li, W., Drabek, D. et al. A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 11, 2251 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16256-y
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www.gembio.com www.gembio.com
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Advanced cell preservation (cryo and non-cryo) with the Petaka G3
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www.gembio.com www.gembio.com
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Novel closed, scalable GMP-ready cell culture with the Petaka G3
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- Dec 2019
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www.ag-grid.com www.ag-grid.comag-Grid1
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www.ag-grid.com www.ag-grid.comag-Grid1
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- Nov 2019
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Cell Editor
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in Figure 1A,B: (I) The NP reaches the membrane surface via diffusion. (II) The NP diffuses over the water–membrane interface
In fact, in the simulation a potential is applied to drive the particles towards the membrane so neither (I) nor (II) can be described as free diffusion.
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- Oct 2019
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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the Petaka culture plate (Celartia) maintains viability for up to two weeks of shipping or storage at ambient temperature
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Based on the values of the partition function as well as the difference in time scale between the leakage process and the entry process (seconds or minutes vs nanoseconds), we assume that a steady-state condition is rapidly reached. Therefore, by comparing eq 5 with eq 4, we find that
These words are confusing. If they assume that I(t) is proportional to [GDQ]m then equations 4 and 5 are simply identical with two different notations. I can see no reasonable reason to assume that though.
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- Sep 2019
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c is a constant that depends on
How does it depends on these things? How can the authors compare experimental results to theory without explaining this information?
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the GQD concentration inside the vesicle and the bilayer
"inside the bilayer" and "inside the vesicle" are two different things.
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2 to 8
"2 to 8 nm" is a huge range given; the range covered by figure 5 does not extend beyond 2.5 nm. One can guess that the probability of a low density lipid fluctuation extending over 8 nm is essentially zero.
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biolabeling
Ref 6 (2013) does not demonstrate wide use in biolabelling. It is a synthesis and proof of principle paper. 6 years later, no biologist are using these materials for their imaging needs. However there are tons more of papers about the "emerging" carbon nanomaterials for imaging. The paper has a figure about uptake in cells. It says nothing about the mechanisms of uptake and it is not possible to conclude from the data provided.
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wound disinfection
Carbonaceous NPs are not widely used in wound disinfection. This 2014 paper propose the idea and doing experiments on bacteria and on mice. It contains very little about interaction of the NPs with cells.
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cancer therapy
"widely used in cancer therapy" I know that this kind of poetic license is common in scientific writing but it is nevertheless wrong. Carbonaceous NPs have not been used in cancer therapy. Those two references are materials synthesis papers that claim that they could be used in the future for this purpose. Reference 5 is about pegylated graphene oxide which is fundamentally different from anything modelled here (and the PEG is to make it water soluble). Reference 5 also concludes the nanoparticles enter by endocytosis.
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like drug delivery
Reference 2 is a paper about micron-size particles that can be opened by ultrasounds. It does not have any experiments with membranes nor living things. Reference 3 is mostly a materials synthesis and characterization paper. The little it has about interaction with cells, figure 8 and 9, concludes unambiguously that the particles enter by endocytosis, i.e. nothing to do with the kind of mechanisms modelled in this paper. Reference 4 is about particles which are ~75 nm diameter so very different from the materials modelled in this paper. Like for Ref 3, the paper concludes unambiguously that entry into the cells is by endocytosis (that's even visible from TOC visual abstract).
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KD is estimated by using the approach outlined in ref
Why are the values of Kd not given anywhere in this paper?
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Figure 9. Measured GQD leakage from different lipid vesicles. (A) Experimental images of photoluminescence change over a 1 h period. Images were taken every 15 min. White scale bar is 50 μm. (B) Photoluminescence intensity over a 1 h period for GQD-encapsulated vesicles with different lipid compositions is indicated. (C) Comparison of the model’s predictions to the permeability measured from experiment (error bars correspond to one standard deviation).
The partition coefficient tell us that it should be 100% in the membrane (see table 1). Why don't we see any accumulation in the membranes at all?
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KD of the NP in water/lipid as
Isn't it lipid/water rather than water/lipid? I strongly suspect it is given that in the table Pt is given as 100% for all three "nanoparticles" and C60 has a very high oil/water (eg Kd toluene water ~7.
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Specifically, a buckminsterfullerene, a curved OH-terminated graphene quantum dot (GQD), and GQD functionalized with two cysteine groups (cys-GQD) were used.(40) This selection covers NPs of similar size but different shape and hydrophilicity
So all of the intro (and title) is a general blurb about nanoparticles going through membranes, but these three examples are tiny hydrophobic objects.
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ller nanoparticles can instead cross the membrane by passive transport, that is, by displacing, sometimes irreversibly, the lipids or by diffusing in the hydrophobic region of the membrane and then on the other side
This is an extraordinary assertion that is not backed up by references.
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For particles with the smallest dimension larger than the membrane thickness, approximately above 10–15 nm, the permeation is generally controlled by membrane deformation(23) and endocytosis.(24)
This gives the impression that particles generally permeate. This is contradiction with earlier statements that correctly indicate that they don't.
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an effective barrier. Nonetheless,
That apparent contradiction is missing a crucial point. What is the proportion of material getting "cytoplasmic access"? The Cell Penetrating Peptides field is a right mess. One thing is sure: most (maybe all) CPPs enter via endocytotic pathways and for any CPP only a tiny proportion reaches the cytosol. My own experience with the TAT-HA2 peptide was not particularly encouraging. Importantly, when "access to the cytosol" is measured by a biological outcome (e.g. transfection or toxicity), this can be achieved by a rare event. In other words, depending on the conditions, efficient transfection (e.g. 75% of cells transfected) can be achieved with very low percentage of particles reaching the cytosol (e.g. 99.9% in endosomes; 0.1% escape).
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ensing of cellular behavior.(6−10)
Again, all of these papers are chemistry papers describing the synthesis of new materials which, according to their authors, could be useful for deep tissue imaging etc. Some of these are 5+ years old. These are indeed examples of "engineering for applications" but not of applications. Essentially no biologists use these materials for their imaging or sensing needs.
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led release,(3,5)
See above... https://hyp.is/ZNoJet4FEemMLa-NmPW_Eg/pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.9b03434
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such as drug delivery,(2−4)
It enables engineering for applications... But it does not enable applications. None of these examples of drug delivery are remotely realistic. These are examples of chemistry papers not of drug delivery applications. The first paper (ref 2) is so far from drug delivery application that it does not even have cell culture experiments (not to mention preclinical or clinical work). Ref 3-4 are also mostly materials synthesis/characterization papers ; they do have some cell uptake/toxicity experiments. Still million miles away from "applications in drug delivery".
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are especially frustrating in biomedicine. Indeed, recently, there has been a blooming of applications
Is it just me or is there a disconnect, even a contradiction between "especially frustrating" and "blooming of applications"?
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However, this is not the case for most macromolecules, such as proteins or nanoparticles (NPs), whose hydrophilicity and large size hamper direct diffusion through the membrane lipid bilayer.(1)
Exactly. Nanoparticles large size and hydrophilicity hamper direct diffusion through the membrane bylayer. So far so good.
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