In 1947, a high-flying moth bumped into Harvard’s Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator, was removed by computer operator William Burke, and then taped to the computer log - popularizing the existing term “debugging.”Figure 4: debugging

Go Programming Language publicly in 2009 they were also looking to solve certain challenges of the existing Computer languages. Of the many features that it demonstrated (we will get to those soon enough) it was also helpful in addressing the strange dilemma of hardware and software that was emerging.

we process millions of transactions per day here and we really need someone with more relevant experience who can handle these things without ramping up

I want to stop putting comments in my code. I want it to be first-class for my code to be in the left pane and my comments to be in the right pane, always binded together with anchors but always separate so my comments don't have to adhere to the limitations of the code's text area.

(if (instance? Throwable ret)

:ok

(fn [system] (throw (ex-info "initializer not set, did you call `set-init`?" {}))))

The Women Who Contributed to Science but Were Buried in Footnotes

for example, comments and identifiers

If one object is part of another object, then we use a diamond at the start of the arrow (next to the containing object), and a normal arrow at the end.

Grid devices can be nested or layered along with other devices and your plug-ins,

after the terminal operation of the stream pipeline commences.

Full disclosure: I’m a co-maintainer of clj-time and I’m pretty vocal about encouraging people not to use clj-time when starting a new project: use Java Time instead. Conversion from an existing, clj-time-heavy project is another matter tho’, unfortunately.

Meditation can not only provide a welcome counterweight to this work with abstractions, it also cultives 10 qualities of character (Pali: paramis) that are useful during the practice of programming.

One thing Component taught me was to think of the entire system like an Object. Specifically, there is state that needs to be managed. So I suggest you think about -main as initializing your system state. Your system needs an http client, so initialize it before you do anything else

For the sweet spot you're looking for, I suggest being clear about if you're designing or developing. If you're designing and at the REPL, force yourself to step away with pen and paper after you've gotten some fast feedback.

Re-open libraries for exploration I use in-ns to jump into library namespaces and re-define their vars. I insert bits of println statements to help understand how data flows through a library. These monkey-patches only exist in the running REPL. I usually put them inside a comment form. On a REPL restart, the library is back at its pristine state. In this example below, I re-open clj-http.headers to add tracing before the header transformation logic: [source] ;; set us up for re-opening libraries (require 'clj-http.headers) (in-ns 'clj-http.headers) (defn- header-map-request [req] (let [req-headers (:headers req)] (if req-headers (do (println "HEADERS: " req-headers) ;; <-- this is my added print (-> req (assoc :headers (into (header-map) req-headers) :use-header-maps-in-response? true))) req))) ;; Go back to to the user namespace to test the change (in-ns 'user) (require '[clj-http.client :as http]) (http/get "http://www.example.com") ;; This is printed in the REPL: ;; HEADERS: {accept-encoding gzip, deflate} An astute observer will notice this workflow is no different from the regular clojure workflow. Clojure gets out of your way and allows you to shape & experiment in the code in the REPL. You can use this technique to explore clojure.core too!

Unmap namespaces during experimentation I use ns-unmap and ns-unalias to remove definitions from my namespace. These are the complementary functions of require and def. While exploring, you namespace will accrue failed experiments, especially around naming. Instead of using a giant hammer [tools.namespace], you can opt for finer-grained tools like these. Example: (require '[clojure.string :as thing]) (ns-unalias *ns* 'thing) ; *ns* refers to the current namespace

That is using a specific tool for a specific use case. You don’t actually have a table view of your data. Once it’s in a table, man, you’re good. That is the modeling. A sequel database table, you have this amazing high-level language for doing all sorts of cool operations with it.To turn this into some class hierarchy, it’s almost criminal. There, I said it. It’s like you’re throwing away the power that you have.

A lot of this would be a non issue if we had end user programming. The problem today is that 'configurability' is itself something the programmer needs to implement

Configuration knowledge is anti-knowledge -- learning how to conform to the inessential quirks of a system somebody else made up

1 reply 1 retweet 5 likes Reply 1 Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Like 5 Liked 5 Direct message Omar Rizwan‏ @rsnous Feb 16 More Copy link to Tweet Embed Tweet Mute @rsnous Unmute @rsnous Block @rsnous Unblock @rsnous Report Tweet Add to other Moment Add to new Moment Replying to @rsnous @disquiet07 files are a weak lowest-common-denominator interface between programs in different languages (C, Python, Ruby, Swift, VB, bash, etc) in ecosystems with one language (iOS, JS, Lisp, Smalltalk), you often don't see files: you just persist the rich native structures of the language 4 replies 2 retweets 16 likes Reply 4 Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Like 16 Liked 16 Direct message Gordon Brander‏ @gordonbrander 3h3 hours ago More Copy link to Tweet Embed Tweet Mute @gordonbrander Unmute @gordonbrander Block @gordonbrander Unblock @gordonbrander Report Tweet Add to other Moment Add to new Moment Replying to @rsnous @disquiet07 OTOH — lowest common denominator interfaces allow for emergent behavior. They focus all the constraints in one place, leaving the rest of the system definition open-ended. Like defining the LEGO dot, but not what shape pieces may take. 1 reply 0 retweets 3 likes Reply 1 Retweet Retweeted Like 3 Liked 3 Direct message Omar Rizwan‏ @rsnous 2h2 hours ago More Copy link to Tweet Embed Tweet Mute @rsnous Unmute @rsnous Block @rsnous Unblock @rsnous Report Tweet Add to other Moment Add to new Moment Replying to @gordonbrander @disquiet07 With files, imo the lack of structure 1. forces duplication of functions at the app level (de/serialization, cross-links, …) and 2. prevents coordination for higher-level behavior #1 here seems different from LEGO, but I can't quite articulate it in terms of your analogy 1 reply 0 retweets 2 likes Reply 1 Retweet Retweeted Like 2 Liked 2 Direct message Gordon Brander‏ @gordonbrander 2h2 hours ago Follow Follow @gordonbrander Following Following @gordonbrander Unfollow Unfollow @gordonbrander Blocked Blocked @gordonbrander Unblock Unblock @gordonbrander Pending Pending follow request from @gordonbrander Cancel Cancel your follow request to @gordonbrander More Copy link to Tweet Embed Tweet Mute @gordonbrander Unmute @gordonbrander Mute this conversation Unmute this conversation Block @gordonbrander Unblock @gordonbrander Report Tweet Add to other Moment Add to new Moment Replying to @rsnous @disquiet07 I agree. Low-level interop has a high floor, high ceiling. Higher-level interop (like Smalltalk) has lower floors, because deeper system integration. However, that deeper integration often means you end up more entangled with the system’s strengths and weaknesses.

Rob Pike has described Plan 9 as "an argument" for simplicity and clarity, while others have described it as "UNIX, only moreso."

In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type whose definition depends on a value. A "pair of integers" is a type. A "pair of integers where the second is greater than the first" is a dependent type because of the dependence on the value.

On the flip side, it can go further than mere types, including emulating dependent types and programming-by-contract.

Perhaps part of the confusion - and you say this in a different way in your little memo - is that the C/C++ folks see OO as a liberation from a world that has nothing resembling a first-class functions, while Lisp folks see OO as a prison since it limits their use of functions/objects to the style of (9.). In that case, the only way OO can be defended is in the same manner as any other game or discipline -- by arguing that by giving something up (e.g. the freedom to throw eggs at your neighbor's house) you gain something that you want (assurance that your neighbor won't put you in jail).

Sum-of-product-of-function pattern - objects are (in effect) restricted to be functions that take as first argument a distinguished method key argument that is drawn from a finite set of simple names.

All you can do is send a message (AYCDISAM) = Actors model - there is no direct manipulation of objects, only communication with (or invocation of) them. The presence of fields in Java violates this.

Parametric polymorphism - functions and data structures that parameterize over arbitrary values (e.g. list of anything). ML and Lisp both have this. Java doesn't quite because of its non-Object types.

Ad hoc polymorphism - functions and data structures with parameters that can take on values of many different types.

Encapsulation - the ability to syntactically hide the implementation of a type. E.g. in C or Pascal you always know whether something is a struct or an array, but in CLU and Java you can hide the difference.

Following Christopher Strachey,[2] parametric polymorphism may be contrasted with ad hoc polymorphism, in which a single polymorphic function can have a number of distinct and potentially heterogeneous implementations depending on the type of argument(s) to which it is applied. Thus, ad hoc polymorphism can generally only support a limited number of such distinct types, since a separate implementation has to be provided for each type.

In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism is a way to make a language more expressive, while still maintaining full static type-safety. Using parametric polymorphism, a function or a data type can be written generically so that it can handle values identically without depending on their type.[1] Such functions and data types are called generic functions and generic datatypes respectively and form the basis of generic programming.

One is the linked list of lines you mention. I believe this is intended to solve a display problem that TECO (the original language in which Emacs was implemented) had solved differently using the "gap" data structure. The fundamental issue was that if you have a buffer represented as a single block of contiguous text, then insertion on a character-by-character basis can be O(n2), each time you insert a character, you have to copy the entire subsequent buffer over one space.

Lisp macros were also useful for the definition of new control structures, as well as new data structures. In ZWEI, we created a new iterative control structure called charmap, which iterates over characters in an interval. Intervals are stored as doubly-linked lists of arrays, and the starting point might be in the middle of one array and the ending point might be in the middle of another array. The code to perform this iteration was not trivial, and someone reading it might easily not understand the function it was performing, even though that function was the conceptually simple one of iterating over characters. So we created a macro called charmap that expands into the double-loop code to iterate over the characters. It is simple and obvious, and is used in many places, greatly reducing the size of the code and making the functionality obvious at a glance.

It became policy to avoid abbreviations in most cases. In ZWEI, we made a list of several words that were used extremely often, and established 'official' abbreviations for them, and always used only those abbreviations. ... Words not on this list were always spelled out in full.

Some paragraphs are devoted to what must have been a novel concept at the time for such a system: that the Lisp Machine was a personal system, not time-shared, and this gave rise to features not viable on time-sharing systems, due to the fact that the user was not contending with other users for resources.

Wehler et al38 reported that homeless and low-income mothers who experienced sexual assault in childhood were over 4 times more likely to have household level food insecurity than women who had not been abused

Use React for ephemeral state that doesn't matter to the app globally and doesn't mutate in complex ways. For example, a toggle in some UI element, a form input state. Use Redux for state that matters globally or is mutated in complex ways. For example, cached users, or a post draft. Sometimes you'll want to move from Redux state to React state (when storing something in Redux gets awkward) or the other way around (when more components need to have access to some state that used to be local).

Raccomandazione 3.6g - Definire un modello di governance del dato e progettare automatismi organizzativi e tecnologici

onDragStart

This behavior also argues for following the convention of placing an opening curly brace at the end of a line in JavaScript, rather than on the beginning of a new line. As shown here, this becomes more than just a stylistic preference in JavaScript.

(== 10)

Lucius Gregory Meredith, Mike Stay, and Sophia Drossopoulou. Policy as types. CoRR, 2013. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.7766.

type-safe enum pattern

a mutator method is a method used to control changes to a variable. They are also widely known as setter methods

class MyClassDef {

    public void setProperty(String propertyVal) { .. }

}

In a let expression, the initial values are computed before any of the variables become bound.

Scheme pairs is the “dotted” notation (c1 . c2)

statically scoped language

There is only one codebase per app, but there will be many deploys of the app

Dynamic dispatch

picking one and sticking to it is far better than the chaos that ensues when everybody does their own thing

officially-approvedprogramminglanguagesatGoogle:C++,Java,Python,Go,orJavaScript.Minimizingthenumberofdifferentprogramminglanguagesusedreducesobstaclestocodereuse and programmer collaboration.

but the true technology of Java is not in the language, but the virtual machine itself. The JVM as it stands today, is a fast, abstract machine that you can plug any languages into, and is able to operate at speeds comparable to natively compiled binaries.

echo "deb https://dl.bintray.com/sbt/debian /" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sbt.list sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv 2EE0EA64E40A89B84B2DF73499E82A75642AC823 sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install sbt

Since Clojure uses the Java calling conventions, it cannot, and does not, make the same tail call optimization guarantees. Instead, it provides the recur special operator, which does constant-space recursive looping by rebinding and jumping to the nearest enclosing loop or function frame. While not as general as tail-call-optimization, it allows most of the same elegant constructs, and offers the advantage of checking that calls to recur can only happen in a tail position.

“Programming is like thinking about thinking. And debugging is a close approximation of learning about learning.” When you program, you translate your thoughts into executable form. Debugging your program is close to debugging your thoughts.

The thrill of programming, for me, is found more in the exploration of ideas than in the joy of controlling machines.

Other Java Tutorials and Learning Sites

Introduction to R for Data Science

Learn Data Science Online

Runestone Interactive

Emergent AI does not suggest that the computer be given rules to follow but tries to set up a system of independent elements within a computer from whose interactions intelligence is expected to emerge. Its sustaining images are drawn, not from the logical, but from the biological. Families of neuron-like entities, societies of anthropomorphized subminds and sub-subminds, are in a simultaneous interaction whose goal is the generation of a fragment of mind. We noted that these models are sometimes theorized in notions of "mind as society," where negotiational processes are placed at the heart of all thinking. Those who espouse and support such models are more inclined to find bricolage acceptable than are classical Piagetians. What concerns us here is not which of these trends in AI is "correct," just as we aren't advocating a choice between the use of icons and the use of textual instructions in computer operating systems. What does concern us is that the new trends -- icons, object-oriented programming, actor languages, society of mind, emergent AI -- all create an intellectual climate in the computational world that undermines the idea that formal methods are the only methods.

As it happens, the Macintosh's iconic style may be winning this argument. The designers of computer interfaces might interpret this as final proof of the technical superiority of icons. A psychologist might read it as putting in question the hard/soft split. Perhaps everyone is really "soft" after all, and "hard" is a construct that is dropped when it is not needed for acceptability or prestige or functionality. Others might simply say that icons are "easier." All of the above may be in part true. But from our perspective what is important is that the iconic victories are part of a larger cultural shift towards an acceptance of concrete, relational ways of thinking.

Music students live in a culture that, over time, has slowly grown a language and models for close relationships with music machines. The harpsichord, like the visual artists' pencils, brushes, and paints, is "just a tool." And yet we understand that artists' encounters with these can (and indeed, will most probably) be close, sensuous, and relational. And that artists will develop highly personal styles of working with them.

The computer presence has provoked a "romantic reaction" in our culture.24 As people take computers seriously as simulated mind, many are in conflict with the mechanistic image that is reflected back to them in the mirror of the machine. They define the specificity of people in terms of what computers cannot do. Simulated thinking may be thinking, but simulated love is never love. Women express this sentiment with particular urgency. We believe this is because a conflict fuels their conviction. A comfortable style of thinking would have them get close to the objects of thought. The computer offers them objects of thought. But the closer they get to this machine, the more anxious they feel. The more they become involved with the computer, the more they insist that it is only a neutral tool. A way out of the impasse would require profound change in the culture that surrounds the computer tool. If the computer is a tool, and of course it is, is it more like a hammer or more like a harpsichord?

The development of a new computer culture would require more than technological progress and more than environments where there is permission to work with highly personal approaches. It would require a new and softer construction of the technological, with a new set of intellectual and emotional values more like those we apply to harpsichords than hammers.25 If computers are really the tools we use to write, to design, to play with ideas and shapes and images, they should not be addressed with the language of desktop calculators. Moving out of the impasse also would require the reconstruction of our cultural assumptions about hard logic as the "law" of thought. Addressing this question brings us full circle to where we began, with the assertion that epistemological pluralism is a necessary condition for a more inclusive computer culture.

Our central thesis is that equal access to even the most basic elements of computation requires an epistemological pluralism, accepting the validity of multiple ways of knowing and thinking.

"who's the target of the assignment (LHS)" and "who's the source of the assignment (RHS)".

A fun, language-less educational robot that teaches the concepts of coding. Arrange the command panels to guide the robot to the goal!

Dynamic Programming

Should I use tabulation or memoization?

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In this solution, we used memoization to recursively calculate the solutions for subproblems which we then used to calculate the solutions to larger problems. Alternatively, tabulation could have been used to build up solutions from the bottom up.

This is the roadmap for Monte development according to Allen and Corbin.

top-down dynamic programming

Isolate the dependencies Write the test first Draw the boundary Implement the logic