Basking in the sun simply means to lie in or be exposed to a pleasant warmth. In Chinese, it would be translated into a cute phrase as "晒太阳".

Since Gould has been working in the police office for a year, this scene reveals his boredom of this job.

Noggins is a U.S. slang. It refers to a kind of a container that can refresh people's heads. The modern meaning is somebody's head. Source from http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-nog1.htm.

Prosaic here means ordinary and not especially interesting or unusual according to Cambridge Dictionary.

So those people in highly inbred communities are uninteresting to Gould as he himself was not a "normal" person most his acquaintance thought.

A nice little phrase guide to US English.

This is an exploration of her thinking, not necessarily that she is defending this idea

importance of recognising language when analysing texts

an example is how Molyneux describes the characters of his narrative, most interestingly in his framing of Muslims. he never alludes that these are an ethnographically and religiously diverse group with a rich history, which is either something he genuinely, or something he does not think the audience needs to do, perhaps somewhere between the two. the quotes he uses and descriptions he gives them provides us with some insight, but for the coding process, it's safer to use the term he does before drawing conclusions

the tips on when to include in vivo codes are also important when creating a lexicon for an emerging subculture

the phrasing we use in codes brings to light the type of themes we may be subconsciously looking for. in this case, i found i was repeatedly trying to describe what the creators were saying without really saying it, evidenced through their tone and word choice, where they chose to make overt statements, and when meanings were implied.

the learning of the Ojibwe language should be paramount to at least one of the present missionaries

Malian = Little Wolf

the nature of the commenting system enables the hate speech which is becoming characteristic of the site.

race to develop ai categorisation tools, which may not always work

language is natural but guided

need to build a lexicon and refine knowledge of behaviour

unique languages form from guided movements - an effort must be made to put it together

Hanauer (2012) contends that “language learning within these settings is defined overwhelmingly in linguistic, structural, and cognitive terms. Thus the language learner at the center of this system becomes nothing more than an intellectual entity involved in an assessable cognitive process” (p. 105). In this assessable cognitive instruction, students are not afforded the opportunity to use English as a social semiotic tool for expressing their own personal feelings (emotions), opinions, and stories as lived experience as well as for enacting social practices.

Golang is a modern computing language, designed especially for modern computing needs.

The 40 Years’ War

Why Speak If You Don't Need to? The-Case for a Listening Approach to Beginning Foreign Language Learning.

Down with Forced Speech

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION - LANGUAGE LEARNING

Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition

Study mentioned around 9:30 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158409

Shadowing: Who benefits and how? Uncovering a booming EFL teaching technique for listening comprehension https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1362168815597504

Do Students Like What is Good for Them? An Investigation of the Pleasure Hypothesis with Middle School Students of Mandarin

Self-Selected Reading and TOEIC Performance. Evidence from Case Histories

Case Histories and the Comprehension Hypothesis

HOW MUCH COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT DID HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN GET?

A Critical Review of Krashen’s Input Hypothesis: Three Major Arguments

Monitoring the 'Monitor': A Critique of Krashen's Five Hypotheses

Sheltered subject matter teaching

The pleasure hypothesis

Text Readability Assessment for Second Language Learners

AN EFL READABILITY INDEX

Readability Formulas For EFL

SMOG Grading —– a New Readability

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE WRITING SKILLS THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF MOVIES SUPPORTED BY EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

Watching Subtitled Films Can Help Learning Foreign Languages

Very grass roots/home brew friendly organization; appeals to sense of independence and optimism; "home grown"

formal

Formal language

• positions the audience to trust his authority

Formal language

Copyediting vs grammar knowledge. Or, and grammar knowledge.

I believe that the main reason why Benjamin Dreyer's Dreyer's English: an Utterly Correct Guide to Clarity and Style is so well-read, is that he's funny.

The humor is dry as a paper board, for example:

The NSA may be reading your emails and texts, but I’m not. If you prefer “Hi John” to “Hi, John,” you go right ahead.

and:

For the sake of clarity, we use hyphens to helpfully link up a pair or passel of words preceding and modifying a noun, as in: first-rate movie fifth-floor apartment middle-class morality nasty-looking restaurant all-you-can-eat buffet However, convention (a.k.a. tradition, a.k.a. consensus, a.k.a. it’s simply how it’s done, so don’t argue with it) allows for exceptions in some cases in which a misreading is unlikely, as in, say: real estate agent high school students And though you may, now that you’re staring at these constructions, wonder worryingly about the reality of that estate agent or the sobriety of those school students, I’d urge you to stop staring and move on. (Staring at words is always a bad idea. Stare at the word “the” for more than ten seconds and reality begins to recede.)

Another thing, Dreyer is both funny and witty. Here's a bonus example of this:

As a lexicographer friend once confided over sushi, the dictionary takes its cues from use: If writers don’t change things, the dictionary doesn’t change things. If you want your best-seller to be a bestseller, you have to help make that happen. If you want to play videogames rather than video games, go for it. I hope that makes you feel powerful. It should.

This is, according to linguist Ben Zimmer, the first known citation for LOL. Quoted from Gretchen McCulloch's "Because Internet" here.

what is plain language This government site describes the rationale for plain language and more importantly provides some tools for using it. Plain language can be useful when writing text for e-learning products, among other things; this is a useful site to review. There is a list of resources as well. rating 4/5

Right from the beginning of the story, the audience is made well aware of what kind of person Mrs. Freeman is. This passage focuses on her face being a reflection of her being a somewhat strong willed person when it comes to her words. It's made clear to the audience that Mrs. Freeman has strong opinions in a story along with not being hesitant in sharing those opinions as well as the facts, and that she rarely backpedals when telling a story.

Is this true? Gardner, as a literary scholar, do you agree?

The means we use to encode affect language. Why doesn't it affect the message or the concept as well?

Do people feel they need to use an emoji as part of their message or is its use triggered by the medium?

There is a way to use symbols to evoke an original message in a natural language. Unlike shorthand, which are symbols that have a direct reference to words or syllables, Rozan's notetaking method for interpreters focuses on concepts. Originally published in French in 1956, it was probably not well known at the time Engelbart wrote this report. Interpreters do not work finding word equivalence, but concepts recreated in another language. An example here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreting_notes

Language as an evolution enabler.

Language evolution

Language as a symbol. Relationship to memory.

Language "technology" at work: reference function and synthesis to make the concept maneagable like a tool.

Language is here introduced as a key concept of the framework. At this point, Engelbart refers to language in use, particularly used for thinking. Does he mean that improving the language system you also get to develop higher order thinking skills? Would he be pointing to augmenting the language system itself, getting better or evolving by using it to think about the world? A meta-learning?

I need to read more....

Language as "technology".

Language characteristics.

Thinking we know everything also makes us think there's nothing left to learn.

This has really important consequences in terms of post-humanist thinking! If we presume that there is a true definition of anything, we are allowing experience, culture, language to limit us. It is better to presume an every shifting definition of the human that responds to the situation at hand. Starting a discussion of the human with the idea that we all obviously know what a human is, is extremely limiting.

I applaud Sheridan's attempt to enlighten our understanding of language in this way. He paints himself into a corner, but rather than stopping, he just keeps painting.

whoa, wait a minute. Is this some sleight of hand, or did I miss something?

This seems like an amplification of his previous thought, a stronger claim than what has come before. Up to this point, I understood Sheridan as saying "not all language is spoken words." Fair enough, but now his claim that "words are only a part of language because of custom, and language could exist just as well without words at all" is a considerable raising of the stakes.

Did I miss something?

Complete opposite of Astell's claim on the lack of "material" difference between speaking and writing

I think that this is also a form of protection against an enemy.

Is he reasoning that we can understand another species language but we can always understand tone?

No interchange of language

This is interesting too. That our own speech and sounds provides us with a level of comfort.

This is a very interesting idea that we can only hear the sounds of our own speech

See Locke's second function of language: "for the communicating of our thoughts to others" (817). Although Locke is skeptical as to language's ability to accurately communicate these thoughts, apart from civic discourse. But Astell is referring here to meaning related to "those Truths."

Language shapes the way we think and therefore it has the potential to limit what we are capable of thinking.

so basically language is very powerful in how we classify the world? I don't know why but this reminds me of how Eskimos have 50 words for snow, and all we have is "snow." Maybe sleet. not really sure if this is the same kind of thing but ¯_(ツ)_/¯

is it possible that any idea can have no connection to nature or the natural world?

our mental representations of our ideas and what falls into which category is where the system is faulty, not the physical sounds we use to describe our ideas, because those are assigned arbitrarily

I'm really glad to see Locke say here that people can trick themselves with language. That whole bit at the beginning where one doesn't need "the right" words to communicate to oneself as long as the words are consistent seemed completely untenable to me.

Language shapes thought, even (especially?) one's own thought. As a member of a society, the language of others places all sorts of limits on our thoughts, and shapes them accordingly.

I'm screaming "Beetle" at the screen at this point.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x86hLtOkou8

Bouba/kiki effect

HU clap MA clap NI clap SM clap

"this shit sucks. There is certainly some ideal way it ought to work, so lets make it better and better because we can and we know how things work and how they ought to and we're smart and in control!!!"

What's the posthuman approach to language, in short? Maybe we can substitute words to come up with a different way of seeing it, like "one task of rhetoric is to invigorate language."

And now back to flaws in comprehension (instead of language), so what is the implication of that 'man's' failing? There's the caveat "yet" leaving open the possibility that the 'man' has simply not encountered the name or devoted time to learning it, but what of the 'man' who has attempted both and still fails?

Hm, okay. So what I took (above) as comments on humanity, Locke is saying are comments on language. (Or is it both?)

Basically, be careful about naming anything that has an essence that's unknown to us, and it seems that most everything has an uncertain essence, so...

What does he mean by "moral words"? Are there ethical implications here?

sender-receiver model of communication.

When would it ever be perfect? In the following sentence, it seems as though the author is claiming that philosophy is a curative method for language.

Is this entirely true? Knowlege of things precedes speech about things, as the things themselves precede language to define them, but isn't our knowlege shaped by our language (or languages), making them instrinsically linked? I suppose for a "feral child" knowledge would be entirely independent from language, but that child's brain would develop differently - would they be capable of the same kinds of knowledge as a person with language?

Following lhm8's Fenollosa comment earlier, this was an idea that survived into the early 20th C., as writers like Fenollos and Ezra Pound looked to the Chinese character as a more "natural" state of language, something closer to a universal meaning.

This division of pronunciation and usage is particularly visible in terms of class. Mispronounced words are often frowned upon, but all this means is that the person learned this word by reading, rather than having the opportunity of hearing someone say it first.

This notion of Chinese language is one that carries into the 20th century and has pretty far influence; Ernest Fenollosa's notes on Chinese characters and translations of Chinese poetry hugely influenced Ezra Pound and (by extension) 20th C poetry at large.

In terms of this class, Chinese characters pose an interesting alternative to the subject-object grammar of English.

Language similar to that of Hume, here and in the "General Orations" remark below (where generalities are more likely to be universally true than particulars)

Therefore, thought is older than language.

Sign vs. Symbol distinction -- crucial in understanding language.

People seem to trust in themselves more than what's outside themselves. Even though language is constructed, it's our construct, something we made, and therefore (?) something we can place our faith in more so than in matter, something we had less of a hand in making. When we place our faith in things outside ourselves, we become more vulnerable--we open ourselves to other things as well as to the possibility of being wrong.

Have we become a victim of grammar?

I have never thought of the idea of trusting language. What would walter ong think?

Is this what Rickert was doing with his discussion of the cave paintings?

This claim is articulated pretty strongly in Gorgias's Encomium of Helen. The piece is a kind of thought experiment where Gorgias attempts to defend Helen. He points out that language (or speech) is "a powerful lord, which by means of the finest and most invisible body effects the divinest works: it can stop fear and banish grief and create joy and nature pity" (sec. 8). Part of his defense, then, is that Helen almost didn't have a choice; the speech was too powerful, god-like even. I found a .pdf copy of it here: http://myweb.fsu.edu/jjm09f/RhetoricSpring2012/Gorgias%20Encomium%20of%20Helen.pdf

"Language has been given too much power."

I'm finding it helpful to repeat that phrase when I don't understand what she means.

This claim is articulated pretty strongly in Gorgias's Encomium of Helen. The piece is a kind of thought experiment where Gorgias attempts to defend Helen. He points out that language (or speech) is "a powerful lord, which by means of the finest and most invisible body effects the divinest works: it can stop fear and banish grief and create joy and nature pity" (sec. 8). Part of his defense, then, is that Helen almost didn't have a choice; the speech was too powerful, god-like even. I found a .pdf copy of it here: http://myweb.fsu.edu/jjm09f/RhetoricSpring2012/Gorgias%20Encomium%20of%20Helen.pdf

Is this what Rickert was doing with his discussion of the cave paintings?

What might language look like if it is indeed an enemy? Would it be different for each individual or uniformly evil?

Open resources for foreign languages...

Here is an example Plain Language Summary created for one of David Sommer's own articles.

Maximize publication impact by all stakeholders coordinating their efforts

What is it about?

In this paper I explore the idea that in order to maximize a publication's impact, everybody needs to play their part - authors, co-authors, publishers, institutions, societies and funders. The author is the common factor that links all of these organizations and groups, so their thinking must shift towards creating a culture of discoverability, encouraging the organizations they work with to help generate impact. The author becomes the conductor, leading the orchestra of players. Why is it important?

The case for authors taking responsibility for maximizing the impact of their research has never been stronger. With over $1 trillion invested in research every year it is surprising to find some studies showing that 50% of articles are never read, and a much higher percentage are never cited. With researchers under increasing pressure from institutions and funders to demonstrate that their research will have impact and be applied, it is critical that researchers do all they can to make sure the right people find, understand and use their work.

See it on Kudos.

The Chaos, Gerard Nolst Trenité (1922) - a poem that highlights about 800 irregularities in English spelling and pronunciation.

I think contextualizing the applications of a tool like Unpaywall in the OA movement could be useful in the 5.3 section, as an added paragraph. Unpaywall helps researchers find papers that are available freely on the web. Often these papers are held in university repositories or author websites. The author may have transferred copyright to the publisher at the time of publication for a window of time that has expired, or the author may have retained copyright of their publication. I think that the idea of a scientific language decoder for the public is an excellent educational tool and potential public service.

This article discusses the use of Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) technologies to teach English. Each stage of learning aligns with a level of computer technology. There are also many barriers that impede the process of integrating the CALL into the classroom, which include financial, access to hardware and software, teacher training, technical knowledge, and acceptance of technology.

RATING: 8/10

These ghosts are representative of past lovers who are haunting her, which is especially disturbing to the speaker because she cannot remember them. Perhaps she cannot remember the past lovers because she was promiscuous rather than trying to find real love. I think Millay chose the word ghost because usually things that haunt you are things that you feel guilty about, and I think Millay feels guilty for her past behavior of being promiscuous.

represents happiness, juxtaposes with "rain" mentioned in the first stanza. Summer could also represent her true love that made her the happiest, while the ghosts in the rain represent all of the other unimportant people she was with.

metaphor for the speaker, the "birds" are a metaphor for her past loves, and they have all "vanished". Therefore, the speaker is like this tree in the winter, left alone with no companionship. This is also personification because trees cannot be lonely.

Throughout the story, the narrator figures the men and women as birds participating in courtship/pre-mating dances. Observe the narrator's ornithological language here: the men "glid[e] over the parquet" towards the women, who respond with "a joyful flutter." With part-of-speech tagging, we could zoom in on how the story's syntactical elements (especially verbs and adjectives) create this parallel between social and animal rituals.

So true, in my study too.

Cite this graf.

Semiotics codes that represent non-verbal social communication about time/temporality is not an explicit skill but something seemingly intuitive to both speaker and listener.

The language of time incorporates "deliberate mainpulation of temporal circumstances."

People use symbolic associations to convey special meanings to certain periods of time. Example provided is a late night phone call that hints at a desire for a closer, more intimate relationship.

teaching language online

Were our modern day languages created out of a singled shared language or did each separate group express themselves in different ways that lead to multiple languages today?

This simile takes up the theme suggested by the previous figurative device; here, though, the horse serves as the power source and walks in a tight radius around a central grinding apparatus in which raw cane is pushed in from the top lengthwise and the pressed out juice is collected in a tub. Likening Janie now to a beast of burden accentuates the suggestion that she has been taken advantage of ("worked") by Tea Cake.

The personification of the train serves to suggest that Janie, in following her heart--leaving Eatonville and marrying Tea Cake--is in touch with her self, her humanity, for the first time in her life.

The implied metaphor relates to pugilism. tenor: permitted Janie to see an expression that revealed his interest in her vehicle: a punch ground: a blow delivered with enough force to knock a fighter unconscious

Hilarious country euphemism/implied metaphor: tenor: Ike Green vehicle: an old, incontinent person ground: one who lacks fundamental control of bodily functions and is therefore rendered helplessly childlike.

An interesting and evocative image and implied metaphor. The tenor is Janie's willingness to be vulnerable, emotionally and physically, with Joe; the vehicle is a flower; the ground, is a living thing's natural inclination (you could say the biological imperative) for making available its innermost self, its essence, in order to foster growth and/or reproduction. The implied image of the woman's labia as the petals of a flower is relatively obvious.

Two implied metaphors in quick succession: tenor: choose a position (here, in a debate) vehicle: crawl up in a hollow (as in the mountains) ground: a narrow and protected position that is well-guarded but is nonetheless difficult to retreat from tenor: effectively refute Sam's argumentative position vehicle: smoke you right out ground: to force an animal (or person) from a protected position by denying access to oxygen and thereby threatening their life

The implied metaphor relates to bringing up water from a well; here, the suggestion is that the verbal irony exhibited in the tone of whomever opens a remark with "Our beloved mayor," invited anyone in the vicinity to gather (as around a well, water being the primary source of life sustenance in any community) and speak ill of Jody.

人名用漢字（じんめいよう・かんじ）literally means "person's-name-use kanji" or "kanji for use in peoples' names."

Kanji have been added and (re)moved from the list several times throughout its history. See the page Wikipedia: Jinmeiyoo Kanji

常用（じょうよう）漢字（かんじ）means "daily use" kanji.

wiki etc etc no spoilers

"Tavros" is Greek for "bull" and is also the Modern Greek pronunciation of the name "Taurus." His name resembles that of the Doctor Who villain Davros, the wheelchair-bound creator of the Daleks [...] "Nitram" is "Martin" written backwards. There are two possible connections for this. Operation Taurus was the name of a planned prosecution by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) against Martin McGuinness, and Mary Martin played Peter Pan in the 1954 musical.

http://mspaintadventures.wikia.com/wiki/Tavros_Nitram

and he's named with two 's' sounds.

from apiary, beehive, unsurprisingly

yall know the drill by now

Sollux rather transparently divides into "sol-lux", the Latin words for "sun" and "light", respectively. As such, his name would literally mean 'Sunlight Catcher'.

If one would switch the S and P in his name it becomes "Pollux Castor." Pollux and Castor are the two brightest stars in the constellation of Gemini. It is also worth noting that Pollux is a red giant, while Castor is bluish white, complementing the red/blue duality theme. Castor and Pollux were famous mythological twins, which is where Gemini - Latin for "twins" - gets its name. Pollux and Castor were also the names of two characters in the movie Face/Off, a Nicolas Cage flick that came out the same year as Con Air and one that John Egbert has a poster of in his room.

http://mspaintadventures.wikia.com/wiki/Sollux_Captor

Language teaching career

CS 252r: Advanced Topics in Programming Languages by Stephen Chong

p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs3853248)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs22334693)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs9340799)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs9397456)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs1801132)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs2179922)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs932477)
p(HGNC:ESR1) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs9341016)

a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs3853248)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs22334693)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs9340799)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs9397456)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs1801132)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs2179922)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs932477)
a(NIFT:"Clinical dementia rating") pos g(dbSNP:rs9341016)

g(dbSNP:rs1868402) cnc a(CTO:"Clinical_Dementia_Rating_Scale-sum_of_boxes")
g(dbSNP:rs3785883) cnc a(CTO:"Clinical_Dementia_Rating_Scale-sum_of_boxes")
composite(g(dbSNP:rs1868402),g(dbSNP:rs3785883)) pos a(CTO:"Clinical_Dementia_Rating_Scale-sum_of_boxes")

The combination of these theories together has provided us with significant information on how we learn to talk and develop language