Total global 240GHG emissions were 55.1± 5.1 GtCO2e in 2023. Of this total, CO2-FFI contributed 37.8 ± 3.0 GtCO2, CO2-LULUCF 241contributed 3.6 ± 2.5 GtCO2, CH4contributed 9.2 ± 2.7 GtCO2e, N2O contributed 2.9 ± 1.7 GtCO2e and F-gas 242emissions contributed 1.6 ± 0.5 GtCO2e.

later sold to out-of-state investors who rented them to anyone, including those involved in the production of methamphetamine. The neighborhood became contaminated with folk-meth production, and the city was dubbed the meth capital of Indiana.

"opioid savings cards" to encourage patients to stay on the drug longer, which led to increased sales and profits. Purdue's sales reps were rewarded with bonuses for generating more prescriptions, and the company's executives had no incentive to question excessive sales.

Jin's operation was based in China, and he used encrypted communications and cryptocurrencies to conduct his business. The investigation involved a team of agents from various federal agencies, including the DEA, FBI, and IRS, who worked together to gather evidence and track down Jin's associates in the US. One of these associates, Bin Wang, was arrested in 2017 and later sentenced to six years in prison. The team discovered that Jin was using a company in Tonga to ship his packages, and that he was offering a wide range of synthetic opioids, including carfentanil and U-48800. As the investigation continued, the team found that Jin's operation was linked to numerous death cases across the US, and that he was using his websites to sell drugs to customers in the US. The team eventually identified Jin as Fujing Zheng, a 35-year-old man from Shanghai, and his father, Guanghua Zheng, who was 62. The Zhengs were found to be operating a sophisticated online drug trafficking operation, using encrypted communications and cryptocurrencies to conduct their business. Despite the evidence gathered, the Chinese government refused to extradite the Zhengs to the US, citing a lack of evidence. The US government eventually indicted the Zhengs and shut down their websites, but they remain at large in China. The investigation highlighted the challenges of combating online drug trafficking, particularly when it involves foreign nationals and jurisdictions.

Leroy Steele, a local drug dealer, who had been purchasing fentanyl from a Chinese chemical company using the alias Gordon Jin. Detectives found emails and phone records showing Steele's communication with Jin, who was advertising fentanyl and other illegal drugs on the open internet. The detectives ordered fentanyl from Jin as part of their investigation, which was delivered to them in the mail.

Bryan Stalnaker, had worked for Steele and Robinson, performing odd jobs in exchange for dope and serving as a "tester" for new batches of fentanyl.

Steele's involvement in the drug trade, including protein powder, baby formula, and powdered sugar used to mix with fentanyl, as well as a tub containing Magic Bullet blenders used to mix the drug.

Magic Bullet was often found alongside other blenders and coffee grinders. The ease of access to the Magic Bullet, which was widely available at stores like Target and Walmart for $29.95, made it an attractive tool for amateur mixers.

amateur mixing of fentanyl, often using household blenders like the Magic Bullet, was leading to inconsistent and often deadly doses, highlighting the "failure of content uniformity" on a national scale.

n 2006, a fentanyl outbreak in the US was linked to a Mexican company called Distribuidora Talios, which was raided and shut down, ending the outbreak. The mastermind behind the operation, Ricardo Valdez-Torres, also known as El Cerebro, was arrested and revealed to have a background in business and a history of cooking fentanyl.

Valdez-Torres began producing fentanyl instead, creating a batch of ten kilos. He warned the cartel that the fentanyl needed to be diluted 50:1 to avoid killing users, but this warning was not heeded by street dealers. The fentanyl was sold as heroin, leading to many overdoses and deaths. The case was investigated by Ryan Rapaszky, who later saw the connection between this incident and the rising opioid epidemic in the US.

unknown author named Siegfried, which describes a method for making fentanyl. This method, known as the Siegfried method, was later used by underground chemists to produce the drug. Fentanyl had benefits in medicine, but it also had a darker side, as it could be produced in a laboratory and replaced heroin, generating significant profits with minimal risk. The story then shifts to Dr. Michael Rhodes, a pain doctor in Tennessee, who was prescribing large amounts of OxyContin, a narcotic painkiller made by Purdue Pharma.

Janssen's work on fentanyl and its analogues has had a significant impact on the medical field, but also raises concerns about the potential for abuse and addiction.

Janssen's most notable invention was fentanyl, a powerful painkiller that changed surgical anesthesia. He also synthesized fentanyl analogues, which were molecularly similar to fentanyl but tweaked to be considered separate drugs.

As a result, meth lab seizures decreased, and the cooks and workers from Apatzingán returned to Mexico. The Mexican traffickers then shifted their focus to producing meth in Mexico, taking advantage of the country's access to world chemical markets and compromised authorities. This led to the creation of the modern Mexican meth trade, with traffickers controlling production from raw materials to finished product.

mporting ephedrine from Mexico, setting up labs in California and teaching others how to cook meth.

Methamphetamine was initially produced by biker gangs in the US, but a new recipe using ephedrine was rediscovered in the 1980s. This method was easier and allowed for mass production, democratizing methamphetamine. Donald Stenger, a middle-class, organized individual, played a significant role in popularizing this method. He was eventually caught and died in 1988, but his innovation led to San Diego becoming a major meth production hub.

Mexico's first traffickers were peasant farmers who grew drugs to make a living, but they eventually abandoned their traditional crops to focus on drug trafficking.

realized that this was why overdoses were exploding in Chicago and other cities.

The traffickers invested in the lab, but when they realized the profit potential of fentanyl, they killed Montoya, seized the lab, and took control. This marked a shift in drug trafficking, with the Sinaloa cartel discovering fentanyl and wanting more of it. The lab had enough ingredients to produce sixty kilos of fentanyl, which could lead to millions of street doses.

The project, known as "the Project," is led by a chemist known as "the Brain," who is producing fentanyl, a painkiller that is far more powerful than morphine. The fentanyl is being manufactured in a lab in Mexico and is being sold on the streets of Chicago, leading to a rash of overdoses and deaths. Rapaszky's investigation leads him to uncover the truth about the Project and the Sinaloan traffickers' involvement in the fentanyl trade.

Forty-one per cent of people globally see climate change as a ‘very serious threat’ to their country

dire warning

Since about 70% of water delivered from the Colorado River goes to growing crops, not to people in cities, the next step will likely be to demand large-scale reductions for farmers and ranchers across millions of acres of land, forcing wrenching choices about which crops to grow and for whom — an omen that many of America’s food-generating regions might ultimately have to shift someplace else as the climate warms.

Table 2.2:

Consistent rates of ice disappearance support scientists’ prediction that the Arctic will be completely devoid of ice by 2040.

‘Truly it would seem as if “Man strews the earth with ruin.”4 But this conclusion is too flattering to human vanity. Man's most permanent memorial is a rubbish-heap, and even that is doomed to be obliterated’ (Sherlock, 1922, p. 343

In 1873, the Italian geologist and priest Antonio Stoppani suggested that our technologies, infrastructures, and patterns of land use had created fundamental changes in Earth’s systems, propelling us into what he called an ‘anthropozoic era’

The right-wing base has a coherent position on climate change: It's a hoax, so we shouldn't do anything about it. The left-wing base has a coherent position: It's happening, so we should do something about it. The "centrist" position, shared by conservative Democrats and the few remaining moderate Republicans, is that it's happening but we shouldn't do anything about it. That's not centrist in any meaningful ideological sense; instead, like most areas of overlap between the parties, it is corporatist.