Tm going to be a musician," he said.
After years of her mother talking about their father’s brother accident. The boy didn’t stop his little brother from becoming a musician
Tm going to be a musician," he said.
After years of her mother talking about their father’s brother accident. The boy didn’t stop his little brother from becoming a musician
d. Everyone is looking at something a child can'tsee. For a minute they've forgotten the children. Maybe a kidis lying on the rug, half asleep.
Why is the parents will forgot their child? Is the author is telling us something?
112stony, lifeless elegance of hotels and apartment buildings,toward the vivid, killing streets of our childhood. These streetshadn't changed, though housing projects jutted up out of themnow like rocks in the middle of a boiling sea. Most
I think this sentence is quite touching, because I have this feeling before.
You're pretty goddamnsmart, I bet."Then he looked directly at me, just for a minute. "I ain'tsmart," he said. "If I was smart, I'd have reached for a pistol along time ago."
It’s ironic that Sonny got arrested, while the drifter was fine.
Tm surprised at Sonny, though
It seems like he didn’t know exactly what happened to Sonny.
That's right.
I’m curious about why the man would do that. Was he kicking Sonny when he’s down?
He mustwant to die, he 's killing himself, why does he want to die?"He looked at me in surprise. He licked his lips. "He don 'twant to die. He wants to live. Don't nobody want to die,ever.
I thought Sonny was destroying himself because he wanted to die, but this line shows the opposite. It’s shocking that even through self-destruction, Sonny is still fighting to live.
For, whilethe tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and howwe may triumph is never new, it always must be heard.
It’s troubling because it reminds us that suffering never disappears; people keep reliving pain through their own stories. The line suggests a cycle that’s hard to break.
Sonny's fingers filled the air with life, his life. But that lifecontained so many others.
It’s surprising how the narrator realizes that Sonny’s music expresses not only his own pain but the shared suffering of others. This shows a moment of understanding and connection between the brothers.
But now, abruptly, I hated him. I couldn't stand the way helooked at me, partly like a dog, partly like a cunning child. Iwanted to ask him what the hell he was doing in the schoolcourtyard.
Interesting because the narrator’s sudden hatred isn’t really about the boy but his own fear and guilt about Sonny, showing how deeply conflicted he feels inside.
Andthank God she was there, for I was filled with that icy dreadagain. Everything I did seemed awkward to me, and every-thing I said sounded freighted with hidden meaning. I wastrying to remember everything I'd heard about dope addictionand I couldn't help watching Sonny for signs. I wasn't doing itout of malice. I was trying to find out something about mybrother. I was dying to hear him tell me he was safe.
From this passage we can see the narrator keeps looking after his brother for fear of him being trapped by drugs again ;the theme of the obligation toward brotherly love.
Creolebegan to tell us what the blues were all about. They were notabout anything very new.
When Creole says that ' blues weren't anything new' ,is it because the music they play all derived from their past feelings and emotions? or is it telling us that sonny's expressing his life? ( But I think both are things he wanted to tell us)
And he was giving it back, as every-thing must be given back, so that, passing through death, itcan live forever. I saw my mother's face again, and felt, for thefirst time, how the stones of the road she had walked on musthave bruised her feet. I saw the moonlit road where my fa-ther's brother died. And it brought something else back to me,and carried me past it, I saw my little girl again and feltIsabel's tears again, and I felt my own tears begin to rise.
the narrator's reaction to Sonny's music shows howdleeply it moves him. I think it's also a turning point where he finally begins to understand Sonny.
'1 couldn't tell you when Mama died-but the reason I wantedto leave Harlem so bad was to get away from drugs. And then,when I ran away, that's what I was running from-really.When I came back, nothing had changed, I hadn't changed, Iwas just-older." And he stopped, drumming with his fingerson the windowpane. The sun had vanished, soon darknesswould fall. I watched his face. "It can come again," he said,almost as though speaking to himself. Then he turned to me."It can come again," he repeated. "I just want you to knowthat.""All right," I said, at last. "So it can come again, All right."He smiled, but the smile was sorrowful. "I had to try to tellyou," he said.
It shows how trapped he felt by his environment. Harlem represents pain , poverty , and a cycle he wants to escape. This highlights a main theme of the story - how hard it is to break free from suffering.
"Imean, I'll have a lot of studying to do, and I'll have to studyeverything, but, I mean, I want to play with-jazz musicians."He stopped. "I want to play jazz," he said.
It's clear that Black people have a really deep connection with music, and jazz is a big part of Black culture. This idea plays a significant role in Sonny's Blues, highlights how music becomes a way to deal with pain and as a form of expression.
"You got to hold on to your brother,"she said, and don't let him fall, no matter what it looks likeis happ~ning to him and no matter how evil you gets with him.You gomg to be evil with him many a time. But don't youforget what I told you, you hear?"
The narrator's mother, by charging him watching over Sonny, is asking him to serve as his brother's keeper. Another passage about the obligation toward brotherly love.
The way I always see her isthe way she used to be on a Sunday afternoon, say, when th eold folks were talking after the big Sunday dinner. I always seeher wearing pale blue. She'd be sitting on the sofa. And myfather would be sitting in the easy chair, not far from her. Andthe living room would be full of church folks and relative s.
'Sunday dinner' and 'church' are strongly associate with the Black culture in the US, representing a traditional rooted in the resilience of African Americans during and after slavery.
"why does he want to die? He mustwant to die, he 's killing himself, why does he want to die?"He looked at me in surprise. He licked his lips. "He don 'twant to die. He wants to live. Don't nobody want to die,ever."
The speaker, as someone who has tried heroin before , must have a remarkably stable mind to avoid being controlled by the drug. I strongly agree with the line,'He wants to live. Don't nobody want to die, ever.' It reveals the underlying reason why many people become addicted; they long to escape a reality that they cannot bare living.
A teacher passed through themevery now and again, quickly, as though he or she couldn'twait to get out of that courtyard, to get those boys out of theirsight and off their minds.
I think ' a teacher ' might refer to the narrator himself; otherwise , why is it every ' now and again'?
These boys, now, were living as we'd been living then, theywere growing up with a rush and their heads bumped abruptlyagainst the low ceiling of their actual possibilities. They werefilled with rage. All they really knew were two darknesses, thedarkness of their lives, which was now closing in on them, andthe darkness of the movies, which had blinded them to thatother darkness, and in which they now, vindictively, dreamed,at once more together than they were at any other time, andmore alone.
I don't think that only boys at that age would be on drugs. Girls might tool. Also, I quite like the way that the narrator describes addictive products as 'darkness' and something they 'dreamed' - it's truly a kind of lust.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2025.06.015
Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-050916-14,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-050916-14)
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Am 14.05.2025 kündigte die NGO Milieudefensie eine neue Klimaklage gegen Shell an, um die Inbetriebnahme von 700 geplanten Öl- und Gasfeldern zu verhindern. Die Emissionen dieser Felder würden 5,2 Milliarden Tonnen CO₂ betragen, etwa 36 Mal so viel wie die der Niederlande. Eine Studie zeigt, dass Shells Emissionen weiterhin steigen. Seit 2021 hat Shell Investitionen in 32 neue Öl- und Gasfelder beschlossen. Ein Gerichtsurteil von 2021 verlangte von Shell eine Reduzierung der Emissionen um 45 % bis 2030, doch ein Berufungsurteil von 2024 hob diese konkrete Vorgabe auf. Shell hat vier Wochen Zeit, auf die neue Klage zu reagieren. [Zusammenfassung mit Mistral generiert] https://taz.de/Neue-Klimaklage-in-den-Niederlanden/!6087879/
Am 14.05.2025 zeigte eine französische Studie mit 15.000 Teilnehmern, dass Männer 26 % mehr Treibhausgase ausstoßen als Frauen, hauptsächlich durch höheren Fleischkonsum und Autonutzung. Nach Kontrolle sozioökonomischer Faktoren beträgt der Unterschied 18 %. Der Konsum von rotem Fleisch und das Autofahren erklären fast den gesamten verbleibenden Unterschied von 6,5-9,5 %. Traditionelle Geschlechternormen, die Männlichkeit mit Fleischkonsum und Autofahren verbinden, spielen eine bedeutende Rolle. Frauen zeigen mehr Besorgnis über die Klimakrise, was zu klimafreundlicherem Verhalten führen könnte. [Zusammenfassung mit Mistral generiert] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/may/14/car-use-and-meat-consumption-drive-emissions-gender-gap-research-suggests
The Complete History of the NPI Number The National Provider Identifier (NPI) is an under-appreciated marvel of the modern healthcare system.
This is a wonderful history of the NPI system.
Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records A Notice by the Health and Human Services Department on 02/14/2018
This is a list of SORNS that are impacted by a privacy change.. and it includes NPPES
Ausführlicher, gut recherchierter und belegter Artikel, der den aktuellen amerikanischen Anspruch auf Grönland in den Zusammenhang des sogenannten Arctic Opening und der extaktivistischen Ausbeutung der Gebiete um die Arktis stellt. Die Schlussfolgerung ist, dass Wirtschaftswachstum, auch Grünes Wachstum, die Souveränität der Inuit und der Sami bedroht. https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2025/03/14/degrowth-is-key-to-respecting-indigenous-rights-in-the-arctic/
Though parents grudge, and you, w'are met, <br /> And cloistered in these living walls of jet.
The speaker tells the listener to forget societal norms and barriers, telling them that they have already met in a sacred place, a reference to the temple or flea. The flea creates a close, private area for the two of them to be free from the view of others.
Der Welt-Electricitätsbedarf wird bis 2027 umjährlich 4% wachsen. Das sagt die ERA in ihrer neuesten Prognose voraus. Bisher war sie von 3,4% ausgegangen. Der wachsende Bedarf lässt sich durch erneuerbare Energien decken. ohne massive zusätzliche Investitionen würde dann aber der Bedarf an Facilenenergien gleich bleiben. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/feb/14/electric-cars-datacentres-new-global-age-of-electricity
Langes Interview mit Hans Joachim Schellnhuber im Standard, under anderem zu Kipppunkten und der Möglichkeit, dass wir uns schon auf dem Weg in ein „neues Klimaregime“ befinden. Schellnhuber geht davon aus, dass auch das 2°-Ziel überschritten werden wird. Der „Königsweg“, um der Atmosphäre danach wieder CO<sub>2</sub> zu entziehen, sei der weltweite Ersatz von Zement durch Holz beim Bauen, den er als Direktor des IIASA vor allem erforschen wolle. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass „noch alles gutgehen" werde, sei gering. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000204635/klimaforscher-schellnhuber-werden-auch-ueber-das-zwei-grad-ziel-hinausschiessen
Shell hat seine Emissionsziele für 2030 reduziert und die Ziele für 2035 gestrichen. Strategische Ziele unter dem neuen CEO Wael Savan sind Erhöhung der Profitabilität, Erhaltung des Ölgeschäfts auf dem bestehenden Niveau und Ausbau des Gasgeschäfts. Shell ist der größte LNG-Händler der Welt. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/shell-loosens-2030-carbon-emissions-target-2024-03-14/
Die OMV und die Adnoc fusionieren ihr petrochemiegeschäft zu dem neuen Konzern Beruf, an dem beide gleiche Anteile halten. Aus dem Artikel geht auch hervor, dass die adnock durch Indizierung ihrer Anteile mit der OMV auch über die österreichische Politik bei der OMV mitbestimmt. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000194416/klimaphaenomen-el-nino-soll-bis-april-zu-hoeheren-temperaturen-beitragen
Aleuts
Describe the Aleut sto us. Where do they live? What is their traditional lifestyle like? How do they live today?
2023 haben Böden und Landpflanzen fast kein CO2 absorbiert. Dieser Kollaps der Landsenken vor allem durch Dürren und Waldbrände wurde in diesem Ausmaß kaum vorausgesehen, und es ist nicht klar, ob auf ihn eine Regeneration folgt. Er stellt Klimamodelle ebenso in Frage wie die meisten nationalen Pläne zum Erreichen von CO2-Neutralität, weil sie auf natürlichen Senken an Land beruhen. Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass die steigenden Temperaturen inzwischen auch die CO2-Aufnahmefähigkeit der Meere schwächen. Überblicksartikel mit Links zu Studien https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/14/nature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe
1:26:14 Marlborough can become a Commons
1:24:14 We can organise our resources such that it can attract the money that regenerates across all types of capital and all types of nature
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.09.008
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https://www.amazon.com/First-Knowledges-Law-Way-Ancestors-ebook/dp/B0C1M8B4HQ
Law: The Way of the Ancestors
Technicians of the Sacred, Third Edition by Jerome Rothenberg
Recommended by Eric Sinclair
Louis Vieux Elm intentionally set on fire by [[The Mercury]]
This photo of the Louis Vieux Elm Tree was taken by Willard Balderson, Wamego, in 1986. The tree stood 90 feet high with a crown spread of 104 feet, and a trunk circumference of 317 inches. For several years the Louis Vieux Elm Tree held the title of U.S. Champion. The estimated age of the elm tree was 300 years and since 1986 succumbed to age, weather, and disease leaving only a stump. In 2011, even the stump, which the Pottawatomie County Historical Society attempted to save, protect and shelter, was burned down, leaving nothing but a pile of ashes.
via https://pob.tauycreek.com/post/35426971069/this-photo-of-the-louis-vieux-elm-tree-was-taken
https://libguides.marist.edu/c.php?g=1314310&p=9677364
Artwork mentioned by Robin Wall Kimmerer in Braiding Sweetgrass.
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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.91429
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Curator: @olekpark
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RRID: ZFIN_ ZDB-ALT-190925–14
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.95980
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Curator: @evieth
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-190925-14
RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-100505-14
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.89516
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Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-100505-14
Temperaturdaten aus der Messung von Baumringen zeigen, dass der Sommer 2023 in den nicht tropischen Gebieten der Nordhalbkugel eindeutig der heißeste Sommer seit mindestens 2000 Jahren war. Einer neuen Studie von forschenden um Jan esper zu Folge lagen die Temperaturen um 2 Grad über dem vorindustriellen Mittel, nicht nur, wie vom europäischen Wetterdienst Kopernikus publiziert, um 1,5 Grad https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000219984/schnellster-co2-anstieg-in-der-luft-seit-50000-jahren
Shell plant nicht mehr, seine Öl-Produktion bis 2030 wenigstens um 1-2% pro Jahr zu reduzieren. Zwischen 2023 und 2035 will die Firma jährlich 40 Milliarden Dollar in die Öl-und Gasproduktion und 10-15 Milliarden in „Low-Carbon“-Produkte investieren. Die Ölproduktion soll bis 2030 stabil bleiben, die Gasproduktion ansteigen. Shell beruft sich auch darauf, dass man 2021 die Anteile an einem Projekt im Permian Basin verkauft und damit die Ölproduktion früher als geplant bereits gedrosselt habe. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/14/shell-drops-target-to-cut-oil-production-as-ceo-guns-for-higher-profits
TotalEnergies plant, 9 Milliarden Dollar in ein fossiles Entwicklungsprojekt in Surinam zu investieren. Ab 2028 sollen dort täglich 200.000 Barrel (insgesamt 700 Millionen) gefördert werden. TotalEnergies hat auch Verträge über die Ausbeutung weiterer Lagerstätten in der Nähe. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/total-se-lance-dans-un-projet-petrolier-a-9-milliards-de-dollars-au-suriname-20230914_3ZQXYGLVHRBZPG2ZQNUC2O2WLY/
Der französische Konzern TotalEnergies hat einen Report über die Zukunft des Energiesystems publiziert, der radikale Einschränkungen vor allem bei der Ölproduktion fordert. Der Bericht widerspricht der aktuellen Monzernpolitik die auf Expansione beim Öl ausgerichtet ist. https://www.liberation.fr/economie/transition-energetique-totalenergies-pris-en-flagrant-delit-de-contradiction-20231114_WMIQ7ZKDCFD2RM5HQGS24GYARQ/
Shell will die Emissionsintensität seiner Öl-Produkte bis 2030 nur noch um 15-20% statt bisher um 20% reduzieren. Das verfässerte Ziele ist in der jüngsten Version der Energiewende-Strategie des Konzerns enthalten, die einen Teil des Jahresberichts 2023 bildet. Für Gas wurden keine Angaben gemacht. Auch für die absolute Höhe der Emissionen gibt der Fossilkonzern kein Ziel an. Durch neue Projekte wird Shell seine Öl- und Gasproduktion bis 2025 um 500.000 Barrel täglich steigern.
Die extremen Niederschläge der letzten Wochen im französischen Nordwesten, vor allem im Departement Pas-de-Calais, führen auch zu einer Überfüllung der Grundwasserspeicher. Das abfließende Wasser kann zu die Überschwemmungen verlängern, nachdem die Niederschläge aufgehört haben. Erklärender Artikel in der Libération.. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/inondations-dans-le-pas-de-calais-les-nappes-phreatiques-goutte-deau-qui-fait-deborder-la-vase-20231114_LPHYWOAFT5BJNMHJUHWLDG3ZOM/
Das französische Batterien-Startup Verkor hat 2 Milliarden Euro Finanzierung aufgestelltt – ein Rekord in Frankreich. Der Staat subventioniert dabei massiv, um die Abhängigkeit von China zu verringern. Hauptkunde wird Renault sein, das auch mitfinananziert. https://www.liberation.fr/economie/economie-numerique/a-dunkerque-levee-de-fonds-record-pour-la-gigafactory-de-verkor-20230914_C3TFUGVMFBBFLMQHNRFIFZQ3BI/
In den USA führen wachsende Datencenter, die u.a. durch die Industriepolitik steigende Produktion in Fabriken und immer mehr Elektrofahrzeuge zu einem steilen Anstieg des Bedarfs nach Elektrizität. Der zusätzliche Verbrauch wird in fünf Jahren etwa dem jetzigen Kaliforniens entsprechen. Die bestehenden Klimaziele werden dadurch gefährdet. Viele neue Gaskraftwerke werden bereits projektiert, unter anderem, weil die Regulierungen fossile Energien begünstigen. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/13/climate/electric-power-climate-change.html
In den USA besteht seit langem eine Netzwerk, in dem PR-Firmen mit Unternehmen der Fossilindustrie zusammenarbeiten, Dabei werden u.a. durch gefakete Kampagnen und die Gründung von Umweltgruppen die eigentlichen Stakeholder der Desinformation versteckt. In einem Hearing eines Unterausschusses des Repräsentantenhauses wurden die Praktiken von PR-Firmen aufgedeckt. https://www.desmog.com/2022/09/14/house-committee-pr-climate-disinformation/
Verantwortliche der großen US-Fossilunternehmen haben vertraulich die öffentlichen Statements der Firmen zur Dekarbonisierung relativiert und in ihrer Öffentlichkeitsarbeit gegen die von ihnen selbst offiziell vertretene Politik agiert. Das geht aus Dokumenten hervor, deren Herausgabe der Ausschuss des Repräsentantenhauses für Oversight und Reform erzwungen hatte. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/climate/oil-industry-documents-disinformation.html
In der taz formuliert Sara Schurma 7 Schritte zu einer adäquaten Klimaberichterstattung:
Ihr Artikel gehört zu einem „Schwerpunkt Klima und Medien“. https://taz.de/7-Schritte-fuer-Redaktionen/!5956911/
Amy Westervelt und Kyle Pope fassen kurz und treffend die wichtigsten Desinformationstaktiken der Fossilindustrie zusammen: - Fossilindustrie als Garantin der Energiesicherheit - Gegensatz von Wirtschaft und Umwelt - Verbraucher:innen brauchen fossile Energien für ihren Lebensstandard - Fossilindustrien sind Teil der Lösung, nicht des Problems - Fossilindustrien als Wohltäterinnen und Sponsorinnen.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/14/climate-disinformation-explainer
Eine neue Studie beschäftigt sich mit der zunehmenden Frequenz der Aufeinanderfolge extremer Trockenheit und extremer Niederschläge in Pakistan und in vielen afrikanischen Ländern. Ähnliche Phänomene lassen sich in Norditalien feststellen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/14/extreme-drought-in-northern-italy-mirrors-climate-in-ethiopia
Der Standard fasst mehrere Studien zum zur Verringerung der Schneedecke durch die globale Erhitzung in den Alpen und auch in anderen Gebirgszonen der Welt zusammen.
Österreich hat 2023 22% weniger Gas verbraucht als 2021. ür die Hälfte dieser Einsparungen sind die hohen Temperaturen verantwortlich. Rechnet man auch den – teilweise wetterbdingten – höheren Anteil der der Erneuerbaren an der Stromproduktion heraus, liegt die Einsparung nur bei 4,5%, in den letzten Monaten noch deutlich darunter. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000207212/echte-einsparung-oder-einfach-wetterglueck-warum-oesterreich-weniger-gas-verbraucht
Der italienische Energiekonzern Eni will bis 2027 27 Mrd. Euro investieren. Priorität habe dabei die Erhöhung der Rendite. In erneuerbare Energien werde investiert, wenn sie profitable Geschäfte versprächen. Die Originalquelle zeigt: Es wird massiv in die Exploration von Öl-und Gasfeldern und eine Ausweitung der fossilen Produktion investiert, die 2030 ihren Höchststend erreichen soll. https://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2024/03/14/news/eni_il_dividendo_sale_a_1_euro_per_azione_nel_piano_al_2027_investimenti_per_27_miliardi-422310817/
Eni-Strategie 2024-2027: https://www.eni.com/it-IT/investitori/strategia/piano-strategico.html
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DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581649
Resource: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-171010-14
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-171010-14
Ausführlicher Bericht über die neue Studie zum Zustand des Amazonas-Regenwalds. Bis 2050 drohen 10-47% einen Kipppunkt zu erreichen, jenseits dessen sie ihre jetzigen Funktionen für Kohlenstoff- und Wasser Zyklen verloren. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit 5 Treibern für Wasser-Stress. Um den Regenwald sicher zu erhalten, ist der Verzicht auf jede weitere Entwaldung und das Einhalten der 1,5°-Grenze nötig. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/14/amazon-rainforest-could-reach-tipping-point-by-2050-scientists-warn
Eine Studie des Forums Ökologisch-Soziale Marktwirtschaft und des Ökoinstituts fordert, dass sich Deutschland besser auf die kommende Ausweitung des EU-Emissionshandels auf Tanke und Heizen einstellt, den geltenden CO<sub>2</sub>-Preis erhöht und zugleich Maßnahmen zur sozialen Abfederung wie das Klimageld umsetzt. https://taz.de/Europaeischer-Emissionshandel/!5992314/
Studie: https://foes.de/publikationen/2024/2024-02_KAD_ETS2-KSF.pdf
Nigeria investiert große Summen in die schon länger geplante Trans-Sahara Pipeline. Ob sie je zum Transport von Gas bis zum Mittelmeer gebraucht werden wird, ist allerdings unklar, da Europa seinen Gasbedarf größtenteils durch LNG deckt und ihn voraussichtlich schnell reduzieren wird.https://www.climatechangenews.com/2024/02/14/problems-mount-for-sahara-gas-pipeline-leaving-nigerian-taxpayers-at-risk/
Similar to hackmd and etherpad... perhaps related to them genealogically?
Conflict-free Replicated Data Type (CRDT) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type
Edelmann PR hat 2022 intensiv mit der Charles Koch Foundation zusammengearbeitet. Edelmann PR, der weltgrößte PR-Konzerne, hatte sich wiederholt verpflichtet, Klimaneugnung nicht zu unterstützen. Die Koch-Brüder, ein wichtiger Teil der amerikanischen Fossilindustrie förderten und fördern seit Jahrzehnten Klimarleugnung. Es gibt Hinweise auf weitere Verbindungen von Edelman zu Koch Industries. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/14/edelman-charles-koch-foundation-climate
Zur PR für die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate während der COP28 trugen Prominente Influencer: innen bei, die fast alle ihre Auftraggeber nicht nannten. Einige von ihnen erklärten später, die Seiten zum Greenwashing der Emirate missbraucht worden. https://www.desmog.com/2023/12/14/instagram-influencers-paid-to-boost-uaes-climate-credential-over-cop28/
ticle R. 511-14 du code de l’éducation
Hitzebedingte Todesfälle bei über 65-Jährigen haben seit den 90ern um 85% zugenommen. Senior:innen sind – wie kleine Kinder – zweimal soviel Hitzewellen-Tagen ausgesetzt wie 1986-2005. Extreme Hitze führte 2022 zu Produktivitätsverlusten von ca. 863 Milliarden USD. Alle Indikatoren für öffentliche Gesundheit haben sich in den letzten 9 Jahren verschlechtert. – Die NYT stellt den 2023 Report des Lancet Countdown ausführlich dar. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/climate/climate-change-health-effects-lancet.html
Mehr zum Rreport: https://hypothes.is/search?q=tag%3A%222023%20report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20on%20health%20and%20climate%20change%22
Vor der Apec-Konferenz haben China und die USA "statements of cooperation" veröffentlicht, die als positive Signale für eine Zusammenarbeit beim Klimaschutz gewertet werden, auch wenn China nicht auf Investitionen in Kohlekraftwerke verzichtet. Beide Seiten wollen die Kapazität bei Erneuerbaren bis 2030 global verdreifachen. Erstmals ist China bereits, Reduktionsziele für alle Treibhausgase festzulegen. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/climate/us-china-climate-agreement.html
Sunnylands Statement on Enhancing Cooperation to Address the Climate Crisis: https://www.state.gov/sunnylands-statement-on-enhancing-cooperation-to-address-the-climate-crisis/
Der State of Climate Action Report 2023 zeichnet ein vernichtendes Bild von den Bemühungen, die Pariser Klimaziele zu erreichen. Der Kohleausstieg müsste 7 Mal schneller erfolgen, die Entwaldung 4 Mal schneller gestoppt werden. Außer dem Wachstum bei elektrischen Autos gibt es keinen Parameter, der dem Pariser Abkommen ansatzweise entspricht. 2023 erreichten die fossilen Subventionen nach der Invasion der Ukraine ein Zehnjahreshoch. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/14/world-behind-on-almost-every-policy-required-to-cut-carbon-emissions-research-finds
Die Deutsche Umwelthilfe will durch eine Klage erreichen, dass Mercedes spätestens ab 2030 keine Verbrenner mehr verkaufen darf. Gleichzeitig klagt die Organisation auch gegen BMW und den Gaskonzern WinterShall Dea. Https://taz.de/Umwelthilfe-zieht-Mercedes-vor-Gericht/!5969656/
Die deutsche Bundesregierung unterstützt Siemens Energy mit einer Bürgschaft von 7,5 Milliarden Euro. Siemens Energy leidet unter Milliarden Verlusten des für Windkraft zuständigen Konzernteils Siemens Gamesa. https://taz.de/75-Milliarden-Euro-Buergschaft/!5973113/
behaviorist approach
If your school using PBIS, it is very much based on behaviorism
14. Incentives
Incentives = rewards?
Die Stadt Paris hat zum ersten Mal mit Einwohner:innen und Medien eine Hitzewelle mit Temperaturen bis zu 50 Grad simuliert in den nächsten Wochen soll eine neue Version des Pariser Klimaplans publiziert werden. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/exercice-de-simulation-bienvenue-a-paris-en-2032-sous-50-c-20231014_YZNQTOTVHZFSJEF3NBTLI5ME5A/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita
During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law).
The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: שמיטה, literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shǝvi'it (שביעית, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism.
There are several occasions where the massebah is not associated with pagan worship. When the massebah is associated with the worship of Yahweh, the massebah is accepted as a valid expression of commitment to Yahweh.
Massebah for pagan worship: - Exodus 23:24 (https://hypothes.is/a/r3m5QmyDEe6SC8eLYcJE1Q) - Hosea 10:1 (https://hypothes.is/a/4PK2GGyDEe6wZg_r2YpVCA ) - 2 Kings 18:4 - 2 Kings 23:14
Massebah for worship of Yahweh: - Genesis 28:18 Jacob's pillow (https://hypothes.is/a/NF5p8Gx6Ee65Rg_J4tfaMQ)<br /> - Genesis 31:44-45 Jacob and Laban's covenant - Exodus 24:4 - Joshua 24:25-27
in violation of the demands of the covenant, the people of Israel erected sacred stones dedicated to other gods (Hosea 10:1). In their religious reforms, both Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:4) and Josiah (2 Kings 23:14) destroyed the sacred pillars which the people of Israel had dedicated to the worship of Baal.
During the establishment of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel, the people were commanded to destroy the sacred stones of the Canaanites, “You must demolish them and break their sacred stones (masseboth) to pieces” (Exodus 23:24).
In neighboring cultures in which both have oral practices relating to massebah, one is not just destroying "sacred stones" to stamp out their religion, but it's also destroying their culture and cultural memory as well as likely their laws and other valuable memories for the function of their society.
View this in light also of the people of Israel keeping their own sacred stones (Hosea 10:1) as well as the destruction of pillars dedicated to Baal in 2 Kings 18:4 and 2 Kings 23:14.
(Link and) Compare this to the British fencing off the land in Australia and thereby destroying Songlines and access to them and the impact this had on Indigenous Australians.
It's also somewhat similar to the colonialization activity of stamping out of Indigenous Americans and First Nations' language in North America, though the decimation of their language wasn't viewed in as reciprocal way as it might be viewed now. (Did colonizers of the time know about the tremendous damage of language destruction, or was it just a power over function?)
Saul used a large stone to build an altar to Yahweh (1 Samuel 14:35).
Ein Panel von Experten spricht sich in einem Bericht nachdrücklich für ein Moratorium für Geo-Engineering-Maßnahmen aus, die das Klima manipulieren sollen, Die vom früheren WTO-Chef Pascal Lamy geleitetete Climate Overshoot Commission stellt fest, dass die Wirkungen und Risiken solcher Maßnahmen bei weitem nicht ausreichend erforscht sind. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/14/experts-call-for-global-moratorium-on-efforts-to-geoengineer-climate
Report der Climate overshoot Commission: https://www.overshootcommission.org/report
Das europäische Parlament hat neue Grenzwerte für die Emissionen von Flugbenzin beschlossen. Eine Anpassung an die strengeren Werte der Weltgesundheitsorganisation soll auf Druck von Kritiker:innen im Parlament erst 2030-35 erfolgen. 2050 sollen 70% der Flugzeugtreibstoffe in der EU „nachhaltig“ sein. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/14/news/ue_limiti_inquinamento_aria_biocarburanti_aerei-414423165/
Die Veränderungen des Klimas und der Verlust ihres Lebensraums bedohen die europäischen Hummelarten. Bis zu 75% der Arten sind in pessimistischen Szenarein in den kommende 40-60% Jahren gefährdet. Hummeln spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Bestäubung von 90% der Wildpflanzeen und bei vielen Kulturpflanzen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/14/news/bombi_europa_insetti_declino_specie-414449398/
Durch die ausgedehnten Waldbrände haben die brandbedingten Treibhausgasemissionen in Kanada 2023 mit 410 Megatonnen ein Allzeithoch erreicht. Der zweithöchste Wert waren 138 Megatonnen 2014. Besonders hoch waren die Emissionen durch Waldbrände auch in Griechenland, Spanien und Portugal. Die Werte werden vom EU-Programm Copernicus erhoben. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/14/news/incendi_copernicus_emissioni_co2_2023_record_canada-414437862/
Copernicus-Bericht: https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/copernicus-record-breaking-wildfires-throughout-2023-boreal-wildfire-season
Korallen und andere Lebewesen im Mittelmeer sind sowohl von der Erhitzung des Wassers wie vom weiter wachsenden Tourismus bedroht. Die Rebubblica berichtet über Bruno Borelli, der sich um den Schutz des Meeres-Reservats bei Portofino kümmert. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/14/news/bruno_borelli_progetto_ecoefishent_recupero_reti_abbandonate-412745102/
Spiral Dynamics (SD) is a model of the evolutionary development of individuals, organizations, and societies. It was initially developed by Don Edward Beck and Christopher Cowan based on the emergent cyclical theory of Clare W. Graves, combined with memetics as proposed by Richard Dawkins and further developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Dynamics
related to ideas I've had with respect to Werner R. Loewenstein?
Die Hochseefischerei hat 2018-2022 um 8,5% zugenommen. In den Gebieten , die dem neuen Internationalen Meeresschutzabkommen zu Folge unter Schutz gestellt werden sollen, steigerte sie sich sogar um 22%, wie eine neue Studie von Greenpeace darstellt.Greenpeace begründet mit der Studie die Forderung, den Meeresschutzvertrag schnellstmöglich umzusetzen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/14/news/pesca_overfishing_trattato_oceani_greenpeace-414483446/
Greenpeace-Bericht: https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-italy-stateless/2023/09/bca4703b-30x30-from-got-to-protection-at-sea-full-report.pdf
https://lacountylibrary.libnet.info/event/9097350
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMF37TXAV5w
Presenter Lawrence Mak broke down types of notes into the following three categories:<br /> - general notes (projects, ideas, journals, recipes, budgeting, homework, etc.)<br /> - lists (groceries, reading, gifts, to dos, assignments) - reminders (birthdays, bills, maintenance, health)
In 1904, he made his move (Goodell 2012, 23–5).
Ordained when he was ~14.
Tutubox installation guide for iPhone and iPad Method 1 – install Tutubox directly to the device As the first step, you need to clear the cache and history in your Safari browser by navigating to the Safari settings.Now you need to go to the general settings and make sure that there are no certificates available in the certificate list.Then go to Wi-Fi settings and then you need to click configure the proxy. Under the configure proxy you need to paste this URL http://ffapple.com in the automatic field. Turn off Wi-Fi for about 10 seconds and enable it again and check if your proxy is still enabled, if not just go and enable it.The next step is to get the latest Tutubox version to your iDevice. You can use the official Tutubox website (tutubox.io). Visit this website from your Safari browser and then download Tutubx iOS for your device and install it.When the installation process is done, you need to go to Settings, General, Device manager, and then click the certificate and trust it. If you do not do this step, you will get a notification when you are trying to open Tutubox that says the term Untrusted Enterprise Developer.Now you have successfully installed the Tutubox latest version on your iPhone or iPad. You are good to go with installing apps, games, and other tools with Tutubox.
Get Tutubox iOS 16 for installing the latest tweaks for iPhones and iPad for free
Artykuł przedstawia historię idei Memeksu, autorstwa Vannevara Busha. Autor przedstawia także informacje na temat różnych wydań jego tekstu na ten temat.
W tekście znajdują się także informacje na temat maszyny Rapid Selector, autorstwa Ralpha R. Shawa, powstałej na tym, co pisał Emmanuel Goldberg, który z kolei inspirował się pracą Busha.
RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-171010-14
DOI: 10.1242/dev.198408
Resource: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-171010-14
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-171010-14
L'autorité académique peut-elle suspendre l'application d'une délibération du conseil d'administration d'un EPLE ? Non, l'article L.421-14 du code de l'éducation prévoit que l'autorité académique peut prononcer l'annulation des actes des EPLE relatifs au contenu ou à l'organisation de l'action éducatrice. En revanche, dans une décision du 26 octobre 2007, le tribunal administratif de Grenoble rappelle que « le pouvoir de suspension de ces actes n'est pas prévu expressément par les dispositions [...] du code de l'éducation »
DICER1 syndrome encompasses a variety of benign and malignant manifestations including multinodular goitre
Gene: DICER1 PMCID: PMC8451242 PMID: 34552563 Pathogenic Inheritance Pattern: Autosomal Dominant MultipleDiseaseEntities Disease Entity: DICER1 syndrome, multinodular goitre, cystic nephroma, anaplastic renal sarcoma, Wilms tumour, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, gynandroblastoma, ciliary body medulloepithelioma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, pineoblastoma, pituitary blastoma, kidney cyst, pulmonary cyst, Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor. Mutation: Germline MultipleGeneVariants Variant & Clinvar IDs: c.3452_3453del (485534), c.316del (no ClinVar ID), c.171_172insAC (no ClinVar ID), c.3434del (no ClinVar ID), c.988C>T (933007), c.5388dup (no ClinVar ID) Zygosity: None provided. Case: At time of operation, the goitre patients living in Denmark were ages 21, 12, 21, 8, 14, and 16. Four underwent total thyroidectomies, and two underwent partial thyroidectomies. The patient originally aged 21 previously had a kidney cyst at age 14 and a pulmonary cyst at an unknown age. The patient aged 14 at time of partial thyroidectomy later manifested a Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor at age 15. All six patients were female. CasePresentingHPO: None provided. CasePreviousTesting: thyroidectomy gnomAD: ENSG00000100697.10, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/gene/ENSG00000100697 Mutation Type: Frameshift, Nonsense
ZDB-ALT-050916-14
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104042
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Zebrafish: Tg(kdrl:GFP)s843
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.052
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Curator: @ethanbadger
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RRID:ZDB-ALT-070427-14
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.018
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Curator: @evieth
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ZDB-ALT-070427-14
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0286-16.2017
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Curator: @evieth
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ZDB-ALT-070427-14
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0286-16.2017
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Curator comments: Allele Name: Hu2098 Danio Rerio ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-070427-14
ZDB-ALT-070427-14
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.001
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Curator: @Zeljana_Babic
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ZDB-ALT-170522-14
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.001
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RRID:ZDB-ALT-131122-14
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.038
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RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-050916-14
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.62196
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La composition ainsi que les missions et modalités de pilotage des comités d'éducation à la santé et à la citoyenneté sont détaillées dans la circulaire n°2016-114 du 10 août 2016.
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.01
A total of 84 PALB2 patient-derived missense variants reported in ClinVar, COSMIC, and the PALB2 LOVD database were selected
HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1250C>A p.(Ser417Tyr)
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 41
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: < 0.0001
Approximation: Exact assay result value not reported; value estimated from Figure 6C.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: -31
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 82.22
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.004
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
To this end, 44 missense variants found in breast cancer patients were identified in the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar) and/or selected by literature curation based on their frequency of description or amino acid substitution position in the protein (Supplemental Table S1).
HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.2840T>C p.(Leu947Ser)
Source Data
AssayResult: 117.58
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardErrorMean: 0.81
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
Source Data
AssayResult: 95.02
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 0.08
StandardErrorMean: 0.06
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
We, therefore, analyzed the effect of 48 PALB2 VUS (Fig. 2a, blue) and one synthetic missense variant (p.A1025R) (Fig. 2a, purple)29 on PALB2 function in HR.
HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1676A>G p.(Q559R)
Most Suspected Brugada Syndrome Variants Had (Partial) Loss of Function
AssayResult: 0.9
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 12
StandardErrorMean: 0.6
Comment: This variant had loss of function of peak current (<10% of wildtype), therefore it was considered abnormal (in vitro features consistent with Brugada Syndrome Type 1). (Personal communication: A. Glazer)
we selected 73 previously unstudied variants: 63 suspected Brugada syndrome variants and 10 suspected benign variants
HGVS: NM_198056.2:c.2204C>A p.(Ala735Glu)
RRID:ZDB-ALT-131122-14
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.54491
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RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-001205-14
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53403
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Curator: @scibot
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Supplemental material
AssayResult: 91
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
Comment: See Table S2 for details
Supplemental material
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
Comment: See Table S2 for details
We analysed a total of 82 blood samples derived from 77 individuals (online supplemental table 3). These 77 individuals corresponded either to new index cases suspected to harbour a pathogenic TP53 variant or to relatives of index cases harbouring TP53 variants.
HGVS: NM_000546.5:c.323G>A p.(Gly108Asp)
the caller is a Conduent CH and the Conduent Calls call type should be used for the remainder of the call
The graphs of ground state confinement energy againstsize (radius) for zinc sulfide nanoparticles in Figure 14 showthe dependence of confinement on the size of quantum dots.The result shows that ground state confinement energy is
Las graficas de la energía de confinamiento en su estado fundamental en contra del tamaño (radio) por nanopartículas de sulfato de zinc en la Figura 14 muestran la dependencia de confinamiento en el tamaño de los puntos quánticos. El resultado muestra que el estado fundamental de energía en confinamiento es inversamente proporciona al tamaño (radio). Por lo tanto, cuando uno incrementa su radio (tamaño) la energía de confinamiento decrece pero nunca llega a cero. Eso es, el energía mas baja posible para el punto quántica de muestra no es cero. El confinamiento comienza cuando el radio del punto cuántico de muestra es comparable o del orden del radio exciton de Bohr.
MP14:
Molecular confirmation of Vibrioby 16S rRNA gene s
Statistical Analysis
Low-pH antibody elution buffer
Cytoskeleton extraction buffer (CSE)
Semi dry transfer buffer
GST elution buffer
Ni-NTA elution buffer
Lysis buffer for Ni-NTA and glutathione purification
1X TBST
1X TBS
1X PBS
Composition of buffers and solutions
Injections/or determining MHC-peptide ligand densities
Injections/or determining MHC-peptide ligand densities
SOS PAGE
LV concentration by ultracentrifugation
CaPO4 method
Reagents
Western Blotting
Third Component Rating
The time kinetics of deoxyhemoglobin polymerization were studied in 1.8M, 1.5 and 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.25) respectively as described by Adachi and Asakura (1979a, b) using a Cary 400 spectrophotometer equipped with a Peltier temperature controller. Deoxygenation of the hemoglobin sample was ensured by passing moist gaseous nitrogen over the sample in an airtight cuvette and by addition of sodium dithionite. The polymerization of the resultant deoxyhemoglobin samples was initiated by a temperature jump from 4 to 30 oc within 10 sec and the progress of the reaction was followed by monitoring turbidity changes at 700 nm. The delay time was calculated from the kinetic traces
Kinetics of polymerization
A synthetic peptide (KMMTSKDNLNIDIPS) based on the PfCDPK4 sequence was custom synthesized (Peptron Inc.) and conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin via an additional N terminus cysteine residue. It was used to raise polyclonal antisera against PfCDPK4 in rabbit. First immunization was performed using 1 00 ~g of peptide diluted in PBS and mixed 1: 1 v/v with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CF A). Subsequently, three booster doses of 50 ~g each were given on the 14th, 28t\ 42nd day post first immunization. Blood was collected from animais on 7th, 21 S\ 35th, 49th day. Antibody titers were checked by ELISA using recombinant proteins or ovalbumin conjugated peptides as an antigen. In all cases, pre immune sera from the same rabbit were used as control
Generation of anti-PfCDPK4 antisera
were represented as arbitrary fluorescence units and comparisons were made against the untrea!ed control samples. Exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide to cells was used as a positive control for the assay
he generation of reactive oxygen species in macrophages was detected by fluorimetry using the fluorescent dye CM-H2DCFDA, which can detect hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite anion (5, 6). To perform the assay, THP-1 macrophages were washed and resuspended in serum and phenol-red free RPMI-1640 medium and incubated at room temperature for 30 min in the presence of CM-H2DCFDA at a final concentration of 1 JiM. Subsequently the cells were washed once with fresh media to remove the excess probe and fluorescence measurements were commenced on a spectrofluorimeter (BMG Fluostar Optima) at an excitation of 480 nm and an emission of 520 nm. Appropriate treatments were initiated and time-kinetic measurements were carried out and the values obtained
Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation
1.2% acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) solution to render it anemic. The APH solution wa5 prepared in sterile water and pH was neutralized to 7.0 with 1 M HEPES buffer (pH 7.5). The rabbit was allowed to recover for 5 days, after which it was bled. The blood was collected in a sterile tube, containing an equal volume of prechilled salt solution and the mixture was filtered through a cheese cJoth. Filtrate was centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min. at 4 °C. Supernatant was discarded, the pellet was washed twice with salt solution without heparin and finally, resuspended in equal volume of chilled sterile water. It was kept on ice for a minute and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 20 min. at 4 °C. The supernatant, containing the lysate, was immediately stored in liquid Nitrogen in 0.5 ml aliquots.
The rabbit reticulocyte lysate was prepared as described by Sambrook et al ( 1989). A young male NZW rabbit weighing 2-2.5 Kg was subcutaneously injected for five consecutive days respectively with 2 ml, 1.6 ml, 1.2 ml, 1.6 ml and 2.0 ml of
Preparation of rabbit reticulocyte lysate
with glutamine. Rat-2 and FWIL cells were cultured in IMDM supplemented with glutamine. All media were supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum~ The cells were maintained in a 5 % co2 atmosphere and were split after 72 hours in culture, at a ratio of 1 : 15 approximately. For splitting the adherent cells, the cells were washed once with HBSS and 0.1 % trypsin in PBS added to the cells. The flask was shaken briefly to ensure a uniform distribution of trypsin over the cells. The cells were incubated in trypsin for 1 - 2 minutes after which 2 ml of FCS was added to the cells to inactivate the trypsin. The trypsin was carefully aspirated from the flask and fresh culture medium was added into the flask. The cells were dislodged from the bottom of the flask by gently tapping the flask against the working bench. Alternately, the cells were resuspended by vigorous pipetting up and down of the medium. The cells were centrifuged at 1500g for 5 minutes at room temperature and the supernate was discarded aseptically. The cells were resuspended in a known volume of fresh culture medium, an aliquot counted on a haemocytometer, and then accordingly seeded at the desired density in a fresh flask. For long term storage, the cells were frozen in a mixture of 95 ~ 0 culture medium and 5 ~ 0 DMSO in liquid nitrogen.
eHO-Kl cells were cultured in Ham s F-12 med1a. NIH3T3, mouse LMtk-and HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented
Growth and maintenance of cell lines.