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  1. Nov 2025
    1. Regular Expressions Notepad++ regular expressions (“regex”) use the Boost regular expression library v1.85 (as of NPP v8.6.6), which was originally based on PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expression) syntax, only departing from it in very minor ways. Complete documentation on the precise implementation is to be found on the Boost pages for search syntax and replacement syntax. (Some users have misunderstood this paragraph to mean that they can use one of the regex-explainer websites that accepts PCRE and expect anything that works there to also work in Notepad++; this is not accurate. There are many different “PCRE” implimentations, and Boost itself does not claim to be “PCRE”, though both Boost and PCRE variants have the same origins in an early version of Perl’s regex engine. If your regex-explainer does not claim to use the same Boost engine as Notepad++ uses, there will be differences between the results from your chosen website and the results that Notepad++ gives.) The Notepad++ Community has a FAQ on other resources for regular expressions. Note: Regular expression “backward” search is disallowed due to sometimes surprising results. (For example, in the text to the test they travelled, a forward regex t\w+ will find 5 results; the same regex searching backward will find 17 matches.) If you really need this feature, please see Allow regex backward search to learn how to activate this option. Important Note: Syntax that works in the Find What: box for searching will not always work in the Replace with: box for replacement. There are different syntaxes. The Control Characters and Match by character code syntax work in both; other than that, see the individual sections for Searches vs Substitutions for which syntaxes are valid in which fields. Regex Special Characters for Searches In a regular expression (shortened into regex throughout), special characters interpreted are: Single-character matches . or \C ⇒ Matches any character. If you check the box which says . matches newline, or use the (?s) search modifier, then . or \C will match any character, including newline characters (\r or \n). With the option unchecked, or using the (?-s) search modifier, . or \C only match characters within a line, and do not match the newline characters. Any Unicode character within the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) (with a codepoint from U+0000 through U+FFFF) will be matched per these rules. Any Unicode character that is beyond the BMP (with a codepoint from U+10000 through U+10FFFF) will be matched as two separate characters instead, since the “surrogate code” uses two characters. (See the Match by Character Code section for more on how surrogate codes work.) \X ⇒ Matches a single non-combining character followed by any number (zero or more) combining characters. You can think of \X as a “. on steroids”: it matches the whole grapheme as a unit, not just the base character itself. This is useful if you have a Unicode encoded text with accents as separate, combining characters. For example, the letter ǭ̳̚, with four combining characters after the o, can be found either with the regex (?-i)o\x{0304}\x{0328}\x{031a}\x{0333} or with the shorter regex \X (the latter, being generic, matches more than just ǭ̳̚, inluding but not limited to ą̳̄̚ or o alone); if you want to limit the \X in this example to just match a possibly-modified o (so “o followed by 0 or more modifiers”), use a lookahead before the \X: (?=o)\X, which would match o alone or ǭ̳̚, but not ą̳̄̚. \$ , \( , \) , \* , \+ , \. , \? , \[ , \] , \\ , \| ⇒ Prefixing a special character with \ to “escape” the character allows you to search for a literal character when the regular expression syntax would otherwise have that character have a special meaning as a regex meta-character. The characters $ ( ) * + . ? [ ] \ | all have special meaning to the regex engine in normal circumstances; to get them to match as a literal (or to show up as a literal in the substitution), you will have to prefix them with the \ character. There are also other characters which are special only in certain circumstances (any time a character is used with a non-literal meaning throughout the Regular Expression section of this manual); if you want to match one of those sometimes-special characters as literal character in those situations, those sometimes-special characters will also have to be escaped in those situations by putting a \ before it. Please note: if you escape a normal character, it will sometimes gain a special meaning; this is why so many of the syntax items listed in this section have a \ before them. Match by character code It is possible to match any character using its character code. This allows searching for any character, even if you cannot type it into the Find box, or the Find box doesn’t seem to match your emoji that you want to search for. If you are using an ANSI encoding in your document (that is, using a character set like Windows 1252), you can use any character code with a decimal codepoint from 0 to 255. If you are using Unicode (one of the UTF-8 or UTF-16 encodings), you can actually match any Unicode character. These notations require knowledge of hexadecimal or octal versions of the character code. (You can find such character code information on most web pages about ASCII, or about your selected character set, and about UTF-8 and UTF-16 representations of Unicode characters.) \0ℕℕℕ ⇒ A single byte character whose code in octal is ℕℕℕ, where each ℕ is an octal digit. (That’s the number 0, not the letter o or O.) This notation works for for codepoints 0-255 (\0000 - \0377), which covers the full ANSI character set range, or the first 256 Unicode characters. For example, \0101 looks for the letter A, as 101 in octal is 65 in decimal, and 65 is the character code for A in ASCII, in most of the character sets, and in Unicode. \xℕℕ ⇒ Specify a single character with code ℕℕ, where each ℕ is a hexadecimal digit. What this stands for depends on the text encoding. This notation works for codepoints 0-255 (\x00 - \xFF), which covers the full ANSI character set range, or the first 256 Unicode characters. For instance, \xE9 may match an é or a θ depending on the character set (also known as the “code page”) in an ANSI encoded document. These next two only work with Unicode encodings (so the various UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings): \x{ℕℕℕℕ} ⇒ Like \xℕℕ, but matches a full 16-bit Unicode character, which is any codepoint from U+0000 to U+FFFF. \x{ℕℕℕℕ}\x{ℕℕℕℕ} ⇒ For Unicode characters above U+FFFF, in the range U+10000 to U+10FFFF, you need to break the single 5-digit or 6-digit hex value and encode it into two 4-digit hex codes; these two codes are the “surrogate codes” for the character. For example, to search for the 🚂 STEAM LOCOMOTIVE character at U+1F682, you would search for the surrogate codes \x{D83D}\x{DE82}. If you want to know the surrogate codes for a given character, search the internet for “surrogate codes for character” (where character is the fancy Unicode character you need the codes for); the surrogate codes are equivalent to the two-word UTF-16 encoding for those higher characters, so UTF-16 tables will also work for looking this up. Any site or tool that you are likely to be using to find the U+###### for a given Unicode character will probably already give you the surrogate codes or UTF-16 words for the same character; if not, find a tool or site that does. You can also compute surrogate codes yourself from the character code, but only if you are comfortable with hexadecimal and binary. Skip the following bullets if you are prone to mathematics-based PTSD. Start with your Unicode U+######, calling the hexadecimal digits as PPWXYZ. The PP digits indicate the plane. subtract one and convert to the 4 binary bits pppp (so PP=01 becomes 0000, PP=0F becomes 1110, and PP=10 becomes 1111) Convert each of the other digits into 4 bits (W as wwww, X as xxvv, Y as yyyy, and Z as zzzz; you will see in a moment why two different characters are used in xxvv) Write those 20 bits in sequence: ppppwwwwxxvvyyyyzzzz Group into two equal groups: ppppwwwwxx and vvyyyyzzzz (you can see that the X ⇒ xxvv was split between the two groups, hence the notation) Before the first group, insert the binary digits 110110 to get 110110ppppwwwwxx, and split into the nibbles 1101 10pp ppww wwxx. Convert those nibbles to hex: it will give you a value from \x{D800} thru \x{DBFF}; this is the High Surrogate code Before the second group, insert the binary digits 110111 to get 110111vvyyyyzzzz, and split into the nibbles 1101 11vv yyyy zzzz. Convert those nibbles to hex: it will give you a value from \x{DC00} thru \x{DFFF}; this is the Low Surrogate code Combine those into the final \x{ℕℕℕℕ}\x{ℕℕℕℕ} for searching. For more on this, see the Wikipedia article on Unicode Planes, and the discussion in the Notepad++ Community Forum about how to search for non-ASCII characters Collating Sequences [[._col_.]] ⇒ The character the col “collating sequence” stands for. For instance, in Spanish, ch is a single letter, though it is written using two characters. That letter would be represented as [[.ch.]]. This trick also works with symbolic names of control characters, like [[.BEL.]] for the character of code 0x07. See also the discussion on character ranges. Control characters \a ⇒ The BEL control character 0x07 (alarm). \b ⇒ The BS control character 0x08 (backspace). This is only allowed inside a character class definition. Otherwise, this means “a word boundary”. \e ⇒ The ESC control character 0x1B. \f ⇒ The FF control character 0x0C (form feed). \n ⇒ The LF control character 0x0A (line feed). This is the regular end of line under Unix systems. \r ⇒ The CR control character 0x0D (carriage return). This is part of the DOS/Windows end of line sequence CR-LF, and was the EOL character on Mac 9 and earlier. OSX and later versions use \n. \t ⇒ The TAB control character 0x09 (tab, or hard tab, horizontal tab). \c☒ ⇒ The control character obtained from character ☒ by stripping all but its 5 lowest order bits. For instance, \cA and \ca both stand for the SOH control character 0x01. You can think of this as “\c means ctrl”, so \cA is the character you would get from hitting Ctrl+A in a terminal. (Note that \c☒ will not work if ☒ is outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) – that is, it only works if ☒ is in the Unicode character range U+0000 - U+FFFF. The intention of \c☒ is to mnemonically escape the ASCII control characters obtained by typing Ctrl+☒, it is expected that you will use a simple ASCII alphanumeric for the ☒, like \cA or \ca.) Special Control escapes \R ⇒ Any newline sequence. Specifically, the atomic group (?>\r\n|\n|\x0B|\f|\r|\x85|\x{2028}|\x{2029}). Please note, this sequence might match one or two characters, depending on the text. Because its length is variable-width, it cannot be used in lookbehinds. Because it expands to a parentheses-based group with an alternation sequence, it cannot be used inside a character class. If you accidentally attempt to put it in a character class, it will be interpreted like any other literal-character escape (where \☒ is used to make sure that the next character is literal) meaning that the R will be taken as a literal R, without any special meaning. For example, if you try [\t\R]: you may be intending to say, “match any single character that’s a tab or a newline”, but what you are actually saying is “match the tab or a literal R”; to get what you probably intended, use [\t\v] for “a tab or any vertical spacing character”, or [\t\r\n] for “a tab or carriage return or newline but not any of the weird verticals”. Ranges or kinds of characters Character Classes [_set_] ⇒ This indicates a set of characters, for example, [abc] means any of the literal characters a, b or c. You can also use ranges by putting a hyphen between characters, for example [a-z] for any character from a to z. You can use a collating sequence in character ranges, like in [[.ch.]-[.ll.]] (these are collating sequences in Spanish). Certain characters require special treatment inside character classes: To use a literal - in a character class: Use it directly as the first or last character in the enclosing class notation, like [-abc] or [abc-]; OR use it “escaped” at any position, like [\-abc] or [a\-bc] . To use a literal ] in a character class: Use it directly right after the opening [ of the class notation, like []abc]; OR use it “escaped” at any position, like [\]abc] or [a\]bc] . To use a literal [ in a character class: Use it directly like any other character, like [ab[c]; “escaping” is not necessary, but is permissible, like [ab\[c] . This character is not special when used alone inside a class; however, there are cases where it is special in combination with another: If used with a colon in the order [: inside a class, it is the opening sequence for a named class (described below); if you want to include both a [ and a : inside the same character class, do not use them unescaped right next to each other; either change the order, like [:[], or escape one or both, like [\[:] or [[\:] or [\[\:] . If used with an equals sign in the order [= inside a class, it is the opening sequence for an equivalence class (described below); if you want to include both a [ and a = inside the same character class, do not use them unescaped right next to each other; either change the order, like [=[], or escape one or both, like [\[=] or [[\=] or [\[\=] . To use a literal \ in a character class, it must be doubled (i.e., \\) inside the enclosing class notation, like [ab\\c] . To use a literal ^ in a character class: Use it directly as any character but the first, such as [a^b] or [ab^]; OR use it “escaped” at any position, such as [\^ab] or [a\^b] or [ab\^] . [^_set_] ⇒ The complement of the characters in the set. For example, [^A-Za-z] means any character except an alphabetic character. Care should be taken with a complement list, as regular expressions are always multi-line, and hence [^ABC]* will match until the first A, B or C (or a, b or c if match case is off), including any newline characters. To confine the search to a single line, include the newline characters in the exception list, e.g. [^ABC\r\n]. [[:_name_:]] or [[:☒:]] ⇒ The whole character class named name. For many, there is also a single-letter “short” class name, ☒. Please note: the [:_name_:] and [:☒:] must be inside a character class [...] to have their special meaning. short full name description equivalent character class alnum letters and digits alpha letters h blank spacing which is not a line terminator [\t\x20\xA0] cntrl control characters [\x00-\x1F\x7F\x81\x8D\x8F\x90\x9D] d digit digits graph graphical character, so essentially any character except for control chars, \0x7F, \x80 l lower lowercase letters print printable characters [\s[:graph:]] punct punctuation characters [!"#$%&'()*+,\-./:;<=>?@\[\\\]^_{\|}~] s space whitespace (word or line separator) [\t\n\x0B\f\r\x20\x85\xA0\x{2028}\x{2029}] u upper uppercase letters unicode any character with code point above 255 [\x{0100}-\x{FFFF}] w word word characters [_\d\l\u] xdigit hexadecimal digits [0-9A-Fa-f] Note that letters include any unicode letters (ASCII letters, accented letters, and letters from a variety of other writing systems); digits include ASCII numeric digits, and anything else in Unicode that’s classified as a digit (like superscript numbers ¹²³…). Note that those character class names may be written in upper or lower case without changing the results. So [[:alnum:]] is the same as [[:ALNUM:]] or the mixed-case [[:AlNuM:]]. As stated earlier, the [:_name_:] and [:☒:] (note the single brackets) must be a part of a surrounding character class. However, you may combine them inside one character class, such as [_[:d:]x[:upper:]=], which is a character class that would match any digit, any uppercase, the lowercase x, and the literal _ and = characters. These named classes won’t always appear with the double brackets, but they will always be inside of a character class. If the [:_name_:] or [:☒:] are accidentally not contained inside a surrounding character class, they will lose their special meaning. For example, [:upper:] is the character class matching :, u, p, e, and r; whereas [[:upper:]] is similar to [A-Z] (plus other unicode uppercase letters) [^[:_name_:]] or [^[:☒:]] ⇒ The complement of character class named name or ☒ (matching anything not in that named class). This uses the same long names, short names, and rules as mentioned in the previous description. Character classes may not contain parentheses-based groups of any kind, including the special escape \R (which expands to a parentheses-based group when evaluated, even though \R doesn’t look like it contains parentheses). Character Properties These properties behave similar to named character classes, but cannot be contained inside a character class. \p☒ or \p{_name_} ⇒ Same as [[:☒:]] or [[:_name_:]], where ☒ stands for one of the short names from the table above, and name stands for one of the full names from above. For instance, \pd and \p{digit} both stand for a digit, just like the escape sequence \d does. \P☒ or \P{_name_} ⇒ Same as [^[:☒:]] or [^[:_name_:]] (not belonging to the class name). Character escape sequences \☒ ⇒ Where ☒ is one of d, w, l, u, s, h, v, described below. These single-letter escape sequences are each equivalent to a class from above. The lower-case escape sequence means it matches that class; the upper-case escape sequence means it matches the negative of that class. (Unlike the properties, these can be used both inside or outside of a character class.) Description Escape Sequence Positive Class Negative Escape Sequence Negative Class digits \d [[:digit:]] \D [^[:digit:]] word chars \w [[:word:]] \W [^[:word:]] lowercase \l [[:lower:]] \L [^[:lower:]] uppercase \u [[:upper:]] \U [^[:upper:]] word/line separators \s [[:space:]] \S [^[:space:]] horizontal space \h [[:blank:]] \H [^[:blank:]] vertical space \v see below \V Vertical space: This encompasses all the [[:space:]] characters that aren’t [[:blank:]] characters: The LF, VT, FF, CR , NEL control characters and the LS and PS format characters: 0x000A (line feed), 0x000B (vertical tabulation), 0x000C (form feed), 0x000D (carriage return), 0x0085 (next line), 0x2028 (line separator) and 0x2029 (paragraph separator). There isn’t a named class which matches. Note: despite its similarity to \v, even though \R matches certain vertical space characters, it is not a character-class-equivalent escape sequence (because it evaluates to a parentheses()-based expression, not a class-based expression). So while \d, \l, \s, \u, \w, \h, and \v are all equivalent to a character class and can be included inside another bracket[]-based character class, the \R is not equivalent to a character class, and cannot be included inside a bracketed[] character-class. Equivalence Classes [[=_char_=]] ⇒ All characters that differ from char by case, accent or similar alteration only. For example [[=a=]] matches any of the characters: A, À, Á, Â, Ã, Ä, Å, a, à, á, â, ã, ä and å. Multiplying operators + ⇒ This matches 1 or more instances of the previous character, as many as it can. For example, Sa+m matches Sam, Saam, Saaam, and so on. [aeiou]+ matches consecutive strings of vowels. * ⇒ This matches 0 or more instances of the previous character, as many as it can. For example, Sa*m matches Sm, Sam, Saam, and so on. ? ⇒ Zero or one of the last character. Thus Sa?m matches Sm and Sam, but not Saam. *? ⇒ Zero or more of the previous group, but minimally: the shortest matching string, rather than the longest string as with the “greedy” operator. Thus, m.*?o applied to the text margin-bottom: 0; will match margin-bo, whereas m.*o will match margin-botto. +? ⇒ One or more of the previous group, but minimally. {ℕ} ⇒ Matches ℕ copies of the element it applies to (where ℕ is any decimal number). {ℕ,} ⇒ Matches ℕ or more copies of the element it applies to. {ℕ,ℙ} ⇒ Matches ℕ to ℙ copies of the element it applies to, as much it can (where ℙ ≥ ℕ). {ℕ,}? or {ℕ,ℙ}? ⇒ Like the above, but minimally. *+ or ?+ or ++ or {ℕ,}+ or {ℕ,ℙ}+ ⇒ These so called “possessive” variants of greedy repeat marks do not backtrack. This allows failures to be reported much earlier, which can boost performance significantly. But they will eliminate matches that would require backtracking to be found. As an example, see how the matching engine handles the following two regexes: When regex “.*” is run against the text “abc”x : `“` matches `“` `.*` matches `abc”x` `”` doesn't match ( End of line ) => Backtracking `.*` matches `abc”` `”` doesn't match letter `x` => Backtracking `.*` matches `abc` `”` matches `”` => 1 overall match `“abc”` When regex “.*+”, with a possessive quantifier, is run against the text “abc”x : `“` matches `“` `.*+` matches `abc”x` ( catches all remaining characters ) `”` doesn't match ( End of line ) Notice there is no match at all in this version, because the possessive quantifier prevents backtracking to a possible solution. Anchors Anchors match a zero-length position in the line, rather than a particular character. ^ ⇒ This matches the start of a line (except when used inside a set, see above). $ ⇒ This matches the end of a line. \< ⇒ This matches the start of a word using Boost’s definition of words. \> ⇒ This matches the end of a word using Boost’s definition of words. \b ⇒ Matches either the start or end of a word. \B ⇒ Not a word boundary. It represents any location between two word characters or between two non-word characters. \A or \` ⇒ Matches the start of the file. \z or \' ⇒ Matches the end of the file. \Z ⇒ Matches like \z with an optional sequence of newlines before it. This is equivalent to (?=\v*\z), which departs from the traditional Perl meaning for this escape. \G ⇒ This “Continuation Escape” matches the end of the previous match, or matches the start of the text being matched if no previous match was found. In Find All or Replace All circumstances, this will allow you to anchor your next match at the end of the previous match. If it is the first match of a Find All or Replace All, and any time you use a single Find Next or Replace, the “end of previous match” is defined to be the start of the search area – the beginning of the document, or the current caret position, or the start of the highlighted text. Because of that, if you are using it in an alternation, where you want to say “find any occurrence of something after some prefix, or after a previous match), you will want to make sure that your prefix includes the start-of-file \A, otherwise the \G portion may accidentally match start-of-file when you don’t want that to occur. Capture Groups and Backreferences (_subset_) ⇒ Numbered Capture Group: Parentheses mark a part of the regular expression, also known as a subset expression or capture group. The string matched by the contents of the parentheses (indicated by subset in this example) can be re-used with a backreference or as part of a replace operation; see Substitutions, below. Groups may be nested. (?<name>_subset_) or (?'name'_subset_) ⇒ Named Capture Group: Names the value matched by subset as the group name. Please note that group names are case-sensitive. \ℕ, \gℕ, \g{ℕ}, \g<ℕ>, \g'ℕ', \kℕ, \k{ℕ}, \k<ℕ> or \k'ℕ' ⇒ Numbered Backreference: These syntaxes match the ℕth capture group earlier in the same expression. (Backreferences are used to refer to the capture group contents only in the search/match expression; see the Substitution Escape Sequences for how to refer to capture groups in substitutions/replacements.) A regex can have multiple subgroups, so \2, \3, etc. can be used to match others (numbers advance left to right with the opening parenthesis of the group). You can have as many capture groups as you need, and are not limited to only 9 groups (though some of the syntax variants can only reference groups 1-9; see the notes below, and use the syntaxes that explicitly allow multi-digit ℕ if you have more than 9 groups) Example: ([Cc][Aa][Ss][Ee]).*\1 would match a line such as Case matches Case but not Case doesn't match cASE. \ℕ ⇒ This form can only have ℕ as digits 1-9, so if you have more than 9 capture groups, you will have to use one of the other numbered backreference notations, listed in the next bullet point. Example: the expression \10 matches the contents of the first capture group \1 followed by the literal character 0”, not the contents of the 10th group. \gℕ, \g{ℕ}, \g<ℕ>, \g'ℕ', \kℕ, \k{ℕ}, \k<ℕ> or \k'ℕ' ⇒ These forms can handle any non-zero ℕ. For positive ℕ, it matches the ℕth subgroup, even if ℕ has more than one digit. \g10 matches the contents from the 10th capture group, not the contents from the first capture group followed by the literal 0. If you want to match a literal number after the contents of the ℕth capture group, use one of the forms that has braces, brackets, or quotes, like \g{ℕ} or \k'ℕ' or \k<ℕ>: For example, \g{2}3 matches the contents of the second capture group, followed by a literal 3, whereas \g23 would match the contents of the twenty-third capture group. For clarity, it is highly recommended to always use the braces or brackets form for multi-digit ℕ For negative ℕ, groups are counted backwards relative to the last group, so that \g{-1} is the last matched group, and \g{-2} is the next-to-last matched group. Please, note the difference between absolute and relative backreferences. For instance, an exact four-letters word palindrome can be matched with : the regex (?-i)\b(\w)(\w)\g{2}\g{1}\b, when using absolute (positive) coordinates the regex (?-i)\b(\w)(\w)\g{-1}\g{-2}\b, when using relative (negative) coordinates \g{name}, \g<name>, \g'name', \k{name}, \k<name> or \k'name' ⇒ Named Backreference: The string matching the subexpression named name. (As with the Numbered Backreferences above, these Named Backreferences are used to refer to the capture group contents only in the search/match expression; see the Substitution Escape Sequences for how to refer to capture groups in substitutions/replacements.)

      regular expression

  2. Jun 2025
  3. Oct 2024
  4. Sep 2024
    1. Tests performed: Haemostatic tests ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation plasma VWF antigen VWF risocetin cofactor VWF FVIII-binding capacity VWF multimers and FVIII activity DDAVP test Concentration timecourses

      sequencing from genomic DNA performed and reported in 2011

      cDNA analysis

      Real-time-PCR analysis

      long PCR

      Ellman assay (quantifying sulfhydryls)

      Dynamic light scattering measurements

      circular dichroism

      ADAMTS13 proteolysis assay

      ADAMTS13-VWF binding assay

  5. Aug 2024
    1. amazon prime castle rock which is based on the work of stephen king

      for - comparison - Amazon Prime - Castle Rock - Stephen King - compared to - Michael Levin caterpillar to butterfly metamorphosis - adjacency - universal - vs localized consciousness - empathy - Michael Levin - caterpillar to butterfly

      adjacency - between - Stephen King movie "castle rock" - universal consciousness - localized, individual consckousness - empathy - adjacency relationship - Bernardo compares the Stephen King movie series "Castle Rock" with ghostly beings taking over the identify of an existing physical body. - Universal consciousness is in all of us - but we strongly identify with the localized consciousness - In Michael Levin's caterpillar to butterfly process, - the living being has memories of a caterpillar but what happens when it becomes a butterfly? Those memories don't confer any meaning to the butterfly - But beneath both the butterfly and the caterpillar, the universal consciousness is at the ground layer - When we experience others as ourselves, because we have the same universal consciouness, - then we can truly enact empathy as an expression of recognition

    1. Freedom of Expression and Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence

      The first section concentrates on the building a conceptual framework which is based on the relationship between freedom of expression and democracy and the way in which the Internet and social media enhance the exercise of freedom of expression.

      The second section examines the challenges to freedom of expression in relation to the promotion of gender equality on social media which are imposed by AI content curation and moderation.

      In the final section, the two-tiered approach, i.e., policies and law, is proposed to deal with the problem.

    1. It illustrates, in a strikingmanner, the ontological dualism that can, without a doubt, beconsidered the basic assumption of Lacanian psychoanalysis.°This ontological dualism is related to the fact that Lacan thinksof language and the body as originally external to each other.

      This presents something about language and the body being external to one another? The duality and the contrast between language and bodily expression?

    1. Which implies thatmuch of the novel is about what is left unsaid than what is said; forexample, in “Monet’s Berm” Oliver says “Don’t ever say you didn’tknow” and Elio admits “His words made no sense. But I knew exactlywhat they meant” (Aciman 150).

      Implying that much of the communication was obvious even when words were not shared ?

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    1. This passage conflates Elio’s desire with the physical body. By connecting ejaculation with therevealing of his secret, Elio grounds his desire in the physical action of his body. With thismetaphor linking speaking and masturbating, he attempts to convince himself that the confessionhas been completed, resulting in a physical act.

      The only notable quote i think would support my argument. The passage of words to physical truth coming out of his body in his semen. This links the confession of the verbal to the truthful (and permanent) confession of the physical.

    1. ’d commit the ultimateindignity, and with this indignity show him that the shame was all his, notmine, that I had come with truth and human kindness in my heart and that Iwas leaving it on his sheets now to remind him how he’d said no to a youngman’s plea for fellowship.

      "Truth" is embedded in his semen that he will lay on the sheets after lots of fuddling trials by making excuses. In the end it is all his sexuality that will confess all truth and human kindness

    2. When I looked at my dessert plate and saw the chocolate cakespeckled with raspberry juice, it seemed to me that someone was pouringmore and more red sauce than usual, and that the sauce seemed to becoming from the ceiling above my head until it suddenly hit me that it wasstreaming from my nose. I gasped, and quickly crumpled my napkin andbrought it to my nose, holding my head as far back as I could.

      A obvious sign he likes it, and it was not through verbal fuddling that he communicated this, but through his body's involuntary reaction that he cannot plan nor control.

    3. wanted his tongue inmy mouth and mine in his—because all we had become, after all theseweeks and all the strife and all the fits and starts that ushered a chill drafteach time, was just two wet tongues flailing away in each other’s mouths

      All the misunderstandings lead to simply the physicality and exchange of identity of two wet tongues, while words deceived them all

    4. Now, in the silence of the moment, I stared back, not to defy him,or to show I wasn’t shy any longer, but to surrender, to tell him this is who Iam, this is who you are, this is what I want, there is nothing but truthbetween us now, and where there’s truth there are no barriers,

      Silence and yet at the same time communication

    5. “What things that matter?”Was he being disingenuous?“You know what things. By now you of all people should know.”Silence.“Why are you telling me all this?”“Because I thought you should know.”“Because you thought I should know.” He repeated my words slowly,trying to take in their full meaning, all the while sorting them out,

      No explicit conversation here, just fuddling, yet the meaning is conveyed perfectly and they share it with a kiss.

  6. Jul 2024
    1. and I never waited long enough to knowwhether I was even wanted there; look away because I was too scared to stareanyone back; look away because I didn’t want to give anything away

      Proof that this physical moment of eye contact "gives things away" rather than words

    2. Oliver’s response “hated it?” turns Elio’sstatement into a question, just as Echo turns Narcissus’ question into a statement: dixerat “ecquisadest?” et “adest!” responderat Echo (“He had said, ‘Is anyone here?’ and ‘She is here!’ Echohad responded,” Ov. Met. 6.379)

      Does this show how meaning in words can be twisted into several other variations, and therefore how speaking can be of deception, while bodily expression is most honest of the identity? And then how do we connect bodily continuity/expression to identity holding contradictions?

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    1. "Scholars teach in Universities and claim that they’re smart and cunning Tell them find a cure when we sneeze and that’s when their nose start running" the academic community and university is designed for very purpose of maintaining the “status quo”/ethics of research and the system/preventing progressive ideas from being explored until you can be trusted to know what the “truth” is apparently is to be known by those who came before you. Whoever says that in university your freedom/capacity of thought/speech/action is not limited is blind. Certain ideas are more preferable “healthy” to the system than others, and if you promote and engage with the more agreeable concepts you’ll get through your degree/get accepted by academic community easily. once again, scholars are still in the "problem, reaction and solution" paradigm, rather than focusing on preventions than cures. We've got a long way to go in the evolution of consciousness. PATIENCE.

      True freedom of expression (a need for the soul as expressed by Simone Weil) must be given in academia as well; to write about that which you want to write about... Regardless of "social acceptance". A degree should be about objective knowledge and quality of knowledge, not the content of said knowledge.

    1. I would have blushed, and blushed because I had blushed, fuddledwith words and ultimately broken down—and then where would I be? Whatwould he say?Better break down now, I thought, than live another day juggling all ofmy implausible resolutions to try again later

      Shows that true identity is most transparent (Cor cordium; heart of hearts) through the expression of the body. The body never lies. The blushing and the fuddling would have given it all, and therefore is the basis of bodily continuity

  7. May 2024
    1. I asked, “Must we?” This was theclosest I would ever come to saying, Stay. Just stay with me. Let your handtravel wherever it wishes, take my suit off, take me, I won’t make a noise,won’t tell a soul, I’m hard and you know it, and if you won’t, I’ll take thathand of yours and slip it into my suit now and let you put as many fingersas you want inside me

      Later in the novel it shows that he does pick up on this. This shows support of body language, the deception of words and yet the honesty of bodily expression. True identity comes through in skin.

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  8. Mar 2024
    1. 大家都會「呼攏」「呼攏」的說。但其實正確的寫法是「糊弄」!①應付、敷衍。如:「對於這次事件的報告,他只想要糊弄過關,所以始終交代不清。」②將就、隨便。如:「這吃力不討好的工作,你就糊弄做吧!」③欺騙、愚弄。如:「他說的話不可信,全都是糊弄人的。」

      蛤?爲何我多年來以爲是「呼攏」,認爲是中國的用法,也許是方言,不疑有他?

      「糊弄」倒是很好理解。

  9. Feb 2024
  10. Nov 2023
  11. Oct 2023
  12. Jul 2023
    1. Spirit is movement and needs to move. Even at rest, the spirit has a sort of underlying kinetic potential about it. If spirit doesn’t get expressed, it can translate into agitation, anxiety, lethargy, despondency, or any number of unpleasant emotional experiences. And, it’s through release in the form of expression that we ease the pain.

      Inspiration needs to be expressed (not only passive consumption and annotating) - what about capturing your thoughts and synthesising them with readings to create something for yourself (expressing/creating privately)

  13. May 2023
  14. Feb 2023
    1. Although these vectors were safe, many gene therapy programs failed in the clinic because of poor transduction.

      i.e., these were not good expression vectors because they did not effectively transfer transgenetic material to the host.

  15. Jan 2023
  16. Dec 2022
    1. Diagram of immunoprecipitation (IP) using either pre-immobilized or free antibodies.

      Immunoprecipitation is a technique for the isolation of protein or a complex (protein-protein interactions) Sample is combined with a specific antibody for the epitope of interest. The antibody-protein complex is removed and analysed.

      1. Molecules from biological sample (lysed) +incubated with antibodies (free or mounted onto support (like agarose bead, magnetic bead))
      2. protein A or G coupled beads added.
      3. Centrifuged
      4. Results in Beads with protein A/G bound to antibody-POI complex.
      5. Well separated in this way, differentially based on sedimentation coefficient.

      Co-immunoprecipitation (can isolate one type of protein in its complex)

      Isolate POI(s) Good with low conc. of POI Protein interactions Unknown proteins Determine if protein is actually being expressed in a given tissue.

      Western blot is carried out to analyse the output.

      Vary salt and detergent levels to preserve or destroy protein interactions.

  17. Nov 2022
    1. Second, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tendsto express itself in words, spoken or written. The person whosays he knows what he thinks but cannot express it usually doesnot know what he thinks.

      Active reading is thinking, and thinking requires expression which can come in many forms including both spoken and written ones.


      I like that he acknowledges that expression (and thus thinking) can be done in both oral or written forms.

  18. Jul 2022
  19. Jun 2022
    1. not all of us are going to have super 00:37:28 high need for self-expression you know most of us are probably like me i'm more of a people pleaser than i would even want to be

      conformity and self-expression are not mutually exclusive. We can have qualities of both. We are a self who was taught since before birth to be interpersonal. Hence we are human INTERbeings from before birth. Conformity and individuality coexist.

  20. May 2022

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  21. Apr 2022
  22. Mar 2022
  23. Dec 2021
  24. Sep 2021
    1. What was ROLI Ltd.?ROLI Ltd. was known as a leading innovator in electronic musical instruments for professionals such as the Seaboard, Seaboard RISE, and BLOCKS — and a pioneer of MIDI Polyphonic Expression (MPE). As part of the 2021 restructure, Luminary will continue to manufacture ROLI’s professional and hobbyist instruments, with a relaunch of the iconic Seaboard, slated for 2022.

      Sad day for MPE advocates. Sure, we knew this was coming. And we have plenty of support from other vendors. Yet those efforts by then-ROLI are erased by this #pianocentric pivot.

  25. Jul 2021
    1. HMGB1, which was demonstrated to be crucial for viral entry

      Indeed, a recent paper has shown that an inihibitor of HMGB1, glycyrrhizin, can simultaneously stop virus replication and suppress proinflammatory mediators. This evidence provides a potential new therapeutic option for COVID-19 patients (DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155496).

  26. Jun 2021
  27. May 2021

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  28. Jan 2021
  29. Dec 2020
    1. RecommandationsRendre l’enfant acteur de ses droitsRecommandation 1Le Défenseur des droits recommande à l’ensemble des établissements scolaires (publics, privés sous contrat et hors contrat), ainsi qu’aux autorités chargées d’en exercer la tutelle, de s’assurer que l’enfant soit mis en mesure de s’exprimer sur les faits qui lui sont reprochés avant toute décision de sanction à son encontre, conformément à l’article 12 de la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant et l’article 6 de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme.

      article 12 à mettre au règlement intérieur ?

  30. Nov 2020
    1. The success of JSX has proved that the second curly is unnecessary. Moreover, a lot of people — particularly those who have been exposed to React — have a visceral negative reaction to double curlies, many of them assuming that it brings with it all the limitations of crusty old languages like Mustache and Handlebars, where you can't use arbitrary JavaScript in expressions.
  31. Oct 2020
    1. It looks like you accidentally passed resolve() (immediately invoking the function) directly to setTimeout rather than passing a function to invoke it. So it was being resolved immediately instead of after a 1000 ms delay as intended.

      I guess this is the "immediately invoked function" problem.

      Not to be confused with: immediately invoked function expression. (Since it is a regular named function and not a function expression.)

  32. Sep 2020
    1. genetic devices have been designed for suppressing leaky basal expression levels through the engineering of super‐repressors (Ruegg et al, 2018), exploitation of antisense RNAs (O'Connor & Timmis, 1987), or physical decoupling of regulatory elements along with conditional proteolysis
  33. Aug 2020
    1. Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., Dinnon, K. H., Elbashir, S. M., Shaw, C. A., Woods, A., Fritch, E. J., Martinez, D. R., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., Nagata, B. M., … Graham, B. S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0

    1. Martino, C., Kellman, B. P., Sandoval, D. R., Clausen, T. M., Marotz, C. A., Song, S. J., Wandro, S., Zaramela, L. S., Benítez, R. A. S., Zhu, Q., Armingol, E., Vázquez-Baeza, Y., McDonald, D., Sorrentino, J. T., Taylor, B., Belda-Ferre, P., Liang, C., Zhang, Y., Schifanella, L., … Knight, R. (2020). Bacterial modification of the host glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate modulates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. BioRxiv, 2020.08.17.238444. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.238444

    1. > (square: (x: y: square x + square y) 3 7) (x: x*x)58

      This can be written up in many other forms, plus the possibility of currying deserves to be pointed out:

      $ nix repl
      nix-repl> (sq: (x: y: sq y + sq x) 2 7) (x: x*x)
      53
      
      nix-repl> (sq: (x: y: sq y + sq x)) (x: x*x)     
      «lambda @ (string):1:11»
      
      nix-repl> (sq: (x: y: sq y + sq x)) (x: x*x) 2
      «lambda @ (string):1:14»
      
      nix-repl> (sq: (x: y: sq y + sq x)) (x: x*x) 2 7
      53
      
      nix-repl> (sq: x: y: sq y + sq x) (x: x*x) 2 7   
      53
      
  34. Jul 2020
    1. En effet, n’est-il pas paradoxal que d’une part, la corporéité sous-tend de larges pans de la Recherche, alors que d’autre part le narrateur reste dans une totale indétermination : est absente du récit toute description objective ou physique du héros, nous ignorons son nom exact, la nature de ses interactions avec Albertine, le détail de ses séjours successifs dans des maisons de santé ?

      La phrase est un peu longue et sa structure un peu complexe à la lecture : peut-être en faire deux phrases ?

    2. La Nouvelle Vague désigne, comme on le sait, un courant cinématographique que l’on peut situer de façon sommaire à la période qui s’étend de 1956 à la fin des années 1960

      je mettrai cette information en note

    1. Partant du phénomène physique du comportement des vagues qui présentent différents modèles de diffraction – par exemple les formes qui apparaissent lorsque nous jetons une pierre dans un volume aqueux – et qui résultent de la réaction des vagues en rencontrant un obstacle (2007, 28)

      c'est une phrase nominale ?

    2. Que l’on pense à Swann

      c'est une structure de formulation qui se retrouve beaucoup (peut-être de manière un peu trop répétitive) dans ce chapitre, et très peu dans les chapitres précédents

    3. Bergson écrit : « Un homme, qui courait dans la rue, trébuche et tombe : les passants rient. On ne rirait pas de lui, je pense, si l’on pouvait supposer que la fantaisie lui est venue tout à coup de s’asseoir par terre. On rit de ce qu’il s’est assis involontairement. Ce n’est donc pas son changement, c’est la maladresse. Une pierre était peut-être sur le chemin. Il aurait fallu changer d’allure ou tourner l’obstacle. Mais par manque de souplesse, par distraction ou obstination du corps, par un effet de raideur ou de vitesse acquise, les muscles ont continué d’accomplir le même mouvement quand les circonstances demandaient autre chose » (2007, 7).↩

      peut-être introduire par un commentaire

    4. « Et au moment où je voulais me lever – nous apprend le narrateur en se réveillant dans une chambre d’hôtel à Doncières –, j’en éprouvais délicieusement l’incapacité ; je me sentais attaché à un sol invisible et profond par les articulations, que la fatigue me rendait sensibles, de radicelles musculeuses et nourricières » (II, 390).

      Peut-être introduire ou inclure cett citation dans une phrase ou la mettre en retrait

    5.  L’espace intercorporel qui se fait jour existe en deçà des paramètres usuels qui nous permettent de saisir l’expérience humaine (langage, lois sociales), elle en efface les signifiants.

      je ne ne comprends pas bien la succession des sujets ici

    6. en se fondant sur les observations de l’entomologiste.

      Si je comprends bien, il déplace en quelque sorte un discours/lexique (entomologiste) vers un nouvel objet. Peut-être reformuler la phrase pour que ce soit plus évident

    7. Autrement dit, si cette technique n’avait pas existé, le narrateur n’aurait pas pu exprimer la même chose

      Peut-être est-ce juste une question d'expression, parce que je saisis bien l'idée du paragraphe, mais cette phrase résonne à la lecture selon l'adage "avec des si, on mettrait Paris en bouteille"

    8. Si la voix inépuisable qui résonne à travers la Recherche s’adresse directement au lectorat, on peut être sensible à ce qu’elle recèle

      La construction "si...., alors ..." implique souvent une contradiction sousentendue, ici je ne la vois pas. Peut-être choisir une construction plus causale ?

    1. Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., Dinnon, K. H., Elbashir, S. M., Shaw, C. A., Woods, A., Fritch, E. J., Martinez, D. R., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., Nagata, B. M., … Graham, B. S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness. BioRxiv, 2020.06.11.145920. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.145920

  35. Jun 2020
    1. Recommandation 13Chaque enfant doit pouvoir s’exprimer sur toute question intéressant son environnement quotidien, participer à son évaluation et réfléchir à son amélioration. Les initiatives visant à encourager l’expression et la participation de l’enfant doivent être encouragées. Le Défenseur des droits recommande la mise en place, par chaque institution, d’un dispositif de recueil de la parole et de l’opinion des enfants, que ce soit dans un cadre individuel ou collectif.
    1. il y a « entre ma conscience et mon corps tel que je le vis, entre ce corps phénoménal et celui d’autrui tel que je le vois du dehors, il existe une relation interne qui fait apparaître autrui comme l’achèvement du système » (Merleau-Ponty 2008, 410).

      le "il y a" fait répétition avec le "l existe" de la citation

    2. Ainsi, nous pouvons être touchés par un regard qui exprime de la tristesse, de l’empathie, ou de la crainte.

      peut-être qu'à ce stade de ta démontration cett phrase fait trop simple, ou semble trop se fonder sur une manière de dire, je la déplacerai au paragraphe suivant

    3. N’est-ce pas ce que suggère Merleau-Ponty, lorsqu’il évoque « l’intermonde où se croisent nos regards et se recoupent nos perceptions » (2011, 72) ?

      je ne suis pas sûre de l'effet rhétorique de la question, peut-être laisser la phrase à l'affirmative

    1. « Les 2 000 enfants que nous avons largement consultés cette année sur leur perceptionde leurs droits et des progrès à faire, nous l’ont confirmé : quel que soit le contexte, ils témoignent trop souvent d’un manque de considération de leur personne, de leurs avis et de leurs rêvespar les adultes qui les entourent. Commençons par leur faire une juste place, c’est la conditionpour mieux lutter contre la violence qu’ils subissent. »
    1. Dans la dichotomie qui s’établit entre l’aplatissement et la fragmentation de l’expérience (l’appréhension cinématographique du voyage en automobile) d’une part, et son intensification (« quand notre imagination nous portait du lieu où nous vivions jusqu’au cœur d’un lieu désiré »).

      est-ce volontairement ici une phrase nominale ?