213 Matching Annotations
  1. Last 7 days
    1. faced with the potential hostility of nation-states that are under the influence of extractive forces of trans-national finance, the local is no longer just the local, but a local that is also cosmo-local, and can mobilize counter-power.

      for - quote - constructing Cosmo local as a counter power to the current dominating power of trans-national finance - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

      quote - constructing Cosmo local as a counter power to the current dominating power of trans-national finance - (see below) - The idea here is a potential ‘entanglement’ between the local and the translocal level, - which creates new levels of strength and capacity for the local. · Hence, faced with the potential hostility of nation-states that are under the influence of extractive forces of trans-national finance, - the local is no longer just the local, but - a local that is also cosmo-local, and - can mobilize counter-power. - Faced with the potential hostility of nation-states - that are under the influence of extractive forces of trans-national finance, - the local is no longer just the local, - but a local that is also cosmo-local, and - can mobilize counter-power.

    2. The idea here is a potential ‘entanglement’ between the local and the translocal level, which creates new levels of strength and capacity for the local.

      for - key insight - leverage point of the 99% - our numbers - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20 - key insight - 6 levels of individual / collective gestalt - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

      key insight - 6 embedded levels of individual / collective gestalt, - first level is from individual quanta to collective atoms - second level is from individual atom to collective molecules - third is from individual molecule too collective living cells - fourth is from individual living cells too collective multicellular living organism - fifth is from individual multi-cellular organism to collective culture at local level - sixth is from individual local culture to to collective trans-national alliances - At each level except the first, a perspective shift occursc in which the collective is seen from a different lens as an individual

      key insight - leverage point of the 99% - our numbers - The trans-national companies power is in their capital - The trans-national alliances leverage point is our large numbers of people - Through our strength in numbers, we can mobilize trans-alliance resources such as human innovation resources, which most local actors are lacking in

    3. two potential kinds of ‘nomadic’ players

      for - QUESTION - somewheres, nowheres, everywheres - how do the somewheres fit into this strategy? - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    4. The blockchain, as universal ledger, creates a vast capacity for translocal coordination

      for - progress trap - blockchain - one unintended consequence is that it is very energy inefficient - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    5. Open source technology, now responsible for 80% of all used software

      for - stats - 80% of all used software is open source - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    6. current techno-logical conditions make such a shift eminently imaginable

      for - adjacency - factor of 20 - town anywhere

    7. ‘factor 20’ movement can be imagined, in fact, already exists, which aims to reduce energy usage by 95%, coupled with significant savings in the use of materials. This movement is already active in various European cities

      for - research further - EU movement - factor of 20 - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    8. mutualizing forms of governance and ownership, can also have extraordinary effects on the amount of needed energy and materials. For example, in the context of shared transport, one shared car can replace 9 to 13 private cars, without any loss of mobility.

      for - stats - climate crisis - example - positive impacts of mutualisation / sharing - car sharing - 1 Shared car can replace 9 to 13 cars without loss of mobility - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    9. This is what we have called ‘True Accelerationism’.

      for - definition - accelerationism - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    10. current system is ‘closed source’, and is carried out by competitive agents that do not share innovations for very long time periods; the competitiveness of these agents requires behaviors that externalize costs

      for - examples - closed source IP externalises cost - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

      examples - closed source IP externalises cost - closed source circular economy is much more challenging than open source circular economy because - if inputs are kept secret and proprietary, reuse of End of life products are difficult to break down and reuse as input in a re-manufacturing process - closed IP creates fragmented and completing de facto standards that make interoperability impossible

    11. The current system of production is based on mass production, and requires the constant creation of new desires and needs, which need to be created through advertising, and require massive forms of potentially unnecessary material production

      for - addendum - add ecological footprint of advertising industry to material waste generated by consumer culture - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

      addendum - add ecological footprint of advertising industry to material waste generated by consumer culture - The advertising industry itself has a huge ecological footprint as well, in addition to the extra, unneeded material that planned obsolescence creates - references to be added

    12. The current global system of production and trade is reported to use three times more of its resource use for transport, not for making. This creates a profound ‘ecological’, i.e. biophysical and thermodynamic, rationale for relocalizing production

      for - stats - motivation for cosmolocal - high inefficacy of resource and energy use - 3x for transport as for production - from Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20

    13. for - Substack article - The Cosmo-Local Plan for our Next Civilization - Michel Bauwens - 2024, Dec 20 - adjacency - web 3 and Blockchain / crypto technology - communities engaged in regeneration and relocalization - tinkering at the edge - missed opportunity - cosmolocal strategy as leverage point - safe and just cross scale translation of earth system boundaries - Tipping Point Festival - Web 4 - Indyweb

      Summary adjacency between - web 3 and crypto / Blockchain technology - communities engaged in regeneration and relocalization - tinkering at the edge - missed opportunity - cosmolocal lens and framework as a leverage point for synthesis - cosmolocal projects as leverage points - cross scale translated safe and just earth system boundaries as necessary cosmolocal accounting system - meme: sync global, act local - new relationship - This article explores the untapped potential and leverage point offered by recognising a new adjacency and concomitant synthesis of - globalising Web 3 and crypto/Blockchain technology - communities engaged in regenerative and relocation interventions - The fragmentation between these areas keeps activists working in each respective one - tinkering at the edge - severely constraining their potential impact - This is a case of the whole Berlin car greater than the sun of its parts - By joining forces in a global, strategic and systemic way, each can achieve fast more through their mutual support - A cosmolocal lens offers a perspective and framework that makes joining forces make sense<br /> - Projects that recognize that the adjacency between - the globalizing technologies of web 3 and Blockchains and - interventions at the local community level - offer a significant leverage point to bottom up efforts to drive a rapid transition are themselves a leverage point - In this regard, incorporation of an equitable accounting system such as safe and just earth system boundaries that can be cross scale translated to - bioregional, - city and - community, district and ward scale - are an important cosmolocal component of a system designed for rapid transition - Global bottom up community scale events such as the Tipping Point Festival can help rapidly advocate for a cosmolocal lens, framework and strategy - At the same time, Web 4 technology that's goes beyond decentralising into people-centered can contribute another dimension to humanizing technology

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    1. Konrad Kramar im Kurier zur zerplatzenden Blase „Grüner Wasserstoff“. Von den 10 Mio. Tonnen jährlich, die die EU-Kommission bis 2030 geplant hat, sind erst 7% erreicht, von den geplanten Leitungen erst 3% im Bau. Im Vergleich zu Wärmepumpen bei Heizungen und Batterien bei LKWs ist Wasserstoff unwirtschaftlich. Die Wasserstoff-Lobbies promoten tatsächlich grauen, mit Erdgas produzierten Wasserstoff, der auf absehbare Zeit als einziger konkurrenzfähig ist, aber die fossilen Emissionen nicht verringert [via Sabine Jungwirth auf Facebook]. https://kurier.at/wirtschaft/eu-wasserstoff-klimawandel-solarzellen-pipeline-hydrogen-bank/402990372

      Screenshot: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10227863164746893&set=a.2637414336971

    1. the body of a practitioner in tukdam does not decompose uh in the same way that a body of a normal person who is not in tukdam does and so uh we've had cases up to 38 days uh inam where the body remains quite preserved uh fresh uh without any smell uh and um with the skin still very pliable and no um Rigamortis

      for - clear light meditation - Tukdam at time of death - results so far - studied 20 cases - in all cases body doesn't decompose like a normal person's body does at death - Youtube - Tukdam talk - An Overview Of CHM’s Work On “Well-Being And Tukdam” - Prof. Richard J. Davidson

  2. Nov 2024
    1. The potential for cuts in 2030 is 31 gigatons of CO2 equivalent – which isaround 52 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2023 – and 41gigatons in 2035.· Increased deployment of solar photovoltaic technologies and wind energy coulddeliver 27 per cent of this total emission reduction potential in 2030 and 38 percent in 2035.· Action on forests could deliver around 20 per cent of the potential in both years.• Other strong options include efficiency measures, electrification and fuelswitching in the buildings, transport and industry sectors.

      for - stats - 27% of the gap can be reduced by wind and solar deployment and 20% by action on forests, while efficiency, electrification, fuel switching in buildings, transport and industry sectors can also contribute - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages

  3. Oct 2024
    1. Şekil 8. Çalışma alanındaki bazı fiziksel göstergelerin durumunu gösteren seçilmiş haritalar; ( A ) Bina Yoğunluğu, ( B ) Arazi Kullanım Çeşitliliği, ( C ) Parsel Granülasyonu, ( D ) Binaların Sağlamlığı, ( E ) Ana Caddelerin Uzunluğu, ( F ) Sokak Genişliği, ( G ) Bağlantılılık ve ( H ) Açık Alanların Çevresindeki Yoğunluk.

      Her harita parsel bazında verinin yapısını belirtir.

  4. Sep 2024
    1. safe boundary of at least 20–25% of natural or semi-natural habitat per km2 in human-modified lands (ie, urban and agro-ecosystems) is needed to support both Earth-system NCP and local NCP, in addition to the functions provided by largely intact lands.

      for - stats - earth system boundary - biodiversity - human modified ecosystems - minimum of 20 to 25% natural / semi-natural habitat per square kilometer

  5. Aug 2024
    1. children for instance ask 500 2 000 questions a day and as you are grown up it's maybe 10 or 20 Questions per day

      for - neuroscience - importance of maintaining curiosity - 1000 questions a day for children - 20 questions a day for adults

  6. Jul 2024
    1. Lucy Calkins Retreats on Phonics in Fight Over Reading Curriculum by Dana Goldstein

      Not much talk of potentially splitting out methods for neurodivergent learners here. Teaching reading strategies may net out dramatically differently between neurotypical children and those with issues like dyslexia. Perceptual and processing issues may make some methods dramatically harder for some learners over others, and we still don't seem to have any respect for that.

      This example is an interesting one of the sort of generational die out of old ideas and adoption of new ones as seen in Kuhn's scientific revolutions.

    1. The Portal A podcast hosted by Eric Weinstein, The Portal is a journey of discovery. It is wide ranging and deep diving discussions with distinguished guests from the realms of science, culture and business. Join us as we seek portals that will carry us through the impossible- and beyond.
    1. George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian Congregational minister. He became a pioneering figure in the field of modern fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow-writer Lewis Carroll. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works of Christian theology, including several collections of sermons.
  7. Jun 2024
  8. May 2024
    1. Zum Hintergrund des Rückzugs großer Investoren der Wall Street aus dem Netzwerk Climate Action 100+. Der Rückzug ist vor allem das Ergebnis zunehmenden Drucks aus der Republikanischen Partei. Er hängt auch damit zusammen, dass Climate Action 100+ in einer Phase 2 von seinen MItgliedern nicht nur Informationen über die Klimafolgen von Investitionen verlangte, sondern Aktionen gegen fossile Emissionen. Dem Journalisten David Gelles zufolge werden die Wall Street-Firmen ihre bisherige, auf Redukton von Emissionen ausgerichtete Linie aber nicht völlig aufgeben. Weitgehend ist und bleibt diese Firmenpolitik aber kosmetisch. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/20/climate/wall-street-environmental-pledge-retreat.html

    1. Founders' IPO Letter

      Interesting that this is not yet annotated -- maybe it's annotated in some other version/URL? meaning in [[hypothesis]] ~ https://hypothes.is

  9. Apr 2024
    1. Zusammenfassender Bericht der EU über die Folgen der globalen Erhitzung in Europa im vergangenen Jahr. Europa erwärmt sich von allen Kontinenten am schnellsten. Die Menschen in Südeuropa waren über 100 Tage extender gute ausgesetzt. 2022 war das trockenste Jahr der ausgezeichneten Wettergeschichte, und es hatte den mit Abstand heißesten Sommer. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/20/frightening-record-busting-heat-and-drought-hit-europe-in-2022

  10. Mar 2024
    1. The old man looked like an Egyptian priest, making Gordian knots for the temple of Ammon

      History on the Gordian knot “The cutting of the Gordian Knot is an Ancient Greek legend associated with Alexander the Great in Gordium in Phrygia, regarding a complex knot that tied an oxcart. Reputedly, whoever could untie it would be destined to rule all of Asia. In 333 BC Alexander was challenged to untie the knot. Instead of untangling it laboriously as expected, he dramatically cut through it with his sword, thus exercising another form of mental genius. It is thus used as a metaphor for a seemingly intractable problem which is solved by exercising brute force“

    1. "Il résulte donc de ce qui précède, qu’en l’absence d’obstacle juridique, l’organe délibératif de l’EPLE est parfaitement libre d’adopter le principe d’une répartition de l’année scolaire en deux semestres, au lieu de trois trimestres. Une fois cette résolution arrêtée, il conviendra également de modifier en conséquence le règlement intérieur de l’établissement."

  11. Feb 2024
    1. Die globale Erhitzung trifft die Bevölkerung in der Nähe des Titicacasees vor allem aufgrund der Verlandung des Sees. Übernutzung des Wassers in den Zuflüssen der Umgebung wirkt dabei verstärkend. Fiscchfang und Formen der traditionellen Landwirtschaft wie der Kartoffelanbau funktionieren zunehmend weniger, so dass z.B. auf Milchwirtschaft mit Zufütterung von Soja umgestiegen wird. Reportage zu den komplexen ökologisch-sozialen Veränderungen. https://taz.de/Klimawandel-in-Lateinamerika/!5989226/

    1. Sultan Al Jaber hat bei einer von der IEA gehosteten Diskussion dazu aufgerufen, ber der Energiewende die Nachfrageseite adäquat zu berücksichtigen (was bei bestimmten IPCC-Szenarios und bei Degrowth-Ansätzen schon lange der Fall ist). Eine Studie von ExxonMobil prognostiziert wedding Wachstum der m des Energieverbrauchs um 15% bis 2050. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/20/energy-turmoil-looms-unless-demand-is-checked-says-cop28-president-sultan-al-jaber

  12. Jan 2024
    1. 2023 erzeugte der Tourismus 3,3% des Bruttosozialprodukts der Welt. Der Gesamtumsatz des internationalen Tourismus betrug 1,4 Billionen Dollar. Dass der Umsatz von 2019, vor der Corona-Epidemie, noch nicht wieder erreicht wurde, liegt an deutlichen Veränderungen des chinesischen Tourismus. Die neuen Zahlen der Weltlttourismusorganisation enthalten keinerlei Angaben über die durch den Tourismus verursachten Treibhausgasemissionen. Frankreich, die beliebteste Destination der Welt, rechnet 2024 mit über 100 Millionen Touristen. https://www.liberation.fr/economie/transports/tourisme-le-nombre-de-voyageurs-devrait-battre-son-record-en-2024-la-france-toujours-premiere-destination-mondiale-20240120_MSGSE75DCZD67GBRDNA4UPBVLI/

  13. Dec 2023
  14. Nov 2023
    1. heir crew is the place at school where they most feel a sense of belonging; for some of them, it’s the place where they most feel a sense of belonging, period.

      Working to establish intentional relationships

    2. Turnaround’s coaches eventually persuaded the teachers, after months of professional-development sessions, classroom observations, and one-on-one conversations, that giving students more opportunity to experience autonomy, and to engage more deeply in their own learning, would actually make the climate in the classrooms calmer, not crazier.

      If you haven't been given autonomy, it is harder to give it to others.

    3. Giving students more autonomy in their learning meant giving up control — handing over the reins of the classroom

      I think JCOS is a good example fo a school giving students more autonomy.

    4. helping teachers create and communicate clear expectations and rules, and consistent consequences for violating those rules, and providing them with tools to help de-escalate conflicts when they did arise.

      Important things to establish from the beginning

    1. Der Emissions Gap Report 2023 des UN-Umweltprogramms (Titel: Broken Rekord) zeigt, dass sich die Welt nach wie vor auf eine Erhitzung um 2,5-2,9° zubewegt. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass das 1,5°-Ziel noch erreicht wird, liegt bei höchstens 14%. Der Treibhausgasausstoß erreichte einen historischen Rekord; er war 2022 1,2% höher als 2021. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000195965/welt-steuert-auf-drei-grad-erhitzung-zu-methan

      Bericht: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023

  15. Oct 2023
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita

      During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law).

      The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: שמיטה, literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shǝvi'it (שביעית‎, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism.

    1. (Joshua 4:20).

      connect this to:

      The helps whereof by this art memorative, they would prove to be as effectual, by these conceived fictions in the eye of the mind,12 as those we remember by the visible eye of the body, for example whereof say they, concerning the latter we read in the holy Scriptures of 12 stones, that were erected in the river Jordan in memory of the wonderful transpassage of the Israelites, Josh. 24.27.—The Memory Arts in Renaissance England by William E. Engel, Rory Loughnane, and Grant Williams

    2. When the people of Israel crossed the Jordan, Joshua commanded the people to set up twelve stones which were taken from the Jordan River as a memorial celebrating that defining moment in the life of Israel, the entrance of the people into the land God had promised to their ancestors (Joshua 4:20). The purpose of those memorial stones was to remind future generations of how the people “crossed the Jordan River on dry ground” (Joshua 4:22).

      Description of the arrangement? Circle? Further or suggested usage?

      Link to Genesis 28:18: https://hypothes.is/a/NF5p8Gx6Ee65Rg_J4tfaMQ

    3. “If you make an altar of stones for me, do not build it with dressed stones, for you will defile it if you use a tool on it” (Exodus 20:25).
  16. Sep 2023
    1. Because adding research to your essays requires the use of others’ writing, and because many assignment require you to write about others’ writing, it is possible to plagiarize accidentally through incorrect citation.

      When we’re writing an essay, we often quote others writing in our paper, that might cause some copyright issues.

  17. Jul 2023
    1. One option is to cap the top 20% of energy users while allowing those people who use little energy and have poverty-level incomes to be able to increase their consumption levels and improve their quality of life.
      • One energy demand reduction strategy
        • Cap the top 20% of energy users
        • while allowing those people
          • who use little energy and
          • have poverty-level incomes
        • to be able to
          • increase their consumption levels and
          • improve their quality of life.
  18. Jun 2023
    1. transgressors

      a person who breaks a law or moral rule:

    2. defiantly

      in a way that proudly refuses to obey authority 對抗地;對立地;違抗地

    3. misdeeds

      an act that is criminal or bad 違法行為;罪行;不端行為

    4. covenant

      a formal agreement or promise between two or more people盟約;契約;協定;承諾

    5. intercourse

      the act of having sex 性交,交媾

  19. Apr 2023
    1. Extending the life of electronic products and re-using electrical components brings an even larger economic benefit, as working devices are certainly worth more than the materials they contain. A circular electronics system - one in which resources are not extracted, used and wasted, but re-used in countless ways - creates decent, sustainable jobs and retains more value in the industry.

      This paragraph caught my attention for several reasons. The first is that it was one of the first paragraphs that I actually understood what it was saying. Additionally, it made me feel like I could do something about it. When it said that reusing electrical components are better, it helped me see a clear way that I can direct effect this. Finally, I thought this paragraph was interesting because it talked about creating jobs. This is important to note because more and more people are going to school for something involving technology. This creates jobs for that specific group of people.

  20. Mar 2023
    1. She said, “That is the one about whom you blamed me. And I certainly sought to seduce him, but he firmlyrefused; and if he will not do what I order him, he will surely be imprisoned and will be of those debased.”33. He said, “My Lord, prison is more to my liking than that to which they invite me. And if You do not avertfrom me their plan, I might incline toward them and [thus] be of the ignorant.”34. So his Lord responded to him and averted from him their plan. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Knowing.35. Then it appeared to them after they had seen the signs that he [i.e., al-Azeez] should surely imprison himfor a time.

      Why does he wants the lord to imprison him?

    2. And she certainly determined [to seduce] him, and he would have inclined to her had he not seen the proof[i.e., sign] of his Lord. And thus [it was] that We should avert from him evil and immorality. Indeed, he wasof Our chosen servants

      This scene does show Joseph's defect, but it is also human defect.

    3. He said, “O my son, do not relate your vision to your brothers or they will contrive against you a plan. In-deed Satan, to man, is a manifest enemy.

      This is different than the plot of the Hebrew Bible.

    4. Bring us a Qur’ān other than this or change it.” Say, [O Muhammad], “It is not for me to change it onmy own accord. I only follow what is revealed to me.

      He does not change the law of God, too. This is somewhat like Jesus.

    5. Indeed, your Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himselfabove the Throne, arranging the matter [of His creation].

      Quran has the same creation with that of bible.

    1. valiant

      英勇possessing or acting with bravery or boldness

    2. choirs

      有組織的歌唱團(如在教堂禮拜中)an organized company of singers (as in a church service)

    3. haul

      通過拉動或拉動使(某物)移動:施加牽引力to cause (something) to move by pulling or drawing : to exert traction on

    4. spacious

      規模大或宏偉large or magnificent in scale

    5. breach

      打破慣有的友好關係a break in accustomed friendly relations

  21. Sep 2022
    1. a book that was published in 1932. In this book, in explicit detail, are instructions that teach academics and researchers how to build their own Zettelkasten (aka, their own notebox system)

      Johannes Erich Heyde, Technik des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens https://www.reddit.com/r/antinet/comments/wryt4t/the_secret_book_luhmann_read_that_taught_him/

  22. Aug 2022
  23. Jul 2022
    1. One must be able to add one's own private links to and from public information. One must also be able to annotate links, as well as nodes, privately.

      Annotations were part of the earliest vision of the World Wide Web

  24. Mar 2022
    1. En somme, les études sur la communication des élèves atteints d’autisme permettent de mettre en évidence l’importance d’un contexte riche en stimulations appropriées (sons et images), mais également une évidente « stabilité » de l’information à décoder, le suivi des émotions des personnages, le rôle de l’imitation dans les apprentissages. Ces résultats encouragent donc l’usage d’outils informatiques adéquats pour améliorer la communication sociale chez les enfants atteints d’autisme.

      L'association de deux sujets qui n'ont pas de corrélation vérifiéé, revient dans la conclusion en contradiction avec la conclusion de l'étude de Ramdoss, S et al.

    2. Nous allons montrer par une courte analyse de quelques études l’impact du travail éducatif informatisé dans l’apprentissage de la communication sociale chez des enfants atteints d’autisme.

      En contradiction avec l'hypothèse :

      Results suggest that CBI should not yet be considered a researched-based approach to teaching communication skills to individuals with ASD. However, CBI does seem a promising practice that warrants future research. Les résultats suggèrent que le CBI ne devrait pas encore être considéré comme un approche fondée sur la recherche pour enseigner les compétences en communication aux personnes ayant Troubles du Spectre Autistique. Cependant, le CBI semble être une pratique prometteuse qui justifie des recherches futures.

  25. Feb 2022
  26. Sep 2021
    1. Fundamentos pedagógicos. En el PEI de la institución pudimos identificar las tendencias pedagógicas del colegio universitario de socorro como lo son: el aprendizaje significativo- humanista y constructivista, al igual orientan contenidos al estudio del medio ambiente.

    1. (art. R. 421-20 du code de l’éducation)

      Le conseil d'administration est l'organe décisionnel de l'établissement. Il adopte le projet d'établissement, le budget et le compte financier de l’établissement ainsi que le règlement intérieur de l’établissement. Il donne notamment son accord sur le programme de l'association sportive, sur les principes du dialogue avec les parents d'élèves. Il délibère sur les questions relatives à l'hygiène, la santé et la sécurité. Il donne son avis sur les principes de choix des manuels et outils pédagogiques, sur la création d'options et de sections (art. R. 421-20 du code de l’éducation).

  27. Aug 2021
    1. RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-070628-20

      DOI: 10.7554/eLife.44431

      Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-070628-20,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-070628-20)

      Curator: @scibot

      SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-070628-20


      What is this?

  28. Jul 2021
    1. RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20

      DOI: 10.7554/eLife.35796

      Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-120926-20,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20)

      Curator: @evieth

      SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20


      What is this?

    2. RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20

      DOI: 10.7554/eLife.35796

      Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-120926-20,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20)

      Curator: @evieth

      SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-120926-20


      What is this?

  29. Apr 2021
  30. Mar 2021
    1. Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).

      AssayResult: 5.4

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      StandardErrorMean: 0.13

    2. A total of 84 PALB2 patient-derived missense variants reported in ClinVar, COSMIC, and the PALB2 LOVD database were selected

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1846G>C p.(Asp616His)

    1. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

      AssayResult: 95.47

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      PValue: > 0.9999

      Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.

    2. To this end, 44 missense variants found in breast cancer patients were identified in the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar) and/or selected by literature curation based on their frequency of description or amino acid substitution position in the protein (Supplemental Table S1).

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.3054G>C p.(Glu1018Asp)

    1. Source Data

      AssayResult: 100.97

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardErrorMean: 7.27

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    2. Source Data

      AssayResult: 87.96

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardErrorMean: 10.31

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    3. Source Data

      AssayResult: 82.83

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardDeviation: 4.82

      StandardErrorMean: 3.41

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    4. We, therefore, analyzed the effect of 48 PALB2 VUS (Fig. 2a, blue) and one synthetic missense variant (p.A1025R) (Fig. 2a, purple)29 on PALB2 function in HR.

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.2120C>T p.(P707L)

    1. Most Suspected Brugada Syndrome Variants Had (Partial) Loss of Function

      AssayResult: 38.9

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      ReplicateCount: 27

      StandardErrorMean: 7.2

      Comment: This variant had partial loss of function of peak current (10-50% of wildtype) and a >10mV loss of function shift in Vhalf activation, therefore it was considered abnormal (in vitro features consistent with Brugada Syndrome Type 1). (Personal communication: A. Glazer)

    2. we selected 73 previously unstudied variants: 63 suspected Brugada syndrome variants and 10 suspected benign variants

      HGVS: NM_198056.2:c.2353G>A p.(Asp785Asn)

    1. Les nouvelles dispositions émanant du décret n°2019-906 prévoient que le Conseil d’Administration de l’établissement doit désormais établir, à partir des enquêtes trimestriellessur les sanctions, un rapport relatif au fonctionnement pédagogique et des conditions matérielles de fonctionnement dont une partie est consacrée au bilan des décisions rendues en matière disciplinaire, élaboré à partir du registre des sanctions de l’établissement, et des suites données par le chef d’établissement aux demandes écrites de saisine du conseil de discipline émanant d’un membre de la communauté éducative
  31. Feb 2021
    1. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 86

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      Comment: See Table S3 for details

    2. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 3.2

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      Comment: See Table S3 for details

    3. We analysed a total of 82 blood samples derived from 77 individuals (online supplemental table 3). These 77 individuals corresponded either to new index cases suspected to harbour a pathogenic TP53 variant or to relatives of index cases harbouring TP53 variants.

      HGVS: NM_000546.5:c.472C>T p.(Arg158Cys)

  32. Oct 2020
  33. Sep 2020
    1. “You are free to eat from any tree in the garden;(W) 17 but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,(X) for when you eat from it you will certainly die.”

      God instructed Adam and Eve to eat whatever they desired, though prohibited them to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. In Robin Wall Kimmerer's "Skywoman Falling", she explained how in Indigenous culture, they follow Original Instructions. These "instructions" are not rules but rather guidelines for each person. Kimmerer explains how during Skywoman's time, the first people's understanding of the Original Instructions were to care for the and have respect for hunted animals, value family, and hold respectful ceremonies for their beliefs.

  34. Mar 2020
  35. Feb 2020
    1. But, let’s be pragmatic for a second, the 80/20 rule states that you get 80% of the value from 20% of the work and a couple of simple tests are vastly better than no tests at all. Start small and simple, make sure you get something out of the testing first, then expand the test suite and add more complexity until you feel that you’ve reached the point where more effort spent on realism will not give enough return on your invested time.
  36. Jun 2019
  37. May 2019
    1. Sham surgery was performed on mice as described above except that the ovary and tubes after being delivered from the incision site were pushed back into the peritoneum in an intact state
    2. Sham surgery:
    1. Tryptic hydrolysis of restrictocin and the chimeric toxins was carried out at neutral pH in 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 containing 1 mM CaCh, 0.5 mM EDT A. For acidic pH, the buffer containing 200 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.2 and 1 mM CaCh was used. Trypsin diluted in 50 mM PBS, pH 7.4 was added to the protein and the samples were incubated at 37 °C for specified time periods. The reaction was terminated by the addition of SDS-PAGE sample buffer. The digestion products were analyzed on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE using Tris-Giycine buffer system and restrictocin containing fragments were detected by western blotting with anti-restrictocin antibodies.
    2. Trypsin Treatment
    1. The culture supernates containing the assiociated hCG heterodimer as described above, were tested for their ability to inhibit hCG induced testosterone production by Leydig cells. Leydig cell suspensions were prepared from NMRI inbred adult male mice essentially by the procedure of Van Damme et al., 1974 with modifications. The procedure has been described previously Pal, 1989 and involved the measu~ement of the testosterone produced by the Leydig cells following stimulation with culture supernate containing the associated alpha and beta subunits of hCG.
    2. Leydig cell bioassay.
    1. Throughoutthepresentwork,unlessotherwisegiven,thecontrolandexperimentalvaluesarethereplicatesofatleast6independentobservations.Thedataareexpressedasx±SE.StatisticalcomparisonsweremadebyStudents‘t’test(SnedecorandCochran,1967).Whereverneeded,estimatesofdegreesofstatisticalsignificantdifferencesbetweengroupsweremadebyanalysisofvariance.Allregressioncalculationsusedstandardprogrammesforlinearleastsquareregressionandcomparisonoftheslopesoftheregressionlineswereprepared.Correlationanalysiswasusedtorecordanyinteractionbetweentheparametersunderscrutinyandbodyweightofthefish.ThegeneralequationY-awborlogy=loga+blogwasusedtoshowvariousallometricrelationshipsbetweenbodyweightandO2uptakerate.WherevernecessarythedatawasalsosubjectedtocomputeranalysisusingaCompaq1702computerdevelopedbyWIPRO,Bangalore,India.
    2. Statistics
    1. high osmolarity conditions (Gowrishankar, 1989; Csonka, 1989) for β-galactosidase assay
    2. Assays for determination of β-galactosidase enzyme activity in cultures were performed as described by Miller (1992) after permeabilizing the cells with SDS/chloroform, and the activity values were calculated in Miller units, as defined therein. For determination of proU activity from a proU::lac fusion that contains the proUpromoter cloned upstream of the lacZYA genes (as in plasmid pHYD272), cultures used were grown in LBON or K-medium (low osmolarity medium) since proU is also induced under
    3. β-Galactosidase assay
    4. Enzyme assays
    1. Visible Spectrophotometer was from Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan). 11Quant Microplate Reader was procured from Biotek Instruments Inc. (Winooski, VT). Gene Pulsar X Cell electroporator was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA) while the cuvettes for electroporating cells were obtained from BTX Harvard Apparatus Inc. (Holliston, MA). BD Calibur flow cytometer was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Hu 13 Midi DNA gel electrophoresis apparatus was procured from Scie Plas (Cambridge, UK). Protean II and III polycacrylamide gel system and Mini Transblot cells were procured from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). Electrophoresis Power supply EPS 500/400 was purchased from Pharmacia Biotech-AB (Uppsala, Sweden). Peltier Thermal Cycler -200 was purchased from MJ research (Waltham, MA). UVP Gel Doc-It System was purchased from UVP Bio Imaging Systems Inc. (Upland, CA). JEOL JEM-2100F field emission transmission electron microscope at the Advanced Instrumentation facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University was used to capture images. GC-MS was performed with an Agilent 7890A gas chromatography instrument coupled to an Agilent 5975C mass spectrometer and an Agilent ChemStation software (version G1701EA, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA) A HP-5MS capillary column (30m x 0.25mm i.d) coated with 0.25 11m film 5% phenyl methyl siloxane was used for separation
    2. Forma II Series water jacketed C02 incubator for cell culture was purchased from Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA), BOD incubator for Leishmania cultures was obtained from Jeiotech (Korea) while 37°C incubator for bacterial cultures was purchased from Thermotech Instruments (P) Ltd (Raipur, India). Gyratory incubation shaker (Ecotron) was purchased from Infors-HT (Bottmingen, Switzerland). Optiphot fluorescence microscope, Nikon E600W upright fluorescence microscope and Nikon confocal microscope C1 were from Nikon (Tokyo, Japan). FluoStar Optima and FluoStar Omega fluorescence readers were purchased from BMG Lab technologies Inc. (Offenburg, Germany). UV-160A UV
    3. Instrumentation
    4. Densitometry: Densitometry was performed using Labworks™ Image Acquisition and Analysis Software, UVP Biolmaging Systems, UVP Inc. (Upland, CA).
    5. followed by several washes with PBS-Tween (50mM PBS containing 0.1 %v /v Tween 20) to remove any traces of acetic acid. Blocking: Nonspecific sites were blocked by incubating the membrane with 3%w /v milk protein (prepared in PBS-I) at 4°C overnight. Subsequently excess blocking reagent was washed off by three washes of PBS-T, each for 15 min at RT on a shaker incubator set at 60-80rpm. Incubation with primary antibody: Appropriate primary antibody dilutions (usually 1:20,000; Table 3.8) were prepared in 0.1% PBS-T or 1% blocking reagent. Blots were incubated with primary antibody for 1hr at RT on a shaker set at 30-40rpm. Unbound primary antibody was then washed off by three washes of PBS-T, each for 15 min at RT on a shaker incubator set at 60-80rpm. Incubation with Secondary antibody : Corresponding secondary antibody dilutions (usually 1:20,000; Table 3.8) were prepared in 0.1% PBS-I or 1% blocking reagent. Blots were incubated with secondary antibody for 1hr at RT on a shaker set at 30-40rpm. Unbound secondary antibody was then washed off by three washes of PBS-T, each for 15 min at RT on a shaker incubator set at 60-SOrpm. Detection by Enhanced Chemi-Luminescence or ECL: In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, horseradish peroxidase catalyses the oxidation of cyclic diacylhydrazides such as luminal. Following oxidation, luminal is in an excited state which decays to the ground state by emitting light. ECL reagents from EZ-ECL kit (Biological industries) were used according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, equal volume of ECL solution A (Luminal) and B (Hydrogen peroxide) were mixed and incubated with the membrane for approximately 5 min. Excess solution was drained off and the membrane enclosed in between two sheets of transparencies taking care to remove any air bubbles trapped in between. These were then placed in an X-ray film cassette and exposed to a sheet of X-ray film under red safety light. Depending on the antibody used, exposure times varied. Subsequently the X-ray film was transferred to developer followed by fixer solutions. Excess fixer was washed off with running water and the film air-dried.
    6. Transfer of protein onto nitrocellulose membrane: Protein resolved by PAGE were transferred onto Hybond nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham, Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) at SOV for 2.5 hours at 4°C in chilled transfer buffer (192mM glycine, 25mM Tris Base pH 8.3, 20%v lv methanol). Visualisation of protein bands transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane: Following transfer, the membrane was stained with amido black (0.1 %w lv amido black in 7%v lv acetic acid) for 30-60 s at RT. To destain, the membrane was washed in excess amounts of 7% vI v acetic acid. This was
    7. Western Blottin
    1. Cells grown to log-phase in YPD medium were spotted on CAAmedium and overlaid with a nitrocellulose filter. Cells were allowed to grow at 30 ̊C for 18-20 h. After incubation, the filter was washed with water to remove cells and membrane-bound CPY was detected by immunoblotting withpolyclonal anti-CPY antibody (Thermo Scientific) at a dilution of 1:15,000
    2. Carboxypeptidase Ysecretion assay
    1. The reaction mixture was then placed on a thermo-cycler with the required cycling conditions for amplification of the desired gene, as described in Table 2.7. The amplified products were purified by PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and either quantified by spectrometry or separatedby agarose gel electrophoresis.Table2.7:Cycling conditions for PCR
    2. The PCR amplification of desired genes werecarried out using Taq polymerase reaction kit obtained from Fermentas.Typically, a reaction mixture containing primers with plasmid containing geneof interest or c-DNA was prepared as described in Table 2.6. Table2.6: Various components of PCR reaction mix
    3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    1. and A190middle (557-1100 a.a)fragments were amplified from the plasmid pRS314RPA190gifted byDr. Herbert Tschochner with primers containing BamHI and XhoI (Table 2.4).The mutant versions of A34 and A190 fragments were generated by overlap extension PCR based method. p416GPD GST-RPA43 used in ChIPwas generated by extracting the GST-RPA43fragmentsfrom pYesGex6p2 GST-RPA43by restriction digestion with HindIII and XhoIfollowed by ligation into p416GPD. Clones were verified by bacterial colony PCR, sequencing and western blot. For colony PCR a small amount of bacterial colony was taken with the help of tooth pick and touch the bottom of the 0.2 mL PCR tube to which PCR reaction mix was added and performed PCR
    2. The nomenclature system for RNA Pol I subunits, gene and protein name is given in Table 2.4 and The S.cerevisiaeRNA Pol I subunits Uaf30, A34.5, A43 full length and fragmentsof A135 (1-112 a.a) and A190 (1101-1664 a.a) were PCR amplified from genomic DNA of the wild-type strain using high fidelity DNA Taq polymerase, with primers carrying restriction sites for BamHI and NotI or BamHI and XhoI (Table 2.4). Amplified fragments were cloned downstream of the GAL4promoter in the pYesGex6p2 plasmid (Werneret al., 2010).These plasmids were generated by a colleague,Mr. Unnikannan CP,in the laboratory. Fragments and mutant versions of full length RNA Pol I subunits A34.5 and A43 weregenerated using above plasmids as templates (Table 2.3).A190 N-terminal (1-556 a.a)Calculation of adjusted input-Volume of cell lysate: 500 uL-Volume set aside as input: 10 uL, eluted into a final volume of 40 uL-Volume of lysate taken for IP: 490 uL; eluted into 100 uL after IP, of which 90 uL was eluted into a final volume of 40 uL. Therefore, volume of lysate for IP corresponds to (90/100)*490 = 440 uL (approx. 500 uL)1μLof input sample, and 3 μLof immunoprecipitated sample was taken from40μLof eluted volumes, for q-PCR reaction.The input sampletaken for q-PCR = 1/40x10 uL= 0.25 uLThe immunoprecipitated DNAtaken for q-PCR = 3/40x 500=37.5uLTherefore, the Ct values obtained for input samples (Ct input) were from 0.25 μL out of 37.5 uLoftotal lysateAdjusted Ct=[Ct(Input)-log2(input dilution factor)]The dilution factor forinput sample was 37.5/0.25 = 150Adjusted Ct = [Ct(Input)-log2(150)] = Ct(Input)-7.23Table. 2.6 The gene name and correspondingprotein name for RNA Pol Isubunits.RPA represents RNA polymerase I and protein name starts with A which represents that the subunit is present in RNA pol I
    3. Cloning of S.cerevisiaeORFs
    1. HCT116 cells stably expressing NT or shRNA against IP6K1were grown to subconfluence. Logarithmic phase monolayer cultures were harvested by trypsinization, cell number was determined using a hemocytometer,and resuspended in complete DMEM. Before injection, cells were washedand resuspended in PBS at 2×107cells/mL. Approximately 2×106 cellswere injected subcutaneously into either flank of 6 week old female homozygous Foxn1nuathymic nude mice(n= 8 mice) and tumor size was monitored every 3 days for a period of 4 weeks. Mice were euthanized 4 weeks after injection and tumors were surgically excised and weighed
    2. In vivoxenograft model
  38. Dec 2018
    1. The guaranties of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy.

      20 - The author expresses the South's fear of losing its autonomy.

    2. We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States.

      20 - The author claims that the Federal Government failed to keep the peace and has not defended all states equally.

    3. By this Constitution, certain duties were imposed upon the several States, and the exercise of certain of their powers was restrained, which necessarily implied their continued existence as sovereign States. But to remove all doubt, an amendment was added, which declared that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.

      20 - The author claims that states were given less power than what the Constitution stated they should have. He argues that the states should have more power as separate entities from the federal government.

    4. Thus were established the two great principles asserted by the Colonies, namely: the right of a State to govern itself; and the right of a people to abolish a Government when it becomes destructive of the ends for which it was instituted. And concurrent with the establishment of these principles, was the fact, that each Colony became and was recognized by the mother Country a FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATE.

      20 - The author cites the states' rights that were given to them by the Articles of Confederation to imply that they were violated when the federal government dawned new laws upon the states without their consent.

    5. declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union;

      20 - The author states that the federal government has violated the constitutional rights of states and therefore they have no choice but to "withdraw" from the union.

  39. Jul 2018
    1. 14

      Step 20:

      Flip the frame over and align the legs with the frame as shown in the graph.

      Step 21:

      Insert the legs into the frame.

    Tags

    Annotators

  40. Jun 2018
    1. In this kind of situation one might well ask: why continue to make the 80 per cent of products that only generate 20 per cent of profits? Companies rarely ask these questions, perhaps because to answer them would mean very radical action: to stop doing four-fifths of what you are doing is not a trivial change.

      Relevant on larger scale of global economies.

    2. There are two routes to achieving this. One is to reallocate the resources from unproductive to productive uses, the secret of all entrepreneurs down the ages. Find a round hole for a round peg, a square hole for a square peg, and a perfect fit for any shape in between. Experience suggests that every resource has its ideal arena, where the resource can be tens or hundreds of times more effective than in most other arenas. The other route to progress—the method of scientists, doctors, preachers, computer systems designers, educationalists and trainers—is to find ways to make the unproductive resources more effective, even in their existing applications; to make the weak resources behave as though they were their more productive cousins; to mimic, if necessary by intricate rote-learning procedures, the highly productive resources. The few things that work fantastically well should be identified, cultivated, nurtured and multiplied. At the same time, the waste—the majority of things that will always prove to be of low value to man and beast—should be abandoned or severely cut back.
    3. Certainly, the principle brings home what may be evident anyway: that there is a tragic amount of waste everywhere, in the way that nature operates, in business, in society and in our own lives. If the typical pattern is for 80 per cent of results to come from 20 per cent of inputs, it is necessarily typical too that 80 per cent, the great majority, of inputs are having only a marginal—20 per cent—impact.
    4. Both phenomena help to show how the universe abhors balance. In the former case, we see a natural flight away from a 50/50 split of competing phenomena. A 51/49 split is inherently unstable and tends to gravitate towards a 95/5, 99/1 or even 100/0 split. Equality ends in dominance: that is one of the messages of chaos theory. The 80/20 Principle’s message is different yet complementary It tells us that, at any one point, a majority of any phenomenon will be explained or caused by a minority of the actors participating in the phenomenon. 80 per cent of the results come from 20 per cent of the causes. A few things are important; most are not.
    5. Related to the idea of feedback loops is the concept of the tipping point. Up to a certain point, a new force—whether it is a new product, a disease, a new rock group or a new social habit such as jogging or roller-blading—finds it difficult to make headway. A great deal of effort generates little by way of results. At this point many pioneers give up. But if the new force persists and can cross a certain invisible line, a small amount of additional effort can reap huge returns. This invisible line is the tipping point.
    6. We can see positive feedback loops operating in many areas, explaining how it is that we typically end up with 80/20 rather than 50/50 relationships between populations. For example, the rich get richer, not just (or mainly) because of superior abilities, but because riches beget riches. A similar phenomenon exists with goldfish in a pond. Even if you start with goldfish almost exactly the same size, those that are slightly bigger become very much bigger, because, even with only slight initial advantages in stronger propulsion and larger mouths, they are able to capture and gobble up disproportionate amounts of food
    7. At the heart of this progress is a process of substitution. Resources that have weak effects in any particular use are not used, or are used sparingly. Resources that have powerful effects are used as much as possible. Every resource is ideally used where it has the greatest value. Wherever possible, weak resources are developed so that they can mimic the behaviour of the stronger resources.
    8. Why should you care about the 80/20 Principle? Whether you realize it or not, the principle applies to your life, to your social world and to the place where you work. Understanding the 80/20 Principle gives you great insight into what is really happening in the world around you.
    9. The reason that the 80/20 Principle is so valuable is that it is counterintuitive. We tend to expect that all causes will have roughly the same significance. That all customers are equally valuable. That every bit of business, every product and every dollar of sales revenue is as good as another. That all employees in a particular category have roughly equivalent value. That each day or week or year we spend has the same significance. That all our friends have roughly equal value to us. That all enquiries or phone calls should be treated in the same way. That one university is as good as another. That all problems have a large number of causes, so that it is not worth isolating a few key causes. That all opportunities are of roughly equal value, so that we treat them all equally. We tend to assume that 50 per cent of causes or inputs will account for 50 per cent of results or outputs. There seems to be a natural, almost democratic, expectation that causes and results are generally equally balanced. And, of course, sometimes they are. But this ‘50/50 fallacy’ is one of the most inaccurate and harmful, as well as the most deeply rooted, of our mental maps.