- Oct 2020
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academic.microsoft.com academic.microsoft.com
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1926 documents
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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13 popset
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www.insp.mx www.insp.mx
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glosario
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www.letraslibres.com www.letraslibres.com
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576 dashboards
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osf.io osf.io
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www.poynter.org www.poynter.org
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cordis.europa.eu cordis.europa.eu
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www.mmm-online.com www.mmm-online.com
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registry.opendata.aws registry.opendata.aws
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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charts
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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3 mesh terms
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app.dimensions.ai app.dimensions.ai
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analisis_literatura,kit/indices_citas,indice_citas,favorito,
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blogs.iadb.org blogs.iadb.org
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codevid19.com codevid19.com
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hackaton
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www.kaggle.com www.kaggle.com
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notebooks datasets competitions
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continuumclinical.com continuumclinical.com
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www.kdnuggets.com www.kdnuggets.com
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7 blog post data science
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www.rochester.edu www.rochester.edu
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glosario
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data.humdata.org data.humdata.org
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12 datasets
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www.astc.org www.astc.org
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www.bbc.com www.bbc.com
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Li_Wenliang
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cyber.harvard.edu cyber.harvard.edu
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acceso_abierto
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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1169 proteins
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blogs.lse.ac.uk blogs.lse.ac.uk
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elpais.com elpais.com
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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www.onepagericu.com www.onepagericu.com
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scholar.google.com scholar.google.com
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2110 publications
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meaww.com meaww.com
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www.n95decon.org www.n95decon.org
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project,especialización,trend_topic,mascarillas
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www.infodocket.com www.infodocket.com
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www.fic.nih.gov www.fic.nih.gov
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www.statnews.com www.statnews.com
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www.telecinco.es www.telecinco.es
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www.amazon.com.mx www.amazon.com.mx
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625 books
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storymaps.arcgis.com storymaps.arcgis.com
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github.com github.com
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13561 repository results
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docs.google.com docs.google.com
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118 COVID19/coronavirus LibGuides List
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www.nationalgeographic.com.es www.nationalgeographic.com.es
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www.viprbrc.org www.viprbrc.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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21 structure
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coronavirus.tghn.org coronavirus.tghn.org
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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www.clemson.edu www.clemson.edu
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glosario
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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www.semanticscholar.org www.semanticscholar.org
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1650 documents
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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379 samples
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nextstrain.org nextstrain.org
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dig.watch dig.watch
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www.nih.gov www.nih.gov
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unidad_COVID2019,imprescindible,país
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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14 genes
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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favorito
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www.vox.com www.vox.com
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www.worldcat.org www.worldcat.org
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3112 publications
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horizon-magazine.eu horizon-magazine.eu
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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27 substances
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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24 bioproject
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candid.org candid.org
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253 Total Number of Funders 81 Total Number of Recipients 313 Total Number of Grants $2.2B Total Dollar Value of Grants
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ourworldindata.org ourworldindata.org
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World COVID-19 testings
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www.cochranelibrary.com www.cochranelibrary.com
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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twitter.com twitter.com
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www.pharmaceutical-technology.com www.pharmaceutical-technology.com
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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1 book
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www.urbanlibraries.org www.urbanlibraries.org
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comunelab.fbk.eu comunelab.fbk.eu
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ramikrispin.github.io ramikrispin.github.io
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335955 Total Confirmed Cases
223,619 (66.6%) Active Cases
97,704 (29.1%) Recovered Cases
14,632 (4.4%) Death Cases
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novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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unidad_COVID2019
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coronavirus.ovidds.com coronavirus.ovidds.com
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micrositio
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data.oecd.org data.oecd.org
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comunelab.fbk.eu comunelab.fbk.eu
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datus.encryptedcommerce.net datus.encryptedcommerce.net
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crowdfightcovid19.org crowdfightcovid19.org
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rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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579 publications
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www.elsevier.com www.elsevier.com
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unidad_COVID2019,favorito,imprescindible
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retractionwatch.com retractionwatch.com
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covid19obs.fbk.eu covid19obs.fbk.eu
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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unidad_COVID2019
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blogs.lse.ac.uk blogs.lse.ac.uk
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app.dimensions.ai app.dimensions.ai
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3219 publications
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www.paho.org www.paho.org
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bioportal.bioontology.org bioportal.bioontology.org
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academic.microsoft.com academic.microsoft.com
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923 documents
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www.coronavirus.gov www.coronavirus.gov
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www.fema.gov www.fema.gov
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tools.niehs.nih.gov tools.niehs.nih.govCOVID-191
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¿ Rápido o apresurado? El acceso abierto NO debería ser una excepción Tres lecciones para la publicación abierta Si el acceso abierto es fundamental para ayudar a derrotar a COVID-19, ¿por qué no utilizar la misma lógica para abordar todos los demás desafíos que enfrentamos?
Lección 1: Los modelos de publicación tradicionales, que bloquean el contenido detrás de los muros de pago, no son adecuados para su propósito. Lección 2: Los preprints y las plataformas de publicación abiertas han alcanzado la mayoría de edad Lección 3: No podemos predecir qué investigación será útil, así que hagamos que todo sea de acceso abierto.
Robert Kiley. (2020). Three lessons COVID-19 has taught us about Open Access publishing. Retrieved 13 October 2020, from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2020/10/06/39677/
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www.viprbrc.org www.viprbrc.org
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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1541 publications
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www.arcgis.com www.arcgis.com
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441187 total confirmed cases 111933 recovered 19784 deadhs
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github.com github.com
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1058 public repositories
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www.niaid.nih.gov www.niaid.nih.gov
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twitter.com twitter.com
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www.openaccess.nl www.openaccess.nl
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acceso_abierto
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app.dimensions.ai app.dimensions.ai
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publicacion
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elifesciences.org elifesciences.org
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www.researchgate.net www.researchgate.net
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indieweb.org indieweb.orgIndieWeb1
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If you're looking for the pages on annotations, highlights, or replies/comments you'll find them here:
https://indieweb.org/annotation
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
- Sep 2020
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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If you would like to delete your account, please email us at support@hypothes.is
This reminds me of closed systems, pretty much the opposite of what Dan Whaley (Founder, CEO of Hypothes.is) is talking about here:
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web.hypothes.is web.hypothes.is
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to download this information for your records or for use elsewhere, this is possible through the Hypothesis API
Why don't you provide a straightforward way to download the annotation data from the user's account?
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<LazyLoad component="img" data-src="giant-photo.jpg" class="my-cool-image" />
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icla2020b.jonreeve.com icla2020b.jonreeve.com
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through the window, to take his portmanteau
How close were Wilkie Collins and Lewis Carroll? If I'm not mistaken, Carroll originally used this phrase in Through the Looking Glass which was published around the same time as The Moonstone.
As Humpty Dumpty says, the portmanteau could be interpreted as "two meanings packed up into one word" . With Godfrey giving Cuff the keys to the portmanteau, it may allude to clues hidden in words with double meanings.
Either way, Carroll and Collins must've been on a lot of the good stuff.
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The Colonel had been a notorious opium-eater for years past
It should be mentioned that Wilkie Collins was a "notorious opium-eater" himself. The Colonel may be an allusion to himself, and the negative way in which he is depicted could be interpreted as Collins' self-loathing.
The curse of the Diamond itself may be an allegory for the corrupting influence of opium addiction. The "wretched crystal" that he "picked up" in India can be construed as a metaphor for a bad drug habit.
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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Offeddu, V., Yung, C. F., Low, M. S. F., & Tam, C. C. (2017). Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators Against Respiratory Infections in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(11), 1934–1942. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix681
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psycnet.apa.org psycnet.apa.org
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Moreau, D., & Gamble, B. (2020). Conducting a meta-analysis in the age of open science: Tools, tips, and practical recommendations. Psychological Methods, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000351
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www.bmj.com www.bmj.com
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Siemieniuk, R. A., Bartoszko, J. J., Ge, L., Zeraatkar, D., Izcovich, A., Kum, E., Pardo-Hernandez, H., Rochwerg, B., Lamontagne, F., Han, M. A., Liu, Q., Agarwal, A., Agoritsas, T., Chu, D. K., Couban, R., Darzi, A., Devji, T., Fang, B., Fang, C., … Brignardello-Petersen, R. (2020). Drug treatments for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ, 370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2980
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- Aug 2020
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bjgp.org bjgp.org
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Smith, C. F., Drew, S., Ziebland, S., & Nicholson, B. D. (2020). Understanding the role of GPs’ gut feelings in diagnosing cancer in primary care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence. British Journal of General Practice, 70(698), e612–e621. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X712301
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journals.sagepub.com journals.sagepub.com
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Hohn, R. E., Slaney, K. L., & Tafreshi, D. (2020). An Empirical Review of Research and Reporting Practices in Psychological Meta-Analyses. Review of General Psychology, 1089268020918844. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268020918844
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Moreau, D., & Gamble, B. (2020). Conducting a Meta-Analysis in the Age of Open Science: Tools, Tips, and Practical Recommendations [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t5dwg
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Frias‐Navarro, D., Pascual‐Llobell, J., Pascual‐Soler, M., Perezgonzalez, J., & Berrios‐Riquelme, J. (n.d.). Replication crisis or an opportunity to improve scientific production? European Journal of Education, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12417
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Mohammadi, A., Esmaeilzadeh, E., Li, Y., Bosch, R. J., & Li, J. Z. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 detection in different respiratory sites: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EBioMedicine, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102903
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Cevik, M., Tate, M., Lloyd, O., Maraolo, A. E., Schafers, J., & Ho, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding and infectiousness: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv, 2020.07.25.20162107. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.25.20162107
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Levin, A. T., Cochran, K. B., & Walsh, S. P. (2020). Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Meta-Analysis & Public Policy Implications (Working Paper No. 27597; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27597
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Walter, N., Brooks, J. J., Saucier, C. J., & Suresh, S. (2020). Evaluating the Impact of Attempts to Correct Health Misinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis. Health Communication, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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Create a note by selecting some text and clicking the button
This is a note in hypothes.is
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lees, J. M., & Cikara, M. (2020, July 29). Understanding and Combating False Polarization. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ncwez
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- Jul 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Webster, G. D., Mahar, E., & Wongsomboon, V. (2020). American Psychology Is Becoming More International, But Too Slowly: Comment on Thalmayer et al. (2020). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wqmer Ame
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Su, Q., Hu, J., Lin, H., Zhang, Z., Zhu, E. C., Zhang, C., Wang, D., Gao, Z., & Cao, B. (2020). Prevalence and risks of severe events for cancer patients with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv, 2020.06.23.20136200. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20136200
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Olsson-Collentine, A., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2020). Postprint—Heterogeneity in direct replications in psychology and its association with effect size [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m23v4
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Du, H., Jiang, G., & Ke, Z. (2020). A Bootstrap Based Between-Study Heterogeneity Test in Meta-Analysis [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/de4g9
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- Jun 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Edgcumbe, D. (2020). PrePrint Version (Edgcumbe, 2020): The developmental trajectory of open-mindedness: from 18 to 87-years of age. [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fnrmv
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Cheung, M. W.-L. (2020). Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/epsqt
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Maier, M., Bartoš, F., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020). Robust Bayesian Meta-Analysis: Addressing Publication Bias with Model-Averaging [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u4cns
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Atoui, S., Chevance, G., Romain, A. J., Kingsbury, C., Lachance, J., & Bernard, P. (2020, June 17). Daily associations between sleep and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ezusb
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., El-harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., Lotfi, T., Loeb, M., Hajizadeh, A., Bak, A., Izcovich, A., Cuello-Garcia, C. A., Chen, C., Harris, D. J., Borowiack, E., … Schünemann, H. J. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Puthillam, Arathy. ‘Too WEIRD, Too Fast: Preprints about COVID-19 in the Psychological Sciences’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 10 June 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5w7du.
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Chu, D., Akl, E., El-Harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., Lotf, T., Loeb, M., ... & Chen, C. (2020). Physical Distancing, Face Masks, and Eye Protection to Prevent Person-Person COVID-19 Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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- May 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Hanel, P. H. P. (2020). Conducting High Impact Research With Limited Financial Resources (While Working From Home) [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s3fcu
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Forscher, P. S., Wagenmakers, E.-J., DeBruine, L. M., Coles, N. A., Silan, M. A., & IJzerman, H. (2020). A Manifesto for Team Science [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2mdxh
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Grossmann, I., Weststrate, N. M., Ardelt, M., Brienza, J. P., Dong, M., Ferrari, M., Fournier, M. A., Hu, C. S., Nusbaum, H., & Vervaeke, J. (2020). The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w9ygc
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Krause, N. M., Freiling, I., Beets, B., & Brossard, D. (2020). Fact-checking as risk communication: The multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385
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web.hypothes.is web.hypothes.is
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Hypothesis/Brave login now works seamlessly there, and will on any other sites I unblock.
I'm ngl I'm not a huge fan of either of the proposed solutions for this. Just because I'm happy to allow third party cookies provided by hypothesis.is on example.com, doesn't mean I'm happy to allow all the other third party cookies on example.com, which is what the more conservative of the two solutions suggests.
Maybe there's some form of whitelisting we can do so that Brave automatically unblocks all hypothesis.is third party cookies, regardless of URL?
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Buitrago-Garcia, D. C., Egli-Gany, D., Counotte, M. J., Hossmann, S., Imeri, H., Salanti, G., & Low, N. (2020). The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: Rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079103
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fischer, H., & Said, N. (2020, May 12). Metacognition_ClimateChange_Fischer&Said_Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fd6gy
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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While somewhat modest in size, the literature on chronic tolerance to nicotine in humans is reasonably consistent in showing clear evidence of tolerance to subjective mood effects but little or no tolerance to cardiovascular, performance or other nicotine effects
This is what I'd expect for tobacco, but it tells me little about nicotine. Most of the subjective effects are not from tobacco, so It's still plausible that nicotine does not develop tolerance. Indeed, the effects that don't go away are the effects expected from nicotine.
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- Apr 2020
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Moyers, S. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2020, April 20). Physical activity and sense of coherence: A meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d9e3k
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fischer, R., Karl, J. A., Bortolini, T., Zilberberg, M., Robinson, K., Rabelo, A. L. A., … Mattos, P. (2020, April 22). Rapid review and meta-meta-analysis of self-guided interventions to address anxiety, depression and stress during COVID-19 social distancing. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ndyf4
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www.openannotation.org www.openannotation.org
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Meta-moderators are chosen by their reputation in the associated area. By domain proximity.
Meta-moderation: second level of comment moderation. A user is invited to rate a moderator's decision.
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Jefferson, T., Jones, M., Al Ansari, L. A., Bawazeer, G., Beller, E., Clark, J., Conly, J., Del Mar, C., Dooley, E., Ferroni, E., Glasziou, P., Hoffman, T., Thorning, S., & Van Driel, M. (2020). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 - Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: Systematic review and meta-analysis [Preprint]. Public and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047217
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- Nov 2019
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Excess success in“Don’t count calorie labeling out: Calorie counts on the left side of menu items lead to lower calorie food choices
Under review at Meta-Psychology. Contribute with open community peer review comments directly on the preprint.
The fully transparent editorial process can be found here: https://osf.io/4tgq9/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Perceived moralityof direct versus indirect harm: Replications of the preference for indirect harm effec
Submitted to Meta-Psychology. Follow the fully transparent review process here: link
Contribute with open community peer review by commenting directly on this preprint.
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- Sep 2019
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www.poynter.org www.poynter.org
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“To me, this is symptomatic of a much larger problem of transparency within the company. Nobody is forthcoming with information that dramatically affects editorial,” Binkowski said. “One of those things was me not knowing if I was in trouble.”
This firing of Snopes managing editor reiterates previous concerns over an unhealthy working environment. This article is old enough I'd like to see followups.
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www.wired.com www.wired.com
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When I asked Barbara to comment on the GoFundMe page, she noticed her erasure. “Was surprised to see my life’s work described as having been ‘a small one-person effort,’”
Diminishing your 50/50 partner's contributions & erasing their attributions (accidentally or not) is one of the things I find the most annoying.
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When I asked how many articles she’d written for the site, she came back with a “verified count” of 1,905. She told me how she came to that number: “By examining every Snopes.com HTML file on my computer, rereading every email David and I exchanged from 1997 until now, and in cases where doubt still existed, examining my research files. The task took a week, but I am satisfied I now have a fair list and that all lurking doubles (a result of David’s penchant for renaming files) have been excised.”
Impressive. Her alleged painstaking data-hoarding makes me like her. I'm not sure what to think of David's ambiguity yet.
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grazing-lands-files-dev.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com grazing-lands-files-dev.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com
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James A. Christenson
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- Aug 2019
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aeon.co aeon.co
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For those who have not been raised within an echo chamber, perhaps it would take some significant intellectual vice to enter into one – perhaps intellectual laziness or a preference for security over truth.
everything is an echo chamber; the concept itself is so meta its no surprise that by simply believing in something you are unknowingly (or knowingly) submitting yourself to an infinite world of echo chambers
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bookbook.pubpub.org bookbook.pubpub.org
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Moreover, annotation is the agreed upon means of starting and sustaining that conversation.
With this text appearing on bookbook.pubpub.org being an excellent example of just this. #meta
I'm sort of hoping for some discussion of Kathleen Fitzpatrick's process behind her book Planned Obsolescence which was released in draft form for open peer review in fall 2009, much like Annotations. It's the first example I can think of a scholar doing something like this digitally in public, though there may have been other earlier examples.
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- Jul 2019
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bookbook.pubpub.org bookbook.pubpub.org
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gloss
I can't help but glossthe word gloss, [a brief explanation (as in the margin or between the lines of a text) of a difficult or obscure word or expression].
It also seems a bit like the following paragraph actually glosses over a more concrete definition of the word?
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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How Close to the Mark Might Published Heritability EstimatesBe?
This manuscript is under peer review at Meta-Psychology. Please contribute with open community peer review directly at the preprint.
The transparent editorial history can be found here:
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- Jun 2019
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esanders.web.cern.ch esanders.web.cern.ch
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Science Gateway exhibitions – overview of scenario
Types of feedback sought:
- Ideas for stories that can be told by scientists and engineers about their work that could illustrate (and humanise) this scenario – perhaps an anecdote about a particular challenge that has been solved in an innovative way or simply sharing the name of a great communicator I might not know.
- Ideas for objects that could be available to illustrate the scenario.
- Maybe you can share an idea for an experiment that you’ve seen in a museum somewhere or in a workshop, or know some-one at CERN who’s prototyped something that fits with our story?
- Or perhaps there’s a new idea for an experiment or game that comes to mind when you read the scenario?
- Also do you have an idea for a fun location that would tie the exhibits of Quantum World together?
- Do you have suggestions for existing photos / film / VR / 360 degree images that you find particularly spectacular and that could be used at a particular point in the exhibitions? Or ideas for locations that it could be useful to film or photograph (particularly during LS2)?
- …. or indeed any other input you’d like to share!
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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here
Under review at Meta-Psychology. Follow the transparent editorial process here:
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- Apr 2019
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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ere
Under review at Meta-Psychology. Follow the history here:
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- Mar 2019
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Abstrac
In his commentary, Alex Holcombe makes the argument that only ‘one or two exemplars of a color category’ are typically examined in color studies, and this is problematic because a color such as ‘red’ is a category, not a single hue.
Although in some fields it is very important to examine a range of stimuli, and in general examining the generalizability of findings has an important place in research lines, I do not think that currently this issue is a pressing concern in color psychology. Small variations in hue and brightness naturally occur in online studies, and these are assumed not to matter for the underlying mechanism. Schietecat, Lakens, IJsselsteijn, and De Kort (2018) write: “In addition, we conducted Experiments 1 and 3 in a laboratory environment, but Experiments 2, 4, and 5 were conducted in participants’ homes with an internet-based method. Therefore, we could not be completely sure that the presentation of the stimuli on their personal computers was identical for every participant in those experiments. However, we expected that the impact of these variations on our results is not substantial. The labels of the IAT (i.e., red vs blue) increased the salience of the relevant hue dimension, and we do not expect our results to hold for very specific hues, but for colors that are broadly categorized as red, blue, and green. The similar associative patterns across Experiments 2 and 3 seem to support this expectation.”
We wrote this because there is nothing specific about the hue that is expected to drive the effects in association based accounts of psychological effects of colors. If the color ‘red’ is associated with specific concepts (and the work by Schietecat at all supports the idea that red can activate associations related to either activity and evaluation, such as aggression or enthusiasm, depending on the context). This means that the crucial role of the stimulus is to activate the association with ‘red’, no the perceptual stimulation of the eye in any specific way. The critical manipulation check would thus be is people categorize a stimulus as ‘red’. As long as this is satisfied, we can assume the concept ‘red’ is activated, which can then activate related associations, depending on the context.
Obviously, the author is correct that there are benefits in testing multiple variations of the color ‘red’ to demonstrate the generalizability of observed effects. However, the authors is writing too much as a perception researcher I fear. If there is a strong theoretical reason to assume slightly different hues and chromas will not matter (because as long as a color is recognized as ‘red’ it will activate specific associations) the research priority of varying colors is much lower than in other fields (e.g., research on human faces) where it is more plausible that the specifics of the stimuli matter. A similar argument holds for the question whether “any link is specifically to red, rather than extending to green, yellow, purple, and brown”. This is too a-theoretical, and even though not all color research has been replicable, and many studies suffered from problems identified during the replication crisis, the theoretical models are still plausible, and specific to predictions about certain hues. We know quite a lot about color associations for prototypical colors in terms of their associations with valence and activity (e.g., Russell & Mehrabian, 1977) and this can be used to make more specific predictions than to a-theoretically test the entire color spectrum.
Indeed, across the literature many slightly different variations of red are used, or in online studies (Schietecat et al., 2018) studies have been performed online, where different computer screens will naturally lead to some variation in the exact colors presented. This doesn’t mean that more dedicated exploration of the boundaries of these effects can be worthwhile in the future. But currently, the literature is more focused on examining whether these effects are reliable to begin with, and explaining basic questions about their context dependency, than that they are concerned about testing the range of hues for which effects can be observed. So, although in principle it is often true that the generalizability of effects is understudies and deserved more attention, it is not color psychology’s most pressing concern, because we have theoretical predictions about specific colors, and because theoretically as long as a color activates the concept (e.g., ‘red’), the associated concepts that influence subsequent psychological responses are assumed to be activated, irrespective of minor differences in for example hue or brightness.
Daniel Lakens
References
Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11(3), 273–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(77)90037-X Schietecat, A. C., Lakens, D., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Kort, Y. A. W. de. (2018). Predicting Context-dependent Cross-modal Associations with Dimension-specific Polarity Attributions. Part 2: Red and Valence. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/COLLABRA.126
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A claim about a category requirestesting multiple examples of that category
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