897 Matching Annotations
  1. May 2021
    1. The scrapbooks reveal a critical and analytical way of thinking and emphasis on experimental evidence in physics, through which he became one of the early founders and advocates of modern scientific methodology. The more experience and experiments are accumulated during the exploration of nature, the more faltering its theories become. It is always good though not to abandon them instantly. For every hypothesis which used to be good at least serves the purpose of duly summarizing and keeping all phenomena until its own time. One should lay down the conflicting experience separately, until it has accumulated sufficiently to justify the efforts necessary to edifice a new theory. (Lichtenberg: scrapbook JII/1602)

      Georg Christoph Lichtenberg used his notebooks as thinking tools with respect to scientific methodology.

    1. lMytilua edulis
    2. Mytilus edulis
    3. Theodoxm fluviatilis,
    4. Ephydatiafluviatilis
    5. Cordylophora caspia
    6. Cyprinodon macularius
    7. Gamrnarus dueben
    8. Cordylophora caspia
    9. Cordytophora caspia
    10. Garnmarus auebeni
    11. Ilomarus americanus
    12. Cor@lophor~: caspia
    13. C. macularius
    14. Cyprinodon macularius
    15. Salmo iridaeus
    16. Theodoxus fluviatilis
    17. Fundu/us heteroditus
    18. Anguilla anguilla
    19. Eriocheir sinensis
    20. Sargus rondelet
    21. Scyllium catulus
    22. Scorpaena porcus
    23. Mytilus eduli
    24. Metridium rnarginatum
    25. Metapenaeus monocero
    26. Palaemonetes varians
    27. O~poda quadrata (albicans
    28. Gammarus dueben
    29. Alderia modesta
    30. Hemigrapsus oregonensi
    31. Potamon edulis
    32. Gammarus locusta
    33. Eriphia spinifrons
    34. Carcinus maena
    35. Nerds diversicolo
    36. Mytilus edulis
    37. Hemigrapsus nudus
    38. Tigriopusfulvus
    39. Pleuronectes platessa
    40. Mytilus edulis
    41. Sesarma cinereum
    42. Sphaeroma hookeri
    43. Gammarus duebeni
    44. poly- chaete Nerds ( Neanthes) diversicolor
    45. Cvprinodon macularius
    46. Nerds (Neanthes) diversicolo
    47. Gammarus duebeni
    48. Carcinus maenas
    49. Fundulus parvipinnis
    50. Mytilus californianus
    51. Littorina littorea
    52. Carcinus maenas
    53. Gammarus dueben
    1. S. hystrix
    2. S. pistillata
    3. S. hystrix
    4. S. ~~stii~a
    5. S. hysttix
    6. S. pi&#utu
    7. . hystrix
    8. S. pistiffut
    9. S. pi~~Zlat
    10. S. hystrix
    11. S. hystrix
    12. S. pistillatu
    13. S. hystrix
    14. S. pistillat
    15. S. hystrix
    16. S. pistiliut
    17. S. hy_~ir
    18. S. pistillat
    19. S. hystrix
    20. S. pistillat
    21. S. hystrix
    22. S. pistilfat
    23. S. hystrix
    24. S. p~t~llat
    25. S. pistillata
    26. S. pistillata
    27. S. pistillata
    28. S. pistillata.
    29. S. pistillata
    30. S. pistillata
    31. S. pistillata
    32. M. annutaris
    33. S. &SO+
    34. S. p~t~Zlfft
    35. S. hystnjc
    36. S. pistiilata
    37. S. hystrix
    38. S. pistillata
    39. S. hystrix
    40. S. pistillata
    41. S. pistillat
    42. S. hystix
    43. S. hystrix)
    44. S. pistillata
    45. S. hystrix)
    46. S. pistillata
    47. S. kq~tnic
    48. S. pistilfata
    49. S. ~~sti~~a
    50. S. hystrix,
    51. S.pistillata
    52. S. hystrix
    53. S. pistiliata
    54. S. Zz~M
    55. S. pistillata
    56. S. pjstiZlat
    57. S. hystrix
    58. S. pistillutu
    59. S. hystrix
    60. S. pistillata
    61. S. hystrix
    62. S. pistillat
    63. S. hystrix
    64. S. pistillatu
    65. S. hystrix
    66. S. pistillutu
    67. S. hystrix
    68. S. pistillata
    69. S. hystrix
    70. S. pistillata
    71. Seriatopora hystrix
    72. ~iy~ophora p~ti~~at
    73. S~ylu~~ffrapj~~jll
    74. ~~f~~~~e~ annuIa~~
    75. Faviu
    76. S. @&ri_
    77. S. pirtiltata
    78. S. hyTn$.
    79. S. pirrillara
    80. S. hystrix
    81. S. pistilZat
    82. S. hystrir
    83. S. pistillat
    84. S. p~~~~~i
    85. Sericztopora hystrix
    86. SryZ~phorap~til~a
    87. S~~fft~p~~~ ~ys~~x
    88. ~ty~~~~u~~ ~~s~~~~

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Darren Dahly. (2021, February 24). @SciBeh One thought is that we generally don’t ‘press’ strangers or even colleagues in face to face conversations, and when we do, it’s usually perceived as pretty aggressive. Not sure why anyone would expect it to work better on twitter. Https://t.co/r94i22mP9Q [Tweet]. @statsepi. https://twitter.com/statsepi/status/1364482411803906048

  2. Apr 2021
  3. Mar 2021
    1. ‘bold’ means to have many observational consequences

      As I said at the wiki I saw this link from, you don't test the hypothesis directly, you test the predictions, the "observational consequences", from the hypothesis.

    1. Cailin O’Connor. (2020, November 10). New paper!!! @psmaldino look at what causes the persistence of poor methods in science, even when better methods are available. And we argue that interdisciplinary contact can lead better methods to spread. 1 https://t.co/C5beJA5gMi [Tweet]. @cailinmeister. https://twitter.com/cailinmeister/status/1326221893372833793

  4. Feb 2021
  5. Jan 2021
  6. Dec 2020
    1. A scientist who does not utilize the scientific method is as much use as a carpenter who cannot make chairs or a plumber who cannot fix toilets. A science that exists as a fixed absolute, whose premises are not to be questioned, whose data is not to be examined and whose conclusions are not to be debated, is a pile of wood or a leaky toilet. Not the conclusion of a process, but its absence.

      Understanding science is a process.

  7. Nov 2020
    1. Gov. Kristi Noem defended her hands-off approach to managing the deadly COVID-19 pandemic while addressing lawmakers earlier this week and called mandatory stay-at home orders "useless" in helping lower the spread.

      Take away: Lower COVID-19 spread occurred after stay-at home orders were issued. Room for debate exists on how restrictive lockdowns should be.

      The claim: Mandatory stay-at home orders are "useless" in helping lower the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

      The evidence: Two publications showed that lower COVID-19 spread occurred after stay-at home orders were issued (1, 2). Hospitalizations were lower than predicted exponential growth rates after implementation of stay-at home orders (3). Some caveats to consider include that it is impossible to tease apart the effects of the stay-at home orders from other measure implemented simultaneously with stay-at home orders such as increased hygiene measures, social distancing guidelines, and school closures. It is also impossible to conclusively state that the effect is from the stay-at home order and not the natural progression of the disease.

      The comparison between Illinois with stay-at home orders and Iowa without stay-at home orders resulted in an estimated 217 additional COVID-19 cases in Iowa over the course of a month (2). This small number raises the question, "are stay-at home orders worth it?" It is important to remember that comparison of Iowa and Illinois is the comparison of two social distancing strategies. Stay-at home orders close everything and then write the exceptions that can remain open. Iowa took the approach of leaving everything open except what the government choose to close (4). Some businesses in Iowa were still closed and many federal guidelines were still followed. A negative control showing disease progression without any mitigation measures does not exist in published literature.

      Sources:

      1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246016/

      2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32413112/

      3 https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2020/04/07/iowa-equivalent-stay-at-home-order-coronavirus-kim-reynolds/2961810001/

      4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7254451/

    1. We have designed a dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor that blocks this critical first step of infection for emerging coronaviruses and document that it completely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets.

      The takeaway: Dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in all six ferrets tested. Much more work is needed before this could be used in humans.

      The claim: Treatment of ferrets with a dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor completely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets.

      The evidence: Per Figure 3, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all three animals inoculated with the virus, all six animals treated with a placebo, and none of the animals treated with the dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor (1). Animals treated with dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor did not mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 while an immune response was seen in inoculated animals and placebo treated animals (Figure 4).

      More research is needed before this treatment can be used in humans. This preliminary study showed that in a small sample of animals which do not typically show COVID symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 infection was blocked by the dimeric lipopeptide fusion inhibitor. This paper describes the first step in a long journey. Before a new treatment is approved for use in humans, Phase I, II and III clinical trials must be completed (2) which includes showing that a treatment does no harm to healthy humans and proving that it works in humans. This work also needs peer-review in a published journal which may occur with time.

      Sources:

      1) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.361154v1.full.pdf

      2) https://www.fda.gov/patients/drug-development-process/step-3-clinical-research

  8. Oct 2020