- Sep 2023
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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China steigert die Produktion von Strom aus Kohle weiter. Im Augenblick wird pro Woche eine zusätzliche Kohleverbrennung genehemigt, die ca. 2 durchschnittlichen Kraftwerken entspricht. Diese Entwicklung steht im Widerspruch zu den offiziellen Klimazielen Chinas. Das Hauptziel ist dabei offensichtlich kurzfristige Energiesicherheit. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/29/china-coal-plants-climate-goals-carbon
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Wegen Starkregen und Überschwemmungen wurde in vielen Regionen Spaniens die Alarmstufe Rot ausgerufen, vereinzelt kam es zu Ausgangssperren. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000185403/ausgehverbot-f252r-10000-wegen-unwetter-in-spanien-zwei-tote
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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In Nairobi findet in dieser Woche der erste afrikanische klimagipfel statt. Ein zentrales Thema sind Funanzierungsleistungen des globalen Nordens. Viele Initiativen besonders der kenianischen Präsidentschaft sind umstritten. NGOs befürchten, dass sie die Länder, die die Klima-Katastrophe verursachen, entlasten und nicht zur Minderung der Emissionen beitragen.
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
- Aug 2023
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remikalir.com remikalir.com
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Kalir, Remi H. “Playing with Claude.” Academic blog. Remi Kalir (blog), August 25, 2023. https://remikalir.com/blog/playing-with-claude/.
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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&list=PLdAbfZfaH_1I0vD3GsgbIdsLp6id6AOUb&index=9
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Local file Local file
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Mills, Anna, Maha Bali, and Lance Eaton. “How Do We Respond to Generative AI in Education? Open Educational Practices Give Us a Framework for an Ongoing Process.” Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6, no. 1 (June 11, 2023): 16–30. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.34.
Annotation url: urn:x-pdf:bb16e6f65a326e4089ed46b15987c1e7
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www.linkedin.com www.linkedin.com
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Michael Grossman
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www.byanyothernerd.com www.byanyothernerd.com
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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zesty.ca zesty.ca
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http://zesty.ca/<br /> Ka-Ping Yee
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eekim.com eekim.com
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Purple is a small suite of quickly hacked tools inspired by Doug Engelbart's attempt to bootstrap the addressing features of his Augment system onto HTML pages. Its purpose is simple: produce HTML documents that can be addressed at the paragraph level. It does this by automatically creating name anchors with static and hierarchical addresses at the beginning of each text node, and by displaying these addresses as links at the end of each text node. 1A (02)
Purple is a suite of tools from 2001 that allow one to create numbered addresses/anchors at the paragraph level of a digital document.
Link: Dave Winer's site still has support for purple numbers.
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Großbritannien verwässern Konservative wie Labour Party bereits beschlossene Dekarbonisierungsprogramme, um konservative Gruppen von Wähler:innen anzusprechen. Die Libération fasst die Entwicklung der letzten Monate zusammen. Die Polemik gegen die Ausweitung der Ultra Low Emission Zone in London und die Genehmigung vieler weiterer Öl und gasprojekte in der Nordsee sind besonders symptomatisch. https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/au-royaume-uni-conservateurs-et-travaillistes-sacrifient-lecologie-par-opportunisme-politique-20230829_C4ROVOLBSFDVPMASEJSXN52XZQ/
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Die Republica berichtet über den Bericht des internationalen Währungsfonds, demzufolge 2022 7 Billionen Dollar an fossilen Subventionen gezahlt wurden. Das sind mehr als 7% des Welt-Bruttosozialprodukts. Der IMF ruft zu einer Reform des Subventionssystems auf und fordert eine CO<sub>2</sub>-Steuer, durch die die Emissionen bis 2030 um 43% gesenkt werden könnten. https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/08/24/news/combustibili_fossili_gas_petrolio_sussidi_pubblici-412145853/
IMF-Bericht: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/08/22/IMF-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Data-2023-Update-537281
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Wegen extremer Regenfällen und Überschwemmungen wurde in mehreren norditalienischen Regionen die Alarmstufe orange ausgelöst. Besonders betroffen war Genua wo in einer Stunde 8 cm Regen fielen.
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www.20minutes.fr www.20minutes.fr
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Die Durchschnittstemperaturen der Ozeane liegen weiterhin auf Rekordhöhen. Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich die Meere erwerben hat sich seit 1980 mindestens verdreifacht. Der Standard hat den Klimaforscher Mojib Latf dazu im Klimapodcast befragt (Audio).
https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000184246/die-rekordhitze-in-den-weltmeeren-haelt-an
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Zehntausende von Haushalten waren und sind in der Steiermark und in Kärnten von den Überflutungen Anfang August betroffen. Standard-Reportage aus dem Gebiet, bei der deutlich wird, dass viele der Bewohner:Innen die zukünftigen Risiken durch die globale Erhitzung nicht realistisch einschätzen
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www.bfmtv.com www.bfmtv.com
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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An vier Tagen in Folge wurden in Frankreich Rekordtemperaturen in der Zeit nach dem 15 August festgestellt. Bisher kam es in Frankreich nur früher im Jahr zu Hitzewellen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/nouveau-record-de-chaleur-jeudi-a-ete-la-journee-la-plus-chaude-en-france-apres-un-15-aout-20230825_MLDK6LB43VEKZK7WOBERLAQWZ4/
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www.spiegel.de www.spiegel.de
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Der Expertenrat der deutschen Bundesregierung kritisiert, dass das Klimaschutzprogramm der Regierung das Emissionsziel bis 2030 um 200 Millionen Tonnen CO2 zu niedrig ansetzt und dass die Wirksamkeit der vorgesehenen Sparmaßnahmen nicht sichergestellt ist. Der Rat stellt fest, dass die Regierung „noch keine konsistente Abschätzung der THG-Entwicklung in Deutschland mit und ohne Umsetzung des Klimaschutzprogramms 2023 vorgelegt“ hat. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/mangelhafte-klimapolitik-der-bundesregierung-puz-zeln-mit-olaf-scholz-a-1a5b2aea-3ed1-4838-8ed4-0dab2ed97b61#ref=rss
Stellungnahme: https://expertenrat-klima.de/content/uploads/2023/08/ERK2023_Stellungnahme-zum-Entwurf-des-Klimaschutzprogramms-2023.pdf
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www.linkedin.com www.linkedin.com
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- for: Canadian forest fires, tipping point, forest fire graph, graph - forest fires - Canada,
- comment
- graph that shows the unprecedented forest fires turning forests from carbon sink to carbon source
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Waldbrände haben 2023 in Kanada bisher mit 1,4 Milliarden Hektar eine Fläche von der Größe Griechenlands zerstört. Ein Attributionsstudie für die Brände in Québec ergibt, dass sie durch die globale Erhitzung mindestens doppelt so wahrscheinlich wurden wir ohne sie, und dass die Temperaturen, die die Brände begünstigten, 20% höher waren als vor der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/22/climate-change-canada-wildfires-twice-as-likely
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Die Waldbrände in Alexandroupolis an der griechisch-türkischen Grenze sind die größten der Geschichte der EU. inzwischen sind 73.000 Hektar verbrannt. Das entspricht der Fläche der Stadt Hamburg. Auch andere Teile Griechenlands sind von Waldbränden betroffen.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Seit Ende Juni wird im Ozean vor der nordaustralischen Küste eine marine Hitzewelle festgestellt. Sie betrifft etwas eine Million Quadratkilometer. Negative Auswirkungen auf das Great Barrier Reef und auf die Fischpopulationen werden befürchtet. Das Ereignis bestätig den Trend zu immer mehr und immer längeren Hitzewellen in den Gewässern um Australien. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/22/marine-heatwave-in-north-east-queensland-sets-off-alarm-over-health-of-great-barrier-reef
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drive.google.com drive.google.com
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meatballwiki.org meatballwiki.org
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http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/InterWiki
InterWiki is the idea of having one unified Wiki system distributed across many servers.
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Hobart treffen sich Antarktis-Forschende zu einem Symposion, bei dem die neuesten Daten zum antarktischen Meereis und den Temperaturen der die Antarktis umgebenden Ozeane besprochen werden. Im Juli nahm das Meereis um die Antarkris 15% weniger Fläche ein als 1981-2010. Die Abnahme begann 2016 und hat wie die Temperatursteigerungen der Ozean ein dramatisches Ausmaß erreicht. Die Abnahme kann schwerwiegende Folgen für das Festlandseis und die Meeresströmungen haben.
Tags
- region: Antarctica
- institution: NSICD
- cryosphere
- expert: Ted Scambos
- event: Hobart summit
- expert: Nicolas Jourdain
- time: 2023
- time: 2016-2023
- expert: Lydie Lescarmontier
- NGO: International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
- expert: Jilda Caccavo
- expert: Gaétan Heyme
- process: sea ice loss
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Die deutsche Bundesregierung hat den Entwurf für den Wirtschaftsplan des Klima- und Transformationsfonds beschlossen. Der CO<sub>2</sub> Preis wird 2024 auf 40 und 2025 auf 50 € pro Tonne erhöht. Die Mittel – bis 2027 sollen insgesamt 211,8 Mrd. Euro zur Verfügung stehen – werden u.a. in die Verbesserung der Bahninfrastruktur investiert. Von dem zum Regierungsprogramm gehörenden Klimageld ist nicht die Rede. https://taz.de/Klimafonds-der-Bundesregierung/!5949473/u
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Bei der Konferenz der Amazonas-Staaten haben sich vor allem Venezuela und Bolivien gegen die Absicht der brasilianischen Regierung und die Forderung der indigenen Völker gewandt, die Entwaldung bis 2030 zu beenden. Der französische Präsident Macron hat trotz Einladung nicht an dem Gipfel teilgenommen. Eduardo Viola, den die Libération gefragt hat, sieht das Ansteigen der Militärausgaben des Westens als einen Grund dafür, dass ausreichende Mittel für die Dekarbonisierung weiter nicht zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Eine Schlammlawine hat in der nordwestchinesischen Stadt Xi'an 21 Menschen getötet. Sie geht auf Regenfälle in der Folge des Taifuns und späteren tropischen Sturms Khanun zurück, der auch in anderen Teilen Chinas zu schweren Überschwemmungen führte. Vor Khanun hatten der Taifun Doksuri und Regengebiete in Verbindung mit den HItzewellen des Sommers Überflutungen verursacht. https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2023/aug/13/death-toll-from-mudslide-in-xian-region-of-china-rises
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zinnling.blogspot.com zinnling.blogspot.com
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The Shadow in the Sun / One Page Dungeon Contest
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natescottjones.itch.io natescottjones.itch.io
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When Is Cake
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ehcpm.itch.io ehcpm.itch.ioEHCPM1
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EHCPM
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Auf Hawaii haben Feuer viele Häuser zerstört und sechs Menschenleben gefordert. Sie sind an verschiedenen Stellen der Insel Maui ausgebrochen und übertrafen nach dem Eindruck der Betroffenen alles bisher bekannte. Eine lang anhaltende Trockenheit hat das Ausbrechen der Feuer erleichtert, Stürme in der Folge des Orkans Dora haben sie verbreitet. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/09/hawaii-fires-maui-hurricane
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Extreme Regenfälle haben Überschwemmungen in großen Teilen Sloweniens und den angrenzenden Gebieten in Österreich und Kroatien ausgelöst. In wenigen Stunden fiel so viel Regen wie sonst im ganzen Monat August. In größeren Gebieten wurden die Stromversorgung und der Zugverkehr unterbrochen. https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2023/08/04/news/maltempo_slovenia_allerta_esondazioni_fiume_isonzo-410030605/?ref=search
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die Durchschnittstemperatur der Ozeane erreichte Anfang August mit 20,96° (Daten des europäischen Wetter-Service Copernicus) einen neuen Rekord. Ein Teil der Temperatursteigerung dürfte auf den sich aufbauenden El Niño zurückgehen.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/04/oceans-hit-highest-ever-recorded-temperature
BBC-Grafik:
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Daten des europäischen Copernicus-Dienstes bestätigen, dass der Juli 2023 der wärmste Monat der Aufzeichnungsgeschichte war. Die globale Durchschnittstemperatur lag mit 16,95° um 0,33° höher als im letzten Rekordmonat 2019. Es war 1,5° heisser als im Durchschnitt 1850-1900 und 0,72° wärmer als durchschnittlich zwischen 1991 und 2000. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/08/july-2023-worlds-hottest-month-climate-crisis-scientists-confirm
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Kanada sind insgesamt 1000 Waldbrände aktiv, von denen 624 nicht unter Kontrolle stehen. Bisher sind 12,3 Millionen Hektar abgebrannt – das ist mehr als die Fläche Österreichs oder Portugals. In Neu-Schottland kam es in den letzten Tagen außerdem zu extremen Regenfällen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/feux-hors-de-controle-12-millions-dhectares-detruits-mort-dun-pompier-le-point-sur-les-incendies-au-canada-20230730_JPZA6I4VAZAU5DFLDDPYCK4TEM/
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Der Earth Overshoot Day 2023 wurde in diesem Jahr fünf Tage später als im Vorjahr erreicht, was aber größtenteils auf eine veränderte Berechnungsmethode zurückzuführen ist. Insgesamt verbraucht die Menschheit nach dem Berechnungen des Global FootprintNnetwork 1,75 mal so viel regenerierbare Ressourcen als pro Jahr zur Verfügung stehen. https://taz.de/Erdueberlastungstag/!5951934/
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meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia.org
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twitter.com twitter.com
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https://twitter.com/TheGreenLineTO
Local storytelling creating identity.
Suggested by Aram Zucker-Scharff
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Portugal hat zum zweiten Mal in wenigen Jahren ein Waldbrand den Naturpark von Sintra-Cascais in der Nähe von Lissabon getroffen. Die häufigen Waldbrände bedrohen die Biodiversität und gefährden endemische Arten.,https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/forets-incendiees-au-portugal-le-probleme-cest-la-repetition-et-le-laps-de-temps-entre-deux-feux-20230730_E3V3WVUZSVCALNCENQBJYEY7HM/
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- Jul 2023
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die Hitze im Süden und Unwetter im Norden Italiens haben mehrere Tote gefordert. Viele Menschen mussten vor den Waldbränden in Sizilien fliehen. Am Montag wurden in Palermo 47°C gemessen, an anderen Orten in Süditalien waren sie noch höher. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/25/italy-wildfires-palermo-temperatures-sicily-airport-heatwave
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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In einem Video gibt der Guardian einen Überblick über die Waldbrände die überall im Mittelmeerraum ausgebrochen sind. Besonders stark betroffen sind außer den europäischen Mittelmeerländern Algerien und Syrien. https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/jul/27/ring-of-fire-encircles-mediterranean-amid-record-breaking-heatwave-video
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die New York Times hat mehrere Klimawissenschaftlerinnen nach den Gründen für die außergewöhnlichen Temperaturen im Juni und Juli befragt. Zu den möglichen Ursachen gehört eine Schwächung des Jeststreams durch die globale Erhitzung. Diese Hypothese ist noch nicht bestätigt.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/27/climate/july-heat-hottest-month.html
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www.tagesschau.de www.tagesschau.de
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Der Energieminister der G20-Staaten konnten sich bei ihrem Treffen in Goa nicht über einen schnelleren Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien einigen. Russland, China, Saudi-Arabien, Indonesien und Südafrika lehnten eine entsprechde Initiative offenbar ab. https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/asien/g20-energieminister-treffen-100.html
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
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Die Washington Post stellt ausführlicher und mit einer guten Animation Dimiensionen und Funktion des Hitzedoms dar, der das Wetter in den südlichen USA seit Wochen bestimmt.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/21/us-heat-wave-heat-dome-climate/
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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In Italien hat die aktuelle Hitzewelle an vielen Orten zu neuen Rekordtemperaturen geführt. In Kalabrien wurden schon morgens um 8:30 Uhr 38°C gemessen. In Norditalien und in Kroatien kam es außerdem zu schweren Unwettern mit Hagelschlag. Die hohen Temperaturen werden den ganzen Juli anhalten. https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/07/21/news/previsioni_meteo_oggi_21_luglio_2023-408474746/?ref=RHLF-BG-I408498960-P9-S1-F
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Die Libération gibt einen Überblick über die Länder, die gerade von Hitzewellen betroffen sind. Dabei übertreffen oft sowohl die Höhe der Temperatur wie die Länge der Hitzeperiode ältere Rekorde: Spanien, Griechenland, Italien, Kanada, die USA und China.
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www.aljazeera.com www.aljazeera.com
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- Title
- ‘Out of time’: Temperature records topple around the world
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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In Spanien führt eine Hitzewelle, die von wärmer Luft aus Nordafrika ausgelöst wird, zu Temperaturen von bis zu 44 Grad. Vorangegangen war vor zwei Wochen eine Hitzewelle mit ähnlich hohen Temperaturen.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Viele Regionen der USA sind von Extremwetterer betroffen. Ca. ein Drittel der Bevölkerung lebt in Regionen, für gesunfheitsgefährliche Hitzewellen vorausgesagt würden, wobei die hohen Temperaturen z.T. schon seit Wochen anhalten. In einer Reihe von Bundesstaaten drohen Stürme und Überschwemmungen. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/more-extreme-weather-across-us
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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An der Rekordhitze im südlichen Nordamerika sind in Mexiko schon über 100, in den USA mehr als zehn Menschen gestorben. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000177162/zahlreiche-hitzetote-in-mexiko-und-usa
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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In southern Iraq, the fabled marshland was having its worst heatwave in the past 40 years, the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization said on Monday, warning of a “devastating impact” on the ecosystem as well as farmers and fisheries.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die Hitzewelle in den USA und Mexiko hält an. Die Temperaturen erreichen an manchen Orten mehr als 50°. In den USA gelten Hitzewarnungen für 44 Millionen Menschen. Die hohen Temperaturen sind Folge eines Hitzedoms, der durch den Jetstream an seinem Ort gehalten wird.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/24/texas-heatwave-high-temperatures-power
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Peking und den acht chinesischen Provinzhauptstädten wurden in den vergangenen Tagen Rekordtemperaturen gemessen.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die Rekord Waldbrände in Kanada wo schon einen Monat vor dem Ende der brandsaison eine Fläche von der Größe des US-Bundesstaats Kentucky abgebrannt ist entsprechend den Erkenntnissen der klimawissenschaft über den Zusammenhang von Waldbränden und globaler Erhitzung auch wenn noch keine attributionsstudien vorliegen. Ausführlicher Bericht denn New York Times mit infografiken. Kanada hat sich doppelt so schnell erwärmt wieder weltdurchschnitt, unter anderem durch den Verlust an Schnee und Meeeis.https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/18/climate/canada-record-wildfires.html
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Wegen der aktuellen Hitzewelle in Italien, die dort von Meteorologen Zerberus getauft wurde, wurde in 16 Städten die höchste Alarmstufe ausgerufen. Am Sonntag werden in Rom über 40, in Sizilien über 48 Grad Celsius erwartet.
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Reportage der taz zu den Hitzewellen in China im Juni und Juli. China ist von der globalen Erhitzung besonders betroffen. Eine Studie ergibt, dass sich die Temperatur seit 1900 alle zehn Jahre um 0,16° erhöht hat. Zu den wirtschaftlichen Folgen gehören Ernte Einbrüche und strommangel wegen der Überlastung der Netze in den Hitzeperioden.
https://taz.de/Andauernde-Hitze-in-China/!5947385/
Studie der Staatlichen Wetterbehörde zu dem Klimaveränderungen in China:
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Indien, Japan und den USA folgen Starkregenfälle auf die Hitzenwellen der vergangenen Wochen. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit wurden sie durch die globale Erhitzung verstärkt.
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
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Die ersten Julitage waren sicher die heissesten seit 2000 Jahren, möglicherweise die heissesten seit 125.000 Jahren. Nie in den vergangenen 125.000 Jahren hat sich die Erde so erwärmt wie in diesem Jahrzehnt. Die Washington Post hat Experten für Klimageschichte dazu befragt, welche Belege es für Vergleiche der aktuellen Hitzeperiode mit historischen Perioden gibt.
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www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Der Guardian stellt Videos von Überflutungen zusammen, zu denen es in den letzten Tagen in den USA, in China, in Indien, in Spanien und anderen Teilen der Welt gekommen ist. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2023/jul/11/extreme-flooding-across-world-summer-video-report
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Der Nordwesten der USA ist von einer Serie von Überflutungen nach starken Regenfällen betroffen. Gleichzeitig werden für verschiedene Teile der USA Hitzewellen vorausgesagt https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jul/10/us-weather-floods-heatwave-climate-crisis-alerts
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Die erste Juliwoche war der Weltwetterorganisation WMO zufolge vermutlich die heißeste Woche seit Beginn der Wetteraufzeichnungen. Der WMO-Experte Chris Hewitt spricht davon, dass wir uns auf unbekanntem Territorium befinden. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000178327/erste-juliwoche-2023-wohl-heisseste-woche-seit-aufzeichnungsbeginn
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www.defenseurdesdroits.fr www.defenseurdesdroits.fr
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Am Dienstag und am Mittwoch wurden mit 17,1 bzw 17,18°,die bisher höchsten weltweiten Durchschnittstemperaturen seit Beginn der Messungen festgestellt. Allerdings müssen diese Ergebnisse noch bestätigt werden. In der Forschung geht man davon aus, dass 2023 oder 2024 wegen des sich aufbauenden El Niño das wärmste Jahr der Geschichte sein wird. https://taz.de/Globale-Durchschnittstemperatur-steigt/!5942016/
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Die Weltwetterorganisation WMO hat festgestellt, dass mit 90% Wahrscheinlichkeit die zweite Jahreshälfte von einem El Niño-Phänomen geprägt sein wird. Die WMO ruft die Regierungen auf, sich auf hohe Temperaturen und Extremwetter-Ereignisse einzustellen..Der Standardartikel geht auf weitere Berichte der WMO, in diesem Jahr beobachtete Temperatur-Anomalien und auf das El Nino Phänomen selbst ein.
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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The Brothers Karamazov book club via The Toronto Philosophy Meetup https://www.meetup.com/the-toronto-philosophy-meetup/
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www.reuters.com www.reuters.com
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Der Juni war ein Monat der Temperaturrekorde und Hitzewellen in vielen Ländern der Welt und großen Teilen der Ozeane. Sie können Signale von Entwicklungen sein, die noch bedrohlicher sind, als es sich aus den vorhandenen Modellierungen ergibt. Reuters berichtet zusammenfassend über diese Entwicklungen und über den von Klimawissenschaftler:innen und NGOs festgestellten Stillstand bei den verschiedenen internationalen Klimaverhandlungen.
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Der abgelaufene Monat war der zweitwärmste Juni in Frankreich seit Beginn der Wetteraufzeichnungen. Die Temperaturen entsprachen einem August in der Zeit vor dem Beginn der schnellen globalen Erhitzung. In vielen Regionen der Welt wurden die historisch höchsten juni-temperaturen überhaupt gemessen.
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- Jun 2023
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Paola Mercogliano
Im Rahmen des EU-Projekts Highlander wurden die Klimadaten Italiens mit eine Auflösung von 30 km erfasst und mit Hilfe von Climate Stripes visualisiert. In einem langen Artikel blickt die Repubblica auf 30 Jahre Erhitzung in Italien zurück. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/07/01/news/strisce_climatiche_italia_progetto_highlander_cineca_comuni_precisione_crisi_ambientale-405524064/
Mehr zu Italien: https://hypothes.is/users/HeinzWittenbrink?q=Italy
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- expert: Paola Mercogliano
- institution: Centro euromediterraneo per il cambiamento climatico
- institution: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (Ecmwf)
- institution: CMCC
- time: 1990-2023
- variable: 2m temperature
- country: Italy
- process: global heating
- expert: Francesco Bosello
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Der Europäische Rechnungshof bezweifelt in einem neuen, alarmierenden Gutachten, dass die EU ihre Klimaziele bis 2030 erreichen wird. So sei die Finanzierung der Dekarbonisierung, vor allem in der Privatwirtschaft, nicht gesichert.
https://taz.de/Rechnungshof-schlaegt-Alarm/!5942983/
Pressaussendung zum Bericht des Europäischen Rechnungshofs: https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/news/NEWS-SR-2023-18
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www.defenseurdesdroits.fr www.defenseurdesdroits.fr
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www.defenseurdesdroits.fr www.defenseurdesdroits.fr
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die Rauchwolken der riesigen Waldbrände in Kanada bedrohen zum zweiten Mal die Gesundheit der Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner großer Teil der USA. In vielen Städten erreicht der Air Quality Index Werte von über 200. Ab 100 sind Menschen mit Atmwegsbeschwerden akut gefährdet.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/us/canada-wildfire-smoke-air-quality-midwest.html
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Ausführliche Erklärung des El Nino Phänomens mit einer instruktiven Animation. In diesem und im kommenden Jahr könnte dieses Phänomen in Verbindung mit den Temperaturerhöhungen durch die Treibhausgase zu globalen Temperaturrekorden führen. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit wird es Extremwetterereignisse verstärken.
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comedycenter.org comedycenter.org
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Melissa Rivers also announced today the launch of a special edition 4-disc CD box set collection titled “Joan Rivers – The Diva Rides Again” that will feature five hours of never-before-released recordings of Joan’s comedy, including six decades worth of hilarious material and a special 16-page collector’s book of liner notes with never-before-seen photos. The box set is currently available for preorder on Amazon, Target.com and Walmart.com and will be released on August 18, 2023 on streaming platforms such as iTunes and Spotify. The set is produced and distributed by Comedy Dynamics in partnership with the Joan Rivers estate.
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Die Temperaturen des Atlantik zwischen Island und Afrika liegen im Augenblick bis zu 5 Grad über dem Normalwert. Eine marine Hitzewelle dieses Ausmaßes wurde in dieser Region noch nie beobachtet. Sie wird gravierende Konsequenzen für die Biodiversität haben. Eine vergleichbare Hitzewelle im Mittelmeer führte 2022 zu einem Massensterben bei ca 50 Tier und Pflanzenarten in den oberen 50 Metern des Meeres.
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www.ined.fr www.ined.fr
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Eine neue Studie zeigt, wie das italisnische Energiesystem bis 2035 komplett auf erneuerbare Energien umgestellt werden kann, ohne die Energiesicherheit zu gefährden. Dazu müssen u.a. Anlagen zur erneuerbare Energieerzeugung achtmal schneller installiert werden als zur Zeit. Investitionen in das Energiesystem müssen strikt im Sinne der eines Plans zur Dekarbonisierung erfolgen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/06/12/news/wwf_energie_rinnovabili_decarbonizzazione_sistema_elettrico_al_2035-404187203/
Studie (englisch): https://eccoclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Development-of-a-transition-pathway-towards-a-close-to-net-zero-electricity-sector-in-Italy-by-2035_9_giugno.pdf
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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"Expect surprises!" Weiter steigende Emissionen und das sich aufbauende El niño-Phänomen bereiten die "thermodynamische Bühne" für eine mehrjährige Hitzeperiode und Serien von Extremwetterereignissen vor. Die New York Times stellt die Temperaturrekorde des Juni (von der Antarktis und Südasien bis Sibirien und Kanada) in einem Interactive dar. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/06/13/climate/global-warming-heat-june.html
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climate-advisory-board.europa.eu climate-advisory-board.europa.eu
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www.tagesschau.de www.tagesschau.de
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Auf der Bonner Vorbereitungskonferenz für die COP28 ist es nicht gelungen, Fortschritte bei den wichtigsten Konferenzthemen festzuschreiben. Die Öl- und Gas produzierenden Lânder, aber auch die BRICS-Staaten haben kein Interesse, über Klimaschutz zu sprechen. Staaten des globalen Südens erreichten keinen Durchbruch beim Thema Loss and Damage. https://www.tagesschau.de/wissen/klima/klimakonferenz-bonn-102.html
Interview mit Niklas Höhne: https://www.tagesschau.de/multimedia/video/video-1208258.html
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learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com
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The problem with that presumption is that people are alltoo willing to lower standards in order to make the purported newcomer appear smart. Justas people are willing to bend over backwards and make themselves stupid in order tomake an AI interface appear smart
AI has recently become such a big thing in our lives today. For a while I was seeing chatgpt and snapchat AI all over the media. I feel like people ask these sites stupid questions that they already know the answer too because they don't want to take a few minutes to think about the answer. I found a website stating how many people use AI and not surprisingly, it shows that 27% of Americans say they use it several times a day. I can't imagine how many people use it per year.
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www.assemblee-nationale.fr www.assemblee-nationale.fr
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www.uclaextension.edu www.uclaextension.edu
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Nick Milo is offering a remote digital note taking and writing course for $485 for UCLA Extension in late summer 2023.
Nick Milodragovich
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web.archive.org web.archive.org
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James Patterson's Kentucky fried books
Link to: - Ulysses S. Grant and Mark Twain: https://hypothes.is/a/8qMVggeyEe6f7G9Gd5OrNw
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_U._S._Grant
Early precursor to the sort of publishing and marketing work of James Patterson?
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eduscol.education.fr eduscol.education.fr
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Interview mit dem Protestforscher Simon Teune über die staatlichen Reaktionen auf die Letzte Generation in Deutschland. Teune sieht ein großes Risiko dafür, dass viele in der Klimabewegung das Vertrauen in die demokratischen Institutionen verlieren. Er stellt fest, dass es kein Rezept für den politischen Erfolg einer sozialen Bewegung gibt.
https://taz.de/Bewegungsforscher-ueber-Letzte-Generation/!5935523/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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In Bonn hat die Konferenz zur Vorbereitung der COP28 mit einem zweitägigen Streit um die Agenda begonnen. China will vor allem die Klimaanpassung, die EU, unterstützt von einigen ärmeren Ländern, vor al lem Klimaschutzmaßnahmen. Der UNFCC-Vorsitzende Simon Stiell rief zu einer dringend nötigen Kurskorrektur auf, um das 1,5°-Ziel noch zu erreichen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/05/countries-must-put-aside-national-interests-for-climate-crisis-un-says
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connect.oeglobal.org connect.oeglobal.org
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The variety of formats which OER resources are available in (.epub, .pdf, .html, and other formats, including future formats like audio and potentially video (.mp3, .mp4) are a form of accessibility.
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Is anyone placing OER materials into online channels which center piracy as a means of advertising or distribution?
(Library Genesis, SciHub, Pirate Bay, et. al.)
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Technology is valuable and empowering, but at what end direct cost? Consumers don't have available data for the actual costs of the options they're choosing in many contexts.
What if that reprocessing costs the equivalent of three glasses of waters? Is it worth it for our environment, especially when the direct costs to the "consumer" are hidden into advertising models.
(via Brenna)
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OEG Live: Audiobook Versions of OER Textbooks (and AI Implications)
Host: Alan Levine<br /> Panelists: Brian Barrick (LA Harbor College), Delmar Larsen, Brenna, Jonathan, Amanda Grey (KPU), Steel Wagstaff (Pressbooks).
Find out more information and discuss this topic on OEG Connect: https://oeg.pub/439V1Bc
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espanol.libretexts.org espanol.libretexts.orgHome1
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aws.amazon.com aws.amazon.com
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platform.openai.com platform.openai.com
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www.descript.com www.descript.com
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All-in-one video & podcast editing, easy as a doc.
Alan Levine has been using this to do podcast editing and it allows for snipping out and replacing audio segments.
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google-research.github.io google-research.github.io
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We present SoundStorm, a model for efficient, non-autoregressive audio generation. SoundStorm receives as input the semantic tokens of AudioLM, and relies on bidirectional attention and confidence-based parallel decoding to generate the tokens of a neural audio codec. Compared to the autoregressive generation approach of AudioLM, our model produces audio of the same quality and with higher consistency in voice and acoustic conditions, while being two orders of magnitude faster. SoundStorm generates 30 seconds of audio in 0.5 seconds on a TPU-v4. We demonstrate the ability of our model to scale audio generation to longer sequences by synthesizing high-quality, natural dialogue segments, given a transcript annotated with speaker turns and a short prompt with the speakers' voices.
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writeout.ai writeout.ai
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Recommended by Steel Wagstaff at OEG Live 2023-06-02.
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www.openaudio.us www.openaudio.us
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www.ccomptes.fr www.ccomptes.fr
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Recommandations
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CONCLUSION ET RECOMMANDATION ___________________En dépit de données épidémiologiques lacunaires, l’offre de soins spécialisés apparaît,dans l’ensemble, bien calibrée. Néanmoins, même si en matière d’offre d’équipements,ambulatoires comme hospitaliers, la France se situe dans la moyenne des pays européens, defortes disparités territoriales témoignent d’une certaine inadéquation de l’offre à l’échelleterritoriale fine.En conséquence la Cour formule la recommandation suivante :1. dresser un état des lieux exhaustif de la situation épidémiologique des troubles psychiqueschez les enfants et les adolescents en France, notamment en élargissant l’étude nationalelancée en 2022 aux adolescents et en exploitant davantage les bases de donnéesmédico-administratives. Cet état des lieux devrait faire l’objet d’une actualisation au moinstous les dix ans (ministère de la santé et de la prévention, Cnam, SPF)
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- May 2023
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- comment
- 24 billionaires each have more money than the US Treasury during this time when the US is trying to avoid defaulting on its debt
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www.assemblee-nationale.fr www.assemblee-nationale.fr
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RECOMMANDATIONS DU RAPPORTEUR SPÉCIAL
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www.assemblee-nationale.fr www.assemblee-nationale.fr
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www.ccomptes.fr www.ccomptes.fr
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www.iledefrance.ars.sante.fr www.iledefrance.ars.sante.fr
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get.mem.ai get.mem.ai
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I've had this on a list for ages, but never put into my digital notes...
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aboard.com aboard.com
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One click to turn any web page into a card. Organize your passions.
In beta May 2023, via:
<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>All right. @Aboard is in Beta. @richziade and I are to blame, and everyone else deserves true credit. Here's an animated GIF that explains the entire product. Check out https://t.co/i9RXiJLvyA, sign up, and we're waving in tons of folks every day. pic.twitter.com/7WS1OPgsHV
— Paul Ford (@ftrain) May 17, 2023
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nostr.com nostr.com
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Nostr is a simple, open protocol that enables global, decentralized, and censorship-resistant social media.
Peter Kominski likes this generally.
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spatialwebfoundation.org spatialwebfoundation.org
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spatialwebfoundation.org spatialwebfoundation.org
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docs.dxos.org docs.dxos.org
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ECHO (The Eventually Consistent Hierarhical Object store) is a peer-to-peer graph database written in TypeScript.
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docs.dxos.org docs.dxos.org
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The Operating System for Decentralized Software
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Eines der nächsten 5 Jahre wird fast sicher das wärmste Jahr der Aufzeichnungsgeschichte, und mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von zwei Dritteln wird dabei die 1,5°-Schwelle überschritten. Die WMO veröffentlichte diese alarmierenden Prognosen in einem neuen Report. https://theconversation.com/global-warming-to-bring-record-hot-year-by-2028-probably-our-first-above-1-5-c-limit-205758
WMO-Bericht: https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/climate/global-annual-decadal-climate-update
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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There is little consensus on the definition of hypertext literature.
These two resources contradict this statement https://youtu.be/KLJp98H3-NQ
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www.repository.govardhanacademy.com www.repository.govardhanacademy.com
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5HANTANU M ARKED SATYAM T'/ AND HAD TWO SO N S-THE ELDER WAS KILLEDIN BATTLE •WHEN SHANTANU D(ED,BHEE5HMA S E T THE YOUNGER SO N ,WCHfTRAWRYA ON THE THRONE AN D RULED THE KINGDOM FO R HIM -
Within the following pieces of this story, Bheeshma values women, and their right to make their own choices. It is fascinating that Amba does what she wants, then turns around and tries to marry Bheeshma after she went her own way. Bheeshma declining her is his own inalienable right and she decides it is not fair. This flip in gender roles of the woman trying to take away a man's power is quite the spectacle.
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B U T ~DEVAVRATA M S TOO IN TE LLIG EN T TO BE TAKEN IN B Y THESE WORDS-
Shantanu is not honest with Gangeya his son. He thought he wasn't aware enough to know that he was enthralled with another woman. Gangeya, showing in this story that he is selfless and wants only to make his father's wishes to come true, does so in striking a deal with Satyavati's father.
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U S T THEN HE SAW A BEAUTIFULG/RL APPROACH/M G.K/NG SHAttTANU WAS OVERCOME B YA IDES/RE TO MAKE SATYAVAT/ H/5OWM AMD TAKE HER TO H/S PALACE • f SHALL GO AMDA S K HER FATHER„ FO R H ER HAND
Shantanu is quite bold in his wants. The women portrayed in this tale are immediately depicted as physically appealing, beautiful, and smelling divine. They are not described to have any other values which is another piece that perpetuates toxic masculinity and the writer's who have these biases built into their minds.
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SHANTANU WAS D/SM AYED. H E R ETU R N ED TO H fS PALACE, H fSTH O U G H TS FULL O F SATYAVAT/ •A t h a s t w a p u r h e p a s s e d h /s d a y s , l o s t /n h ls l o n g /m g s . o n e d a y -
Shantanu once again doesn't know what he truly wants. He has mixed desires in wanting women while also not wanting to give away the lineage and royalty of his own son. The interaction between Shantanu and Satyavati's father is another example of the gender role that the women are not in the discussion, only the men and stating what they desire. Satyavati's father wants an in to royalty and he is pushing hard to make that deal with the King.
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AT SUCH MOMENTS,, HE TOOK LONG WALKS3ALONE, ALONG THE BANKS OFT H E YAM UNA
It's almost as if he knew he would find a woman or someone who could fill the gaping hole he felt in his life. Like he was searching along the banks hoping to stumble upon another woman, which points back to his desire which comes across as only wanting women to physically satisfy him. This feeds into the gender roles of men seeming like they only want women for sex and is prevelant in Shantanu's life.
CC Licensing: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Note: This annotation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license. This means that others are free to share and adapt this work for non-commercial purposes as long as they attribute the original author and use the same CC license for their derivative works.
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TAKE HIMHOME ANDM AKE HIMYOUR HEIR-HE IS AMI6HTV ARCHERAND HAS LEARNTALL THERE ISTO KNOWABOUT THEDUTIES OF AKINS.
"Gangeya knew who Shantanu was", this shows that his mother told him of his father Shantanu and must have shown him who he was so that he could recognize him in person. The title "Devavrata" is signifying of the future when he will take a terrible oath of celibacy.
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THEN ONE DAW AS SHANTANU CAME ONCE AGAIN TO THE BANKS OFTHE GANGES, HUNTING DEER -
This piece is interesting because it ties back to the first time Shantanu and his wife met when he was out hunting by the river. What significance do these corellations have? Is Shantanu somehow drawn by a higher diety to keep making life choices when out hunting?
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SUDDENLY A BEAUTIFUL MAIDEN APPEARED IN FRONT O F H IM .AND VOU MUSTNEVER SPEAK ANUNKIND WORD TOME. THE MOMENTYOUPO EfTWER,
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The fact that he, "Fell in love with the maiden, at first sight" is signatory and should be noted because throughout the rest of the story King Shantanu continually falls in love with women barely knowing anything about them and doing so naively and almost in a blind like blundering manner.
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S T O P ! WHO ARE YOU pO WICKED WOMAN, HOWV CAN VOU MURDER jVOUR OWN /VW CHILDREN?
CC Licensing: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
If he had endured the killings of his children up to this point, why stop her now? His morals are verry off putting and disturbing due to his already lack of respect for women. And in turn it ruined the agreement of his whole marriage. When later he chases another woman in the same manner. King Shantanu cannot make up what he truly wants.
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AND VOU MUSTNEVER SPEAK ANUNKIND WORD TOME. THE MOMENTYOUPO EfTWER,( s h a l lLEAVE YOUFOREVER.50 BE IT!
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From a gender role view and assumptions from me being made about this king, he seems to only be following what his body wants from women and not caring what they inherently can have value in besides giving bodily pleasures. I feel sorry for the women in this storyline that he "falls in love" with, if one would even say this childlike king is actually being in love with them.
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www.sacred-texts.com www.sacred-texts.com
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The friendship made, which both had sought: How Báli and Sugríva fought.
Underscored here is the dynamics of male camaraderie and conflict in the Ramayana. It references the story of Báli and Sugríva, two monkey brothers who initially fought against each other but later reconciled and formed a strong alliance. The portrayal of their friendship highlights the idea of brotherhood and loyalty among male characters, adding another layer to the construction of the hero within the cultural context of the epic.
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The fair Videhan 1b lady's rape.
This leads to significant event in the narrative, namely the abduction of Sitá by the demon king Rávan. The mention of her rape emphasizes the vulnerability and victimization of women within the epic. It reflects the power dynamics between genders and underscores the importance of rescuing Sitá, which becomes a central motivation for Ráma's heroic journey.
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How Janak's child he wooed and won, Aud broke the bow that bent to none.
This quote signifies the significance of gender roles and the portrayal of the hero in the context of marriage and masculinity. Ráma's ability to successfully complete the challenge of breaking a bow that no one else could illustrates his exceptional strength and heroism. It reinforces the traditional notion of masculinity associated with physical prowess and serves as a validation of Ráma's worthiness as a suitor for Janak's daughter, Sitá.
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He sate, in reverent attitude On holy grass, 2 the points all bent Together toward the orient
Deeply reflected is the sense of reverence and piety exhibited by the hermit during his meditation. The mention of the hermit sitting on holy grass and facing the east highlights the sacredness associated with the act of storytelling. It symbolizes the spiritual connection between the storyteller and the divine, suggesting that the narrative being conveyed holds great significance within the cultural context.
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The tuneful lines thy lips rehearsed Spontaneous from thy bosom burst, Then come, O best of seers, relate The life of Ráma good and great
Brahmá recognizes Válmíki's poetic talent and urges him to narrate the life story of Rama, emphasizing his virtuous and heroic qualities. The quote illustrates Brahmá's belief in Válmíki's ability to eloquently capture Rama's deeds in his epic.
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The heavenly Father smiled in glee, And said, 'O best of hermits', see, A verse, unconscious thou hast made; No longer be the task delayed.
Signified here is the approval and encouragement Válmíki receives from Brahmá for the verse he spontaneously composed. It indicates that his heartfelt lamentation over the curlew's fate holds poetic value and inspires him to proceed with his epic composition.
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Woe to the fowler's impious hand That did the deed that folly planned; That could to needless death devote The curlew of the tuneful throat!'
This quote reflects Válmíki's condemnation of the fowler's act of killing the male curlew. It expresses his disapproval and sorrow for the unnecessary loss of life and highlights his empathetic perspective, almost fatherly.
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The hermit saw the slaughtered bird, And all his heart with ruth was stirred. The fowler's impious deed distressed His gentle sympathetic breast
Here is portrayed Válmíki's compassionate and empathetic nature, which is not specific to gender roles but showcases a universal human quality. It emphasizes his sensitivity towards the suffering of creatures and sets the stage for the subsequent events.
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And bring my zone of bark, I pray. Here will I bathe: the rill has not, To lave the limbs a fairer spot.
This highlights the traditional gender roles prevalent in ancient Indian society, where Válmíki, as a sage, is portrayed as the authoritative figure instructing his disciple, Bharadvája, to assist him in his daily activities.
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CANTO I: NÁRAD. 4b ********* OM. 5b To sainted Nárad, prince of those Whose lore in words of wisdom flows. Whose constant care and chief delight Were Scripture and ascetic rite, The good Válmíki, first and best p. 2 Of hermit saints, these words addressed: 1 'In all this world, I pray thee, who Is virtuous, heroic, true? Firm in his vows, of grateful mind, To every creature good and kind? Bounteous, and holy, just, and wise, Alone most fair to all men's eyes? Devoid of envy, firm, and sage, Whose tranquil soul ne'er yields to rage? Whom, when his warrior wrath is high, Do Gods embattled fear and fly? Whose noble might and gentle skill The triple world can guard from ill? Who is the best of princes, he Who loves his people's good to see? The store of bliss, the living mine Where brightest joys and virtues shine? Queen Fortune's 2 best and dearest friend, Whose steps her choicest gifts attend? Who may with Sun and Moon compare, With Indra, 3 Vishnu, 4 Fire, and Air? Grant, Saint divine, 5 the boon I ask, For thee, I ween, an easy task, To whom the power is given to know If such a man breathe here below.' Then Nárad, clear before whose eye The present, past, and future lie, 1b Made ready answer: 'Hermit, where Are graces found so high and rare? Yet listen, and my tongue shall tell In whom alone these virtues dwell. From old Ikshváku's 2b line he came, Known to the world by Ráma's name: With soul subdued, a chief of might, In Scripture versed, in glory bright, His steps in virtue's paths are bent, Obedient, pure, and eloquent. In each emprise he wins success, And dying foes his power confess. Tall and broad-shouldered, strong of limb, Fortune has set her mark on him. Graced with a conch-shell's triple line, His threat displays the auspicious sign. 3b p. 3 High destiny is clear impressed On massive jaw and ample chest, His mighty shafts he truly aims, And foemen in the battle tames. Deep in the muscle, scarcely shown, Embedded lies his collar-bone. His lordly steps are firm and free, His strong arms reach below his knee; 1 All fairest graces join to deck His head, his brow, his stately neck, And limbs in fair proportion set: The manliest form e'er fashioned yet. Graced with each high imperial mark, His skin is soft and lustrous dark. Large are his eyes that sweetly shine With majesty almost divine. His plighted word he ne'er forgets; On erring sense a watch he sets. By nature wise, his teacher's skill Has trained him to subdue his will. Good, resolute and pure, and strong, He guards mankind from scathe and wrong, And lends his aid, and ne'er in vain, The cause of justice to maintain. Well has he studied o'er and o'er The Vedas 2 and their kindred lore. Well skilled is he the bow to draw, 1b Well trained in arts and versed in law; High-souled and meet for happy fate, Most tender and compassionate; The noblest of all lordly givers, Whom good men follow, as the rivers Follow the King of Floods, the sea: So liberal, so just is he. The joy of Queen Kaus'alyá's 2b heart, In every virtue he has part: Firm as Himálaya's 3b snowy steep, Unfathomed like the mighty deep: The peer of Vishnu's power and might, And lovely as the Lord of Night; 4b Patient as Earth, but, roused to ire, Fierce as the world-destroying fire; In bounty like the Lord of Gold, 5b And Justice self ia human mould. With him, his best and eldest son, By all his princely virtues won King Das'aratha 6b willed to share His kingdom as the Regent Heir. But when Kaikeyí, youngest queen, With eyes of envious hate had seen The solemn pomp and regal state Prepared the prince to consecrate, She bade the hapless king bestow Two gifts he promised long ago, That Ráma to the woods should flee, And that her child the heir should be. By chains of duty firmly tied, Thw wretched king perforce complied. p. 4 Ráma, to please Kaikeyí went Obedient forth to banishment. Then Lakshman's truth was nobly shown, Then were his love and courage known, When for his brother's sake he dared All perils, and his exile shared. And Sítá, Ráma's darling wife, Loved even as he loved his life, Whom happy marks combined to bless, A miracle of loveliness, Of Janak's royal lineage sprung, Most excellent of women, clung To her dear lord, like Rohiní Rejoicing with the Moon to be. 1 The King and people, sad of mood, The hero's car awhile pursued. But when Prince Ráma lighted down At S'riugavera's pleasant town, Where Gangá's holy waters flow, He bade his driver turn and go. Guha, Nishádas' king, he met, And on the farther bank was set. Then on from wood to wood they strayed, O'er many a stream, through constant shade, As Bharadvája bade them, till They came to Chitrakúta's hill. And Ráma there, with Lakshman's aid, A pleasant little cottage made, And spent his days with Sítá, dressed In coat of bark and deerskin vest. 1b And Chitrakuta grew to be As bright with those illustrious three An Meru's 2b sacred peaks that shine With glory, when the Gods recline Beneath them: Siva's 3b self between The Lord of Gold and Beauty's Queen. The aged king for Rama pined, And for the skies the earth resigned, Bharat, his son, refused to reign, Though urged by all the twice-born 4b train. Forth to the woods he fared to meet Hia brother, fell before his feet, And cried, 'Thy claim all men allow: O come, our lord and king be thou.' But Rama nobly chose to be Observant of his sire's decree. He placed his sandals 5b in his hand A pledge that he would rule the land: And bade his brother turn again. Then Bharat. finding prayer was vain, The sandals took and went away; Nor in Ayodhyá would he stay. But turned to Nandigráma, where He ruled the realm with watchful care, Still longing eagerly to learn Tidings of Ráma's safe return. Then lest the people should repeat Their visit to his calm retreat, Away from Chitrakúta's hill Fared Ráma ever onward till p. 5 Beneath the shady trees he stood Of Dandaká's primeval wood, Virádha, giant fiend, he slew, And then Agastya's friendship knew. Counselled by him he gained the sword And bow of Indra, heavenly lord: A pair of quivers too, that bore Of arrows an exhaustless store. While there he dwelt in greenwood shade The trembling hermits sought his aid, And bade him with his sword and bow Destroy the fiends who worked them woe: To come like Indra strong and brave, A guardian God to help and save. And Ráma's falchion left its trace Deep cut on Súrpanakhá's face: A hideous giantess who came Burning for him with lawless flame. Their sister's cries the giants heard. And vengeance in each bosom stirred: The monster of the triple head. And Dúshan to the contest sped. But they and myriad fiends beside Beneath the might of Ráma died. When Rávan, dreaded warrior, knew The slaughter of his giant crew: Rávan, the king, whose name of fear Earth, hell, and heaven all shook to hear: He bade the fiend Márícha aid The vengeful plot his fury laid. In vain the wise Márícha tried To turn him from his course aside: Not Rávan's self, he said, might hope With Ráma and his strength to cope. Impelled by fate and blind with rage He came to Ráma's hermitage. There, by Márícha's magic art, He wiled the princely youths apart, The vulture 1 slew, and bore away The wife of Ráma as his prey. The son of Raghu 2 came and found Jatáyu slain upon the ground. He rushed within his leafy cot; He sought his wife, but found her not. Then, then the hero's senses failed; In mad despair he wept and wailed, Upon the pile that bird he laid, And still in quest of Sitá strayed. A hideous giant then he saw, Kabandha named, a shape of awe. The monstrous fiend he smote and slew, And in the flame the body threw; When straight from out the funeral flame In lovely form Kabandha came, And bade him seek in his distress A wise and holy hermitess. By counsel of this saintly dame To Pampá's pleasant flood he came, And there the steadfast friendship won Of Hanumán the Wind-God's son. Counselled by him he told his grief To great Sugríva, Vánar chief, Who, knowing all the tale, before The sacred flame alliance swore. Sugríva to his new-found friend Told his own story to the end: His hate of Báli for the wrong And insult he had borne so long. And Ráma lent a willing ear And promised to allay his fear. Sugríva warned him of the might Of Báli, matchless in the fight, And, credence for his tale to gain, Showed the huge fiend 1b by Báli slain. The prostrate corpse of mountain size Seemed nothing in the hero's eyes; He lightly kicked it, as it lay, And cast it twenty leagues 2b away. To prove his might his arrows through Seven palms in line, uninjured, flew. He cleft a mighty hill apart, And down to hell he hurled his dart, Then high Sugríva's spirit rose, Assured of conquest o'er his foes. With his new champion by his side To vast Kishkindhá's cave he hied. Then, summoned by his awful shout, King Báli came in fury out, First comforted his trembling wife, Then sought Sugríva in the strife. One shaft from Ráma's deadly bow The monarch in the dust laid low. Then Ráma bade Sugríva reign In place of royal Báli slain. Then speedy envoys hurried forth Eastward and westward, south and north, Commanded by the grateful king Tidings of Ráma's spouse to bring. Then by Sampáti's counsel led, Brave Hanumán, who mocked at dread, Sprang at one wild tremendous leap Two hundred leagues across the deep. To Lanká's 3b town he urged his way, Where Rávan held his royal sway. p. 6 There pensive 'neath As'oka 1 boughs He found poor Sitá, Ráma's spouse. He gave the hapless girl a ring, A token from her lord and king. A pledge from her fair hand he bore; Then battered down the garden door. Five captains of the host be slew, Seven sons of councillors o'erthrew; Crushed youthful Aksha on the field, Then to his captors chose to yield. Soon from their bonds his limbs were free, But honouring the high decree Which Brahmá had pronounced of yore, 2 He calmly all their insults bore. The town he burnt with hostile flame, And spoke again with Ráma's dame, Then swiftly back to Ráma flew With tidings of the interview. Then with Sugríva for his guide, Came Ráma to the ocean side. He smote the sea with shafts as bright As sunbeams in their summer height, And quick appeared the Rivers' King 3 Obedient to the summoning. A bridge was thrown by Nala o'er The narrow sea from shore to shore. 4 They crossed to Lanká's golden town, Where Ráma's hand smote Rávan down. Vibhishan there was left to reign Over his brother's wide domain. To meet her husband Sitá came; But Ráma, stung with ire and shame, With bitter words his wife addressed Before the crowd that round her pressed. But Sitá, touched with noble ire, Gave her fair body to the fire. Then straight the God of Wind appeared, And words from heaven her honour cleared. And Ráma clasped his wife again, Uninjured, pure from spot and stain, Obedient to the Lord of Fire And the high mandate of his sire. Led by the Lord who rules the sky, The Gods and heavenly saints drew nigh, And honoured him with worthy meed, Rejoicing in each glorious deed. His task achieved, his foe removed, He triumphed, by the Gods approved, By grace of Heaven he raised to life The chieftains slain in mortal strife; Then in the magic chariot through The clouds to Nandigráma flew. Met by his faithful brothers there, He loosed his votive coil of hair: Thence fair Ayodhyá's town he gained, And o'er his father's kingdom reigned. Disease or famine ne'er oppressed His happy people, richly blest With all the joys of ample wealth, Of sweet content and perfect health. No widow mourned her well-loved mate, No sire his son's untimely fate. They feared not storm or robber's hand; No fire or flood laid waste the land: The Golden Age 1b had come again To bless the days of Ráma's reign. From him, the great and glorious king, Shall many a princely scion spring. And he shall rule, beloved by men, Ten thousand years and hundreds ten, 2b And when his life on earth is past To Brahmá's world shall go at last.' Whoe'er this noble poem reads That tells the tale of Ráma's deeds, Good as the Scriptures, he shall be From every sin and blemish free. Whoever reads the saving strain, With all his kin the heavens shall gain. Bráhmans who read shall gather hence The highest praise for eloquence. The warrior, o'er the laud shall reign, The merchant, luck in trade obtain; And S'údras listening 3b ne'er shall fail To reap advantage from the tale. 4b
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Valmiki starts by asking Narada about the identity of a virtuous and heroic individual, someone who embodies qualities such as gratitude, righteousness, and protection of the people. Narada responds by describing the characteristics of Rama, the hero of the Ramayana. He praises Rama's physical appearance, his virtues, skills, and his commitment to justice and righteousness. Rama is depicted as the epitome of a hero, with divine-like qualities that make him comparable to gods such as Indra and Vishnu.
In analyzing the gender aspect of the text, we can observe the traditional gender roles and definitions prevalent in the culture from which the text originates. The passage portrays Rama as the ideal hero, upholding the patriarchal norms of the society. He is described as a strong and powerful warrior, with physical attributes that emphasize his masculinity. Rama's qualities are praised, and he is depicted as the protector and savior of mankind.
The text also portrays Sita, Rama's wife, as a devoted and obedient wife. She is described as Rama's "darling wife" who clings to him and follows him even in exile. Sita's role is primarily that of a supportive and loyal wife, whose virtue and purity are highlighted. However, it is important to note that in later parts of the Ramayana, Sita's agency and strength are further explored, challenging traditional gender roles.
In terms of linguistic value, the text is composed in a poetic and descriptive manner, employing vivid imagery and metaphors to depict the qualities of the hero and his spouse. The language used is rich and evocative, contributing to the aesthetic appeal of the work.
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Bhishma is one of the central characters of the Mahabharata. Bhishma was born as Devevrata and is the grand sire of the heros and villans of the epic mahabharata. Once the eight Vasus visited Vashishta's ashram with their wives, one of the wives took a fancy to Nandini and asked her husband Prabhasa, to steal it from Vashishta. Prabhasa the vasu,stole it with the help of the others, and was cursed by Vashishta to be born in the world of men. The seven Vasus who assist in stealing Nandini have their curse softened to be liberated from their human birth as soon as they are born, but Prabhasa, due to his being instrumental in the theft, is cursed to endure a longer life on the earth, though the curse is softened so that he becomes one of the most illustrious men of his times.The youngest brother is born as Bhishma the youngest son of Shantanu by his first wife Ganga (the holy River), The other 7, were born as the older siblings of Bhishma, who were drowned by their mother Ganga as soon as they were born, thus fulfilling the softened curse on them.Shantanu was the 12th king of a line starting from Dushyanta and Bharata, though the vansh (family or progeny) is said to have started with Bharata the great.Bhishma learnt political science from Brihaspati, the guru of the Devas, Vedas and Vedangas from rishi Vasishta, and archery from Parashurama, also known as Bhargava, thus becoming an exceptionally skilled administrator, as well as an undefeatable warrior. His banner in battle was a golden palm tree.He was known as 'Bhishma Pitamaha' (i.e., Bhishma, the grandfather or grandsire) among the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Bhishma is considered to be one of the greatest examples of a dutibound officer.'Bhishma' means 'He of the terrible oath', referring to his vow of life-long celibacy. Devavrata became known as Bhishma because he took the bhishan pratigya — the vow of life-long celibacy and of service to whoever sat on the throne of his father (the throne of Hastinapur). This was because when his father Shantanu wanted to marry a fisherwoman Satyavati, her father refused, on the grounds that his daughter's children would never be rulers as Shantanu already had a son (Devavrata). This made Shantanu despondent. To placate Satyavati's father, Devavrata promised that he would never stake a claim to the throne, implying that the child born to Shantanu and Satyavati would become the ruler after Shantanu. At this, Satyavati's father retorted that even if Devavrata gave up his claim to the throne, his (Devavrata's) children would still claim the throne. At this, Devavrata, to make his father happy, took the terrible vow, thus sacrificing his 'crown-prince' title and denying himself the pleasures of intercourse. This gave him immediate recognition among the gods and his father granted him the boon of Ichha Mrityu (control over his own death — he could choose the time of his death, but not, as may be suggested, one of immortality).Bhishma was a great archer and a warrior of peerless valour and courage. In the process of finding a bride for the young king Vichitravirya (son of Shantanu and Satyavati) for whom he was the regent, Bhishma challenged the assemblage of suitors at the swayamvar of princesses Amba, Ambika and Ambalika of Kashi (Varanasi) and defeated all of them. Unknown to Bhishma, Salwa, the ruler of Saubala was in love with Amba (the eldest princess) who reciprocated his feelings. On the way to Hastinapura with the princesses, Bhishma was confronted by Salwa who challenged him to a battle for the hand of Amba in marriage. After a hard fight, Salwa was vanquished and admitted defeat. Upon reaching Hastinapur Amba confided in Bhishma that she wished to wed Salwa and no other. When Bhishma sent her back to Salwa, the vanquished ruler turned her down in humiliation of losing the combat. Upon being turned down by Vichitravirya too, as a maiden who had loved another man, Amba was incensed at Bhishma, whose interference she perceived as the root cause of her troubles.Amba took refuge with Parasurama, the guru of bhisma. Parasurama ordered Bhishma to marry Amba. Bhishma politely refused saying that he is ready to leave his life at the command of the teacher but not the promise that he had made. Upon the refusal Parasurama called him for a fight at Kurukshetra.At the battlegrounds, while Bhishma was on a chariot, he saw his guru on the ground. He requested Parasurama to be equal to him by taking a chariot and Kavacham (armor). Parasurama blessed Bhishma with the power of divine vision and asked him to look again. When Bhishma looked at his guru with the divine eye-sight, he saw the Earth as Parasurama's chariot, the four Vedas as the horses, the Upanishads as the reins, Vayu as the sarathy (Charioteer) and the Vedic goddesses Gayatri, Savitri & Saraswati as the armor.Bhishma got down from the chariot and sought the blessings of Parasurama to adhere to his dharma. Parasurama told him that if he would not have behaved in this manner Parasurama would have cursed him. Parasurama advised him to fight to protect his dharma of bramacharya and Prasurama would fight to protect his duty towards the word given to Amba.They fought for 23 days without any result. Parasurama is a chiranjeev or immortal whereas Bhishma had the boon of death at his wish. On the 22nd night, Bhishma prayed to his ancestors to help him to bring the war to an end. His anscestors gave him a weapon which was not known to Parasurama . They told him that it would put Parasurama to sleep in the battlefield. A person who sleeps in the battlefield is considered to be dead as per Vedas. They advised Bhishma to call back the weapon at the end of day after sunset so that Parasurama will come back to his sense and that shall bring the end to war.On the 23rd day, when Bhishma took the weapon given by his pitru's, a divine voice spoke to him asking not to use the weapon and insult his guru Parasurama and it told Parasurama that he cannot win over Bhishma in the war. But Parasurama said that he cannot go back from the war when Bhishma is still standing against him in the battlefield. Bhishma in respect of his teacher walked away from the combat and allowed a graceful exit for Parasurama.Parasurama told amba that he could not win over Bhishma and gave her the boon of "mahakal shiva". Amba did penance to please Shiva. Shiva gave the boon that she will be instrumental for the death of Bhishma. Amba would be born as a princess in the house of king Drupada, and as a consequence of another boon would be transformed into Shikhandi (a male) and be the root cause of Bhishma's death.He is the one who witnessed the Mahābhārata completely from the beginning since the rule of the Shantanu.In the great battle at Kurukshetra, Bhishma, bound by his oath to serve the ruler of Hastinapura, fought very reluctantly on the side of the Kauravas; nevertheless, he gave it his best effort. At one stage, his impeccable military prowess, combined with Arjuna's disinclination to fight him, almost made Lord Krishna break His vow of not actually fighting in the war. Krishna charged at Bhishma to kill him with a chariot wheel and was welcomed with folded hands by the grandsire. Then Arjuna pleaded with Krishna to stop and reminded him of the vow.Bhishma was finally grievously wounded on the tenth day of the battle by Arjuna, who hid behind another warrior Shikhandi, and rained arrows on the grandsire. Bhishma knew that Shikhandi was born a woman and to strike a woman he deemed unworthy of the chivalrous. Thus, the warrior did not resist but merely remarked to Dushasana, "These are Arjuna's arrows, they cannot be Shikhandi's because they tear my flesh as a crab's young ones tear their mother's body." Of all of Duryodhana's commander-in-chiefs, Bhishma had held off the inevitable defeat the longest. He was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces for ten days compared to Drona's five, Karna's two and Salya on the final day. Bhishma fell, his entire body resting on a pincushion of Arjuna's arrows. After that Drona become the Commander-in-Chief of Kaurav army. After his demise Karna replaced him. Soon after this, Karna, who in the face of Bhishma's criticism had sworn his vow to keep out of the Kurukshetra till the withdrawal of Bhishma, approached the grandsire to seek his blessings. Bhishma reveals to Karna that he always knew the truth of the latter's parentage and implored him to persuade Duryodhana (at this point he also told Karna that he had not allowed to fight him under his command as he did not want the real brothers to fight with each other) to end the carnage that had already resulted in such great slaughter. Upon Karna's refusal and insistence to remain true to Duryodhana, he nevertheless received the grandsire's blessing. He lay on the 'bed of arrows' till the end of the battle, and chose to die only after learning that the Pandavas had won, as he was now assured that the throne of Hastinapura was in safe hands. In his last days before he ascended to heaven, he recited to Yudhisthira the famous hymn to Vishnu, the Vishnu sahasranama. Bhishma also admitted he had been wrong to fight for Duryodhana even though he was the king's employee since one's only allegiance is towards righteousness.
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The text highlights the traditional gender expectations placed on Bhishma, depicting him as a paragon of masculinity. He is described as "an exceptionally skilled administrator" and "an undefeatable warrior". These exemplify the societal expectations of men as strong, knowledgeable, and powerful figures.
The story introduces the concept of Bhishma's vow of celibacy, known as the "bhishan pratigya," which becomes a defining characteristic of his identity. This vow, driven by devotion and duty towards his father and the throne, showcases the sacrifice of personal desires for the sake of societal and familial obligations. The text states, "Devavrata promised that he would never stake a claim to the throne," implying the relinquishment of personal aspirations. This vow embodies the traditional gender roles that expect men to prioritize duty and suppress personal desires.
Furthermore, the narrative walks into the challenges faced by women, exemplified through the character of Amba. Amba's desires and choices are undermined by male figures such as Bhishma and Parasurama. Her pursuit of love and autonomy is hindered by societal norms and the interference of powerful male figures. The text states, "Upon being turned down by Vichitravirya too, as a maiden who had loved another man, Amba was incensed at Bhishma". This quote highlights the limited action and struggles faced by women within the patriarchal framework.
There is an emphasis on the importance of considering the linguistic value of the text. The interpretation, translation, and editing of the Mahabharata can be influenced by the biases and patriarchal mindset of the translators, editors, or scribes involved. It is crucial to critically analyze the text, recognizing the potential manipulations and biases that might have shaped its content.
In conclusion, Bhishma from the Mahabharta underlines the patriarchal nature of the narrative, the suppression of women's effect, and the construction of the hero figure within the cultural and social context.
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The play is set in Troezen, a coastal town in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Theseus, the king of Athens, is serving a year's voluntary exile after having murdered a local king and his sons. His illegitimate son is Hippolytus, whose birth is the result of Theseus's rape of the Amazon Hippolyta. Hippolytus has been trained since childhood by the king of Troezen, Pittheus. At the opening of the play Aphrodite, Goddess of love, explains that Hippolytus has sworn chastity and refuses to revere her. Instead, he honours the Goddess of the hunt, Artemis. This has led her to initiate a plan of vengeance on Hippolytus. When Hippolytus went to Athens two years previously Aphrodite inspired Phaedra, Hippolytus' stepmother, to fall in love with him. Hippolytus appears with his followers and shows reverence to a statue of Artemis, a chaste goddess. A servant warns him about slighting Aphrodite, but Hippolytus refuses to listen. The chorus, consisting of young married women of Troezen, enters and describes how Theseus's wife, Phaedra has not eaten or slept in three days. Phaedra, sickly, appears with her nurse. After an agonizing discussion, Phaedra finally confesses why she is ill: she loves Hippolytus. The nurse and the chorus are shocked. Phaedra explains that she must starve herself and die with her honour intact and to save Theseus from shame. However, the nurse quickly retracts her initial response and tells Phaedra that she has a magical charm to cure her. However, in an aside she reveals different plans. The nurse, after making Hippolytus swear not to tell anyone, informs Hippolytus of Phaedra's desire and suggests that Hippolytus consider yielding to her. He reacts with a furious tirade and threatens to tell his father, Theseus, everything as soon as he arrives. Phaedra realizes disaster has fallen. After making the chorus swear secrecy, she goes inside and hangs herself. Theseus returns and discovers his wife's dead body. Because the chorus is sworn to secrecy, they cannot tell Theseus why she killed herself. Theseus discovers a letter on Phaedra's body, which falsely asserts that she was raped by Hippolytus. Enraged, Theseus curses his son either to death or at least exile. To execute the curse, Theseus calls upon his father, the god Poseidon, who has promised to grant his son three wishes. Hippolytus enters and protests his innocence but cannot tell the truth because of the binding oath that he swore. Taking Phaedra's letter as proof, Hippolytus proudly defends his innocence, saying that he has never looked at any women with sexual desire. Theseus does not believe his son and still exiles him. As Hippolytus is departing he swears that if he lying then Zeus should strike him down on the spot. The chorus sings a lament for Hippolytus. A messenger enters and describes a gruesome scene to Theseus; as Hippolytus got in his chariot to leave the kingdom, a bull roared out of the sea, frightening his horses, which dashed his chariot among the rocks, dragging Hippolytus behind. Hippolytus seems to be dying. The messenger protests Hippolytus' innocence, but Theseus refuses to believe him. Theseus is glad that Hippolytus is suffering and about to die. But then the goddess, Artemis, appears and rages at Theseus for killing his own son; she brutally tells him the truth and that Aphrodite was behind all their suffering due to her feeling disrespected due to Hippolytus's pride in his chastity: there was no rape, Phaedra had lied, his son was innocent. Theseus is painfully devastated by this revelation. Hippolytus is carried in physically battered and barely clinging to life. In the last moments of the play, Hippolytus forgives his father, kind words are exchanged between father and son, and then Hippolytus dies. Theseus is then left living to dwell on the fact that he killed his beloved son.
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Title: Gender Roles and Tragic Consequences in Hippolytus
The play "Hippolytus" by Euripides explores the complex dynamics of gender roles and the tragic consequences that arise from societal expectations and the manipulation of divine powers. The story revolves around the conflict between Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Hippolytus, a devoted follower of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt. By examining key quotes and significant events, we can delve into the portrayal of gender roles and the repercussions they have on the characters within the play.
At the beginning of the play, Aphrodite expresses her frustration with Hippolytus's refusal to revere her and his unwavering devotion to Artemis (2, 1-3). This sets the stage for Aphrodite's plan of vengeance, highlighting the power dynamics between male and female deities and the consequences of defying traditional gender expectations. The conflict between the two goddesses serves as a backdrop for the subsequent events that unfold.
When Phaedra, Hippolytus's stepmother, falls in love with him due to Aphrodite's influence, it highlights the vulnerability of women in a patriarchal society and their susceptibility to the manipulation of divine powers (2, 6-7). Phaedra's unrequited love for Hippolytus becomes a catalyst for the tragic events that follow, illustrating the destructive consequences of crossing societal boundaries and challenging established gender roles.
Throughout the play, Phaedra grapples with her forbidden desires and the notion of preserving her honor (5, 19-22). Her internal struggle reflects the societal pressures placed on women to adhere to strict moral codes and maintain their virtuous reputation. Phaedra's ultimate decision to starve herself and die to protect Theseus from shame illustrates the extreme lengths she is willing to go to uphold the expectations of female purity and chastity.
The nurse, a secondary character, plays a significant role in circulating gender norms and contributing to the tragic outcome. Initially, she appears to be supportive of Phaedra's plight and offers a magical charm to cure her (4, 15-17). However, in an aside, the nurse reveals her ulterior motive, suggesting that Phaedra should yield to her desires (4, 16-18). This manipulation demonstrates the complexities of gender dynamics and the potential for women to contribute to the perpetuation of the patriarchal norms.
Hippolytus, on the other hand, vehemently rejects Phaedra's advances and fiercely defends his chastity and loyalty to Artemis (5, 17-19). His refusal to yield to Aphrodite's power highlights his unwavering commitment to his chosen deity and his defiance of traditional gender expectations. Hippolytus's unwavering adherence to his principles ultimately leads to his tragic downfall.
The false accusation of rape leveled against Hippolytus exposes the destructive potential of gender-based assumptions and societal biases. Theseus, Phaedra's husband and Hippolytus's father, believes the fabricated story and condemns his son to exile or death (6, 21-26). Theseus's inability to question the validity of the accusation reflects the deeply ingrained prejudices and expectations placed on women and men within the society.
The tragic climax of the play occurs when Artemis reveals the truth to Theseus, exposing Aphrodite's manipulations and Phaedra's deception (9, 31-33). This revelation highlights the devastating consequences that arise from the manipulation of gender roles and the abuse of power by divine entities. The final reconciliation between Hippolytus and Theseus serves as a poignant moment, emphasizing the tragedy of a father's realization that he has killed his own son due to his blind adherence to societal expectations.
In conclusion, "Hippolytus" delves into the complexities of gender roles and the tragic outcomes that arise from the manipulation of societal expectations and divine powers. The play highlights the vulnerability of women, the defiance of male protagonists, and the destructive consequences of rigid gender norms. By examining key quotes and pivotal events, we gain a deeper understanding of the portrayal of gender roles in the play and the profound impact they have on the characters' lives.
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IV To him the stateliest[1] spake in answer; the warriors’ leader his word-hoard unlocked:— 260“We are by kin of the clan of Geats, and Hygelac’s own hearth-fellows we. To folk afar was my father known, noble atheling, Ecgtheow named. Full of winters, he fared away 265agéd from earth; he is honored still through width of the world by wise men all. To thy lord and liege in loyal mood we hasten hither, to Healfdene’s son, people-protector: be pleased to advise us! 270To that mighty-one come we on mickle errand, to the lord of the Danes; nor deem I right that aught be hidden. We hear—thou knowest if sooth it is—the saying of men, that amid the Scyldings a scathing monster, 275dark ill-doer, in dusky nights shows terrific his rage unmatched, hatred and murder. To Hrothgar I in greatness of soul would succor bring, so the Wise-and-Brave[2] may worst his foes.— 280 if ever the end of ills is fated, of cruel contest, if cure shall follow, and the boiling care-waves[3] cooler grow; else ever afterward anguish-days he shall suffer in sorrow while stands in place 285 high on its hill that house unpeered!” Astride his steed, the strand-ward answered, clansman unquailing: ”The keen-souled thane must be skilled to sever and sunder duly words and works, if he well intends. 290 I gather, this band is graciously bent to the Scyldings’ master. March, then, bearing weapons and weeds the way I show you. I will bid my men your boat meanwhile to guard for fear lest foemen come,— 295 your new-tarred ship by shore of ocean faithfully watching till once again it waft o’er the waters those well-loved thanes, —winding-neck’d wood,—to Weders’ bounds, heroes such as the hest of fate 300shall succor and save from the shock of war.”[4] They bent them to march,—the boat lay still, fettered by cable and fast at anchor, broad-bosomed ship.—Then shone the boars[5] over the cheek-guard; chased with gold, 305 keen and gleaming, guard it kept o’er the man of war, as marched along heroes in haste, till the hall they saw, broad of gable and bright with gold: that was the fairest, ’mid folk of earth, 310 of houses ’neath heaven, where Hrothgar lived, and the gleam of it lightened o’er lands afar. The sturdy shieldsman showed that bright burg-of-the-boldest; bade them go straightway thither; his steed then turned, 315 hardy hero, and hailed them thus:— “ ’Tis time that I fare from you. Father Almighty in grace and mercy guard you well, safe in your seekings. Seaward I go, ’gainst hostile warriors hold my watch.”
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Title: Gender Roles and Heroic Constructs in Beowulf: Chapter IV
Chapter IV of Beowulf continues to explore gender roles and the construction of heroism within the narrative. In this section, Beowulf and his companions arrive at Heorot, Hrothgar's hall, and engage in a conversation with the watchman stationed there. Examining this interaction sheds light on societal expectations, cultural norms, and the role of heroes within the Beowulf tale.
Beowulf's introduction to the watchman emphasizes his noble lineage and his kinship with the Geats. By highlighting his father, Ecgtheow, as a renowned noble atheling, the text establishes Beowulf's credentials and strengthens his heroic image (lV. 260-265). This portrayal reflects the importance of ancestry and heritage in defining one's heroic stature. In Beowulf's case, his noble lineage contributes to his status as a worthy protector and champion.
The watchman's response to Beowulf's arrival further reveals the hierarchical nature of heroism and societal expectations. The watchman acknowledges the need for a skilled warrior to demonstrate prowess in both words and deeds, underscoring the importance of verbal and physical prowess in establishing one's heroism (ll. 287-291). The ability to eloquently articulate one's intentions and demonstrate martial skill are essential attributes for a hero in this epic.
The symbolic value of the ship and the imagery associated with it contribute to the overall heroic narrative. The ship, described as "new-tarred" and faithfully guarded by Beowulf's men, represents their connection to their homeland and their role as protectors of their people (ll. 295-296). The gleaming boars on the cheek-guards of the warriors' helmets further reinforce the heroic imagery, representing their strength, courage, and ferocity in battle (ll. 304-305).
The cultural significance of Heorot, Hrothgar's hall, is emphasized through vivid descriptions. The hall is described as the "fairest 'mid folk of earth" and its gleam reaches lands afar (ll. 309-311). This portrayal highlights Heorot's central role as a gathering place, a symbol of power and civilization, and a testament to Hrothgar's kingship. The magnificence of Heorot contributes to the grandeur of the narrative and enhances the heroic setting in which the characters operate.
To conclude, Chapter IV of Beowulf highlights Beowulf's noble lineage and his embodiment of heroic attributes. The interaction with the watchman reinforces the societal expectations placed on heroes, both in their words and actions. The symbolism associated with the ship and Heorot contributes to the heroic narrative and emphasizes the grandeur of the setting.
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III Thus seethed[1] unceasing the son of Healfdene 190with the woe of these days; not wisest men assuaged his sorrow; too sore the anguish, loathly and long, that lay on his folk, most baneful of burdens and bales of the night. This heard in his home Hygelac’s thane, 195great among Geats, of Grendel’s doings. He was the mightiest man of valor in that same day of this our life, stalwart and stately. A stout wave-walker he bade make ready.[2] Yon battle-king, said he, 200far o’er the swan-road he fain would seek, the noble monarch who needed men! The prince’s journey by prudent folk was little blamed, though they loved him dear; they whetted the hero, and hailed good omens.[3] 205And now the bold one from bands of Geats comrades chose, the keenest of warriors e’er he could find; with fourteen men[4] the sea-wood[5] he sought, and, sailor[6] proved, led them on to the land’s confines. 210Time had now flown;[7] afloat was the ship, boat under bluff. On board they climbed, warriors ready; waves were churning sea with sand; the sailors bore on the breast of the bark their bright array, 215their mail and weapons: the men pushed off, on its willing way, the well-braced craft. Then moved o’er the waters by might of the wind that bark like a bird with breast of foam, till in season due, on the second day, 220the curved prow such course had run that sailors now could see the land, sea-cliffs shining, steep high hills, headlands broad. Their haven was found, their journey ended. Up then quickly 225the Weders’[8] clansmen climbed ashore, anchored their sea-wood, with armor clashing and gear of battle: God they thanked for passing in peace o’er the paths of the sea. Now saw from the cliff a Scylding clansman, 230a warden[9] that watched the water-side, how they bore o’er the gangway glittering shields, war-gear in readiness; wonder seized him to know what manner of men they were. Straight to the strand his steed he rode, 235Hrothgar’s henchman; with hand of might he shook his spear,[10] and spake in parley. “Who are ye, then, ye arméd men, mailéd folk, that yon mighty vessel have urged thus over the ocean ways, 240here o’er the waters? A warden I, sentinel set o’er the sea-march here, lest any foe to the folk of Danes with harrying fleet should harm the land. No aliens ever at ease thus bore them, 245linden-wielders:[11] yet word-of-leave clearly ye lack from clansmen here, my folk’s agreement.—A greater ne’er saw I of warriors in world than is one of you,— yon hero in harness! No henchman he 250worthied by weapons, if witness his features, his peerless presence! I pray you, though, tell your folk and home, lest hence ye fare suspect to wander your way as spies in Danish land. Now, dwellers afar, 255ocean-travellers, take from me simple advice: the sooner the better I hear of the country whence ye came.”
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Title: Gender Roles and Heroic Constructs in Beowulf: Chapter III
Beowulf's valor and his reputation as the "mightiest man of valor" highlight the significance placed on masculine strength and courage in defining the hero (llI 196). The portrayal of Beowulf as a "stout wave-walker" and his readiness to embark on a perilous journey reflect the expectations of heroic masculinity. These descriptions emphasize physical attributes and reinforce the notion that heroism is closely tied to male prowess and to their worth as a person.
The text also subtly implies a supportive and trusting relationship between Beowulf and his community. The phrase "though they loved him dear" suggests that his decision to undertake the quest receives little criticism or opposition (III, 203). This acceptance aligns with the cultural expectation that heroes, particularly male heroes, are duty-bound to undertake perilous missions to protect and aid their communities. It reinforces the idea that heroism is not only about individual strength but also about the support and recognition of the larger social group.
The linguistic value of the text is preserved through its evocative descriptions and poetic devices. The use of alliteration, such as "mighty vessel," "sea with sand," and "well-braced craft," creates a rhythmic and vivid reading experience (llI 212-216). This poetic quality enhances the narrative and contributes to the oral tradition of the poem, allowing the audience to engage with the story on multiple levels.
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II 115Went he forth to find at fall of night that haughty house, and heed wherever the Ring-Danes, outrevelled, to rest had gone. Found within it the atheling band asleep after feasting and fearless of sorrow, 120of human hardship. Unhallowed wight, grim and greedy, he grasped betimes, wrathful, reckless, from resting-places, thirty[1] of the thanes, and thence he rushed fain of his fell spoil, faring homeward, 125laden with slaughter, his lair to seek. Then at the dawning, as day was breaking, the might of Grendel to men was known; then after wassail was wail uplifted, loud moan in the morn. The mighty chief, 130atheling excellent, unblithe sat, labored in woe for the loss of his thanes, when once had been traced the trail of the fiend, spirit accurst: too cruel that sorrow, too long, too loathsome.[2] Not late the respite; 135with night returning, anew began ruthless murder; he recked no whit, firm in his guilt, of the feud and crime. They were easy to find who elsewhere sought in room remote their rest at night, 140bed in the bowers,[3] when that bale was shown, was seen in sooth, with surest token,— the hall-thane’s[4] hate. Such held themselves far and fast who the fiend outran! Thus ruled unrighteous and raged his fill 145one against all; until empty stood that lordly building, and long it bode so. Twelve years’ tide the trouble he bore, sovran of Scyldings, sorrows in plenty, boundless cares. There came unhidden 150tidings true to the tribes of men, in sorrowful songs,[5] how ceaselessly Grendel harassed Hrothgar, what hate he bore him, what murder and massacre, many a year, feud unfading,—refused consent 155to deal with any of Daneland’s earls, make pact of peace, or compound for gold: still less did the wise men ween to get great fee for the feud from his fiendish hands.[6] But the evil one ambushed old and young, 160death-shadow dark, and dogged them still, lured, and lurked in the livelong night of misty moorlands: men may say not where the haunts of these Hell-Runes[7] be. Such heaping of horrors the hater of men, 165lonely roamer, wrought unceasing, harassings heavy. O’er Heorot he lorded, gold-bright hall, in gloomy nights; and ne’er could the prince[8] approach his throne, —’twas judgment of God,—or have joy in his hall. 170Sore was the sorrow to Scyldings’-friend, heart-rending misery. Many nobles sat assembled, and searched out counsel how it were best for bold-hearted men against harassing terror to try their hand. 175Whiles they vowed in their heathen fanes altar-offerings, asked with words[9] that the slayer-of-souls[10] would succor give them for the pain of their people. Their practice this, their heathen hope; ’twas Hell they thought of 180in mood of their mind. Almighty they knew not, Doomsman of Deeds[11] and dreadful Lord, nor Heaven’s-Helmet heeded they ever, Wielder-of-Wonder.—Woe for that man who in harm and hatred hales his soul 185to fiery embraces;—nor favor nor change awaits he ever. But well for him that after death-day may draw to his Lord, and friendship find in the Father’s arms!
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Title: Gender Roles and Heroic Constructs in Beowulf: Chapter II
In chapter 2 the exploration of gender roles and the construction of the hero within the text continues.
The opening lines reveal the aftermath of Grendel's ruthless attacks on the Ring-Danes. The phrase "that haughty house" refers to Heorot, the magnificent mead-hall. The contrast between the evil Grendel and the unsuspecting, slumbering atheling band, predominantly consisting of men, highlights the vulnerability of the male heroes in the face of a monstrous threat. This portrayal challenges traditional gender expectations, where men are typically depicted as protectors and warriors.
As the poem progresses, it becomes evident that Grendel's reign of terror specifically targets male warriors, emphasizing the disruption of gender roles and the erosion of male heroism. The repetition of terms such as "than," "atheling," and "thanes" underscores the predominantly male victims of Grendel's attacks, while women remain largely absent from the narrative. This absence suggests a limited role for women in the heroic context of the poem, reinforcing traditional gender roles that associate heroism primarily with men.
The linguistic value this chapter is shown through its descriptive language and imagery. The use of alliteration, rhythm, and vivid metaphors contributes to the poem's aesthetic appeal and oral performance. The repetition of sounds and words, such as "ruthless murder" and "lured and lurked," adds emphasis and evokes a sense of foreboding, heightening the emotional impact of the narrative.
It's significant to also note that the translator/editor/scribe of the time had, at least partially, their opinion in the text. And the socio-cultural context on the representation of gender roles in the text. The dominance of a patriarchal mindset during the translation, gathering, and manipulation of the text might have influenced the portrayal of gender dynamics, potentially perpetuating or reinforcing gender biases prevalent at the time.
Comparatively, analyzing the representation of gender roles in multiple versions of Beowulf would provide a deeper understanding of the variations and nuances present in different translations and editions. It is essential to examine the translator's choices, the cultural and historical context in which the translation was produced, and the potential influence of contemporary gender politics on the interpretation and presentation of the text. Gender roles can be a complicated and complex topic, especially when it is in context of older societies and we don't know their expectations and norms fully as we know our own.
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CC Licensing: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Title: Gender Roles and Heroic Constructs in Beowulf: Chapter I Analysis
Chapter 1 of Beowulf introduces the context and sets the stage for the exploration of gender roles and the construction of the hero within the text. The societal dynamics and gender expectations prevalent in the culture of the Scyldings, as depicted in the poem, provide valuable insights into the representation of gender in early English literature.
In the opening lines, Beowulf, the beloved leader of the Scyldings, is portrayed as a revered figure who has ruled with fame since his father's passing. This initial portrayal aligns with traditional heroic constructs that associate male leadership and power. The mention of Healfdene, the heir who awakens, highlights the succession of power within the patriarchal structure of the society.
Further, the introduction of Hrothgar and his descendants showcases a lineage of influential men, emphasizing the continuation of male dominance. The absence of significant female characters, except for the mention of an unnamed queen, points to the limited role women play within the narrative, reinforcing traditional gender roles of the time.
The construction of Heorot, the magnificent mead-hall, serves as a symbol of Hrothgar's power and prosperity. It becomes a central gathering place where male warriors partake in revelry and boast of their exploits. The emphasis on male camaraderie and the absence of women within this space reinforces the notion of male heroism and the exclusion of women from the heroic narrative.
However, it is essential to consider the influence of the time period and the potential biases of the translator/editor/scribe on the representation of gender roles in the text. The societal norms and patriarchal mindset prevalent during the translation or transcription of Beowulf may have influenced the portrayal of gender dynamics, leading to a limited perspective on the roles and contributions of women.
Additionally, the linguistic value of the work can be observed in the poetic techniques employed, such as alliteration and rhythmic patterns, that contribute to the oral tradition of the poem. These linguistic devices enhance the aesthetic and performative aspects of the text, capturing the attention and imagination of the audience.
In conclusion, this section of Beowulf presents an initial glimpse into the gender politics and the construct of the hero within the culture depicted in the poem. The emphasis on male leadership, the exclusion of women from prominent roles, and the construction of Heorot as a male-dominated space reflect the prevailing gender roles of the time. However, it is crucial to critically analyze the text's linguistic value and consider the potential influence of the translator/editor/scribe and the socio-cultural context on the portrayal of gender dynamics in Beowulf.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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ojaifestival.my.salesforce-sites.com ojaifestival.my.salesforce-sites.com
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Die EU ist weit davon entfernt die Ziele für die Produktion von Grünem Wasserstoff zu erreichen, die sie sich selbst gesetzt hat. Auf dem Green Hydrogen Summit in Rotterdam gingen Branchenvertreter davon aus, dass selbst die Hälfte der geplanten 10 Millionen Tonnen bis 2030 sehr ehrgeizig sind. Das EU-Ziel ergibt sich aus den Annahmen über den Bedarf der Stahl- und Düngerindustrie. https://www.ft.com/content/2c700128-9980-476e-904c-d0b78dd6b56a
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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In Vietnam ist das letzte bekannte weibliche Exemplar der Yangtse-Riesenweichschildkröte gestorben. Die Zerstörung von Fluss-Biotopen ist ein Grund für das Aussterben dieser Art.
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www.defenseurdesdroits.fr www.defenseurdesdroits.fr
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Interview mit dem Meteorologen Eric Guilyardi über die Folgen von El Niño – mit 80% Wahrlscheinlichkeit kommt es dazu in diesem Jahr. Extremwetterereignisse in Australien, Indonesien und den Phillippinen (Trockenheiten), im Ozean (Hitzewellen mit Korallenbleichen) und in Südamerika (Starkregen) werden wahrscheinlicher. Für dieses oder das kommende Jahr ist mit einem globalen Temperaturreckord zu rechnen.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die April-Hitzewelle in Spanien, Portugal und Nordafrika lässt sich auf die globale Erhitzung zurückführen. Sie folgte auf eine mehrjährige Dürre. Die World Weather Attribution Group hat errechnet, dass ein solches Ereignis in der vorindustriellen Zeit so unwahrscheinlich war, dass es praktisch nicht zu ihm kommen konnte. Die Steigerung der Extremtemperaturen ist dabei schneller, als es die Klimamodelle voraussagen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/05/april-mediterranean-heatwave-almost-impossible-without-climate-crisis
PA zur Studie: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-april-heat-in-spain-portugal-morocco-algeria-almost-impossible-without-climate-change/
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Die Welt-Meteorologie-Organisation WMO erwartet mit 60% Wahrscheinlichkeit ein El Niño-Phänomen in diesem Jahr. Damit verbunden wären weitere Temperatur-Rekorde und Extremwetter-Ereignisse. Das lange andauernde La Niña-Phänomen der vergangenen Jahre hat die globale Erhitzung überlagert und für etwas niedrigere Temperaturen gesorgt. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/phenomene-el-nino-le-monde-doit-se-preparer-a-des-temperatures-records-alerte-lonu-20230503_6R42OY23ZRDNTLGMBTDIMSKOIQ/
Presseaussendung der WMO mit Infografiken: https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-update-prepare-el-ni%C3%B1o
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- Apr 2023
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Der Gardasee – der größte italienische See – hat den niedrigsten Wasserstand seit 70 Jahren. Der Po hat den niedrigsten je gemessenen Wasserstand. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/04/24/news/lago_garda_siccita_record_poca_acqua-397456757/ https://www.copernicus.eu/de/node/12648
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ife.ens-lyon.fr ife.ens-lyon.fr
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EN QUÊTE D'ÉCOLE : épisode Punition (02/01/2023)
23 Punitions et sanctions : un sujet tabou ?
Exclusions, mots dans le carnet, heures de retenue, lignes à recopier, autant de punitions qui ravivent de douloureux souvenirs chez certains d’entre nous. Si comme l’écrivait Sénèque dans le De Ira « On doit punir, non pour punir, mais pour prévenir », force est de constater qu’il est parfois difficile de faire la distinction.
Dans le domaine de l’éducation, la sanction est la conséquence du manquement à une règle. La punition, vise à priver, ou à contraindre l’élève, et marque l'obéissance à l'autorité, la relation hiérarchique entre l’adulte à l’enfant.
A l’heure des remises en question, où d’anciennes manières d’éduquer et de sanctionner côtoient de nouvelles pratiques, la punition soulève de nombreux débats, tandis que l’école s’interroge sur les moyens d’inculquer aux élèves le sens des responsabilités.
Alors quelle est l’histoire des pratiques de punition dans l’école française, et quelle place prennent elles aujourd’hui dans le système éducatif ?
Pour le savoir, nous avons mené l’enquête.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Mehrere indische Bundesstaaten sind auch in diesem Jahr wieder einer extremen Hitzewelle ausgesetzt. Viele andere Länder, vor allem in Asien,leiden unter Sandstürmen oder andern Extremwetterereignissen sowie einer deutlich erhöhten Luftverschmutzung. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/17/weather-tracker-india-temperatures-hit-40c-heatwave-continues
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Bei der Tagung der Energie- und Klimaminister der G7 in Sapporo haben sich die Staaten zwar auf Reduktionsziele für CO2 geeinigt, aber nicht auf Wege dazu, diese Ziele auch zu erreichen. Das erlaubt es unter anderem Japan, weiter auf CO2-intensive Technologien zu setzen. https://www.liberation.fr/international/asie-pacifique/climat-pour-le-japon-au-g7-cest-chacun-sa-route-et-rendez-vous-a-larrivee-20230417_MZPP67Z2ZJGVBPSJ3BCZNOUQME/
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Katalonien wird zu einer ariden Region. In vielen Gemeinden wird das Wasser reduziert. Einige Wasserspeicher sind nur zu 27% ihrer Kapazität gefüllt. Reportage in der Libération: https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/en-catalogne-on-est-en-train-de-basculer-de-la-secheresse-a-laridite-20230414_BFSOEZOPSBB3LK64OQN77LUTYI/
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Die Regenfälle der letzten Tage werden nur einen kleinen Teil der Folgen ausgleichen, welche die lange andauernde Trockenheit in Österreich hat. Es sind dringend Maßnahmen gegen die Versiegelung von Böden und die Verschwendung von Wasser z.B. durch private Pools nötig. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000145470485/der-regen-kommt-die-wassernot-bleibt
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Im März 2023 wurden in Brasilien 14% mehr Regenwald abgeholzt als ein Jahr zuvor unter Bolsonaro. Das ist der zweithöchste Quartalswert für Januar bis März überhaupt. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/amazonie-malgre-lula-et-les-promesses-toujours-plus-de-deforestation-au-bresil-20230407_D4BRA444VNDIJKQIAMF7UXLG5U/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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The new report evokes a mild sense of urgency, calling on governments to mobilise finance to accelerate the uptake of green technology. But its conclusions are far removed from a direct interpretation of the IPCC’s own carbon budgets (the total amount of CO₂ scientists estimate
- The report claims that
- to reach target of 50/50 chance of staying within 1.5 deg C,
- we must reach meet zero by 2050
- Yet, updating the IPCC’s estimate of the 1.5°C carbon budget,
- from 2020 to 2023, and then drawing a straight line down from today’s total emissions to the point where all carbon emissions must cease, and without exceeding this budget,
- gives a zero CO₂ date of 2040.
- Furthermore, adding policy delays to set things up, it is more likely a date closer to mid 2030's.
- Yet, updating the IPCC’s estimate of the 1.5°C carbon budget,
- The report claims that
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Title IPCC’s conservative nature masks true scale of action needed to avert catastrophic climate change Author Kevin Anderson
Summary The influential 2023 IPCC Synthesis report for policy makers is quite misleading and can steer policy makers in the wrong, and disastrous direction.
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blog.geographydirections.com blog.geographydirections.com
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Title IPCC’s conservative nature masks true scale of action needed to avert catastrophic climate change Author Kevin Anderson
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- Mar 2023
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pressbooks.online.ucf.edu pressbooks.online.ucf.edu
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Or, did you ever see a dog with a marrowbone in his mouth,—the beast of all other, says Plato, lib. 2, de Republica, the most philosophical? If you have seen him, you might have remarked with what devotion and circumspectness he wards and watcheth it: with what care he keeps it: how fervently he holds it: how prudently he gobbets it: with what affection he breaks it: and with what diligence he sucks it. To what end all this? What moveth him to take all these pains? What are the hopes of his labour? What doth he expect to reap thereby? Nothing but a little marrow
The description of this scene is insinuating on the importance of the little things which I believe is what the author was trying to convey when asking such questions to seeing a dog with a bone. He even refers to Plato at one point who was known as a philosophical speaker who was wise in such ideas. "Plato says that true and reliable knowledge rests only with those who can comprehend the true reality behind the world of everyday experience." (Macintosh) Platos theory of forms suggested that there is a different reality to everything for each person. That would insinuate that for a dog, that bone is big thing worth his time, while as humans, we see the dog with his bone and think "why bother?".
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144 Autobahnprojekte mit weniger Umweltprüfungen und Solarzellen. Die Grünen glauben an grünes Wachstum, aber nicht an Klimapolitik.
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jacobin.com jacobin.com
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the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its “synthesis” report summarizing the findings of its sixth assessment (the last occurred in 2014). The findings are painfully familiar: the world is falling far short of its emission goals, and without rapid reductions this decade, the planet is likely to shoot to beyond 1.5 or even 2 degrees Celsius of warming this century (we are at 1.1 degrees now). We seem to be stuck in a doom-loop news cycle where scientific reports create headlines, and earnest climate commentators insist the new report represents a true “wake-up call” for action, and then . . . emission keep rising. They hit a record once again in 2022. The world of climate politics appears to exist in two completely different worlds. There is a largely liberal and idealist world of climate technocrats where science informs policy, and there is the real, material capitalist world of power.
- A good observation
- about the cognitive dissonance of the situation
- A good observation
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Elle s'est plongée dans le journal intime de sa sœur 3 168 vues 20 mars 2023 Brut Brut Validé 1,64 M d’abonnés Abonné Abonné 229 J'aime ce contenu Je n'aime pas ce contenu Partager Partager Télécharger Télécharger 3 168 vues 20 mars 2023 3 168 vues • 20 mars 2023 Elle avait 21 ans et rêvait de devenir écrivaine. Après des années de harcèlement scolaire, elle s'est suicidée, laissant derrière elle son journal intime. Ses mots, sa sœur Agathe a choisi de les publier dans un roman, son roman : Le Livre de Liane. Elle raconte son histoire.
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Deutschland verdankt es allein der Gaskrise,dass das Klimaziel für 2022 erreicht wurde.
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web.hypothes.is web.hypothes.is
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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link-springer-com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au link-springer-com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au
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This line gives me the impression that the two subjects are like the two sides of a coin completely different but empirically linked. In that sense it's incredible that the two subjects have not overlapped very often in terms of those doing research on the subject before, because logically researching the direct counterpart to your area of study seems like an obvious decision. Perhaps even as a way to think of it so as to help bridge the gap between the two subjects more, is that social movements whilst being the antithesis of civil society, actually fit into civil society. civil society has placed within it for social movements and whilst yes social movements typically rally against the established norms, social movements come from within a civil society and are an attempt by the members of a civil society to better the society itself.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Seit dem Beginn von Satelliten-Beobachtungen vor vier Jahrzehnten ist das antarktische Meereis noch nie so geschrumpft wie im Februar 2023.
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- expert: Will Hopp
- Mode: study
- institution: National Snow and Ice Data Center
- Thwaites-Gletscher
- Parameter: m sq km
- process: sea ice loss
- expert: Rob Massom
- expert: Matt England
- expert: Ted Scambos
- time: 1979-2023
- expert: Phil Reid
- expert: Ariaan Purich
- climate tipping points
- time: 2023-02
- Region: Antarctica
- Project: Australian Antarctic Program Partnership
- Region: west antarctic ice shield
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Local file Local file
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Graeber, David. Pirate Enlightenment, or the Real Libertalia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2023.
annotation target: url: urn:x-pdf:5a3fb6ca3c4ae2face96d0cb615518fe
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- Feb 2023
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www.promosante-idf.fr www.promosante-idf.fr
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www.promosante-idf.fr www.promosante-idf.fr
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