This research not only prompts the development of better cognitive and reading models that account for environmental variables
This study demonstrates the impact of weather on reading during driving, offering new insights for cognitive theory by showing how environmental factors shape language processing while in motion.
Specifically, the negative impact of rainy conditions on response times became increasingly pronounced as the task progressed, indicating that prolonged exposure to visual degradation may result in accumulated perceptual fatigue or reduced adaptation efficiency. Importantly, frequency effects remained stable over time, suggesting that lexical familiarity consistently facilitates word recognition regardless of task progression.
Task performance changed over time, with slight accuracy gains and increasingly slower responses in rain, suggesting accumulating perceptual fatigue, while stable frequency effects showed that lexical familiarity consistently aided recognition throughout the task.
All in all, these results suggest that drivers may be more susceptible to distractions and slower in processing linguistic information during rainy conditions
Overall, the findings show that rainy conditions slow drivers' processing of written information, underscoring the need for adaptive, weather-responsive signage and intelligent transportation systems that enhance visibility, support real-time traffic sign recognition, and improve safety under adverse environmental conditions.
In our study, the perceptual degradation induced by rain may have impaired visual acuity without reaching the threshold necessary to engage top-down lexical compensation, thereby resulting in additive effects between weather and word frequency.
The lack of interaction between weather and word frequency indicates that rain likely disrupts early visual encoding equally for all words, producing independent, additive effects that occur before later lexical frequency processes can engage.
As expected, and in line with preceding research showing consistent frequency effects during single-word recognition [see 41,42], results showed that high-frequency words were recognized more quickly and slightly more accurately than low-frequency ones under dynamic perceptual conditions.
Participants identified high- and low-frequency words on VR traffic signs and, consistent with prior research, recognized high-frequency words faster and slightly more accurately. They also took longer to recognize words in rainy conditions, confirming that adverse weather impairs visibility and slows linguistic processing, mirroring patterns found in both reading research and real-world driving studies.
Together, these findings support the notion that the visual word recognition system is both robust and flexible, adapting dynamically to the level and timing of perceptual constraints.
Adverse weather like rain, fog, snow, and wind impairs visibility and affects drivers’ cognitive functioning, raising accident risk by up to 13% and making it harder to process fast-moving road signs. Because so much written information is read while we’re in motion, understanding how people recognize words under these conditions matters. Yet research shows the visual word recognition system is highly resilient—people can read distorted, rotated, or altered text with only small costs, thanks to flexible letter-detection mechanisms that tolerate substantial visual degradation unless disruptions are extreme.
reaction times were slower in rainy compared to sunny conditions, indicating that adverse weather impairs processing speed but not overall recognition accuracy.
Rainy conditions caused consistent delays in processing speed, showing that weather makes the brain slower at taking in and interpreting information. Participants were 126-139 ms slower during rain, showing a meaningful cognitive delay.
Currently, although the impact of weather on happiness has been supported by both theoretical and empirical research, there are still many uncertainties in these findings, which create challenges in creating conditions that enhance happiness for individuals.
Despite strong theoretical and empirical support for weather's influence on happiness, major uncertainties remain due to things such as differing weather factors, the variability of emotional responses across situations, the potential for daily activities to overshadow weather effects, and the scarcity of experimental research needed to establish clear casual relationships.
Men were more sensitive to temperature changes and preferred cooler weather, while women’s happiness was less influenced by temperature variations.
Weather's effect on well-being varies across individuals, with factors like gender, age, and socioeconomic status shaping sensitivity. For example, studies show men's emotions are more influenced by temperature fluctuations than women's, illustrating how personal characteristics moderate weather's impact on happiness.
sunshine and high temperatures not only contribute to the generation of particulate matter in the air but also facilitate the formation of ozone. In contrast, weather conditions that make people want to stay indoors (e.g., precipitation, low temperatures, and strong winds) are more conducive to fresh air and fewer pollutants in the atmosphere.
Favorable weather like sunshine, warmth, low humidity, and light winds encourage outdoor activity but also promote the formation and stagnation of pollutants, while less pleasant conditions like rain, cold, or strong winds tend to clean the air, with events like typhoons and heavy rainfall significantly improving air quality.
This highlights the significant role that climate events play in shaping long-term psychological well-being, especially as individuals and communities face an increasingly unpredictable climate.
Past experiences with extreme weather damage and worries about future climate change can jointly reduce current well-being, showing that both lived trauma and ongoing uncertainty contribute to long-term emotional strain in an increasingly unpredictable climate.
A study involving 226,808 Puerto Rican adolescents revealed that 5 to 9 months after the hurricane, participants reported increased levels of negative emotions such as depression (65). Similarly, following Hurricane Katrina, a study of 325 adolescents who experienced the storm found that participants generally showed signs of anxiety and other negative emotions (66).
EWEs like hurricanes and wildfires significantly harm emotional well-being, with studies showing that adolescents and adults exposed to disasters such as Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Katrina, and major wildfires experience heightened levels of depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems months after the events.
The interactions between EWEs and human health are complex and can be categorized into two main types: (1) direct impacts, which result from extreme physical climate phenomena such as storms or floods, and (2) indirect impacts, which typically arise from environmental changes, such as water quality deterioration or land use changes, that affect biogeophysical processes (63, 64).
Extreme weather events (EWEs), made more frequent and severe due to global warming, create both direct impacts (like storms, floods, and heatwaves), and indirect impacts (such as degraded water quality and land-use changes), all of which interact with social and demographic factors to shape and often worsen mental health and overall well-being.
This suggests that calmer wind conditions are associated with higher life satisfaction, particularly among women.
Lower wind speeds are linked to higher life satisfaction, especially for women, with research showing that a one–standard deviation drop in wind speed significantly increases reported life satisfaction.
They found that precipitation in January had a significant negative correlation with happiness, indicating that rain was associated with lower levels of well-being.
Cloud cover, rain, humidity, and wind speed generally reduce subjective well-being, with studies showing that cloudy or rainy days, high humidity, and related conditions consistently correlate with lower happiness and more negative emotional states.
As a result, environmental psychology often considers how these multidimensional weather factors work together to shape an individual’s emotional state, social behavior, and the quality of social interactions, ultimately impacting subjective well-being.
Overall, weather conditions such as light, temperature, rainfall, humidity, air quality, and wind speed directly influence well-being by shaping physiological responses, emotional states, and social behaviors; factors like sunlight and comfortable temperatures generally promote positive emotions, while gloomy weather, high humidity, poor air quality, and strong winds can trigger negative feelings or stress, and together these multidimensional weather elements interact to shape mental health, daily behavior, and overall subjective well-being.
The above theories provide profound insights into how weather influences well-being through physiological, emotional, and cognitive pathways, revealing the complex relationship between weather conditions and individual well-being.
These theories show that weather influences well-being through interconnected physiological, emotional, and cognitive processes rooted in both basic needs and evolutionary history.
When individuals are in a non-threatening environment, they naturally produce positive emotional responses. These responses further influence attention, physiological reactions, and behavior, thereby enhancing well-being (6).
Evolutionary psychology explains that humans are naturally inclined to feel positive in safe, non-threatening natural environments, meaning favorable weather conditions automatically boost emotional and physiological well-being.
As a key component of the natural environment, weather conditions can significantly influence an individual’s emotions and overall well-being. Weather not only affects people’s living conditions and external environmental settings but can also impact happiness by altering emotional states.
Maslow’s theory and Lyubomirsky’s happiness model suggest that pleasant weather fulfills basic needs and contributes to the environmental portion of well-being, thereby directly influencing emotions and overall happiness.
The affective events theory suggests that an individual’s emotional state is often directly influenced by life events, with weather, as an inescapable external variable in daily life, typically representing the “atmospheric conditions” of daily living.
Environmental psychology offers a key framework for understanding how weather—through factors like temperature, sunlight, precipitation, and air quality—affects emotional and cognitive well-being, but inconsistent findings across studies show that these effects depend not only on objective weather conditions but also on individual physiological, psychological, and social differences.
Well-being is not only the core pursuit of human life but also an important predictor of various positive life outcomes, such as longevity, creativity, quality of interpersonal relationships, and work efficiency (1).
Well-being is deeply intertwined with weather conditions, a relationship long noted in daily life and literature. Modern research on this topic has rapidly expanded, revealing through multidisciplinary studies how weather influences well-being via physiological, psychological, and social pathways.
Currently,
Weather conditions influence well-being through a complex mix of direct environmental effects and indirect impacts on physiology, mood, and social behavior, and this paper reviews the theory, evidence, and mechanisms behind those relationships to guide future research and well-being improvement.
Once the storm hits Jamaica, Sublette says, he worries about what will happen when it interacts with the island’s mountains. “The wind is gonna be even higher” in the mountains, he says. “The rainfall is gonna be worse. There are going to be landslides—that’s not something we had in New Orleans or Miami.”
more oof
https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1l8m84q/putting_the_imperial_back_into_service_again/
Use of a typewriter in inhospitable environments (cold, no cell service, remote)
Als Folge der Politik der Trump-Administration wird die NOAA in Amerika ihre Datenbank mit extrem Wetter ereignissen, die mehr als eine Milliarde Dollar schaden, hervorgerufen haben, nicht weiter fortsetzen. In der entsprechenden Ankündigung wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die vorhandenen Daten erhalten bleiben.
Aus dem neuen Buch von Friedriche Otto climate injustice Darin sagt sie, dass die verheerenden Folgen tektobalen Erhitzung nicht durch die physikalischen Eignisse allein zustande kommen, sondern durch Exposure und vor allem Verwundbarkeit. Der Klimawandel sei vor allem ein Problem der sozialen Gerechtigkeit Eine von männlichen Forschern im globalen Norden dominierte Klimawissenschaft betreibe ihn viel zu sehr als primär physikalisches Phänomen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/18/climate-change-is-not-just-a-problem-of-physics-but-a-crisis-of-justice
Die Europäische Union befindet sich bei der Umsetzung ihrer Klimaziele in einem entscheidenden Moment. In einem Bericht des European Council on Foreign Relations werden die politischen HIndernisse für die Dekaarbonisierung analysiert, Dabei wird detailliert auf die geopolitische Situation und auf die Bedingungen in den EU-Staaten eingegangen..
Erstmals wurde genau erfasst, welcher Teil der von Waldbränden betroffenen Gebiete sich auf die menschlich verursachte Erhitzung zurückführen lässt. Er wächst seit 20 Jahren deutlich an. Insgesamt kompensieren die auf die Erhitzung zurückgehenden Waldbrände den Rückgang an Bränden durch Entwaldung. Der von Menschen verursachte – und für die Berechnung von Schadensansprüchen relevante – Anteil der CO2-Emissione ist damit deutlich höher als bisher angenommen https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-change-almost-wipes-out-decline-in-global-area-burned-by-wildfires/
Noch nicht peer-reviewte Studien sprechen dafür, dass die globale Erhitzung die Niederschläge durch den Hurrikan Milton um 20 und seine Windgeschwindigkeit um 10% gesteigert hat. Dles führte zu etwa doppelt so großen Zerstörungen als bei einem nicht von der Erhitzung beteuerten Sturm gleicher Seltenheit. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/climate/milton-climate-change.html
Eine neue attribution studie zeigt komme das die globale erhitzung den haare können helene zweieinhalb mal wahrscheinlicher gemacht und zehn prozent zudem wassermassen beigetragen hat cover die dabei herunter kamen'https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/ouragan-helene-le-rechauffement-rend-ce-genre-devenements-25-fois-plus-probables-20241009_FMIJOIVH4NATVHKB6NZRN6O7KE/
Die Niederschläge im Verlauf des Sturms Boris sind durch die globale Erhitzung zweimal wahrscheinlicher geworden. Die Niederschlagsmenge lag um ca. 7% höher, als sie es in der vorindustriellen Zeit gewesen wäre. Das sind die Ergebnisse einer Attributionsstudie von World Weather Attribution. Ähnlich hohe Niederschlagsmengen waren in den betroffenen Gebieten nie zuvor gemessen worden.
Meldung von World Weather Attribution: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-and-high-exposure-increased-costs-and-disruption-to-lives-and-livelihoods-from-flooding-associated-with-exceptionally-heavy-rainfall-in-central-europe/
Vorschau der New York Times auf die wichtigsten Klimathemen 2024. Erwartet werden viele Extremwetterereignisse duch die Kombination von weiterer Erhitzung durch Treibhausgase mit dem aktuellen El Niño. Zu den wichtigen Themen gehören die Präsidentschaftswahlen, weitere fossile Expansion in den USA und weltweit, darunter die LNG-Expansion, das Wachstum der Erneuerbaren, globale Finanzreformen, Klimaprozesse und Klima-Aktivismus. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/climate/the-big-climate-stories-in-2024.html
Eine extreme Hitzewelle hat in der Sahelzone Hunderte, wahrscheinlich Tausende Menschenleben gefordert. World Weather Attribution zufolge ist die Höhe der Temperaturen eindeutig auf die globale Erhitzung durch Treibhausgase zurückzuführen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/18/lethal-heatwave-in-sahel-worsened-by-fossil-fuel-burning-study-finds
Hochwasser und Dürren werden in Deutschland durch die globale Erhitzung weiter zunehmen. Wichtige Faktoren sind der höhere Feuchtigkeitsgehalt der Luft und länger gleichbleibende Wetterlagen durch Veränderungen des Jetstreams. Das Redaktionsnetzwerk Deutschland befragt dazu Frank Hattermann vom Potsdam Institut. https://www.rnd.de/wissen/klimawandel-hochwasser-immer-haeufiger-auch-zunahme-von-duerren-erwartet-Z76YKEZ4NBNRXJVXKC6DAAGGKM.html
Der Amazonas-Regenwald kommt dem Kipppunkt, an dem er mehr CO2 abgibt als aufnimmt, immer näher. Eine neue Studie sagt vorraus, dass bis 2050 47% des Gebietes geschädigt sein könnten. Von Juni bis Dezember 2023 herrschte dort eine externe Dürre, die einer Attributionsstudie zufolge durch die globale Erhitzung 30mal wahrscheinlicher wurde. https://taz.de/Klimawandel/!5990314/
Studie: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06970-0
Attributionsstudie: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-not-el-nino-main-driver-of-exceptional-drought-in-highly-vulnerable-amazon-river-basin/
mbine weekly drought and heatwave information for 26 climate divisions across the globe, employing historical and projected model output from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 GCMs and three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Statistically significant trends are revealed in the CDHW characteristics for both recent observed and model simulated future period (2020 to 2099). East Africa, North Australia, East North America, Central Asia, Central Europe, and Southeastern South America show the greatest increase in frequency through the late 21st century. The Southern Hemisphere displa
Wenn sich die globale Erhitzung fortsetzt, wird die Anzahl kombinierter Dürren und Überflutungen zunehmen. Dabei gehört Mitteleuropa zu den besonders betroffenen Regionen. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2219825120 (via CarbonBrief)
for - climate crisis - interview - Neil degrasse Tyson - Gavin Schmidt - 2023 record heat - NASA explanation
podcast details - title: How 2023 broke our climate models - host: Neil degrasse Tyson & Paul Mercurio - guest: NASA director, Gavin Schmidt - date: Jan 2024
summary - Neil degrasse and his cohost Paul Mercurio interview NASA director Gavin Schmidt to discuss the record-breaking global heating in 2023 and 2024. - Neil and Paul cover a lot in this short interview including: - NASA models can't explain the large jump in temperature in 2023 / 2024. Yes, they predicted incremental increases, but not such large jumps. Gavin finds this worrying. - PACE satellite launches this month, to gather important data on the state of aerosols around the planet. This infomration can help characterize more precisely the role aerosols are playing in global heating. - geoengineering with aerosols is not considered a good idea by Gavin, as it essentially means once started, and if it works to cool the planet, we would be dependent on them for centuries. - Gavin stresses the need for a cohesive collective solution, but that it's beyond him how we achieve that given all the denailsim and misinformation that influeces policy out there.
In Kalifornien führten "atmospheric rivers" - wie schon mehrfach 2023 - zu schweren Überflutungen mit mehreren Todesopfern. Der Guardian berichtet über die Erforschung dieser Stürme, deren Intensität durch die globale Erhitzung schon um ca. 10% zugenommen hat. Für die Zukunft werden nicht nur intensivere, sondern auch ganz neue Klassen dieser Ereignisse erwartet. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/feb/11/atmospheric-river-pacific-storms-climate-crisis
weather Whiplash
for: definition - weather whiplash
definition: weather whiplash
next year we we'll know whether your your your numbers are right in your pipeline paper around May of next year 01:46:30 and then it's going to be a very warm year it's going to be a lot of Destruction then we need we need to see how far the temperature Falls with the elino with the linia that follows but I 01:46:42 I expect it's not going to fall as much as you would otherwise have expected because of the large planetary energy balance there's more energy coming in than going out so it's hard for the 01:46:55 linia to cool it off as much as it used to
we're getting a taste of that in the pandemic yes you adopt a wartime or emergency mindset that helps to liberate a kind of level 00:15:22 of collective purpose it makes new things possible
for: polycrisis wartime mobilization, climate crisis wartime mobilization, 2024 extreme weather - wartime mobilization opportunity
key insight
adjacency statement
The rapid response to the COVID pandemic was a real life case of a wartime scale mobilization in a very short time. This shows that it is possible. We need to see if we can strive for this for climate change. If 2024 becomes the year of extreme weather due to El Nino, then we could use it as an opportunity for a wartime mobilization
one good thing about the COVID pandemic is that it did show that a rapid wartime mobilization is possible, because it did kind of happened during COVID
In den Ländern am Horn von Afrika haben Überflutung zum Tod vieler Menschen geführt. Sie sind vermutlich das Ergebnis von natürlichen periodischen Ereignissen wie El Niño, die von der globalen Erhitzung verstärkt werden. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000194627/toedliche-ueberschwemmungen-am-horn-von-afrika
Die Extremwetter-Ereignisse dieses Jahres entsprechen den Vorhersagen der Klimawissenschaft. Der Guardian hat dazu zahlreichende Forschende befragt und viele Statements in einem multimedialen Artikel zusammengestellt. Alle Befragten stimmen darin überein, dass die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe sofort beendet werden muss, um eine weitere Verschlimmerung zu stoppen. Festgestellt wird auch, dass die Verwundbarkeit vieler Communities bisher unterschätzt worden ist. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/28/crazy-off-the-charts-records-has-humanity-finally-broken-the-climate
summary
comment
Waldbrände haben 2023 in Kanada bisher mit 1,4 Milliarden Hektar eine Fläche von der Größe Griechenlands zerstört. Ein Attributionsstudie für die Brände in Québec ergibt, dass sie durch die globale Erhitzung mindestens doppelt so wahrscheinlich wurden wir ohne sie, und dass die Temperaturen, die die Brände begünstigten, 20% höher waren als vor der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/22/climate-change-canada-wildfires-twice-as-likely
Sommerliche HItzewellen wie in diesem Jahr in Europa, den USA und China sind durch die globale Erhitzung in ihrem Ausmaß wesentlich wahrscheinlicher geworden. Ohne globale Erhitzung wären eine Welle in China so wie in diesem Jahr nur alle 250 Jahre zu erwarten, in Südeuropa und in Mexiko und den südlichen USA wäre sie „virtuell unmöglich“. Die World Weather Attribution publizierte diese Ergebnisse in einer neuen Attributions-Studie. https://www.repubblica.it/economia/rapporti/energitalia/storie/2023/07/28/news/wwa_le_ondate_di_calore_estremo_negli_usa_e_in_europa_sarebbero_virtualmente_impossibili_senza_il_cambiamento_climatico-409305623/
Der frühere Taifun Doksuri hat in Peking die schlimmsten Regenfälle und Überschwemmungen seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen verursacht. Auch andere Teile Chinas sind von Extremwetter betroffen. So wurden in der Nachbarprovinz Hebei 800 000 Menschen wegen der Überschwemmungen evakuiert..https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/02/beijing-reports-heaviest-rain-140-years-china-g20-climate-talks
Die Hitze im Süden und Unwetter im Norden Italiens haben mehrere Tote gefordert. Viele Menschen mussten vor den Waldbränden in Sizilien fliehen. Am Montag wurden in Palermo 47°C gemessen, an anderen Orten in Süditalien waren sie noch höher. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/25/italy-wildfires-palermo-temperatures-sicily-airport-heatwave
Viele Regionen der USA sind von Extremwetterer betroffen. Ca. ein Drittel der Bevölkerung lebt in Regionen, für gesunfheitsgefährliche Hitzewellen vorausgesagt würden, wobei die hohen Temperaturen z.T. schon seit Wochen anhalten. In einer Reihe von Bundesstaaten drohen Stürme und Überschwemmungen. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/more-extreme-weather-across-us
Sibirien macht gerade die schlimmste Hitzewelle der aufgezeichneten Geschichte durch. Im Juni wurden Temperaturen von über 40 Grad erreicht. damit droht sich das Abschmelzen des Permafrosts – durch die Freisetzung von Methan ein sich selbst verstärkender Prozess – zu beschleunigen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/siberie-avec-40-c-la-region-connait-la-pire-vague-de-chaleur-de-son-histoire-20230611_QONTZ25VFRASJMR6UT44HXDO7A/
Die aktuellen Hitzewellen entsprechen den Voraussagen der Klimawissenschaft.Lediglicb die stabilen Extremwetterlagen aufgrund eines mäandernden Jetstream wurden so nicht prognostiziert. Michael Mann und Joy Hassol rufen zum.Handeln auf, weil nur noch kurze Zeit bleibt, um die Erhitzung aufzuhalten, bevor Tipping Points ausgelöst werden, nach denen es zu einem Runaway climate change kommen kann. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/19/heatwave-climate-omen-change-course-weather-models
Aus 20 chinesischen Städte werden Überflutungen gemeldet, 11 der 31 chinesischen Provinzregierungen stellen sich auf weitere Extremwetter-Ereignisse ein. Die Überflutungen zu Beginn der Monsoon-Saison folgen auf eine Hitzewelle mit Rekordtemperaturen. Zu Überflutungen kam es auch in anderen ostasiatischen Ländern. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/world/asia/china-asia-flooding-building-collapse.html
Paola Mercogliano
Im Rahmen des EU-Projekts Highlander wurden die Klimadaten Italiens mit eine Auflösung von 30 km erfasst und mit Hilfe von Climate Stripes visualisiert. In einem langen Artikel blickt die Repubblica auf 30 Jahre Erhitzung in Italien zurück. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/07/01/news/strisce_climatiche_italia_progetto_highlander_cineca_comuni_precisione_crisi_ambientale-405524064/
Mehr zu Italien: https://hypothes.is/users/HeinzWittenbrink?q=Italy
Die Versicherungen sind mit immer gravierenderen Folgen von Extremwetterereignissen zunehmend überfordert. Dabei sind viele Güter gar nicht gegen solche Schäden versichert. Weltweit wird der Schaden an versicherten und nichtversicherten Gütern durch solche Erignisse für 2022 auf 270, für 2021 auf 320 Milliarden Dollar geschätzt, während er in den Jahren davor bei durchschnittlich 97 Milliarden lag. https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/05/26/news/alluvioni_sempre_piu_difficile_per_le_assicurazioni_ripagare_i_danni_del_cambiamento_climatico-401790568/?ref=RHLF-BG-I401745819-P7-S1-T1
Die April-Hitzewelle in Spanien, Portugal und Nordafrika lässt sich auf die globale Erhitzung zurückführen. Sie folgte auf eine mehrjährige Dürre. Die World Weather Attribution Group hat errechnet, dass ein solches Ereignis in der vorindustriellen Zeit so unwahrscheinlich war, dass es praktisch nicht zu ihm kommen konnte. Die Steigerung der Extremtemperaturen ist dabei schneller, als es die Klimamodelle voraussagen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/05/april-mediterranean-heatwave-almost-impossible-without-climate-crisis
PA zur Studie: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-april-heat-in-spain-portugal-morocco-algeria-almost-impossible-without-climate-change/
Die World Weather Attribution Group hat in einer Studie nachgewiesen, dass die große Dürre an Horn von Afrika ein Ergebnis der Erhitzung der Erde durch Treibhausgase ist. Von der Dürre sind 50 Millionen Menschen direkt und weitere 100 Millionen indirekt betroffen. Ohne die Erhöhung der Temperaturen hätten dieselben Regenverhältnisse nicht zu einer Dürre geführt. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/27/human-driven-climate-crisis-fuelling-horn-of-africa-drought-study
Bericht über Sponsoring-Aktivitäten der Fossilindustrie beim Wintersport
“We shall have a change in the weather before long.”
Weather has been used before to foreshadow major events. So likely something unexpected or bad will happen with this change in weather.
‘Capitalizing on skepticism’: How the coronavirus has exposed us once again. (2022, February 16). The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/capitalizing-on-skepticism-how-the-coronavirus-has-exposed-us-once-again/
ugust 14, 2021, rain was observed at the highest point on the Greenland Ice Sheet for several hours, and air temperatures remained above freezing for about nine hours. This was the third time in less than a decade, and the latest date in the year on record, that the National Science Foundation’s Summit Station had above-freezing temperatures and wet snow. There is no previous report of rainfall at this location (72.58°N 38.46°W), which reaches 3,216 meters (10,551 feet) in elevation. Earlier melt events in the instrumental record occurred in 1995, 2012, and 2019; prior to those events, melting is inferred from ice cores to have been absent since an event in the late 1800s
Topping, A. (2021, July 20). Does warm weather mean you are less likely to catch Covid? The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/20/does-warm-weather-mean-you-are-less-likely-to-catch-covid
Parker-Pope, T. (2021, April 22). Do We Still Need to Keep Wearing Masks Outdoors? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/well/live/covid-masks-outdoors.html?smid=tw-share
"Weltweit steigt mit dem Klimawandel das Risiko von extremen Regenfällen und Überschwemmungen", fasst Will Steffen von der australischen Nationaluniversität zusammen. Der Professor ist einer der führenden Klimatologen Australiens. "Die globale Durchschnittstemperatur ist bereits um etwa 1,1 Grad Celsius gestiegen. Für jeden Temperaturanstieg von einem Grad kann die Atmosphäre etwa sieben Prozent mehr Wasser aufnehmen", so Steffen
Jed. ‘The Geography of the COVID19 Third Wave | Jed Kolko’. Accessed 25 February 2021. http://jedkolko.com/2020/10/18/the-geography-of-the-covid19-third-wave/.
My weather camera wbinfo = {} wbinfo.url = "https://www.altocumulus.org/~hallgren/webcam2/?webcamsection="; wbinfo.timestamp = "20201217191630"; wbinfo.request_ts = ""; wbinfo.prefix = "https://via.hypothes.is/"; wbinfo.mod = ""; wbinfo.top_url = "https://via.hypothes.is/https://www.altocumulus.org/~hallgren/webcam2/?webcamsection="; wbinfo.is_framed = false; wbinfo.is_live = true; wbinfo.coll = ""; wbinfo.proxy_magic = ""; wbinfo.static_prefix = "https://via.hypothes.is/static/__pywb"; wbinfo.wombat_ts = "20201217191630"; wbinfo.wombat_scheme = "https"; wbinfo.wombat_host = "www.altocumulus.org"; wbinfo.wombat_sec = "1608232590"; wbinfo.wombat_opts = {"no_rewrite_prefixes": ["http://localhost:5000/", "http://localhost:3001/", "https://localhost:5000/", "https://localhost:3001/", "https://hypothes.is/", "https://qa.hypothes.is/", "https://cdn.hypothes.is/", "/assets/"], "http_cache": "pass"}; if (window && window._WBWombat && !window._wb_js_inited && !window._wb_wombat) { window._wb_wombat = new _WBWombat(wbinfo); } /** * Return `true` if this frame has no ancestors or its nearest ancestor was * not served through Via. * * The implementation relies on all documents proxied through Via sharing the * same origin. */ function isTopViaFrame() { if (window === window.top) { // Trivial case - This is the top-most frame in the tab so it must be the // top Via frame. return true; } try { // Get a reference to the parent frame. Via's "wombat.js" frontend code // monkey-patches `window.parent` in certain cases, in which case // `window.__WB_orig_parent` is the _real_ parent frame. var parent = window.__WB_orig_parent || window.parent; // Try to access the parent frame's location. This will trigger an // exception if the frame comes from a different, non-Via origin. // // This test assumes that all documents proxied through Via are served from // the same origin. If a future change to Via means that is no longer the // case, this function will need to be implemented differently. parent.location.href; // If the access succeeded, the parent frame was proxied through Via and so // this is not the top Via frame. return false; } catch (err) { // If the access failed, the parent frame was not proxied through Via and // so this is the top Via frame. return true; } } function stripFragment(url) { return url.replace(/#.*$/, ''); } /** * Test if a link will navigate to a new page as opposed to scrolling to a * different location within the current page. * * @param {HTMLAnchorElement} linkEl */ function isExternalLink(linkEl) { // Create a link that is definitely internal and compare its absolute URL // to the target link. // // We do this rather than the more obvious comparison of `linkEl.href` to `location.href` // because Via monkey-patches `HTMLAnchorElement.prototype.href` so that it // returns the original (non-proxied) URL and therefore cannot be // compared directly with the real (proxied) URL that `location.href` returns. const internalLink = document.createElement('a'); // nb. `href` always returns an absolute URL when read. internalLink.href = '#'; return stripFragment(internalLink.href) !== stripFragment(linkEl.href); } /** * Setup handling of links to other documents. * * @param {"same-tab"|"new-tab"} mode */ function setupExternalLinkHandler(mode) { if (mode === "new-tab") { document.addEventListener("click", function (event) { if (!event.target.closest) { // Do nothing in browsers that don't support `element.closest` (IE 11). return; } var linkEl = event.target.closest("a"); if (linkEl) { if (isExternalLink(linkEl)) { // Make link open in a new tab. linkEl.target = "_blank"; } } }); } } (function () { if (!isTopViaFrame()) { // Do not inject Hypothesis into iframes in documents proxied through Via. // As well as slowing down the loading of the proxied page even more, this // causes problems with the way that the client "discovers" annotate-able iframes. // // See https://github.com/hypothesis/client/issues/568, // https://github.com/hypothesis/via/issues/119 and // https://github.com/hypothesis/lms/issues/701. return; } // Inject the Hypothesis client. var embed_script = document.createElement("script"); embed_script.src = "https://cdn.hypothes.is/hypothesis"; document.head.appendChild(embed_script); setupExternalLinkHandler("same-tab"); window.hypothesisConfig = function() { return {"showHighlights": true, "appType": "via", "openSidebar": false}; }})(); if (_wb_js) { _wb_js.load(); } My weather camera
Väderkamera i Göteborg
My weather camera wbinfo = {} wbinfo.url = "https://www.altocumulus.org/~hallgren/webcam2/?webcamsection="; wbinfo.timestamp = "20201217191234"; wbinfo.request_ts = ""; wbinfo.prefix = "https://via.hypothes.is/"; wbinfo.mod = ""; wbinfo.top_url = "https://via.hypothes.is/https://www.altocumulus.org/~hallgren/webcam2/?webcamsection="; wbinfo.is_framed = false; wbinfo.is_live = true; wbinfo.coll = ""; wbinfo.proxy_magic = ""; wbinfo.static_prefix = "https://via.hypothes.is/static/__pywb"; wbinfo.wombat_ts = "20201217191234"; wbinfo.wombat_scheme = "https"; wbinfo.wombat_host = "www.altocumulus.org"; wbinfo.wombat_sec = "1608232354"; wbinfo.wombat_opts = {"no_rewrite_prefixes": ["http://localhost:5000/", "http://localhost:3001/", "https://localhost:5000/", "https://localhost:3001/", "https://hypothes.is/", "https://qa.hypothes.is/", "https://cdn.hypothes.is/", "/assets/"], "http_cache": "pass"}; if (window && window._WBWombat && !window._wb_js_inited && !window._wb_wombat) { window._wb_wombat = new _WBWombat(wbinfo); } /** * Return `true` if this frame has no ancestors or its nearest ancestor was * not served through Via. * * The implementation relies on all documents proxied through Via sharing the * same origin. */ function isTopViaFrame() { if (window === window.top) { // Trivial case - This is the top-most frame in the tab so it must be the // top Via frame. return true; } try { // Get a reference to the parent frame. Via's "wombat.js" frontend code // monkey-patches `window.parent` in certain cases, in which case // `window.__WB_orig_parent` is the _real_ parent frame. var parent = window.__WB_orig_parent || window.parent; // Try to access the parent frame's location. This will trigger an // exception if the frame comes from a different, non-Via origin. // // This test assumes that all documents proxied through Via are served from // the same origin. If a future change to Via means that is no longer the // case, this function will need to be implemented differently. parent.location.href; // If the access succeeded, the parent frame was proxied through Via and so // this is not the top Via frame. return false; } catch (err) { // If the access failed, the parent frame was not proxied through Via and // so this is the top Via frame. return true; } } function stripFragment(url) { return url.replace(/#.*$/, ''); } /** * Test if a link will navigate to a new page as opposed to scrolling to a * different location within the current page. * * @param {HTMLAnchorElement} linkEl */ function isExternalLink(linkEl) { // Create a link that is definitely internal and compare its absolute URL // to the target link. // // We do this rather than the more obvious comparison of `linkEl.href` to `location.href` // because Via monkey-patches `HTMLAnchorElement.prototype.href` so that it // returns the original (non-proxied) URL and therefore cannot be // compared directly with the real (proxied) URL that `location.href` returns. const internalLink = document.createElement('a'); // nb. `href` always returns an absolute URL when read. internalLink.href = '#'; return stripFragment(internalLink.href) !== stripFragment(linkEl.href); } /** * Setup handling of links to other documents. * * @param {"same-tab"|"new-tab"} mode */ function setupExternalLinkHandler(mode) { if (mode === "new-tab") { document.addEventListener("click", function (event) { if (!event.target.closest) { // Do nothing in browsers that don't support `element.closest` (IE 11). return; } var linkEl = event.target.closest("a"); if (linkEl) { if (isExternalLink(linkEl)) { // Make link open in a new tab. linkEl.target = "_blank"; } } }); } } (function () { if (!isTopViaFrame()) { // Do not inject Hypothesis into iframes in documents proxied through Via. // As well as slowing down the loading of the proxied page even more, this // causes problems with the way that the client "discovers" annotate-able iframes. // // See https://github.com/hypothesis/client/issues/568, // https://github.com/hypothesis/via/issues/119 and // https://github.com/hypothesis/lms/issues/701. return; } // Inject the Hypothesis client. var embed_script = document.createElement("script"); embed_script.src = "https://cdn.hypothes.is/hypothesis"; document.head.appendChild(embed_script); setupExternalLinkHandler("same-tab"); window.hypothesisConfig = function() { return {"showHighlights": true, "appType": "via", "openSidebar": false}; }})(); if (_wb_js) { _wb_js.load(); } My weather camera
Väderkamera i Krokslätt, Mölndal, Göteborg Weather camera in Krokslätt, Mölndal, Gothenburg
My weather camera
väderkamera i Göteborg
Krokslätt Thu Dec 17 19:17:59 2020
weather in Krokslätt
News, C. H., E&E. (n.d.). Summer Weather Won’t Save Us from Coronavirus. Scientific American. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/summer-weather-wont-save-us-from-coronavirus/
Sharkey, P., & Wood, G. (2020). The Causal Effect of Social Distancing on the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/hzj7a
So, what makes an app success or failure? The most common answer that we can give for it is the development of an application.
Hironori Funabiki on Twitter
Service, B. W. (n.d.). Fire Danger—Province of British Columbia. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/wildfire-situation/fire-danger
BBC Weather. (n.d.). BBC Weather. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/weather/0/warnings/weather
So, in this article, I came up with some of the best weather apps that can help you to get accurate weather information.
Puleo, M., & Staff Writer (2020 March 18). New study says “high temperature and high relative humidity significantly reduce” spread of COVID-19. https://www.accuweather.com/en/health-wellness/new-study-says-high-temperature-and-high-relative-humidity-significantly-reduce-spread-of-covid-19/703418
Beech, H., Rubin, A. J., Kurmanaev, A., & Maclean, R. (2020, May 3). The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/world/asia/coronavirus-spread-where-why.html
Runkle, J., Michael, K., Stevens, S., & Sugg, M. (2020, April 15). Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Text-based Crisis Patterns in Youth following Hurricane Florence in the Carolinas, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auq5x
Martinez-Alvarez, M. et al. (2020 April 01). COVID-19 pandemic in west africa. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30123-6.
Hossain, M. A. (2020). Is the spread of COVID-19 across countries influenced by environmental, economic and social factors? [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058164
Sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases
rise in temperature
But when it comes to weather prediction, America lags behind a European prediction model that does a better job at telling us how warm or cold it will be three to 10 days out.
I wasn't aware of this. Curious!
Mackenzie Highway
The Mackenzie Highway is the longest in the Northwest Territories. It begins at the Northwest Territory and Alberta border and ends at Wrigley, Northwest Territory. It is approximately 690 kilometers or 429 miles long. About 280 kilometers are paved while the rest of the highway is covered with gravel (Government of Northwest Territories, n.d.). The construction of this highway was ongoing between the 1940s and 1970s. In 1945, the Canadian federal government and the government of Alberta signed an agreement to build an all-weather road that would replace the existing Caterpillar tractor trails from Grimshaw to the Great Slave Lake of Hay River (Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center, n.d.). As time passed and focus shifted to fossil fuel collection, the motivation behind further construction of the Mackenzie Highway was in “anticipation of a major oil pipeline development along the Mackenzie River valley” (Pomeroy, 1985). The intended use of the highway was to enable the pipeline developers to haul construction materials throughout the area. During its construction, many chiefs of the Indian Brotherhood opposed the completion of the Mackenzie Highway. There was additional opposition voiced from the people of Wrigley who also did not support further construction of the Mackenzie Highway (Cox, 1975).
References
Cox, B. (1975). Changing Perceptions of Industrial Development in the North. Human Organization, 27-33.
Government of Northwest Territories. (n.d.). Transportation Highway 1. Retrieved from Government of Northwest Territories: http://www.dot.gov.nt.ca/Highways/Highway_System/NWTHwy1
Pomeroy, J. (1985). An Identification of Environmental Disturbances from Road Developments in Subarctic Muskeg. Arctic, 104-111.
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center. (n.d.). Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories. Retrieved from Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center: http://www.nwttimeline.ca/1925/1948_MackenzieHighway.htm
That will happen before sunset
they are talking about the weather theyll meet in
Shell
The decision to veto the proposed pipeline in accordance with Mr. Berger’s recommendation substantially slowed, but did not stop the search for oil in the Arctic. Over the next 40 years, oil companies such as Shell, Exxon, and Chevron would continue their search in a region expected to contain 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of its natural gas.1 But in 2015, Shell, the last remaining company in the American Arctic, announced it would halt its exploratory drilling. This would mark the end of their $7 billion venture into Alaska’s Chuckchi Sea. The well, the Burger J, stretched to a depth of 6,800 feet and showed indications of oil and gas, but amid relatively low oil prices, less than $50 a barrel, and the expense necessary to drill in this section of the ocean they have decided to cease operations. The company originally planned on drill two wells to greater than 8,000 feet, but in the wake of Shell grounding its Kulluck drilling rig, this number was halved by President Obama’s administration.2 This grounding was found to be, in part, the result of Shell’s ill-fated attempt to avoid paying millions of dollars in tax liability. Fortune’s Jon Birger noted in his visit to the rig after it was grounded that it was well prepared to prevent the incident that destroyed BP’s Deepwater Horizon, but, startlingly, was less equipped to deal with the unique weather conditions posed by drilling in the Arctic.3 The Berger report may not have halted Shell’s Artic exploration but a combination of regulatory restrictions and low oil prices seem to have done just that.
Up to an inch-and-a-half of rain was also expected overnight, which could help.
about 1/2 to 3/4 inch of rain last night. It did help
In April 1950, Charney’s group made a series of successful 24-hour forecasts over North America, and by the mid-1950s, numerical forecasts were being made on a regular basis.
Roughly 50 years from initial efforts to first successful forecasts.
Charney determined that the impracticality of Richardson’s methods could be overcome by using the new computers and a revised set of equations, filtering out sound and gravity waves in order to simplify the calculations and focus on the phenomena of most importance to predicting the evolution of continent-scale weather systems.
The complexity of the forecasting problem was initially overcome in the 1940's both by an improved rate of calculation (using computers) and by simplifying the models to focus on the most important factors.
Courageously, Richardson reported his results in his book Weather Prediction by Numerical Process, published in 1922.
Despite failing to predict the weather accurately, Richardson posted his results publicly. This is an important step in allowing the improvement of forecasting because it makes it possible to learn what works and what doesn't more quickly. See also Brian McGill's 6th P of Good Prediction
Despite the advances made by Richardson, it took him, working alone, several months to produce a wildly inaccurate six-hour forecast for an area near Munich, Germany. In fact, some of the changes predicted in Richardson’s forecast could never occur under any known terrestrial conditions.
Nice concise description of the poor performance and impracticality of early weather forecasting.
The New England Daily Snow
Weather for New Hampshire by PSU