The philosophy aligns with tofu's rise as a self-sufficient, plant-based protein alternative embraced by other protest movements. Underscores the idea that controlling your food system is essential to political freedom—ideas that tofu later came to represent in white counterculture.

Tofu's popularity among youth represented a rejection of industrialized, processed, corporate food systems. Provide an alternative to mainstream systems—communes, cooperatives, etc.

Burning food supply, not give it to people in need --> causing the sense of oppression among people --> eventually resistance.

Resistance from the immigrants to the forced cultural assimilations, cling to their traditional foods

Resistance against enslavers

Key information about the life of Alix Sophie Deguise

Vgl [[On Tyranny by Timothy Snyder]] (2017 I think)

for - question - health - insulin resistance - why aren't mitochondria within cells not responding to insulin?

question - health - insulin resistance - why aren't mitochondria within cells not responding to insulin? - The fat cells are being stored in the liver, resulting in - fatty liver disease - The liver stores the fat cells floating in blood (triglycerides) then recirculates it back to the cells. - The cells and liver are caught up in a vicious cycle of "hot potatos" with the fat cells.<br /> - (See Stanford explainer video above)

for - health - insulin and insulin resistance - simple explanation - to - insulin resistance - clear and simple explainer video - Stanford University health - insulin - simple explanation - insulin stores sugars and tryglycerides floating around in the blood into cells. - more detailed explanation - when blood glucose rises, then beta cell of pancreas start to secrete insulin to bind to glucose and put into cells for storage - Watch this clear, short video explaining insulin resistance from Stanford University - https://hyp.is/4Ymu4D1ZEe-jFfeB23zicA/docdrop.org/video/U1cr14xffrk/

for - health - insulin resistance - metabolic syndrome

health - insulin resistance - metabolic syndrome - When your mitochondria doesn't work, it results in insulin resistance - Metabolic syndrome includes an enormous variety of the major diseases afflicting modernity - up to 75% of the diseases that affect modern humans and - up to 75% of today's health care costs - and includes - type 2 diabetes - hypertension - dyslipidemia - cardiovascular disease - cancer - dementia - fatty liver disease - pollycystic ovarian disease - (he didn't include strokes here but he mentions throughout his talk)

for - personal health - metabolic disease - insulin resistance caused by mitochondria dysfunction - interview - Dr. Robert Lustig - health - dangers of sugar in our diet

summary - Robert Lustig is a researcher and major proponent for educating the dangers of sugar as the root cause of the majority of preventable western disease - He explains how sugar and carbs are a major variable and root cause of a majority of these diseases - It is useful to look at these bodily dysfunctions from the perspective of Michael Levin, in which all these diseases of the body are problems with lower levels of the multi-scale competency architecture - https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?max=100&expanded=true&user=stopresetgo&exactTagSearch=true&any=michael+levin%2C+multi-scale+competency+architecture

for - health - insulin resistance - a symptom of mitochondria dysfunction

for - key insight - health - insulin resistance

key insight - health - insulin resistance - This is the key to the mechanism by which insulin levels increase in the blood. - As our diet places higher levels of glucose in the blood, the pancreas responds by releasing more and more insulin to process this elevated level of insulin and the cells respond, - but the cells, especially surrounding the organs no longer store fat when a certain threshold of high insulin is reached - high amounts of visceral fat around the organs is then accompanied by fat being released by the cells into the blood stream, elevating triglyceride levels - The liver then starts to take this up and if there are now elevated trigycerides in the bloodstream, the liver and cells get locked into a vicious cycle of fat release

for - explanation - insulin resistance - Stanford University

explanation - insulin resistance - Standard University - great explanation from Standford University

from - Prof. Emeritus Robert Lustig on root cause of insulin resistance - https://hyp.is/RFJQrj1aEe-nIQu5Sj1fyw/docdrop.org/video/WVFMyzQE-4w/

for - health - heart - majority of hypertension and high blood pressure is caused by insulin resistance metabolic disease

for - health - heart - Beta-blocker/thiazide diuretic combos

health - heart - Beta-blocker/thiazide diuretic combos - This combo lowers the blood pressure by - removing excess water and salt from the body and - slowing the heart rate. - These only mask the symptoms CAUSED BY INSULIN RESISTANCE

for - health - heart - root cause of heart disease - lifestyle choices - dietary choice

health - heart - root causes of heart disease - lifestyle choices - dietary choice - root cause of insulin resistance is poor diet with too much sugar and carbs and other variables such as excessive alcohol - dietary changes can shift lipid particles to large, fluffy LD particles - high sugar and carbs is a main factor leading to insulin resistance

to - Root cause of insulin resistance - interview with Robert Lustig - https://hyp.is/l14UvjzwEe-cUVPwiO6lIg/docdrop.org/video/WVFMyzQE-4w/

We need to rebuild a world outside of the grip of the globalist organisations behind the coup, outside of the grip of fascist corporations who would destroy us and the planet for power and profit, outside of the grip of the unelected billionaires parasite class, far from the grip of the corrupt governments who think they are gods and we are their canon fodder, who pretend they care about our welfare while destroying our lives. These people are our civil servants but we have let them act as our masters for too long.

We need to go off the grid, off their evil grid, outside of the control of these psychopaths, these leeches, these parasites who have been bleeding us dry for too long.

they control everything, so its hard to find ways to effective resistance…

ive been thinking about this hell on earth for 20 years, and the bottleneck i found are human relations. we just have no fucking clue, how to arrange human relations to create stable groups.

im afraid this is no accident, but deliberate sabotage from above: they dont want slaves who are well-organized, self-sufficient, free. george carlin: “They don’t want well-informed, well-educated people, capable of critical thinking. … They want obedient workers. People who are just smart enough to run the machines and do the paperwork, and just dumb enough to passively accept all these increasingly shittier jobs”

possible solution: Pallas. Who are my friends. Group composition by personality type. https://milahu.github.io/alchi/src/whoaremyfriends/whoaremyfriends.html

0:24 "what does rebellion look like?" -- answering the question "who are my friends?" -- the system hates my answer so much that cops are threatening to throw me in jail for distributing my book for free in public here in germany...

effectively, my solution is tribalism, secession, small states, "nationalism", groups of 150 people (dunbars number) im permanent competition to each other, including permanent tribal wafare, because many small wars are better than few large wars, and because "pacifism" is a lie, pacifism is only playing for time and always leads to large wars.

Goblin mode? china calls this "tang ping" (lying flat) or "guo re tze" (just pass the day, survive this day) (via serpentza on youtube) -- aka: escapism, second life, mentalism, mind over matter, knowledge is power, living in your head, idealism, high life, city life, depression, apathy, passive resistance, pessimism, nihilism, ignorance, "i dont care", Hikikomori, NEET, MGTOW, hedonism, stupid and happy, ...

Lying flat - China's Silent Revolution<br /> by serpentza<br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWl7njLlXLU

ps: only faggets wear socks without shoes

lack of dissenting voices means nazis shape everything

contradiction between german desire and hitlers aspirations, they agree w/ what hes doing for the country in terms of prosperity but are reticent abt possibly sacrificing all of that in wartime

Just as mosquitoes can "acquire" (evolve) DDT resistance or bacteria might evolve antiobiotic-resistance, might not humans evolve AI resistance? How fast might we do this? On what timeline? Will the pressure be slowly built up over time, or will the onset be so quick that extinction is the only outcome?

https://web.archive.org/web/20231126095958/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/11/russian-journalists-ukraine-war-wagner-group/676064/

Journalist Anna Nemtsova on Russian public society decline and losing hope after the post-Soviet period optimism wrt change. Places the turning point in 2011/2012. I worked in Moldova briefly then, and they were aiming to divert their exports to anyplace else than Russia. Kyrgyzstan had just had a revolution in spring 2010 (both towards democracy and Russian influenced). 2014 I wasn't allowed to travel from Kyrgyzstan through Moscow as P had not been seen in public for a week or two, while the Donbas conflict took place (MH17 was shot down a few months earlier). Late 2012 Russia signed onto OGP to withdraw ealry 2013 https://www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/russia-withdraws-from-open-government-partnership-too-much-transparency/ faving a controlled openness (through registered entities) above individual rights. Russia's foreign agents law is also from 2012. So seems to chime with my own experiences.

34:00 potential to be special, choosing path of least resistance

Rest is Resistance

Fallow time, I like that wording

Ro, C. (2021, November 1). Why mandatory vaccination is nothing new. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211029-why-mandatory-vaccination-is-nothing-new

Iketani, S., Liu, L., Guo, Y., Liu, L., Huang, Y., Wang, M., Luo, Y., Yu, J., Yin, M. T., Sobieszczyk, M. E., Huang, Y., Wang, H. H., Sheng, Z., & Ho, D. D. (2022). Antibody Evasion Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages (p. 2022.02.07.479306). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.07.479306

Kozlov, M. (2022). Why scientists are racing to develop more COVID antivirals. Nature, 601(7894), 496–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8

Torjesen, I. (2021). Covid-19: Omicron may be more transmissible than other variants and partly resistant to existing vaccines, scientists fear. BMJ, 375, n2943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2943

Modeling annotation and note taking can allow students to see that their voices matter in conversation with the "greats" of knowledge. We can and should question authority. Even if one's internal voice questions as one reads, that might be enough, but modeling active reading and note taking can better underline and empower these modes of thought.

There are certainly currents within American culture that we can and should question authority.

Sadly some parts of conservative American culture are reverting back to paternalized power structures of "do as I say and not as I do" which leads to hypocrisy and erosion of society.

Education can be used as a means of overcoming this, though it requires preventing the conservative right from eroding this away from the inside by removing books and certain thought from the education process that prevents this. Extreme examples of this are Warren Jeff's control of religion, education, and social life within his Mormon sect.

Link to: - Lawrence Principe examples of the power establishment in Western classical education being questioned. Aristotle wasn't always right. The entire history of Western science is about questioning the status quo. (How can we center this practice not only in science, but within the humanities?)

My evolving definition of active reading now explicitly includes the ideas of annotating the text, having a direct written conversation with it, questioning it, and expanding upon it. I'm not sure I may have included some or all of these in it before. This is what "reading with a pen in hand" (or digital annotation tool) should entail. What other pieces am I missing here which might also be included?

http://hackeducation.com/2022/03/08/hope

Al Newman. (2022, March 8). @danaparish @jennybluebird2U To your point: Https://t.co/CsULpIACoI [Tweet]. @AlNewman_. https://twitter.com/AlNewman_/status/1501056062262333441

So fasting helps protect healthy cells and weakens cancerous ones. That's cool. But then it says cacer clles need sugar, growth factors like [[IGF-1]] and amino acids like glutamine. The [[Carnivore Diet]] is going to increse IGF-1 and amino acid levels but should starve the cancer cells of sugar. Given Dr Clemens' success treating cancer with the [[PKD]] protocol I'm inferring that it's the triad that needs to be inn place and if sugar is missing then the other factors being elevated eoesn't matter that much.

Academics: Viral Evolution Scenarios, 10 February 2022. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/academics-viral-evolution-scenarios-10-february-2022

Santos, H. C., Meyer, M., & Chabris, C. (2021). Reports of the Death of Expertise May Be Exaggerated: Limits on Knowledge Resistance in Health and Medicine. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6wy53

Oladipo, G. (2021, November 14). ‘Detox’ routines won’t undo Covid vaccine, experts tell anti-vaxxers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/14/covid-vaccine-mandate-detox-borax-bath

Couzin-Frankel, J. (2021). Antiviral pills could change pandemic’s course. Science, 374(6569), 799–800. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.acx9605

Perfectly expresses my orientation and my love of XTC.

Mallapaty, S. (2021). The search for people who never get COVID. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02978-6

Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2019). Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0279-9

GANDHI: Vaccine Mandates Are The Only Way To End This Public Health Emergency. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 October 2021, from https://dailycaller.com/2021/09/21/gandhi-vaccine-mandates-are-the-only-way-to-end-this-public-health-emergency/

Five reasons why it’s a terrible idea to hold a COVID-19 party (even if you’ve been vaccinated) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2021, from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/five-reasons-why-its-terrible-idea-hold-covid-19-party-even-if-youve-been

SuzeeB🙂. (2021, September 14). Dear vaccinated, We did not take your freedom. The government did. We are not holding your freedoms to ransom. The government is. If we are a danger to you, then your vaccine doesn’t work. If it does, then you should already be free. The government has lied to you. [Tweet]. @NatalieSuB. https://twitter.com/NatalieSuB/status/1437835320628809733

I've been wanting to read Zinn, so perhaps this is a good place to follow along? A sort of pseudo book club perhaps?

It's interesting to see Dan struggle with an obvious listicle article in Forbes as an authoritative source. This example is a great indicator that Forbes online has created far too much of a content farm to be taken seriously anymore. From what I've seen of it over the past several years it's followed the business model of The Huffington Post before Huffington sold it and cashed out. My supposition is that Forbes is providing a platform for people to get reach and isn't actually paying those writers to create their content.

Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States

• Covering a chapter a week
• companion edition, Voices of People's History of United States by Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnov
• Erik Foner's article about Zinn
• Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism by E. P. Thompson *
• cultural theorist Raymond Williams' idea of resources of hope
  • Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism by Raymond Williams
• An Indigenous People's History of the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlnYt9NOUAw

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, August 22). RT @chrischirp: Some good news from PHE’s Friday Delta tech briefing update: Two sublineages of Delta called AY.1 and AY.2 do not seem to b… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1430638002586329088

Vaccine resistance rooted in ideology, new survey shows: News: The Media School. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://mediaschool.indiana.edu/news-events/news/item.html?n=vaccine-resistance-rooted-in-ideology-new-survey-shows

Page, M. L. (n.d.). UK conditions are ideal for evolving vaccine-resistant covid variants. New Scientist. Retrieved 4 August 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25133453-400-uk-conditions-are-ideal-for-evolving-vaccine-resistant-covid-variants/

PmrAB

Eric Topol. (2021, June 9). Here’s the updated, comprehensive list of #SARSCoV2 variants that are resistant to vaccines https://t.co/JnOz3T7L28 [Tweet]. @EricTopol. https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1402752521970458628

Roy Perlis. (2021, May 21). Finally: We looked at rates of vaccination among depressed/non-depressed people. 13-point gap, but not because of resistance. Underappreciated opportunity to reach people who need more help accessing vaccines? @celinegounder @CDCDirector @ASlavitt @MDaware https://t.co/EHa80z1YCH [Tweet]. @royperlis. https://twitter.com/royperlis/status/1395744126813937666

Rosenfeld, D. L., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2021). Jab My Arm, Not My Morality: Perceived Moral Reproach as a Barrier to COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ycbrd

Adam Kucharski on Twitter: “A few reports from COVID situation in Taiwan that might not necessarily be what people expect: Https://t.co/7k1YKuU0qn” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://twitter.com/AdamJKucharski/status/1395039636204965891

Ramanathan, M., Ferguson, I. D., Miao, W., & Khavari, P. A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 spike variants bind human ACE2 with increased affinity. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00262-0

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @enenbee: We need to be very honest with ourselves about what we know is true and what we hope is true. Https://t.co/c4lq4pWpfH’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 18 May 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1391417299878379522

Weber, T. P. (2008). Vaccine anxieties: Global science, child health and society. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 736. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.050369

Jansen, K. U., & Anderson, A. S. (2018). The role of vaccines in fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(9), 2142–2149. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1476814

Grant, L., Hausman, B. L., Cashion, M., Lucchesi, N., Patel, K., & Roberts, J. (2015). Vaccination Persuasion Online: A Qualitative Study of Two Provaccine and Two Vaccine-Skeptical Websites. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(5), e4153. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4153

Rubin, R. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccines vs Variants—Determining How Much Immunity Is Enough. JAMA, 325(13), 1241. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3370

Karimi, Fariba, and Petter Holme. ‘A Temporal Network Version of Watts’s Cascade Model’. ArXiv:2103.13604 [Physics], 25 March 2021. http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.13604.

de Oliveira T, Lutucuta S, Nkengasong J, Morais J, Paixao JP, Neto Z, Afonso P, Miranda J, David K, Ingles L, Amilton P A P R R C, Freitas H R, Mufinda F, Tessema K S , Tegally H, San E J, Wilkinson E, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Giovanetti M, Naidoo Y, Katzourakis A, Ghafari M, Singh L, Tshiabuila D, Martin D, Lessells R. (2021) A Novel Variant of Interest of SARS-CoV-2 with Multiple Spike Mutations Detected through Travel Surveillance in Africa. medRxiv. https://www.krisp.org.za/publications.php?pubid=330. Accessed 26 March 2021.

Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., Graham, B. S., Mascola, J. R., Chang, J. Y., Yin, M. T., Sobieszczyk, M., Kyratsous, C. A., Shapiro, L., Sheng, Z., Huang, Y., & Ho, D. D. (2021). Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2

Jed. ‘The Geography of the COVID19 Third Wave | Jed Kolko’. Accessed 25 February 2021. http://jedkolko.com/2020/10/18/the-geography-of-the-covid19-third-wave/.

Hidiroglu, S., Ay, P., Topuzoglu, A., Kalafat, C., & Karavus, M. (2010). Resistance to vaccination: The attitudes and practices of primary healthcare workers confronting the H1N1 pandemic. Vaccine, 28(51), 8120–8124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.104

Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Shevlin, M., Bentall, R. P., McKay, R., Hartman, T. K., McBride, O., & Murphy, J. (2021). Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination has increased in Ireland and the UK during the pandemic. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ry6n4

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @PsyArXivBot: Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination has increased in Ireland and the UK during the pandemic https://t.co/AgKErDr7Yj’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1366707710151053312

Bosco-Lauth, A. M., Hartwig, A. E., Porter, S. M., Gordy, P. W., Nehring, M., Byas, A. D., VandeWoude, S., Ragan, I. K., Maison, R. M., & Bowen, R. A. (2020). Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013102117

Karl Friston: Up to 80% not even susceptible to Covid-19. (2020, June 4). UnHerd. https://unherd.com/2020/06/karl-friston-up-to-80-not-even-susceptible-to-covid-19/

Glasgow, A., Glasgow, J., Limonta, D., Solomon, P., Lui, I., Zhang, Y., Nix, M. A., Rettko, N. J., Lim, S. A., Zha, S., Yamin, R., Kao, K., Rosenberg, O. S., Ravetch, J. V., Wiita, A. P., Leung, K. K., Zhou, X. X., Hobman, T. C., Kortemme, T., & Wells, J. A. (2020). Engineered ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. BioRxiv, 2020.07.31.231746. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.31.231746

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Moyers, S. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2020, April 20). Physical activity and sense of coherence: A meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d9e3k

It does mean though, that we should try to forsee unintended consequences and not dismiss skeptics without judging the merit of their skepticism with sound scientific discussions. It is famed that Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin, mentioned the observation of resistant bacteria and advised caution in antibiotic usage. This caution went unheeded in the subsequent golden era of antibiotics where all alternatives like phage therapy were shelved from research and development. This is the real lesson we should learn

I doubt this claim, do you mean they are correlated?

Read these references: Saying antibiotic resistance is proliferating in wastewater treatment plants

Wow, that is a strong and counter-intuitive claim. Is this rigorously determined?

That's a strong claim, not backed by strong evidence

Similarly, if we look at the history of the rise of Nazi Germany can we see how lack of direct resistance allowed Germany to end up in their ultimate situation with Hitler?

Ms. Massicot assigned this novella in her English class my junior year in high school. Fifty years later, Bartleby still informs my decision making everyday. Especially when responding to academics and educational institutions.

Questioning the infrastructural inversion via ubiquity, material and texture, history, and power shapes the visibility and invisibility of the infrastructure that society creates for itself.

That's an extremely high rate of hypotension in UARS. This may be what I have. If UARS causes hypotension, then sleep apnea (SA) may be different because of its link to obesity.

YES! In American schools you are indoctrinated with the premise: "There is no difficult material. There are only difficult learners." The "trial-by-failure" prevalent in the 70's and 80's, that if you repeat a subject you truly do not nor will not ever understand, Algebra in my case, you are somewhat "subversive" to the rest of classroom, the teacher and especially the school. Report card comments: asks too many questions/asks no questions, disruptive/sleeps in class, no effort given, won't get tutored after school labels the learner without labelling the conformity of the classroom: fit in or be shut out. Excellent point!

Heidegger: "The experiencing of resistance—that is, the discovery of what is resistant to one’s endeavours—is possible ontologically only by reason of the disclosedness of the world. " || Again, does this view of disclosedness / truth foreclose a technical resistance that is not appropriable by Dasein (i.e. that which remains 'crowded out' within the horizon though not, necessarily, excluded from it).

This is likely do to the reduced carbohydrate intake rather than increased fat intake. Since carbohydrates generally insulin sensitivity, it's likely that this additional insulin resistance is acting as a confounder (as well as, presumably, a standard deviation widener). Thus, I would expect similar results during hypocaloric carbohydrate restriction.

Heat trace or heating cable is used to warm or heat underground structures, storage tanks, vessels, and instrumentation in order to maintain a specified temperature or eliminate the possibility of freezing. Heat trace or heating cable accomplish this task by adding the amount of heat energy to the process fluid that is lost from the process fluid. It is desirable to maintain a certain temperature since higher temperatures reduce viscosity, enhance combustion, and prevent freezing or crystallization of the fluid. Within the oil and gas industry, elevated temperatures are required to separate the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface and freeze protection is required to allow refining and distribution of the fluid (Thermon South Africa (Pty.) Ltd. ). Heat trace or heating cable often utilizes resistance wire to provide a medium for voltage to pass through. Due to the resistance of the wire, the heat trace or heating cable becomes warmer and is able to use this heat to warm the underground structures that it surrounds. One material used in resistance wires is nickel-chromium (Peterjohn, Melillo, Bowles, & Steudler, 1993). Heat trace has been used since the early 1900s to ensure the proper flow of petroleum, tar, and wax through pipelines. Since then, certain products within the petroleum and chemical industries needed to be kept between specific temperatures to ensure their quality. Today, the most commonly used heat trace medium is steam (Thermon South Africa (Pty.) Ltd. ). 

References

Peterjohn, W. T., Melillo, J. M., Bowles, F. P., & Steudler, P. A. (1993). Soil Warming and Trace Gas Fluxes: Experimental Design and Preliminary Flux Results. Oecologia, 18-24.

Thermon South Africa (Pty.) Ltd. . (n.d.). Heat Tracing Technologies. Retrieved from Thermon South Africa (Pty.) Ltd. : file:///H:/Users/rrs020.BUCKNELL.000/Downloads/thermon-sa_heat-trace-technologies_energy-savings.pdf