machine while he talked and made jokes, only rarely taking his eyes off of his hands
The writer uses descriptive language that makes it easy to picture Dan working on the paperclip chain. I also like how the small details and dialogue make the scene feel realistic instead of simply telling readers what happened during the attempt.
Text entry can also be carried out via spoken dialogue.
When you enter a letter (a turn), a small pop-up appearsfor you to confirm your press (a turn). A word prediction list may show possible completions of theword. At every press, these are updated, over time forming a graphical dialogue between the userand the system.
The essence of dialogue is that communi-cation is organized in sequences of turns.
PD requires that we relate to each other by moving in the “opposite direction” in which conventional discourse takes place. Rather than moving forward, moving out to you, authoritatively advancing my position on whatever we are discussing by simply and directly presenting it to you, I relate to you in a more circuitous, reflexive way, by going proprioceptively backward into myself, back into that hollow place at the center of my being
for - adjacency - proprioceptive dialogue - Indyweb people-idea connection - provenance - synonym - proprioceptive dialogue - Bohmian dialogue
adjacency - between - proprioceptive dialogue - indyweb collaboration - people-idea connection - means to an end - indyweb provenance affordance - adjacency relationship - first thought - Indyweb triangle relationship between - person - idea communicated - affordance/infrastructure - second thought - means vs end - ideas are constructed - often we approach it transactionally and present the final "polished" idea (ends) - meanwhile hiding the means, the complex process by which we arrived there - third thought - Indyweb provenance affordance - The Indyweb provenance affordance is consistent with the Indyweb people-centered, interpersonal design ethos in which - there is an audit trail for the entire origin story of any idea created by an Indyvidual or group of indyviduals
for - proprioceptive dialogue - proprioception - proprioception BEing journey
the aims of Proprioceptive Dialogue
for - proprioceptive dialogue - goals - Deep Humanity proprioceptive dialogue BEing journey
for - proprioceptive dialogue
for - from - Christina Bowens - Network Coordination Commons meeting - Dialogue on Convening Systems: What does it take? What does it look like on the ground?
Voici un document de synthèse pour un briefing, basé sur les informations de la transcription de la vidéo "America is rife with political traps. What’s your escape route? | The Dilemma Ep. 3" et notre conversation précédente, qui met en lumière les défis de la communication et de la confiance dans un contexte de polarisation politique et propose des stratégies pour favoriser un dialogue constructif.
Titre : Naviguer les Pièges Politiques : Vers un Dialogue Constructif
Introduction
Défis de la Communication dans un Contexte de Polarisation
Stratégies pour un Dialogue Constructif
Exemples et Illustrations
Conclusion
Ce document de synthèse met en évidence les enjeux et les stratégies pour une communication plus efficace et empathique, en s'inspirant d'une vision globale et intégrée de l'interaction humaine.
Il souligne l'importance d'une approche collaborative et inclusive pour construire un avenir plus serein et harmonieux pour tous.
Cette vidéo d’ÊtreProf présente les conseils de Caroline Peiffer, professeure d’histoire-géographie, pour gérer les conflits en classe.
Elle explique les causes des conflits (différences de personnalité, besoins, malentendus, émotions), leurs conséquences négatives sur l’ambiance et les apprentissages, et propose des solutions concrètes.
L’accent est mis sur la création d’un climat de confiance basé sur le respect mutuel, l’autorité bienveillante (non autoritaire), et des stratégies pour désamorcer les conflits, allant du dialogue à l’intervention d’un tiers si nécessaire.
Enfin, l’importance de l’auto-évaluation et de la capacité à reconnaître ses erreurs est soulignée.
Voici un sommaire minuté de la vidéo :
Mise en contexte de la problématique des conflits en classe et présentation du sujet de la vidéo.
Analyse des causes des conflits en classe, notamment les différences de personnalités, de besoins, les malentendus et les variations émotionnelles.
Importance de la relation entre enseignant et élèves pour un climat de classe serein.
L'autorité bienveillante est mise en avant, en opposition à l'autoritarisme.
Conseils pour établir une relation de confiance, comme l’accueil personnalisé, le langage non verbal, l’authenticité et l'empathie.
Importance de rituels en classe et mise en place de règles claires et simples.
Conseils pour gérer les petits conflits quotidiens, comme identifier clairement le comportement de l’élève, privilégier le dialogue et appliquer des sanctions justes et adaptées.
Gestion des situations plus complexes avec des exemples concrets. Importance de la respiration, du report du conflit et de l'intervention d'un tiers.
Possibilité de reconnaître ses erreurs et de s'excuser pour rétablir le dialogue.
Récapitulation des points clés pour un climat de classe favorable. Invitation à partager des expériences et des conseils en commentaires.
J'espère que cela répond à votre demande. N'hésitez pas si vous avez d'autres questions.
Voici un sommaire avec timestamps des sujets abordés dans la transcription de l'émission "Réapprendre à (bien) se parler" de France Culture:
1. Introduction et diagnostic de la crise de la parole (0:00 - 2:45):
2. L'influence des écrans et la nécessité de retrouver un espace commun (2:45 - 5:45):
3. Le "nous" problématique et l'individualisme (5:45 - 8:55):
4. La parole collective et la légitimité (8:55 - 12:10):
5. L'art de la conversation et la complexité (12:10 - 15:05):
6. Les 7 arts de la parole (15:05 - 18:10):
7. Le théâtre et l'imaginaire (18:10 - 21:40):
8. Conclusion (21:40 - 22:45):
Ce sommaire est basé uniquement sur la transcription fournie.
as you unfold your unfolding changes of Planet the whole of the planet is at different levels of initiation all of those are part of a single planetary intelligence first principles run through every stage of development the people in power don't understand development so they don't build deliberately developmental processes into culture Western civilizations suppressed access to the astral plane the dream plane and as you mature in your systems thinking you're actually beginning to think in such a way way that you deconstruct the solidity of your experience because the mind understands that everything is actually into connected the AI has been coded from the level of mind that produces the problems that we were in in the first place what we're talking about with AI is the Awakening of mineral intelligence it's like the Awakening of cosmic Kundalini the fourth turning is the integration of these contemplative Technologies a platform that allows the intelligence of the earth into the technology so that it can synchronically unfold Evolution based on how things spontaneously unfold this is how you change the planet we've seen what an effect the kind of Internet Revolution and social media and this kind of technology has had and you know this is nothing compared to you know what's about to unfold so that's the and I think we're all kind of aware of that we're on the edge of of our seats of like what's going to happen What deity are we going to invoke with AI like who are we welcoming right are we welcoming who the hell is is is coming um so that's the fourth Industrial Revolution and you can think of that really as outer technology very very sophisticated outter technology now you know when when I'm referring when we refer to the fourth turning of the Dharma we're we're kind of we we're really using a a Buddhist model but it can be but it's a but it's a universal model so the first turning of the Dharma in the Buddhist tradition let's kind of universalize it it really refers to um practice related to understanding your own individual suffering so this has got to do with our friends who are listening you begin to realize that you are struggling that you are suffering and you begin to realize that there are causes of this suffering related to usually like childhood conditioning multigenerational trauma and you begin the process of cleaning up and you begin the process of mindfulness practice and developing psychological uh reflection and You Begin your journey but you but your mainly motivated because you're limping and not having much fun right and then as you mature and you do your work which can take some time or even lifetimes as you clear that Karma that negative momentum you begin to realize that there's a bigger there's a bigger game and the second turning of the Dharma relates to the fact that in any path any spiritual path at a certain point on that Journey the aspirant the soul will begin to recognize that they are part of something larger and so it isn't just about alleviating their own personal suffering it's also about alleviating Universal suffering so this is where the the bodh satra or the Christ or those kinds of archetypes about being concerned about the whole and realizing that nobody gets out of here alone so that second turning is often called the Great turning the Great Wheel but you see that in all the traditions in every tradition and even if you're not in a tradition if you're motivated for the general well-being of everybody on this planet you can say that you're in that second turning and there's of all kinds of practices related to opening up the heart mind's experience of interconnectivity of a unified field of compassion and of a kind of a resonant field where everything is interconnected right that's the second turning and so there's all sorts of Technologies contemplative practices that help facilitate that and then the third turning is well if if you have kind of built a vessel of mindfulness and sematic awareness that you're present to your own reactivity and you've opened up a motivation to want to be of service for the whole then the third turning was related to the um well two things first thing is particularly potent practices that speed up that process so you can think of any sort of technical practice because the first and second turnings aren't so technical they're they're more psychological things like breath work psychedelics sexual yogas all the things that are actually techniques that often people get to in the beginning but actually they're actually Advanced Techniques in the sense that they're done to speed up the process once the individual and the collective are kind of aligned so the third turning referred to those kinds of special techniques Kundalini Yoga hat yoga right the Paradox in our culture is we've we've got all of this mixed up because we don't really have a curriculum and we've kind of imported stuff from Asia but it's a bit here and it's a bit there and maybe a little bit from Native Americans or a little bit of whatever an Aboriginal I mean it's a bit of a schmoger port so that's kind of where we and that's so that's kind of where we are in particularly in terms of Asian practices and they kind of fall into those three those three camps and you can also look in terms of Western practices as well you know practices related to individual trauma practices related to developing compassion and a sense of interconnectivity and then practices related to um speeding up that process by uncovering the Shadow or blasting through blockages you know that kind of stuff so what do we mean by fourth turning uh well we need this a number of things here first thing is um we can say the fourth turning is where all of the psycho Technologies of the East and the psycho Technologies of the West meet right so East and West a meeting right for the first really for the first time I mean the process has been happening over the last you know hundred years but the understanding of of how we go about integrating these in a very deep way that is that is more recent so that's the F that's the first understanding the fourth turning the second understanding of the fourth turning is is then related to the nature of time because time is the fourth is the fourth dimension so to speak so by that what we mean is is well what time is it like and by by time I don't mean time less time I mean relative time like what how are we measuring how this is unfolding because whatever is unfolding unfolds in time so if we don't know what time it is we we so essentially understanding time is related to understanding our relationship with the planet because it's the planet that is unfolding through time and we're so disconnected to our mother to this Earth being that we have no idea what the season is I mean yes we do hear like oh we're we to changing of a cycle well what does that mean when we change cycles and when did that last happen and so that whole question around the our process is not separate actually from a planetary process so that planetary perspective that's that is that is is a new thing when it comes to the Traditions to recognize that the journey that we're making that Humanity that you and I are part of a Humanity that is actually has a function within the larger field of this Earth being and that all of the heavens and the hells and these Altered States of dimensions and out of body experiences and all of this stuff is happening inside of the ecosystem of this planetary being and this planetary being is is something is happening so part of that fourth turning is like recognizing that a lot synchronicity synchronization is very important CU When We synchronize you're synchronizing with that time whatever that time is so the so the other thing about what the fourth turning is about is about understanding the path that unfolds from the soul so the Traditions will talk about there being well depends on the tradition but you can cut the cake you know seven slices or 12 slices or five slices but if you cut the cake in seven slices the fourth slice the middle slice of the planes of our planet is the soul right now just like the seven chakras the mid chakra is the heart so there's a relationship between coming into the heart and maturing into Soul Consciousness and as a doctor of psychology Soul Consciousness is actually something quite precise it's not a vague kind of term it means something actual in terms of our development in terms of our Evolution and so the soul functions through pure synchronicity so and synchronicity is related to time so the fourth turning right is related to beginning to function from a different level of development from a different energetic center from a different way of learning how to do things and because the soul is also a collective being right so you know you have to have done your own individual work so to speak before you do that because otherwise you're going to have conflicts with the with the collective because you know if you're not yet individuated you're going to have issues with a collective because you have to be paradoxically an individual in order to actually fully function within a collective without being swallowed
The same as Bohmain Theory for the Indellective.
To act collectively, groups must reach agreement;
Yes. And the collective must also be able to reach disagreement and still stay in Dialogic relations
the good news they observe is that reasoning together is the best antidote that when it works at all
This is the CORE of Dialogue
help us win arguments
Winning arguments is a core source issue that is a problem - this is why DIALOGUE is much more effective
Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:38][^1^][1] - [00:21:09][^2^][2]:
Cette vidéo explore l'évolution de la conversation dans notre société moderne, en mettant en lumière les défis posés par les nouvelles technologies et la communication numérique.
Temps forts: + [00:00:38][^3^][3] Introduction à la conversation * Importance de l'écoute et de la parole partagée * Comparaison avec les formes de communication modernes * Présentation de David Lebreton + [00:01:50][^4^][4] Impact des Jeux Paralympiques * Réflexions sur le corps et la société * Importance émotionnelle des Jeux * Comparaison avec d'autres sports + [00:03:20][^5^][5] Anthropologie des voix * Lien entre identité et voix * Transformation de la voix et du visage * Exemple de Stephen Hawking + [00:06:26][^6^][6] Déclin de la conversation * Influence des outils numériques * Différence entre conversation et communication * Importance de la présence physique + [00:10:00][^7^][7] Conséquences sociales * Isolement et souffrance des individus * Impact sur les jeunes et les personnes âgées * Réflexions sur la politesse et la civilité
Résumé de la vidéo [00:21:11][^1^][1] - [00:41:47][^2^][2]:
Cette vidéo explore l'évolution de la conversation dans le contexte moderne, en soulignant les défis posés par la technologie et la numérisation.
Temps forts: + [00:21:11][^3^][3] L'importance de la reconnaissance de l'autre * Éviter les sujets sensibles * Maintenir l'estime et la patience * Reconnaissance morale et sociale + [00:22:43][^4^][4] Impact des conversations téléphoniques * Gêne causée par les appels en public * Différence entre voix en personne et au téléphone * SNCF et les annonces sur les conversations + [00:25:02][^5^][5] Connectivité vs. sociabilité * Connectivité numérique ne remplace pas la sociabilité * Impact des smartphones sur les interactions sociales * Importance de la présence physique + [00:28:00][^6^][6] Effet des smartphones sur les conversations * Téléphone sur la table change la dynamique * Distraction et manque de profondeur dans les échanges * Réflexe social et conditionnement + [00:35:00][^7^][7] Reconnaissance du visage et éthique * Importance du visage dans les interactions humaines * Impact de l'absence de reconnaissance faciale en ligne * Exemples historiques et contemporains
Résumé de la vidéo [00:41:49][^1^][1] - [00:57:21][^2^][2]:
Cette partie de la vidéo explore les impacts de la technologie et des médias modernes sur la conversation et les interactions humaines, en soulignant la perte de contact direct et l'importance de retrouver des connexions authentiques.
Temps forts: + [00:41:49][^3^][3] Disparition derrière les écrans * Adolescents et adultes se barricadent * Perte de contact direct avec les autres * Monde moderne et isolement + [00:42:29][^4^][4] Texte de Zweig sur les pêcheurs * Indifférence des pêcheurs à l'exécution de Louis XV * Réflexion sur l'attention portée à l'histoire * Comparaison avec la société moderne + [00:46:00][^5^][5] Paul Valéry et la communication * Exagération des moyens de communication * Agitation et nervosité généralisées * Perturbation des intelligences + [00:48:02][^6^][6] Machines et voix humaines * Inquiétude face aux robots conversationnels * Capacité des machines à imiter les humains * Impact sur les interactions sociales + [00:54:00][^7^][7] Retour au corps et à la nature * Marche et jardinage comme formes de résistance * Importance du contact direct * Réponse aux défis de la modernité
5:17 Let us evolve beyond the BATTLE FOR IDEAS through Dialogue
Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:07:04][^2^][2]:
Cette vidéo présente les "temps d'échanges en famille" (TEF), un outil de communication pour améliorer les relations familiales et organiser le quotidien. Voici les points clés abordés :
Temps forts: + [00:00:00][^3^][3] Introduction des TEF * Outil de communication familial * Importance de la communication continue * Organisation hebdomadaire + [00:01:00][^4^][4] Organisation des TEF * Durée de 15 à 30 minutes * Tour des compliments * Suivi des solutions et posage des problèmes + [00:02:22][^5^][5] Participation des enfants * Acteurs de la réunion * Solutions proposées par les enfants * Planification des moments familiaux + [00:03:52][^6^][6] Bénéfices des TEF * Amélioration des relations familiales * Développement de l'autonomie des enfants * Meilleure organisation du quotidien + [00:05:02][^7^][7] Jeux pour lancer les discussions * Jeux pour faciliter les échanges * Création de liens familiaux * Moments de communication agréables
Authoring Tool for Thought, which helps individuals in augmenting their tacit awareness , through developing, sharing and collaborating on
According to David Bohm 1991 paper, 'Thought is the Problem"
Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:02][^1^][1] - [00:22:28][^2^][2]:
Cette vidéo explore pourquoi nous nous disputons avec ceux que nous aimons, en se basant sur les idées du philosophe Maxime Rover. Elle examine les dynamiques des disputes et propose des pistes pour mieux les comprendre et les gérer.
Temps forts: + [00:00:02][^3^][3] Introduction et contexte * Présentation de l'épisode et du sujet * Introduction de Maxime Rover et de son travail * Importance de comprendre les disputes + [00:01:41][^4^][4] Définition de la dispute * La dispute commence avec la tension et la souffrance * Frontières de la dispute et surgissement de la violence * Comparaison avec le théâtre + [00:03:33][^5^][5] Mécanismes mentaux des disputes * Abstraction et imputation * Posture de juge et identification des causes * Importance de comprendre le système plus vaste + [00:08:16][^6^][6] Théorie du chaos et disputes * Effet papillon et responsabilité collective * Réactions et transformations des conflits * Philosophie de la causalité chaotique + [00:12:01][^7^][7] Éthique interactionnelle * Importance de l'interaction dans les disputes * Vulnérabilité et maladresse * Dialogue intérieur et transformation de soi + [00:18:35][^8^][8] Pardon et empathie * Dépasser la souffrance pour pardonner * Demande d'excuses et reconnaissance de la maladresse * Empathie pour apaiser les tensions et se comprendre mieux
Résumé de la vidéo [00:22:30][^1^][1] - [00:24:37][^2^][2]:
Cette vidéo explore pourquoi nous nous disputons avec ceux que nous aimons et comment ces conflits peuvent être une opportunité de croissance et de compréhension mutuelle.
Points forts : + [00:22:30][^3^][3] Philosopher sur les disputes * Tout le monde le fait naturellement * Ne pas transformer en prescription * Mouvement constitutif du vivant + [00:23:04][^4^][4] Le dernier mot * Pas de fin définitive * Intensité des interactions * Importance de changer lentement + [00:23:30][^5^][5] Transformation éthique * Se transformer ensemble * Vitesse végétale * Comprendre pour changer + [00:23:59][^6^][6] La dispute comme opportunité * Pas seulement une souffrance * Porte vers de nouvelles relations * Nos êtres imbriqués + [00:24:17][^7^][7] L'éthique et la compréhension * Comprendre c'est déjà changer * Vivre mieux ici et maintenant * Sources en description
So there has to be a reality, deeper reality, out of which these spacetime reality that we call reality emerges. So so therefore the model to think of the model in your following way, consciousness is a quantum field.
for - quote - consciousness - model of - as a quantum field - Federico Faggin - question - about Federico Faggin's quantum field theory of consciousness - Is it neo-dualistic?
quote - consciousness - model of - as a quantum field - Federico Faggin - (see below) - Think of the body as a structure in space and time - It is both - classical - cells are made of particles, atoms and molecules that interact quantumly in space and time - AND fields - The body is a bridge between consciousness and the classical (objective spacetime) world - The body reports to the conscious field - and creates quantum states inside the cell
potential future dialogue - Michael Levin and Federico Faggin - To unpack quantum states at cellular or subcellular level, it would be good to see a dialogue between Michael Levin and Federico Faggin
le chef d'établissement est également garant d'un dialogue social constructif avec les usagers d'une part les associations de parents d'élèves participent aux différentes instances collégiales des établissements publics 00:26:06 des établissement scolair et le code deéducation leur consacre une sous-section spéciale à l'article D 111-6 et suivant le code précise que les associations parents d'élèves doivent 00:26:18 avoir pour objet la défense des intérêts moraux et matériel commun aux parents d'élèves dans le cadre de leur mission les associations bénéficient d'un certain nombre de faité matérielle elles aussi et logistique que le chef 00:26:31 d'établissement doit permettre une boîte aux lettres des tableaux d'affichage et puis l'autorisation le cas échéant de réunion ponctuell peut-être parfois de du matériel informatique
Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:13][^1^][1] - [01:06:55][^2^][2]:
La vidéo présente une discussion sur le dialogue social dans le contexte éducatif français, avec des intervenants experts qui partagent leurs perspectives et expériences. Ils abordent l'importance de la communication entre les syndicats et l'administration, les changements réglementaires récents, et comment ces interactions influencent le fonctionnement des établissements scolaires et le bien-être des personnels et des élèves.
Points forts: + [00:00:13][^3^][3] Introduction de l'émission * Présentation des intervenants et du sujet * Importance du dialogue social dans l'éducation * Interaction avec le public via hashtag + [00:01:39][^4^][4] Définition du dialogue social * Explication des principes et modalités * Rôle des syndicats et leur représentativité * Impact des élections professionnelles + [00:27:02][^5^][5] Liberté d'expression des élèves * Cadre réglementaire et droits des associations d'élèves * Responsabilités du chef d'établissement * Maintien de l'ordre public scolaire + [00:31:28][^6^][6] Témoignages de terrain * Expériences des intervenants dans le dialogue social * Importance de la collaboration pour trouver des solutions * Fréquence des interactions tout au long de l'année scolaire + [00:37:34][^7^][7] Représentativité syndicale * Différences de représentativité au niveau local et national * Influence des élections sur les droits syndicaux * Complexité du paysage syndical dans l'éducation + [01:05:11][^8^][8] Enquêtes administratives et dialogue * Relation entre dysfonctionnements et manque de dialogue * Importance de la prévention et de la gestion des conflits * Objectif ultime de la réussite des élèves
Christopher P. Long.
For Long performative publications are directly connected to the idea of practice, where following the concept of performativity, he argues that ideas should be put to practice, where practice can further inform and enrich ones ideas again. Long applies these values directly to several of his own performative projects. In his book The Socratic and Platonic Politics: Practicing a Politics of Reading, he shows how Socratic philosophy and Platonic writing was designed to cultivate dialogue and community. By digitally enhancing his publication, Long explores how writing and reading can promote community in a digital context, in specific a community of collaborative readers. As Long argues:
If, however, the book is not to be a mere abstract academic exercise, it will need to be published in a way that performs and enables the politics of collaborative reading for which it argues. (Long 2012)
A further extension of this project is a podcast series titled Digital Dialogue which aims to cultivate dialogue in a digital age by engaging other scholars in open conversation online. Long is also involved in the Public Philosophy Journal project, which is specifically set up to crawl the web to find diverse positions on various philosophical subjects and to bring these together in a collaborative writing setting. As Long explains:
The PPJ is designed to crawl the web, listening for conversations in which philosophical ideas and approaches are brought to bear on a wide variety of issues of public concern. Once these conversations are curated and a select number chosen for further development, we will invite participants into a space of collaborative writing so they can work their ideas up into a more fully formulated scholarly article or digital artifact. (Chris Long 2013)
Bei den Petersberger Klimagesprächen 2024 hat Aserbaidschans Diktator Alijev auf dem Recht der Petrostaaten bestanden, weitere fossile Lagerstätten auszubeuten. Der deutsche Bundeskanzler Scholz hat sich nicht eindeutig zu neuen Instrumenten der Klimafinanzierung für den globalen Süden geäußert. Außenministerin Baerbock setzt auf internationale Partnerschaften bei den nationalen Klimaplänen, so dass die Klimafinanzierung verbindlicher geregelt wird. https://taz.de/Petersberger-Klimadialog/!6007095/
Leur participation à la vie scolaire et le dialogue avec les enseignants et les autres personnels sont assurés
Elle s'enrichit et se conforte par le dialogue et la coopération entre tous les acteurs de la communauté éducative.
dialogue et la coopération entre tous les acteurs de la communauté éducative.
les parents comme je l'ai dit euh la semaine dernière ont une capacité de manœuvre variable selon toutes sortes de critères
La qualité de l’écoute et des échanges sont les deux critères principaux d’un conseil de classe réussi.
avoir anticipé certains entretiens, contacts avec les familles
c’est-à-dire que la parole des délégués élèves et des délégués parents a autant d’importance que celle des enseignants ou des autres membres de la communauté éducative.
Cette proposition fait l'objet d'un dialogue préalable avec les représentants légaux de l'élève
anecdote assez incroyable d'un jeune homme qui nous dit mais c'est la 00:05:07 première fois de ma vie qu'on me demande mon avis sur quelque chose alors qu'il a 20 ans qui m'a complètement sidéré
dans tous les cas un enfant agité à un moment 00:07:31 donné il y a un compréhension incompréhension de l'entourage
Die Selbstverpflichtungen der Regierungen zur Dekarbonisierung reichen bei weitem nicht aus. Ein Bericht, der von den Vereinten Nationen als Grundlage für die kommende COP28 publiziert wurde, ergibt, dass 2030 etwa 20 bis 23 Gigatonnen mehr CO<sub>2</sub> emittiert werden sollen, als mit dem 1,5 °-Ziel verträglich wäre. Zum ersten Mal wird in einem offiziellen UN-Dokument das Ende der Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe gefordert. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/un-report-calls-for-phasing-out-of-fossil-fuels-as-paris-climate-goals-being-missed
Bericht: https://unfccc.int/documents/631600
Der CO<sub>2</sub>-Gehalt der Atmosphäre wird 2024 weiter steigen, so dass die vom IPCC erarbeiteten Pfade, um das 1,5°-Ziel einzuhalten, nicht mehr eingehalten werden können. Das ergibt sich aus einer Studie des britischen Met Office, die sich auf die Daten des Mauna Loa-Observatoriums in Hawai stützt. (Die obere Grenze der Unsicherheitsbereiche dieser Pfade ist erreicht, selbst wenn der El-Niño-Einfluss abgezogen wird. Ein Einhalten der Pfade würde ein sofortiges Absinken des CO<sub>2</sub>-Gehalts erfordern.) https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat-les-concentrations-de-co2-cette-annee-menacent-la-limite-de-15c-daugmentation-globale-des-temperatures-20240119_6JIALPQDBNADFGNHS4MVDXR5QA/?redirected=1
ni donner l’apparence d’un comportementpréférentiel ou discriminatoire, notamment par la manifestation de leurs convictionsreligieuses.
et si la question est évoqué cela doit permettre d'engager une situation éducative clarifiant la situation
Examen des conditions d’organisation du dialogueavec les parents lors de la première réunion du conseild’école
dimension dialogique qui dessine des parcours de lecture
není během rozhovoru možné pracovat s hypotetickými situa-cemi nebo se snažit dohadovat „co kdyby“.
Uvažováním nad hypotetickými situacemi se zabývají kontrafaktuály.
Skupina začne sdílením svých zkušeností, potom si jednu vybere a teprve pak formu-luje otázky, na které by ráda pomocí vybrané zkušenosti odpověděla.
Podobný postup je navržen ve cvičení 14. "Dialogue around a story" v knize "Free space: Field guide to conversations".
udržet si zdravou míru pochybování a zároveň otevřenostinahlížet věci jinak
Jak můžeme najít nebo poznat správnou míru pochybování (kritičnosti) a otevřenosti?
fabriquer dialogiquement un dialogue télématique et cybernétisé
Le problème, bien sûr, c’est que les dispositifs implémentant la programmation n’intègrent que peu voire pas de dialogisme, c’est une «programmation» qui va plutôt à sens unique, dans lequel un part du «dialogue» est écrit d’avance par un seul parti (le parti programmeur).
se questionner sur la fonction du peintre (dans sa définition lacanienne de livrer à la vue le fantasme enseveli2) ou la fonction du spectateur (qui voit autant qu’il est vu par la peinture).
Je me demande si cette phrase est véritablement nécessaire : c'est un point dans l'analyse du tableau mais cela n'est pas repris par la suite et comme cette intro est déjà un peu longue au démarrage...
An article about contemporary philosopher Agnes Callard
Ce seul dialogue peut à lui seul, dans de nombreux cas, permettre de dissiper toute tension ou incompréhension et ainsi de débloquer des situations.
All five moves focus on the necessity of incorporating outside voicesinto a student’s own writings,
I can't help but think about the older practice of writing texts as dialogues.
Put Eidsheim 2015 and O'Callaghan 2007 in dialogue with each other.
Brandon Lewis seems to be talking about actively taking two papers and placing them "in dialogue with each other" potentially by reading, annotating, and writing about them with himself as an intermediary.
Prévenir, gérer et dépasser les conflits en privilégiant le dialogue et la médiation dans une perspective éducative.
Do conversations end when people want them to
=> i used to rent
Brand, C. O., & Stafford, T. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine dialogues increase vaccination intentions and attitudes in a vaccine-hesitant UK population. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kz2yh
there's an exception ah yes indeed there is an exception to that which is largely 00:08:28 when you're talking to someone else so in conversation and in dialogue you're actually can maintain consciousness for very long periods of time well which is why you need to imagine you're talking 00:08:41 to someone else to really be able to think out a problem
Humans in general have a seven second window of self-consciousness. (What is the reference for this? Double check it.) The exception is when one is in conversation with someone else, and then people have much longer spans of self-consciousness.
I'm left to wonder if this is a useful fact for writing in the margins in books or into one's notebook, commonplace book, or zettelkasten? By having a conversation with yourself, or more specifically with the imaginary author you're annotating or if you prefer to frame it as a conversation with your zettelkasten, one expands their self-consciousness for much longer periods of time? What benefit does this have for the individual? What benefit for humanity in aggregate?
Is it this fact or just coincidence that much early philosophy was done as dialectic?
From an orality perspective, this makes it much more useful to talk to one's surroundings or objects like rocks. Did mnemonic techniques help give rise to our ability to be more self-conscious as a species? Is it like a muscle that we've been slowly and evolutionarily exercising for 250,000 years?
au dialogue quel que soit leur interlocuteur
Nevertheless, Milton does not force the issue concerningbelief in God's mere existence, for that is something he simply assumes; forhim God's existence is a premise much more than a conclusion (see YP 6:130-2). In spite of the radical polarities of belief about God in ParadiseLost, its humans and devils and angels are united in this: they all believethat he is
I'm glad this is brought up. I think its really interesting that Milton, a devout Christian, was able to write something that retold a story from the bible- the characters being Christian icons- without needing to convince the readers that God is real/Christianity is the path to salvation. His intention was not to convert readers, but to write! By carefully crafting PL's character relationships, the importance of faith is naturally conveyed through the dialogue between all characters.
40Rapport | Prendre en compte la parole de l’enfant : un droit pour l’enfant, un devoir pour l’adulte | 2020l’échec scolaire en faisant de l’enseignement du langage une priorité, dès le plus jeune âge »82. Au collège et au lycée, les enfants sont également encouragés à développer leur esprit critique et leur culture pour être à même de réagir, d’argumenter et de débattre. Ainsi, les orientations relevant la nécessaire acquisition par les enfants de compétences oratoires renforcent la place donnée à la parole de l’enfant. Celles-ci ne produiront toutefois d’effets que si elles sont mises en œuvre en déployant les efforts et les moyens nécessaires.Recommandation 13 Le Défenseur des droits recommande au ministère de l’Éducation nationale d’accompagner le développement de programmes axés sur le langage et l’acquisition de compétences oratoires des enfants par la formation des enseignants, le développement de ces nouvelles compétences et la diffusion d’outils permettant leur appropriation et mise en œuvre.
Konstantinos, A. (2021). Tips on countering conspiracy theories and misinformaton. CommsFlyer.
En 2015 déjà, la loi relative au dialogue social et à l’emploi, dite loi Rebsamen, en son article 27 a consacré la reconnaissance des pathologies psychiques comme maladies professionnelles au niveau de la loi en modifiant l’article L461-1 du code de la sécurité sociale, précisant que « les pathologies psychiques peuvent être reconnues comme maladies professionnelles ».
Malgré tout le burnout a la particularité de ne pas être inscrit dans les classifications et ne pas encore avoir de critères diagnostiques officiels.
323.6.Faire vivre la laïcité à l’école et en faire respecter les principes implique de maintenir l’indispensable dialogue avec les parents d’élèves
Certains élèves ne fontpasle travail qui est demandé, dois-je les sanctionner?Le dialogue avec les parents et la régularité des contacts doivent être favorisés pour assurer un suivi de proximité avec les élèves. Des points d’étapes (travail à rendre) sont organisés.Il ne s’agit pas de sanctionner l’élève, mais de lui permettre depoursuivre ses apprentissages.La bienveillance doit guider chacune des décisions.
AirDialogue: An Environment for Goal-Oriented Dialogue Research
构造了一个比较有效的数据集
Deep Learning for Dialogue Systems
Deep Learning for Dialogue Systems
BERT for Joint Intent Classification and Slot Filling
Supervised Semantic Indexing
TOWARDS AI-COMPLETE QUESTION ANSWERING A SET OF PREREQUISITE TOY TASKS
Enhanced LSTM for Natural Language Inference
A retrieval-based dialogue system utilizing utteranceand context embeddings
EVALUATING PREREQUISITE QUALITIES FOR LEARNING END-TO-END DIALOG SYSTEMS
The goal here is explicitly not to improve the state of the art in the narrow domain of restaurantbooking, but to take a narrow domain where traditional handcrafted dialog systems are known toperform well, and use that to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of current end-to-end systemswith no domain knowledge
本文的目标不是来提升在狭窄的酒店预定领域的效果，而是用一个传统的手工系统就有较好系统来对比没有领域知识的end-to-end系统的优劣。
MEMORYNETWORKS
Unsurprisingly, perfectly coded rule-based systems can solve the simulated tasks T1-T5 perfectly,whereas our machine learning methods cannot. However, it is not easy to build an effective rule-based
最终结果说明，在给出的任务中基于规则的毫无疑问效果比模型的好，但是对于在真实场景的真实问题来说，MemNN效果更好
SUPERVISEDEMBEDDINGMODELS
和现在的架构很像
We implemented a rule-based system for this task in the followingway. We initialized a dialog state using the 3 relevant slots for this task: cuisine type, location andprice range. Then we analyzed the training data and wrote a series of rules that fire for triggers likeword matches, positions in the dialog, entity detections or dialog state, to output particular responses,API calls and/or update a dialog state. Responses are created by combining patterns extracted fromthe training set with entities detected in the previous turns or stored in the dialog state. Overall webuilt 28 rules and extracted 21 patterns. We optimized the choice of rules and their application priority(when needed) using the validation set, reaching a validation per-response accuracy of 40.7%. Wedid not build a rule-based system forConciergedata as it is even less constrained.
先用word匹配和正则等制定一个规则系统来作为baseline.
LEARNING END-TO-END GOAL-ORIENTED DIALOG
ParlAI: A Dialog Research Software Platform
A Network-based End-to-End Trainable Task-oriented Dialogue System
这个end-to-end的系统，在意图识别的阶段用的是cnn+LSTM 在状态管理(belief state tracking)也用的LSTM，在policy的时候自定义了一套算法，将前面的几个输出向量做了个线性模型，输出。
Finally, the policy network output is generated bya three-way matrix transformation,
策略生成是用前面的特征向量加和乘积
a distributed representationgenerated by an intent network and a probabilitydistribution over slot-value pairs called the beliefstate
造出来的一个belief state的概念：
由intent网络生成的分布式表示和对slot-value组的概率表示叫做belief stat。
Learning Task-Oriented Dialog with Neural Network Methods
An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network Model withBelief Tracking for Task-Oriented Dialog
In learning such neural network based dialogmodel, we propose hybrid offline training and on-line interactive learning methods. We first let theagent to learn from human-human conversationswith offline supervised training. We then improvethe agent further by letting it to interact with usersand learn from user demonstrations and feedbackwith imitation and reinforcement learning.
模型训练思路：
为了解决样本效率问题，提出了learning-from-user and learning-from-simulationl两个方案。
We design neural net-work based dialog system that is able to ro-bustly track dialog state, interface with knowl-edge bases, and incorporate structured queryresults into system responses to successfullycomplete task-oriented dialog.
基于神经网络的端到端的网络模型能够健壮的跟踪对话状态，和知识库交互，用结构化的信息来成功的完成任务驱动型对话。
End-to-End Learning of Task-Oriented Dialogs
端到端的task类型对话的鼻祖
These system components areusually trained independently, and their optimiza-tion targets may not fully align with the overallsystem evaluation criteria (e.g. task success rateand user satisfaction). Moreover, errors made inthe upper stream modules of the pipeline propa-gate to downstream components and get amplified,making it hard to track the source of errors
传统pipeline方案的问题点： 1 流程比较复杂，每步骤独立训练，但是流程输入和输出有依赖，错误放大，难以跟进。
Dialogue Learning with Human Teaching and Feedback in End-to-End Trainable Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems
一个混合学习过程，在人类的指导教育和反馈下增强强化学习的过程
Attention-Based Recurrent Neural Network Models for Joint Intent Detection and Slot Filling
用一个模型来解决两个不同类型的问题，intent detect是分类，填槽是序列标注。都用基于attention机制的RNN来搞定了
or joint modeling of intent detection and slot filling, weadd an additional decoder for intent detection (or intent clas-sification) task that shares the same encoder with slot fillingdecoder.
本文为了对intent和slot-filling联合建模，额外添加了一个decoder来进行意图检测。
The attentionmechanism later introduced in [12] enables the encoder-decodermodel to learn a soft alignment and to decode at the same time.
本文中用到的attention-RNN算法。
D. Bahdanau, K. Cho, and Y. Bengio, “Neural machine trans-lation by jointly learning to align and translate,”arXiv preprintarXiv:1409.0473, 2014
We present a general solution towards building task-orienteddialogue systems for online shopping, aiming to assist on-line customers in completing various purchase-related tasks,such as searching products and answering questions, in a nat-ural language conversation manner. As a pioneering work, weshow what & how existing natural language processing tech-niques, data resources, and crowdsourcing can be leveragedto build such task-oriented dialogue systems for E-commerceusage. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we integrate our sys-tem into a mobile online shopping application. To the bestof our knowledge, this is the first time that an dialogue sys-tem in Chinese is practically used in online shopping scenariowith millions of real consumers. Interesting and insightful ob-servations are shown in the experimental part, based on theanalysis of human-bot conversation log. Several current chal-lenges are also pointed out as our future directions
整体来说，无法验证，没有任何实质的创新点。
说是构建了一个第一个中文电商机器人对话系统(really?)
M = (I, C, A)
I是intent，C是product category， A是商品attribute。 M是根据用户Query得到的信息的表示。
意图分类：PhraseLDA 1000个topic
产品分类： a CNN-based approach that resembles (Huang et al. 2013)and (Shen et al. 2014
Main actions that areconsidered in the online shopping scenario include
在购物场景中主要的行为有：
To deal with the problem we mentioned, our work focuson using three kinds of data resources that are common tomost E-commerce web service provider or easily crawledfrom webs, including: (i) product knowledge base, which isprovided by the E-commerce partner and contains structuredproduct information; (ii) search log, which is closely linkedwith products, natural language queries and user selectionbehaviors (mouse click); (iii) community sites, where userpost their intents in natural language and can be used to minepurchase-related intents and paraphrases of product-relatedterms. Besides, we show that crowd sourcing is necessary tobuild such AI bot
为了解决所谓的问题：
CHATBOT: Architecture, Design,& Development
The Sogou Spoken Language Understanding System for the NLPCC 2018 Evaluation
The first step is lexical analysis, i.e. word segmentation and part-of-speech (POS)tagging. The words and POS labels are used as features in the subsequent models. Forthe shared task we used HanLP [1] as our Chinese lexical analyzer.
SLU 模型做法：
1 第一步是词汇分析，也就是分词，然后词性标注。本文用的是HanLP做词性分析。
2 第二步是槽位边界检测。这个任务看成一个用BILOU进行序列标注的。我们用了基于字和词的序列标注。基于字的 版本是用一个window为7的CRF，用此法特征和词典特征，另外基于词的的CRF模型是window size为5的词法特征，词性特征和词典特征。词典特征是指“当前字词是否 prefix/infix/suffix 在实体词典中某个条目关系。”每个CRF输出n(3)个输出，这整个2n个输出用到下一步。用基于字的序列标注是为了弥补分词效果差带来的可能影响。
3 第三部是槽位类型识别。用的是LR+L正则分类器，预测出的slot，上下文的字词，上下文的词性标注作为特征。
4 第四步是槽位纠正。这个是为了解决因为ASR导致的错误识别造成的结果。用的是一个基于搜索的方法。鉴于已经有各种槽位类型的词典，如果一个预测出来的槽位s类型T没有在对应的槽位词典中，那么就用s作为查询词来在根据最小编辑距离来查询槽位词典中的记录。这个操作会进行两次，一个是s作为中文字符，另一个是s作为拼音来查询。最好的结果是从这两个查处的结果中重新排序后得到的。
5 最后一步是意图分类。用的是XGBoost及其默认参数。用到的特征是单词token，query length，以及前面步骤预测出来的槽位。
Each rule is of the form “if thequery q is listed in a particular lexicon L, and the preceding queries and their predicteddomain labels satisfy certain conditions, then q is assigned a certain intent label and,with the exception of short commands, the entire q is regarded as a slot of the typecorresponding to L.” The rules are arranged in sequential order in accordance with theirpriorities
规则的具体形式是,"如果query q被列在了一个特定的词汇表L，并且其前面的queries和它们预测出来的领域标签满足特定条件，那么q就可以被打上一个特定的意图标签，并且对于短的命令来说，整个query q是当作对应于L的一个槽位类型".所有规则按照优先级顺序组织的。
Figure 1 shows the framework of our SLU system, which consists of the context-dependent rules for entity-only queries and the context-independent model for querieswith IISPs. The entire system feeds the query to the rules first. If the rule-based compo‐nent returns null result, that means the query is judged to contain IISPs and the model-based component will continue to process it. Otherwise, it means the query is regardedas entity-only and the result of the rules is returned as the final output
一个query首先经过基于规则的无明显意图词的判定过程，如果是空的话那就意味含有IISPs基于模型的组件会继续来处理，否则的话也就意味着query被看作是只有实体的，那么规则的结果就作为最终结果直接返回。
s in real use cases of dialog systems, the queries in the shared task can be roughlydivided into two kinds, viz. queries with intent-indicating salient phrases and querieswithout. By intent-indicating salient phrase (IISP) it is meant a phrase in the query thatshows the intent of the query. E.g. the phrase “” in the query “” andthe phrases “” in the query “” are IISPs.
可以把预料文本分成2类，一类是有明显的预示意图的词语，另一类是没有。
Retrieval-based MethodsRetrieval-based methods choose a response from candidateresponses. The key to retrieval-based methods is message-response matching. Matching algorithms have to overcomesemantic gaps between messages and responses [28].
基于检索的是从候选的回复中选出一个。检索式的关键是message-response的匹配。
B. Hu, Z. Lu, H. Li, and Q. Chen. Convolutional neu-ral network architectures for matching natural lan-guage sentences. InAdvances in neural informationprocessing systems, pages 2042–2050, 2014.
单轮的匹配 match(X,Y) = X^TAy
X：message的向量表示， y：回复的向量表示。
H. Wang, Z. Lu, H. Li, and E. Chen. A dataset for re-search on short-text conversations. InProceedings ofthe 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in NaturalLanguage Processing, pages 935–945, Seattle, Wash-ington, USA, October 2013. Association for Compu-tational Linguistics
Z. Lu and H. Li. A deep architecture for matchingshort texts. InInternational Conference on Neural In-formation Processing Systems, pages 1367–1375, 2013.
B. Hu, Z. Lu, H. Li, and Q. Chen. Convolutional neu-ral network architectures for matching natural lan-guage sentences. InAdvances in neural informationprocessing systems, pages 2042–2050, 2014
M. Wang, Z. Lu, H. Li, and Q. Liu. Syntax-based deepmatching of short texts.InIJCAI, 03 2015
Y. Wu, W. Wu, Z. Li, and M. Zhou. Topic augmentedneural network for short text conversation.CoRR,2016
多轮匹配
TASK-ORIENTED DIALOGUESYSTEMSTask-oriented dialogue systems have been an important branchof spoken dialogue systems. In this section, we will reviewpipeline and end-to-end methods for task-oriented dialoguesystems.
任务型对话系统整体来说可以分为两类：
2.2 End-to-End Methods
在传统的task-oriented对话系统中，尽管有很多特定领域的人工定制，很难推广其他领域，更进一步的是pipeline的方法有两个局限。
这俩文章介绍来一种基于网络的end-to-end的可训练的task-oriented对话系统，方法是把对话系统学习看成从对话历史到回复响应的mapping，并用encoder-decoder模型来训练整个模型。不过这个系统是以有监督的方式训练的，不仅需要大量的训练数据，并且由于在训练数据中缺乏对对话控制的探索也不能找到一个鲁棒的好策略。
下文中，首次提出了一个联合训练dialogue state tracking和policy learning来优化得到更鲁棒的系统行为。
task-oriented系统经常需要query外部知识库，前面的系统是通过发出一个符号请求到知识库基于属性来获得条目。
TASK-ORIENTED DIALOGUESYSTEMS
一个典型的pipeline方法构建的task-oriented对话系统包含四部分：
Language understanding.NLU/SLU,目标是解析理解用户输入为intent，slot
Dialogue state tracker. 根据当前对话输入信息结合历史信息给出当前会话状态。
Dialogue policy learning.基于当前对话状态给出接下来要采取的行动
Natural language generation(NLG). 将映射的选择的动作行为转换生成对应的输出回复。
2.1.3 Policy learning
策略学习 基于前面state tracker的状态表示，策略学习(policy learning)是来生成下一个可用的系统行动。无论是监督学习或者强化学习都可以用来优化策略学习。 H. Cuayhuitl, S. Keizer, and O. Lemon. Strategic di-alogue management via deep reinforcement learning.arxiv.org, 2015.
通常都用一个基于规则的agent来初始化系统。 Z. Yan, N. Duan, P. Chen, M. Zhou, J. Zhou, andZ. Li. Building task-oriented dialogue systems for on-line shopping. InAAAI Conference on Artificial Intel-ligence, 2017
然后用监督学习来基于规则生成的规则来学习。Building task-oriented dialogue systems for on-line shopping. 强化学习，Strategic di-alogue management via deep reinforcement learning.结果据说比很多系统，rule based，superviesed都好
A statistical dialog system
状态管理。
统计对话系统维护了一个对真实状态基于多重假设来描述的分布，以应对噪声场景和歧义。
CRF S. Lee and M. Eskenazi. Recipe for building robustspoken dialog state trackers: Dialog state trackingchallenge system description. InSIGDIAL Conference,pages 414–422, 2013
S. Lee. Structured discriminative model for dialogstate tracking. InSIGDIAL Conference, pages 442–451, 2013
H. Ren, W. Xu, Y. Zhang, and Y. Yan. Dialog statetracking using conditional random fields. InSIGDIALConference, pages 457–461, 2013.
maximum entropy model J. Williams. Multi-domain learning and generaliza-tion in dialog state tracking. InSIGDIAL Conference,pages 433–441, 2013.
web-style ranking J. D. Williams. Web-style ranking and slu combina-tion for dialog state tracking
深度学习的状态管理。用一个滑动窗口来在任意数量可能值上输出一个概率序列。 M. Henderson, B. Thomson, and S. Young. Deep neu-ral network approach for the dialog state tracking chal-lenge. InProceedings of the SIGDIAL 2013 Confer-ence, pages 467–471, 2013
多领域的RNN状态跟进模型： B. Thomson, M. Gasic, P.-H. Su, D. Vandyke, T.-H. Wen, and S. Young. Multi-domain dialog state tracking using recurrent neuralnetworks.
基于neural belief tracker(NBT)来检测slot-value对。 Neural belief tracker: Data-driven dia-logue state tracking.
Dialogue State Tracking
跟进对话状态是保障dialog system的robust的核心。主要目标是预测每轮对话的用户目标。经典的状态结构通常叫做slot-filling 或者 sematic frame.
传统用手工规则的方法： D. Goddeau, H. Meng, J. Polifroni, S. Seneff, andS. Busayapongchai. A form-based dialogue managerfor spoken language applications. InSpoken Language,1996. ICSLP 96. Proceedings., Fourth InternationalConference on, volume 2, pages 701–704. IEEE, 1996
基于规则的方法倾向于常见的错误，然后很多结果并不是想要的。 J. D. Williams. Web-style ranking and slu combina-tion for dialog state tracking. InSIGDIAL Conference,pages 282–291, 2014
Slot filling
填槽这个问题更多的是看成一个序列标注的问题。句子中的每个词都打上一个语义标签。输入是由词组成的句子，输出是每个词对应的slot/concept IDs.
DBN 类的处理：
A Deoras and R. Sarikaya. Deep belief network basedsemantic taggers for spoken language understanding.
L. Deng, G. Tur, X. He, and D. Hakkani-Tur. Use ofkernel deep convex networks and end-to-end learningfor spoken language understanding
RNN：
Language Understanding
目标是根据一个用户utterance/query 得到其对应的语义slot。slots是预先根据场景定于的。通常来说有两种类型的表示，一个是句子级别的类别，例如用户的意图和utterance的类别。另外一个是单词级别的信息抽取，例如命名实体和槽位填充。
意图识别是根据一句话来检测用户的意图。 基于深度学习的意图识别： L. Deng, G. Tur, X. He, and D. Hakkani-Tur. Use ofkernel deep convex networks and end-to-end learningfor spoken language understanding. InSpoken Lan-guage Technology Workshop (SLT), 2012 IEEE, pages210–215. IEEE, 2012
G. Tur, L. Deng, D. Hakkani-T ̈ur, and X. He. Towardsdeeper understanding: Deep convex networks for se-mantic utterance classification. InAcoustics, Speechand Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2012 IEEE Interna-tional Conference on, pages 5045–5048. IEEE, 2012.
D. Yann, G. Tur, D. Hakkani-Tur, and L. Heck. Zero-shot learning and clustering for semantic utteranceclassification using deep learning. 2014.
尤其是这个用CNN来抽取query vector进行query分类。 H. B. Hashemi, A. Asiaee, and R. Kraft. Query intentdetection using convolutional neural networks. InIn-ternational Conference on Web Search and Data Min-ing, Workshop on Query Understanding, 2016
P.-S. Huang, X. He, J. Gao, L. Deng, A. Acero, andL. Heck. Learning deep structured semantic modelsfor web search using clickthrough data. InProceedingsof the 22nd ACM international conference on Confer-ence on information & knowledge management, pages2333–2338. ACM, 2013
Y. Shen, X. He, J. Gao, L. Deng, and G. Mesnil.Learning semantic representations using convolutionalneural networks for web search. InProceedings of the23rd International Conference on World Wide Web,pages 373–374. ACM, 2014.
Spoken language understanding (SLU) comprises two tasks, intent identification andslot filling. That is, given the current query along with the previous queries in the samesession, an SLU system predicts the intent of the current query and also all slots (entitiesor labels) associated with the predicted intent. The significance of SLU lies in that eachtype of intent corresponds to a particular service API and the slots correspond to theparameters required by this API. SLU helps the dialog system to decide how to satisfythe user’s need by calling the right service with the right information
SLU有俩事，意图识别+填槽。
实践中的困难：
对话管理也可以看成是一个分类任务，即每个对话状态和一个合适的对话动作相对应．和其它有监督的学习任务一样，分类器可以从标注的语料库中训练得到．但是，在某状态下系统应该选择的动作不能仅仅是模仿在训练数据中同一状态对应的动作，而应该是选择合适的动作能够导致一个成功的对话．因此，把对话过程看成是一个决策过程更为合适，从而根据对话的整体成功来优化动作的选择过程［３２］．因而这是一个规划问题，并且可以用强化学习［３３］方法学习获得最优的结果
对话系统从本体构成和业务逻辑角度，可分为领域任务型和开放型的信息交互．领域任务型系统针对具体应用领域，具有比较清晰的业务语义单元的定义、本体结构以及用户目标范畴，例如航班查询、视频搜索、设备控制等等，这类交互往往是以完成特定的操作任务作为交互目标；而开放型信息交互则不针对特定领域，或说面向非常广泛的领域，交互目标并非业务任务，而是满足用户其它方面的需求，例如开放的百科问答、聊天等．它虽然能一定程度上显示人工智能的力量，但因其并不专注于帮助人解决现实任务问题，其实际使用范围较为狭窄．近年来，随着移动终端的高速发展，面向任务的自然人机对话系统和相关的认知控制理论得到了越来越多的学术和产业界重视，这也是本文讨论的重点
任务型人机对话系统中的认知技术
We com-plement recent work by showing the effec-tiveness of simple sequence-to-sequenceneural architectures with a copy mecha-nism. Our model outperforms more com-plex memory-augmented models by 7% inper-response generation and is on par withthe current state-of-the-art on DSTC2, areal-world task-oriented dialogue dataset
用一个带有copy机制的简单seq2seq框架超过现有最好的真实DSTC2 7个点。
A Copy-Augmented Sequence-to-Sequence Architecture GivesGood Performance on Task-Oriented Dialogue
Task-oriented dialogue focuses on conversational agents that participate in dialogues with user goals on domain-specific topics. In contrast to chatbots, which simply seek to sustain open-ended meaningful discourse, existing task-oriented agents usually explicitly model user intent and belief states. This paper examines bypassing such an explicit representation by depending on a latent neural embedding of state and learning selective attention to dialogue history together with copying to incorporate relevant prior context. We complement recent work by showing the effectiveness of simple sequence-to-sequence neural architectures with a copy mechanism. Our model outperforms more complex memory-augmented models by 7% in per-response generation and is on par with the current state-of-the-art on DSTC2, a real-world task-oriented dialogue datase
Both NLU and NLG are implementedwith template-based models
这个地方的NLU和NLG都是用基于模版的模型。
Symptom ExtractionWe follow the BIO(begin-in-out) schema for symptom identification(Figure 1). Each Chinese character is assigned alabel of ”B”, ”I” or ”O”. Also, each extractedsymptom expression is tagged withTrueorFalseindicating whether the patient suffers from thissymptom or not. In order to improve the anno-tation agreement between annotators, we createtwo guidelines for the self-report and the conver-sational data respectively. Each record is anno-tated by at least two annotators. Any inconsis-tency would be further judged by the third one.The Cohen’s kappa coefficient between two anno-tators are71%and67%for self-reports and con-versations respectively
症状数据抽取，BIO格式。每个中文字符标注为“B","I","O".每个抽取出的症状根据病人真实情况打标为“True","False"。3人2个都标过的才有效，第三人评判。Cohhen kappa 相关性来作为标注标准。
In this paper, we make a move to builda dialogue system for automatic diagno-sis. We first build a dataset collected froman online medical forum by extractingsymptoms from both patients’ self-reportsand conversational data between patientsand doctors. Then we propose a task-oriented dialogue system framework tomake the diagnosis for patients automat-ically, which can converse with patients tocollect additional symptoms beyond theirself-reports. Experimental results on ourdataset show that additional symptoms ex-tracted from conversation can greatly im-prove the accuracy for disease identifica-tion and our dialogue system is able tocollect these symptoms automatically andmake a better diagnosis
In this paper, we make a move to builda dialogue system for automatic diagno-sis. We first build a dataset collected froman online medical forum by extractingsymptoms from both patients’ self-reportsand conversational data between patientsand doctors. Then we propose a task-oriented dialogue system framework tomake the diagnosis for patients automat-ically, which can converse with patients tocollect additional symptoms beyond theirself-reports. Experimental results on ourdataset show that additional symptoms ex-tracted from conversation can greatly im-prove the accuracy for disease identifica-tion and our dialogue system is able tocollect these symptoms automatically andmake a better diagnosis
从一个在线医疗论坛抽取来病人的病情自述以及和医生的对话过程作为训练数据，结果表明从对话过程获得的病情描述能大幅提高医生对疾病的诊断，并且论文的对话系统能够有效的收集到这些信息帮助诊断。
To overcome this issue, weexplore data generation using templates and terminologies and data augmentationapproaches. Namely, we report our experiments using paraphrasing and wordrepresentations learned on a large EHR corpus with Fasttext and ELMo, to learn aNLU model without any available dataset. We evaluate on a NLU task of naturallanguage queries in EHRs divided in slot-filling and intent classification sub-tasks.On the slot-filling task, we obtain a F-score of 0.76 with the ELMo representation;and on the classification task, a mean F-score of 0.71. Our results show that thismethod could be used to develop a baseline system
在生物医药领域很缺数据，为了解决这个问题，常识了基于模版，术语大的数据扩展技术。先在大的数据集上用ELMo来构建词向量。把任务评估分成两个子任务来进行，slot-filling和意图分类。
偏应用的一篇文章，结果也说明不了什么
Natural language understanding for task oriented dialog in the biomedical domain in a low resources context
PyDial: A Multi-domain Statistical Dialogue System Toolkit
一个开源的端到端的统计对话系统工具。
其总的架构包含Sematic Decode,Belief Tracker,Policy Reply System,Language generator. 整体来说整个系统都支持了基于规则的判断过程，也融合了模型的支持。源码值得一看的。
For the slot filling task, the input is the sentence consisting of a sequence of words, L, and the output is a sequence of slot/concept IDs, S, one for each word. In the statistical SLU systems, the task is often formalized as a pattern recognition problem: Given the word sequence L, the goal of SLU is to find the semantic representation of the slot sequence 푆that has the maximum a posterioriprobability 푃(푆|퐿).
对于填槽任务，输入是一个有一系列词组成的语句，输出是每个词对应的slot/concept IDs。在统计SLU系统里，这个任务可以看作是：给定词序列L,SLU的目标是找到一个slot 序列来最大化后验概率P(S/L).
Using Recurrent Neural Networks for Slot Filling in Spoken Language Understanding
bi-directional Jordan-type network that takes into account both past and future dependencies among slots works best
双向的 Jordan-type网络对槽最好用
Using Recurrent Neural Networksfor Slot Filling in Spoken Language Understanding
Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems
非常简单的介绍，可以看作是一个文献阅读索引
detail :
Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems
Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems
Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems
Open-Domain Neural Dialogue Systems
the dataset used in our experiment hasonly the tags of filled information slots extracted by patternmatching between dialogue log and final order information
用到的数据集是一个coffee ordering的对话过程的数据，31567通对话，142412对会话。数据只有用正则匹配出来的填充的标签信息。
the agent model swaps the in-put and output sequences, and it also takes the tag of filledinformation slots as an input which is extracted from dia-logue in previous turns by pattern matching with the orderinformation in ground truth
agent model 构建前先预训练。网络结构和user model一样，但是输入和输出反转，同时也把之前对话中已经填充的槽位信息作为输入。但是这俩部分信息并不是简单的直接拼接在一起，而是来学习适合的attention 权重来更好的利用注意力机制。此外任何其他额外的语义意图标签都不必用。
By directly learningfrom the raw dialogue logs, the network takes the agent ut-Figure 2: The network structure: encoder-decoder structurewith the attention mechanismteranceXa:xa1;xa2;:::;xanas the input sequence and takescorresponding user utteranceYu:yu1;yu2;:::;yumas the tar-get sequence.
User model.直接用双向的LSTM，以agent的utterance作为X，对应的用户的utterance作为Y。
In the task-oriented dialogues, a user usually firstly showsthe intention to the agent and then answers the agent’s ques-tions one by one to specify the demand.
这个认识是说在通常场景中用户先表达出意图然后回答agent的一个个问题来具体自己的需求。
用户通常是被动的，偶尔的有一轮问题。换句话说用户基本上都是在一轮中回答由agent提出的问题。所以可以基于一个用户只需要考虑一轮回答来给出回复这样的假设来构建user model,,让agent model来处理多轮对话。
we propose a uSer andAgent Model IntegrAtion (SAMIA) framework inspired byan observation that the roles of the user and agent models areasymmetric. Firstly, this SAMIA framework model the usermodel as a Seq2Seq learning problem instead of ranking ordesigning rules. Then the built user model is used as a lever-age to train the agent model by deep reinforcement learning.In the test phase, the output of the agent model is filtered bythe user model to enhance the stability and robustness. Ex-periments on a real-world coffee ordering dataset verify theeffectiveness of the proposed SAMIA framework.
吐槽现有机器人比较low都是手工规则，强化学习只适用有限的几个场景。所以受用户和agent角色的不对称关系造了samia。首先是用户模型不是规则或者排序而是seq2seq，然后基于用户模型来用强化学习构建agent。
ntegrating User and Agent Models: A Deep Task-Oriented Dialogue System Weiyan Wang, Yuxiang WU, Yu Zhang, Zhongqi Lu, Kaixiang Mo, Qiang Yang (Submitted on 10 Nov 2017) Task-oriented dialogue systems can efficiently serve a large number of customers and relieve people from tedious works. However, existing task-oriented dialogue systems depend on handcrafted actions and states or extra semantic labels, which sometimes degrades user experience despite the intensive human intervention. Moreover, current user simulators have limited expressive ability so that deep reinforcement Seq2Seq models have to rely on selfplay and only work in some special cases. To address those problems, we propose a uSer and Agent Model IntegrAtion (SAMIA) framework inspired by an observation that the roles of the user and agent models are asymmetric. Firstly, this SAMIA framework model the user model as a Seq2Seq learning problem instead of ranking or designing rules. Then the built user model is used as a leverage to train the agent model by deep reinforcement learning. In the test phase, the output of the agent model is filtered by the user model to enhance the stability and robustness. Experiments on a real-world coffee ordering dataset verify the effectiveness of the proposed SAMIA framework.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation
Recent neural models of dialogue generationoffer great promise for generating responsesfor conversational agents, but tend to be short-sighted, predicting utterances one at a timewhile ignoring their influence on future out-comes. Modeling the future direction of a di-alogue is crucial to generating coherent, inter-esting dialogues, a need which led traditionalNLP models of dialogue to draw on reinforce-ment learning. In this paper, we show how tointegrate these goals, applying deep reinforce-ment learning to model future reward in chat-bot dialogue. The model simulates dialoguesbetween two virtual agents, using policy gradi-ent methods to reward sequences that displaythree useful conversational properties: infor-mativity, coherence, and ease of answering (re-lated to forward-looking function). We evalu-ate our model on diversity, length as well aswith human judges, showing that the proposedalgorithm generates more interactive responsesand manages to foster a more sustained conver-sation in dialogue simulation. This work marksa first step towards learning a neural conversa-tional model based on the long-term success ofdialogues.
Dialog System & Technology Challenge 6 Overview of Track 1 - End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog learning
End-to-end dialog learning is an important research subject inthe domain of conversational systems. The primary task consistsin learning a dialog policy from transactional dialogs of a givendomain. In this context, usable datasets are needed to evaluatelearning approaches, yet remain scarce. For this challenge, atransaction dialog dataset has been produced using a dialogsimulation framework developed and released by Facebook AIResearch. Overall, nine teams participated in the challenge. Inthis report, we describe the task and the dataset. Then, we specifythe evaluation metrics for the challenge. Finally, the results ofthe submitted runs of the participants are detailed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK MODELS FOR LEXICAL DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION
Intent Detection for code-mix utterances in task oriented dialogue systems
Intent detection is an essential component of taskoriented dialogue systems. Over the years, extensiveresearch has been conducted resultingin many state of the art modelsdirected towards resolving user’sintents indialogue. A variety of vector representation for user utterances have been explored for the same. However, these models and vectorization approaches have more so been evaluated in a single language environment. Dialogue systems generally have to deal with queries in different languages and most importantly Code-Mix form of writing. Since Code-Mix texts are not bounded by a formal structure they are difficult to handle. We thus conduct experiments across combinations of models and various vector representations for Code-Mix as well as multi-language utterancesand evaluate how these models scale to a multi-languageenvironment. Our aim is to find the best suitable combination of vector representation and models for the process of intent detection for code-mix utterances. We have evaluated the experiments on two different dataset consisting of only Code-Mix utterances and the otherdataset consisting of English, Hindi, and Code-Mix( English-Hindi) utterances
Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue with Dialogue State Representation
Mem2Seq: Effectively Incorporating Knowledge Bases into End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog Systems
Improving Semantic Parsing for Task Oriented Dialog
Semantic parsing using hierarchical representations has recently been proposedfor task oriented dialog with promising results. In this paper, we present three dif-ferent improvements to the model: contextualized embeddings, ensembling, andpairwise re-ranking based on a language model. We taxonomize the errors pos-sible for the hierarchical representation, such as wrong top intent, missing spansor split spans, and show that the three approaches correct different kinds of errors.The best model combines the three techniques and gives 6.4% better exact matchaccuracy than the state-of-the-art, with an error reduction of 33%, resulting in anew state-of-the-art result on the Task Oriented Parsing (TOP) dataset
对话系统任务综述与基于POMDP的对话系统
dialogue fertilizes thought
Word choice! Therefore, dialogue enriches thought, adding to its development.
must place 1,Jl>'u.,<I himself in lhe same situation as the audience, in order to form a true judgment of the oration.
Me: But Hume, why can't I write about Las Meninas without mentioning Foucault?
Hume: My child, "before [you] enter upon the subject, [you] must endeavor to conciliate [the peer reviewer's] affection, and acquire their good graces."
Me: But why can't we just move on?!?!
Hume: My child, you "must place [yourself] in the same situation as the audience, in order to form a true judgment."
Me: Yeah I'm just gonna cut the reference.
I mean, you guys might have read that differently.
Plato’s cave
presented by the Greek philosopher, Plato in his work Republic to compare "the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature."
Transmission or dialogue
So designers on the runway this week engaged in a continuing dialogue
This "continuing dialogue" also seems to be further embraced on a bigger scale and globally due to influences like social media and bloggers.
Christopher P. Long.
For Long performative publications are directly connected to the idea of practice, where following the concept of performativity, he argues that ideas should be put to practice, where practice can further inform and enrich ones ideas again. Long applies these values directly to several of his own performative projects. In his book The Socratic and Platonic Politics: Practicing a Politics of Reading, he shows how Socratic philosophy and Platonic writing was designed to cultivate dialogue and community. By digitally enhancing his publication, Long explores how writing and reading can promote community in a digital context, in specific a community of collaborative readers. As Long argues:
If, however, the book is not to be a mere abstract academic exercise, it will need to be published in a way that performs and enables the politics of collaborative reading for which it argues. (Long 2012)
A further extension of this project is a podcast series titled Digital Dialogue which aims to cultivate dialogue in a digital age by engaging other scholars in open conversation online. Long is also involved in the Public Philosophy Journal project, which is specifically set up to crawl the web to find diverse positions on various philosophical subjects and to bring these together in a collaborative writing setting. As Long explains:
The PPJ is designed to crawl the web, listening for conversations in which philosophical ideas and approaches are brought to bear on a wide variety of issues of public concern. Once these conversations are curated and a select number chosen for further development, we will invite participants into a space of collaborative writing so they can work their ideas up into a more fully formulated scholarly article or digital artifact. (Chris Long 2013)
“It’s more complicated than that.” No kidding. You could nail a list of caveats to any sentence in this essay. But the complexity of these problems is no excuse for inaction. It’s an invitation to read more, learn more, come to understand the situation, figure out what you can build, and go build it. That’s why this essay has 400 hyperlinks. It’s meant as a jumping-off point. Jump off it. There’s one overarching caveat. This essay employed the rhetoric of “problem-solving” throughout. I was trained as an engineer; engineers solve problems. But, at least for the next century, the “problem” of climate change will not be “solved” — it can only be “managed”. This is a long game. One more reason to be thinking about tools, infrastructure, and foundations. The next generation has some hard work ahead of them.
Also a good foot note related with the ones at beginning. A problem solving language doesn't mean to be enchanted by the magic of techno-solutionism. It can be an invitation from a particular point of view to action and dialogue. This seems the case here. Thanks Bret.
This is aimed at people in the tech industry, and is more about what you can do with your career than at a hackathon. I’m not going to discuss policy and regulation, although they’re no less important than technological innovation. A good way to think about it, via Saul Griffith, is that it’s the role of technologists to create options for policy-makers.
Nice to see this conversation happening between technology and broader socio-political problems so explicit in Bret's discourse.
What we're doing in fact is enabling this conversation between technologist and policy-makers first, and we're highlighting it via hackathon/workshops, but not reducing it only to what happens there (an interesting critique to the techno-solutionism hackathon is here), using the feedback loops in social networks, but with an intention of mobilizing a setup that goes beyond. One example is our twitter data selfies (picture/link below). The necesity of addressing urgent problem that involve techno-socio-political complex entanglements is more felt in the Global South.
^ Up | Twitter data selfies: a strategy to increase the dialog between technologist/hackers and policy makers (click here for details).
When Brenda starts working with a teacher for the first time, she begins by sharing much more about herself with others than she would have done back in 2008 when she began as an Education Advisor. She finds that it helps to forge a stronger connection. She remembers hearing someone say that we are constantly asking our students to take risks and share information about themselves with the class and with the teacher, so as teachers we should model this and do the same with our students. This person convinced Brenda that it strengthens bonds, makes us more engaged with each other and makes the teaching and learning much more meaningful and fun.
Sounds like a key lesson in any type of dialogue.
there's a case to be made that citizens providing feedback on actual policy is just as important than who they elect.
In some J-Schools, this case is hard to make as journalists claim they're the ones through whom this process happens.
A group of people invited to give their time and serious attention to a task that has no apparent goal and is not being led in any detectable direction may quickly find itself experiencing a great deal of anxiety or annoyance.
cf. modern Socratic dialogue
another layer not controlled by the content owners
This takes Facebook discussion into a whole new realm. Imagine the potentially meaningful dialogue that could be had on this Hypothesis layer!
while still others have occupied themselves with dialogue,40 and are called dialecticians
An irony to Plato?
Then rhetoric does not treat of all kinds of discourse?
defining and distinguishing rhetoric and dialogue