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Steinhauser, G. (2021, February 7). Rollout of AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Halted in South Africa After Study. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/astrazeneca-vaccine-doesnt-protect-against-mild-and-moderate-cases-from-south-africa-strain-11612700385

The black lord refers to Mansa Musa, a dedicated Muslim and Emperor of West Africa during the 14th century. Land of the negroes means dark-skinned civilization. It mentions that his the richest and noblest of all lands indicate his travels because it compares other emperors' wealth and hereditary class to Mansa Musa. No other empire could compare to his status because of the natural resources of gold in Mansa land. His leadership is shown due to him being called black lord. He had vast amounts of his people following him on his travel to Mecca, which shows his people's dedication and respect for him as king.

Merrick, J. (2021, April 20). Covid-19 variants: South African strain is causing the most concern for UK scientists. iNews. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/covid-19-variants-south-african-strain-is-causing-the-most-concern-for-uk-scientists-965679?utm_term=Autofeed&ito=social_itw_theipaper&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1618951521

Gross, A. (2021, April 15). Concerns rise about spread of coronavirus variant in London. https://www.ft.com/content/d1a18cef-68ff-4f37-b5d7-ad522b2bbf68

Trevor Bedford. (2021, January 14). After ~10 months of relative quiescence we’ve started to see some striking evolution of SARS-CoV-2 with a repeated evolutionary pattern in the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern emerging from the UK, South Africa and Brazil. 1/19 [Tweet]. @trvrb. https://twitter.com/trvrb/status/1349774271095062528

Rubin, R. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccines vs Variants—Determining How Much Immunity Is Enough. JAMA, 325(13), 1241. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3370

Team, B. (2021, March 29). Why South Africa isn’t using the AstraZeneca jabs it bought. Bhekisisa. https://bhekisisa.org/health-news-south-africa/2021-03-29-why-south-africa-isnt-using-the-astrazeneca-jabs-it-bought/

Johnson, J. &. (n.d.). Johnson & Johnson Announces Advance Purchase Agreement with the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust for the Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate. Retrieved 30 March 2021, from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/johnson--johnson-announces-advance-purchase-agreement-with-the-african-vaccine-acquisition-trust-for-the-companys-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-301257348.html

Ravelo, J. L. (2021). ‘Jeremy Farrar: COVID-19 Pandemic “Is Nowhere near Its End”’. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/jeremy-farrar-covid-19-pandemic-is-nowhere-near-its-end-99484.

de Oliveira T, Lutucuta S, Nkengasong J, Morais J, Paixao JP, Neto Z, Afonso P, Miranda J, David K, Ingles L, Amilton P A P R R C, Freitas H R, Mufinda F, Tessema K S , Tegally H, San E J, Wilkinson E, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Giovanetti M, Naidoo Y, Katzourakis A, Ghafari M, Singh L, Tshiabuila D, Martin D, Lessells R. (2021) A Novel Variant of Interest of SARS-CoV-2 with Multiple Spike Mutations Detected through Travel Surveillance in Africa. medRxiv. https://www.krisp.org.za/publications.php?pubid=330. Accessed 26 March 2021.

NISO Plus 2021: Quality and reliability of preprints. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 February 2021, from https://nisoplus21.sched.com/event/fMlf/quality-and-reliability-of-preprints

Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., Graham, B. S., Mascola, J. R., Chang, J. Y., Yin, M. T., Sobieszczyk, M., Kyratsous, C. A., Shapiro, L., Sheng, Z., Huang, Y., & Ho, D. D. (2021). Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2

Ashraf, B. N. (2020). Economic impact of government interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: International evidence from financial markets. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 100371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100371

Page, Michael Le. ‘What You Need to Know about the New Variant of Coronavirus in the UK’. New Scientist. Accessed 25 February 2021. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2263077-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-variant-of-coronavirus-in-the-uk/.

Ii, Y. B., Ouattara, A., Torreele, E., & Okonta, C. (2021). How to ensure a needs-driven and community-centred vaccination strategy for COVID-19 in Africa. BMJ Global Health, 6(2), e005306. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005306

Behavioural Insights & COVID-19: Lessons From the Global South: Africa. (n.d.). Eventbrite. Retrieved 1 March 2021, from https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/137272183797?aff=efbneb

Callaway, E. (2021). ‘A bloody mess’: Confusion reigns over naming of new COVID variants. Nature, 589(7842), 339–339. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00097-w

Wibmer, C. K., Ayres, F., Hermanus, T., Madzivhandila, M., Kgagudi, P., Lambson, B. E., Vermeulen, M., Berg, K. van den, Rossouw, T., Boswell, M., Ueckermann, V., Meiring, S., Gottberg, A. von, Cohen, C., Morris, L., Bhiman, J. N., & Moore, P. L. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. BioRxiv, 2021.01.18.427166. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.18.427166

KupferschmidtFeb. 17, K., 2021, & Pm, 2:45. (2021, February 17). Unprotected African health workers die as rich countries buy up COVID-19 vaccines. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/02/unprotected-african-health-workers-die-rich-countries-buy-covid-19-vaccines

Zimmer, C. (2021, February 14). 7 Virus Variants Found in U.S. Carrying the Same Mutation. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/14/health/coronavirus-variants-evolution.html

Mannix, L. (2021, February 8). Where did these COVID-19 variants come from – and what are they? The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/what-do-new-variants-of-the-coronavirus-mean-for-us-20210126-p56wuo.html

Eichengreen, B., Aksoy, C. G., & Saka, O. (2021). Revenge of the experts: Will COVID-19 renew or diminish public trust in science? Journal of Public Economics, 193, 104343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104343

Lowes, S., & Montero, E. (n.d.). The Legacy of Colonial Medicine in Central Africa. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180284

Network, T. O. F. (2021, February 8). The Haves and Have-Nots: The geopolitical dilemma of COVID vaccine equity. The OECD Forum Network. http://www.oecd-forum.org/posts/the-haves-and-have-nots-the-geopolitical-dilemma-of-covid-vaccine-equity

Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., Weckx, L. Y., Folegatti, P. M., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Baillie, V. L., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., Bibi, S., Briner, C., Cicconi, P., Collins, A. M., Colin-Jones, R., Cutland, C. L., Darton, T. C., Dheda, K., Duncan, C. J. A., … Zuidewind, P. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: An interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1

Proposing a PSA-affiliated paid translation service with a first focus on Africa. (2020, October 14). https://corelab.blog/psatranslation/

Nkengasong, J. N., Ndembi, N., Tshangela, A., & Raji, T. (2020). COVID-19 vaccines: How to ensure Africa has access. Nature, 586(7828), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02774-8

IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. ‘COVID-19 and the Labor Market’. Accessed 6 October 2020. https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13649/.

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Aizenman, Joshua, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park, and Huanhuan Zheng. ‘Good-Bye Original Sin, Hello Risk On-Off, Financial Fragility, and Crises?’ National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, 23 April 2020. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27030.

Dias, C. S., & Verona, A. P. (2020). Confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19: A comparison among the BRICS countries [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/dmtfy

Kalk, A., & Schultz, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in African countries—Are we losing perspective? The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30563-6

Under more information about limitations and exceptions to copyright add section titled Case Studies: Case studies provide valuable information relating to the state of affairs in various countries, as well as the opposing views when debating copyright issues.

• South Africa: a case study of politics and the global economics of limitations and exceptions to copyright. The current debate in South Africa regarding proposed amendments to the Copyright Bill allows showcases the different sides of the debate, and how legal frameworks, e.g. the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa also informs decision making.

1. US Government Threatening To Kill Free Trade With South Africa After Hollywood Complained It Was Adopting American Fair Use Principles, by Mike Masnick, 4 November 2019.
2. South Africa’s Copyright Amendment Bill – one year on, by Denise Nicholson, 30 March 2020. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
3. South Africa’s Copyright Amendment Bill Returned to Parliament for Further Consideration, Mike Palmedo, 22 June 2020. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
4. See the light and pass the Copyright Amendment Bill, by Mugwena Maluleke, Tebogo Sithathu, Jack Devnarain, Tusi Fokane, Ben Cashdan and Jace Nair, 24 June 2020. © Mail & Guardian Online.
5. South African President’s Reservations to Copyright Bill Not Supported by Law, by Sean Flynn, 13 July 2020. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

For a comprehensive list of materials relating to the South African Copyright Amendment Bill processes, see Copyright and Related Issues: USTR GSP trade threats re: Bill, list compiled and amended by Denis Nicholson

Brown, C. S., Ravallion, M., & van de Walle, D. (2020). Can the World’s Poor Protect Themselves from the New Coronavirus? (Working Paper No. 27200; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27200

Lancet, T. (2020). COVID-19: The worst may be yet to come. The Lancet, 396(10244), 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31517-8

Stickings, T. (2020, June 10). Secondary schools resume in Spain, Netherlands and South Africa. Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8406723/Secondary-schools-resume-Spain-Netherlands-South-Africa.html

Africa Health Research Institute. (2020, May 25). "New work from AHRI about the effect of the Level 5 #Covid19SA lockdown on access to healthcare has found a largely resilient primary healthcare system in rural KZN among adults, but some early warning signs for child health. https://ahri.org/new-covid-19-lockdown-study-shows-drop-in-child-health-visits-but-resilience-of-hiv-care-systems-in-rural-kzn/ @kznhealth" Twitter. https://twitter.com/AHRI_News/status/1264880940482007040

Siedner, M. J., Kraemer, J. D., Meyer, M. J., Harling, G., Mngomezulu, T., Gabela, P., Dlamini, S., Gareta, D., Majozi, N., Ngwenya, N., Reynolds, Z., Seeley, J., Wong, E., Iwuji, C., Shahmanesh, M., Hanekom, W., & Herbst, K. (2020). Access to primary healthcare during lockdown measures for COVID-19 in rural South Africa: A longitudinal cohort study [Preprint]. Health Systems and Quality Improvement. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.20103226

Eric Topol on Twitter

Natalie E. Dean, PhD on Twitter

Multiple articles from Financial Times - Future of AI and Digital Healthcare

Makulilo, A. B. (2016). “A Person Is a Person through Other Persons”—A Critical Analysis of Privacy and Culture in Africa. Beijing Law Review, 7(3), 720–726. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2016.73020

Gostin, L. O. (2020). COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization. JAMA Health Forum, 1(4), e200559–e200559. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0559

Wells, C. R., Stearns, J. K., Lutumba, P., & Galvani, A. P. (2020). COVID-19 on the African continent. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30374-1

Webster, P. (2020). Virtual health care in the era of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1180–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30818-7

Makoni, M. (2020). Keeping COVID-19 at bay in Africa. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, S2213260020302198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30219-8

Kalu, B. (2020). COVID-19 in Nigeria: A disease of hunger. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, S2213260020302204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30220-4

El-Sadr, W. M., & Justman, J. (2020). Africa in the Path of Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 0(0), null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008193

Picturing Health. Films about coronavirus (COVID-19). picturinghealth.org/coronavirus-films/

Martinez-Alvarez, M. et al. (2020 April 01). COVID-19 pandemic in west africa. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30123-6.

Digital Identification in Finance Initiative in Africa | The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. (n.d.). Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/initiative/digital-identification-finance-initiative-africa

[Call for Projects]—Solve for Coronavirus (COVID-19). (n.d.). Google Docs. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeaBX3QExpXffg6mWDBZ77bftzR7zg9cduZBMoIwsD7DwSUDQ/viewform?usp=embed_facebook

This is a document about policy for IP in Africa

This article in a blog on African Intellectual Property concerns summarizes one aspect of a report to the Human Rights Council in Geneva in 2015.

I think contextualizing Creative Commons material as a component in global justice and thinking of fair distribution of resources and knowledge as an antidote to imperialism is a provocative concept.This blog, infojusticeorg offers perspectives on social justice and Creative Commons by many authors.

this is interesting!

Bantu: Agberos International [oooo]

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AppleMusic / iTunes

Jazzthing 120 blue rhythm S. 108

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

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Study questions for this section:

What roles do sugar and slavery play in the expansion of European empires?

What diseases devastate Native American peoples?

Might this be the Niger?

see The Encyclopedia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the ... By Hugh Murray, William Wallace, Robert Jameson, Sir William Jackson Hooker, William Swainson (Book III, p.1269, note: 5420-1Link to reference

I'm most optimistic about Africa's growth rate, and what it means for so many people. I'm pessimistic about the future of peace in the Middle East and Asia, and the military role of the US and its allies there.