We separately evaluate GPT‑5.5 Pro in certain cases because we judge that the setting could materially impact the relevant risks or appropriate safeguards posture.
大多数人认为如果两个模型使用相同的基础架构，它们的风险和安全需求应该相似，但OpenAI明确表示GPT-5.5 Pro需要单独评估，因为'设置可能显著影响相关风险或适当的安全措施立场'。这挑战了AI评估领域普遍认为的'相同基础模型的安全特性一致'的共识，暗示即使是微小的设置变化也可能导致显著不同的风险特征。
Real-time monitoring of agent actions with a 12-category anomaly detection system derived from frontier model safety evaluations. Three-level alert system: PROHIBITED (immediate block), HIGH_RISK_DUAL_USE (human review), DUAL_USE (log and track).
这种三级警报系统展示了AI安全监控的精细化程度，将代理行为分为不同风险级别，从完全禁止到仅记录跟踪。这种分类方法反映了AI安全中'双重用途'挑战的复杂性，即同一技术既可用于防御也可用于攻击。
Unterteilinger einer der Spitzenmanager der Alleranz stellt fest, dass Versicherungen die Kosten der Schäden bei einer Temperatursteigerung um drei Grad nicht mehr bewältigen können. Bei einer Erhitzung der Erde in diesem Ausmaß wäre das gesamte Finanzsystem und ich damit der Kapitalismus zusammenbrechen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/03/climate-crisis-on-track-to-destroy-capitalism-warns-allianz-insurer
the conclusion must of course be, okay, so this is the risk assessment we have. Let's, then we have to apply precaution. Precautionary principle. Exactly. Uncertainty in science, which will always be there, should in my view, always be. connected with a risk assessment.
for - adjacency - precautionary principle - risk assessment - progress traps
adjacency - between - precautionary principle - risk assessment - progress trap - adjacency relationship - Precautionary principle is really stating that we don't have enough knowledge and there can be a high risk - Even if there is low probability of occurrence, we must apply precautionary principle to avoid a progress trap
Die Europäische Umweltagentur hat ihren ersten Klimarisiko-Bericht veröffentlicht. Von 36 Risiken erfordern 21 sofortiges Handeln, acht mit besonderer Dringlichkeit. Insgesamt sei Europa bei weitem nicht ausreichend auf die Risiken der globalen Erhitzung vorbereitet, die in Südeuropa am bedrohlichsten seien. Europa ist der von der Erhitzung am stärksten betroffene Kontinent. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000211032/eu-muss-sich-auf-katastrophale-folgen-des-klimawandels-vorbereiten
Bericht: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-climate-risk-assessment
Eine n neue Studie untersucht, am welchen stehen der Erde ein Risiko für extreme Hitzewellen versteht, ohne dass es bisher dazu gekommen ist. Bei diesen Gebieten, zu denen sich Deutschland und die Benelux-Staaten gehören, besteht die Gefahr, dass sie sich unzureichend auf Extremereignisse vorbereiten. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/climate/extreme-heat-waves.html
Schlagenhauf, P., & Deuel, J. (2021). Concerts and COVID: Can the beat go on? The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00721-0
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, December 23). Risk of hospital stay 40% lower with Omicron than Delta, UK data suggests https://t.co/VupN8hY4qq [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1473916654421643266
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, December 8). RT @kallmemeg: NEW: @UKHSA Mini Omicron Update Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) update on cases, S gene target failure and risk assessment… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1468673329494216726
ReconfigBehSci [@SciBeh]. (2022, January 14). RT @kallmemeg: NEW: @UKHSA Variant Technical Briefing Technical Briefing 34 https://gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-sars-cov-2-variants-technical-briefings Updated Omicron Risk Assessment https… [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1482057283957891075
Meaghan Kall. (2022, February 17). BA.2 risk assessment New this week is upgrading Immune Evasion—Amber 🟨 from low to moderate that BA.2 is antigentically different to BA.1 Unsurprising given the mutation profile, with BA.2 slightly more immune evasive than BA.1 on neuts studies https://t.co/n6DWtiRaNH [Tweet]. @kallmemeg. https://twitter.com/kallmemeg/status/1494100170195312646
Davis, N., & correspondent, N. D. S. (2021, December 31). What do we know about the Omicron Covid variant so far? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/31/what-do-we-know-about-the-omicron-covid-variant-so-far
Boffey, D. (2021, December 15). Omicron likely to accelerate death toll in Europe, says health agency. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/15/omicron-covid-likely-accelerate-death-rate-europe-eu-health-agency
Theo Sanderson. (2021, December 8). SGTF Regional data to Dec 6 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1039470/Omicron_SGTF_case_update.pdf (Last data point would be expected to be incomplete based on the dates and so to slightly understate growth. And also will already have moved substantially from the midpoint of that last week on 3rd Dec.) https://t.co/1L6tM0sXIZ [Tweet]. @theosanderson. https://twitter.com/theosanderson/status/1468648673668128775
Marco, M. A., Meg. (n.d.). How Your Brain Tricks You Into Taking Risks During the Pandemic. ProPublica. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://www.propublica.org/article/how-your-brain-tricks-you-into-taking-risks-during-the-pandemic?token=l24Nh-wDyBgy53bhcy5jGvQh1IDRcxzE
People’s Covid Inquiry: Impact of covid on frontline staff and key workers—The BMJ. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2021, from https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/08/27/peoples-covid-inquiry-impact-of-covid-on-frontline-staff-and-key-workers/?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=socialnetwork
Gargano, J. W., Wallace, M., Hadler, S. C., Langley, G., Su, J. R., Oster, M. E., Broder, K. R., Gee, J., Weintraub, E., Shimabukuro, T., Scobie, H. M., Moulia, D., Markowitz, L. E., Wharton, M., McNally, V. V., Romero, J. R., Talbot, H. K., Lee, G. M., Daley, M. F., & Oliver, S. E. (2021). Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, June 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(27), 977–982. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2
See how age and illnesses change the risk of dying from covid-19 | The Economist. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/covid-pandemic-mortality-risk-estimator
Gross, A., & Cameron-Chileshe, J. (2020, October 4). Less than half UK population to receive coronavirus vaccine, says task force head | Free to read. https://www.ft.com/content/d2e00128-7889-4d5d-84a3-43e51355a751
EU probes low platelet safety signal with COVID-19 shots -. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://pharmaphorum.com/news/eu-experts-call-for-allergic-reaction-safety-update-on-astrazeneca-covid-shot/
Chande, A., Lee, S., Harris, M., Nguyen, Q., Beckett, S. J., Hilley, T., Andris, C., & Weitz, J. S. (2020). Real-time, interactive website for US-county-level COVID-19 event risk assessment. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1313–1319. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01000-9
Cerase, A. (2020). From “good” intuitions to principled practices and beyond: Ethical issues in risk communication. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 508. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP508-2020-104
Covid-19 Medical Risk Assessment – Alama. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://alama.org.uk/covid-19-medical-risk-assessment/
Ruktanonchai, N. W., Floyd, J. R., Lai, S., Ruktanonchai, C. W., Sadilek, A., Rente-Lourenco, P., Ben, X., Carioli, A., Gwinn, J., Steele, J. E., Prosper, O., Schneider, A., Oplinger, A., Eastham, P., & Tatem, A. J. (2020). Assessing the impact of coordinated COVID-19 exit strategies across Europe. Science, 369(6510), 1465–1470. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5096
Medeiros, Priscila de, Ana Carolina Medeiros, Jade Pisssamiglio Cysne Coimbra, Lucas Emmanuel Teixeira, Carlos José Salgado, José Aparecido da Silva, Norberto Cysne Coimbra, and Renato Leonardo de Freitas. ‘PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND SOCIAL PAIN DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC-RELATED SOCIAL ISOLATION’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uvh7s.
Manski, C. F. (2020). Bounding the Predictive Values of COVID-19 Antibody Tests (Working Paper No. 27226; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27226
Deep Background with Noah Feldman: How to Have a Life in the Pandemic on Apple Podcasts. (n.d.). Apple Podcasts. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/how-to-have-a-life-in-the-pandemic/id1460055316?i=1000478585036
Mitchell, O. S. (2020). Building Better Retirement Systems in the Wake of the Global Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27261; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27261
Understanding Risk with Professor Sir David Spiegelhalter | Pager Podcast. (2020, March 24). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLl9HEz5vng&feature=youtu.be
Designing Reopening Strategies in the Aftermath of COVID-19 Lockdowns: Some Principles with an Application to Denmark. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/pp158/
Pulido, Edgar Guillermo. ‘Validation to Spanish Version of the COVID-19 Stress Scale’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 17 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rcqx3.
Bautista, N. (n.d.). What to Know Before Hanging With Friends This Summer. Teen Vogue. Retrieved July 19, 2020, from https://www.teenvogue.com/story/socializing-during-coronavirus-what-to-know
Bogliacino, F., codagnone, cristiano, Montealegre, F., Folkvord, F., Gómez, C. E., Charris, R. A., Liva, G., Villanueva, F. L., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Negative shocks predict change in cognitive function and preferences: Assessing the negative affect and stress hypothesis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown mitigation strategy [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qhkf9
Oxford leads development of risk prediction model for more tailored COVID-19 shielding advice | University of Oxford. (n.d.). Retrieved 23 June 2020, from http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-06-22-oxford-leads-development-risk-prediction-model-more-tailored-covid-19-shielding
Coggon, D., Croft, P., Cullinan, P., & Williams, A. (2020). ASSESSMENT OF WORKERS PERSONAL VULNERABILITY TO COVID-19 USING COVID-AGE. MedRxiv, 2020.05.21.20108969. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.21.20108969
Independent SAGE. (2020, June 21). "NEW: Independent SAGE has evaluated the scientific evidence on social distancing & concludes it is not safe to reduce it from 2m to 1m indoors as government proposes". Twitter. https://twitter.com/IndependentSage/status/1274729064272670721
COVID-19 Regional Safety Assessment | DKG. (n.d.). DKV. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://www.dkv.global/covid-safety-assessment-200-regions
Wilson, C. (2020, June 15). The Lancet’s Richard Horton calls for international pandemic inquiry. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2245978-the-lancets-richard-horton-calls-for-international-pandemic-inquiry/
Ahuja, A. (2020, June 16). The two-metre rule and other imperfect Covid-19 risk calculations | Free to read. https://www.ft.com/content/30adbfa1-178f-47e2-97a8-bd41ca590999
Khamsi, R. (2020, March 14). They Say Coronavirus Isn’t Airborne—But It’s Definitely Borne by Air. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/they-say-coronavirus-isnt-airborne-but-its-definitely-borne-by-air/
Durrheim, D. N., Gostin, L. O., & Moodley, K. (2020). When does a major outbreak become a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? The Lancet Infectious Diseases, S1473309920304011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30401-1
McKie, R., Editor, S., Helm, and T., & Editor, P. (2020, May 17). Scientists divided over coronavirus risk to children if schools reopen. The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/17/scientists-divided-over-coronavirus-risk-to-children-if-schools-reopen
Schools “safe” to reopen, Michael Gove insists. (2020, May 17). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/education-52697488
Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication
Beyer-Hunt, S., Carter, J., Goh, A., Li, N., & Natamanya, S.M. (2020, May 14) COVID-19 and the Politics of Knowledge: An Issue and Media Source Primer. SPIN. https://secrecyresearch.com/2020/05/14/covid19-spin-primer/
The Ethics of Online Research. (2018, August 30). Leeds University Library Blog. https://leedsunilibrary.wordpress.com/2018/08/30/the-ethics-of-online-research/
Raine, S. (2020 May 13) What is wrong with evidence-based policy making? NewStatesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/health/2020/05/what-wrong-evidence-based-policy-making
Casas, R. S., Cooper, J. L., & Hempel, E. V. (2020). COVID‐19 risk triage: Engaging residents in telephonic screening. Medical Education, medu.14211. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14211
Youngstrom, E. A., Ph.D., Hinshaw, S. P., Stefana, A., Chen, J., Michael, K., Van Meter, A., … Vieta, E. (2020, April 20). Working with Bipolar Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Both Crisis and Opportunity. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wg4bj
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R., … Vallières, F. (2020, April 22). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8yqxr
Kamorowski, J., de Ruiter, C., Schreuder, M., Ask, K., & Jelicic, M. (2020, April 16). Forensic Mental Health Practitioners’ Use of Structured Risk Assessment Instruments, Views About Bias in Risk Evaluations, and Strategies to Counteract It. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/te5c2
Rivers, C., Martin, E., Gottlieb, S., Watson, C., Schoch-Spana, M., Mullen, L., Sell, T.K., Warmbrod, K.L., Hosangadi, D., Kobokovich, A., Potter, C., Cicero, A., Inglesby, T. (2020 April 17). Public health principles for a phased reopening during COVID-19: Guidance for governors. Johns Hopkins. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/public-health-principles-for-a-phased-reopening-during-covid-19-guidance-for-governors