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https://pressbooks.pub/illuminated/
A booklet prepared for teachers that introduces key concepts from the Science of Learning (i.e. cognitive neuroscience). The digital booklet is the result of a European project. Its content have been compiled from continuing professional development workshops for teachers and features evidence-based teaching practices that align with our knowledge of the Science of Learning.
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The prefrontal leukotomy procedure developed by Moniz and Lima was modified in 1936 by American neurologists Walter J. Freeman II and James W. Watts. Freeman preferred the use of the term lobotomy and therefore renamed the procedure “prefrontal lobotomy.” The American team soon developed the Freeman-Watts standard lobotomy, which laid out an exact protocol for how a leukotome (in this case, a spatula) was to be inserted and manipulated during the surgery. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now lobotomyThe use of lobotomy in the United States was resisted and criticized heavily by American neurosurgeons. However, because Freeman managed to promote the success of the surgery through the media, lobotomy became touted as a miracle procedure, capturing the attention of the public and leading to an overwhelming demand for the operation. In 1945 Freeman streamlined the procedure, replacing it with transorbital lobotomy, in which a picklike instrument was forced through the back of the eye sockets to pierce the thin bone that separates the eye sockets from the frontal lobes. The pick’s point was then inserted into the frontal lobe and used to sever connections in the brain (presumably between the prefrontal cortex and thalamus). In 1946 Freeman performed this procedure for the first time on a patient, who was subdued prior to the operation with electroshock treatment.The transorbital lobotomy procedure, which Freeman performed very quickly, sometimes in less than 10 minutes, was used on many patients with relatively minor mental disorders that Freeman believed did not warrant traditional lobotomy surgery, in which the skull itself was opened. A large proportion of such lobotomized patients exhibited reduced tension or agitation, but many also showed other effects, such as apathy, passivity, lack of initiative, poor ability to concentrate, and a generally decreased depth and intensity of their emotional response to life. Some died as a result of the procedure. However, those effects were not widely reported in the 1940s, and at that time the long-term effects were largely unknown. Because the procedure met with seemingly widespread success, Moniz was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (along with Swiss physiologist Walter Rudolf Hess). Lobotomies were performed on a wide scale during the 1940s; Freeman himself performed or supervised more than 3,500 lobotomies by the late 1960s. The practice gradually fell out of favour beginning in the mid-1950s, when antipsychotics, antidepressants, and other medications that were much more effective in treating and alleviating the distress of mentally disturbed patients came into use. Today lobotomy is rarely performed; however, shock therapy and psychosurgery (the surgical removal of specific regions of the brain) occasionally are used to treat patients whose symptoms have resisted all other treatments.
Walter Freeman's barbaric obsession and fervent practice of the miracle cure for mental illness that is the "transorbital lobotomy"
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- Electroshock
- Nobel Prize
- Prefontal Lobotomy
- 20th Century Medicine
- neurology
- psychosurgery
- Shock Therapy
- António Egas Moniz
- Brain Surgery
- 1940s
- James W. Watts
- mental illness
- Neurosurgery
- Walter Freeman
- 20th Century Neuroscience
- Walter Rudolf Hess
- Walter J. Freeman II
- Lobotomy
- leukotome
- 1950s
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www.news-medical.net www.news-medical.net
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How is Reality Constructed in the Brain
!- Title : How is Reality Constructed in the Brain
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- Dec 2022
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www.wired.com www.wired.com
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Storytelling allows us to make sense of the world. Research from a multitude of fields suggests that story structures match human neural maps. What do a mother breastfeeding, a hug from a friend, and a story all have in common? They all release oxytocin, also known as the love drug. And it’s powerful: In a study by neuroscientist Paul Zak, participants who were given synthetic oxytocin donated 57 percent more to charity than participants given a placebo. Similarly, hearing information in narrative form results in a higher likelihood of pro-social behavior.
!- power of : storytelling - Story structure matches human neural maps - storytelling releases oxytocin, the love drug - neuroscientist Paul Zak demonstrated synthetic oxytocin caused people to donate 57% more to charity than a placebo
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- Nov 2022
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- Sep 2022
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www.newyorker.com www.newyorker.com
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Maria Kozhevnikov, a neuroscientist at the National University of Singapore and Massachusetts General Hospital
!- reference : Maria Kozhevnikov - neuroscientist at National University of Singapore, Massachusetts General Hospital - Nangchen tow, Amdo region of Tibet - testing if g-tummo vase breathing technique could raise core body temperature. One monk raised body temp to that normally associated with a fever - published results in PLOS One
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- Aug 2022
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Zhao, W. J., Coady, A., & Bhatia, S. (2021). Computational mechanisms for context-based behavioral interventions: A large-scale analysis. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8cyad
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- Jul 2022
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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when we attribute sensory experiences to 00:06:39 ourselves for instance like the experience of red or the experience of seeing blue the model is external properties and we think of there as being inner properties just like those external properties that somehow we are 00:06:52 um we are seeing immediately
This comment suggests a Color BEing Journey. How can we demonstrate in a compelling way that color is an attribute of the neural architecture of the person and NOT a property of the object we are viewing?
See Color Constancy Illusion here:
David Eagleman in WIRED interview https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2FMJBfn07gZ30%2F&group=world
Beau Lotto, TED Talk https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2Fmf5otGNbkuc%2F&group=world
Andrew Stockman, TEDx talk on how we see color: https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2F_l607r2TSwg%2F&group=world
Science shows that color is an experience of the subject, not a property of the object: https://youtu.be/fQczp0wtZQQ but what Jay will go on to argue, is that this explanation itself is part of the COGNITIVE IMMEDIACY OF EXPERIENCE that we also take for granted.
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www.thegreatsimplification.com www.thegreatsimplification.com
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Peter Whybrow: “When More is Not Enough”
Title: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation Author: Nate Hagen Guest: Peter Whybrow, psychiatrist, neuroscientist, and author Date: 6 July, 2022
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www.quantamagazine.org www.quantamagazine.org
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If you’ve ever felt that you can’t focus on a task when you’re hungry — or that all you can think about is food — the neural evidence backs you up. Work from a few years ago confirmed that short-term hunger can change neural processing and bias our attention in ways that may help us find food faster.
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www.thenewatlantis.com www.thenewatlantis.com
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literacy theorists and neuroscientists attest, reading and writing have a profound effect on the way we think
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- Jun 2022
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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kathy davidson whose article you see here or whose book
Cathy N. Davidson. Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn
https://www.amazon.com/Now-You-See-Attention-Transform/dp/0670022829/
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globalecoguy.org globalecoguy.org
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It’s as if we need the gravitational pull of both worlds to keep us on track, locked on a good and righteous path. Without both worlds pulling on us, we would crash into one, or simply lose our way, hurtling through the universe on our own, intersecting nothing, helping no one.
As neuroscietist Beau Lotto points out, the Anthropocene is creating greater and greater uncertainty and unpredictability, but the one human trait evolution has created to help us deal with this is the sense of awe. See my annotation on Beau Lotto's beautiful TED Talk: How we experience awe and why it matters https://hyp.is/go?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fvideo%2F17D5SrgBE6g%2F&group=world
In short, the sacred is the antidote to the increase in uncertainty and unpredictability as we enter into the space of the Anthropocene. Awe can be the leverage point to the ultimate leverage point for system change that Donella Meadows pointed out many years ago- it can lead to rapid shift in paradigms, worldviews and value systems needed to shift the system.
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windowsontheory.org windowsontheory.org
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essentially all neuroscientists agree that our understanding of the brain is nowhere near the level that it could be used to guide curriculum development.
This looks like an interesting question...
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- May 2022
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report.ipcc.ch report.ipcc.ch
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Demand-side solutions require both motivation and capacity for change (high confidence).34Motivation by individuals or households worldwide to change energy consumption behaviour is35generally low. Individual behavioural change is insufficient for climate change mitigation unless36embedded in structural and cultural change. Different factors influence individual motivation and37capacity for change in different demographics and geographies. These factors go beyond traditional38socio-demographic and economic predictors and include psychological variables such as awareness,39perceived risk, subjective and social norms, values, and perceived behavioural control. Behavioural40nudges promote easy behaviour change, e.g., “improve” actions such as making investments in energy41efficiency, but fail to motivate harder lifestyle changes. (high confidence) {5.4}
We must go beyond behavior nudges to make significant gains in demand side solutions. It requires an integrated strategy of inner transformation based on the latest research in trans-disciplinary fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, neuroscience and behavioral economics among others.
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- Apr 2022
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www.preposterousuniverse.com www.preposterousuniverse.com
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Semantic networks and functions in intelligence.
To add to statistical ML
Innate ...
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Even though someone do the same thing, participation of neurons are changes. So measuring electric field of overall brain is more reliable than looking each neuron.
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mitpress.mit.edu mitpress.mit.edu
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https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/how-history-gets-things-wrong
How History Gets Things Wrong: The Neuroscience of Our Addiction to Stories by Alex Rosenberg
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- Mar 2022
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Furl, N., McKay, R., & Coltheart, M. (2022, January 29). The Paradox of Delusions: Are Deluded Individuals Resistant to Evidence?. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e37c2
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- Feb 2022
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every.to every.to
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I don't think it's a surprise to anyone to know that there are certain activities that help create that space, and it’s been widely commented upon. Doing the dishes, walking the dog, cleaning the house – you need to be doing something.For me, pruning trees in our olive grove is perfect. It takes a little bit of attention, but not that much attention.
This is related to the idea of diffuse thinking caused by taking breaks or doing things that don't require extreme concentration. Flaneuring... walking, etc.
You want an activity that requires a little bit of attention but not too much attention. Doing dishes, walking, errands, etc. are good examples.
Relate this to the
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- Jan 2022
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Strickland, J. C., Stoops, W., Banks, M., & Gipson-Reichardt, C. D. (2022). Logical Fallacies and Misinterpretations that Hinder Progress in Translational Addiction Neuroscience. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/frd5e
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threadreaderapp.com threadreaderapp.com
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https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1477714767854850049.html
original thread: https://twitter.com/garwboy/status/1478003120483577859?s=20
This takes a part Johann Hari's Guardian article Your attention didn’t collapse. It was stolen, but it does so mostly from a story/narrative perspective. Burnett is taking the story as a science article (it was labeled "psychology") when it's really more of a personal experience story with some nods to science.
Sadly the story works more on the emotional side than the scientific side. It would be nice to have a more straightforward review of some of the actual science literature with some of the pros/cons laid out to make a better decision.
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- Dec 2021
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Local file Local file
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Among the oldest surviving scholarly works in neurosurgery is the so-called ‘Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus’(Breasted, 1930)
- DId Susrutha surgical expertise bear lterary evidence for neurosurgery ?
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In fact, the methodical use of notebooks changed the relationship between natural memory and artificial memory, although contemporaries did not immediately realize it. Historical research supports the idea that what was once perceived as a memory aid was now used as secondary memory.18
During the 16th century there was a transition in educational centers from using the natural and artificial memories to the methodical use of notebooks and commonplace books as a secondary memory saved by means of writing.
This allows people in some sense to "forget" what they've read and learned and be surprised by it again later. They allow themselves to create liminal memories which may be refreshed and brought to the center later. Perhaps there is also some benefit in this liminal memory for allowing ideas to steep on the periphery before using them. Perhaps combinatorial creativity happens unconsciously?
Cross reference: learning research by Barbara Oakley and Terry Sejnowski.
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- Nov 2021
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- Oct 2021
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forum.artofmemory.com forum.artofmemory.com
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I just bookmarked this article published today in Current Biology for later reading and annotation. While the article isn't specifically focused on memory, the fact that it touches on visual structures, emotion, music, and movement (dance) which are core to some peoples' memory toolkits, I thought that many here would find it to be of interest.
One of the authors provided the following tl;dr synopsis:
"Across the world, people express emotion through music and dance. But why do music and dance go together?
We tested a deceptively simple hypothesis: Music and movement are represented the same way in the brain."
- Article: Visual and auditory brain areas share a representational structure that supports emotion perception01283-5) (Current Biology, 2021)
- Preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254961v4
For those who haven't integrated song or dance into their practices, searching around for the idea of songlines will give you some background on their possible uses.
cc: @LynneKelly
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- Sep 2021
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=578JJeLN9Kw
Short and basic... nothing new to me, but clever intro.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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The result has not been a gratifying bulking up of our neural “muscle.” On the contrary, all the mental effort we’ve mustered over the past year has left many of us feeling depleted and distracted, unequal to the tasks that never stop arriving in our inboxes. When the work we’re putting in doesn’t produce the advertised rewards, we’re inclined to find fault with ourselves. Maybe we’re insufficiently gritty; maybe, we think, we’re just not smart enough. But this interpretation is incorrect.
We've been gaslighting ourselves about how our brains work. It's not a muscle, having "grit", and many of our attempts at productivity are completely wrong.
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finiteeyes.net finiteeyes.net
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https://via.hypothes.is/https://finiteeyes.net/pedagogy/extending-the-mind/
A well written review of Annie Murphy Paul's The Extended Mind. Matthew Cheney has distilled a lot out of the book from his notes with particular application to improving pedagogy.
I definitely want to read this with relation to not only using it to improve teaching, but with respect to mnemotechniques and the methods oral and indigenous societies may have either had things right or wrong and what Western culture may have lost as a result. I'm also particularly interested in it for its applications to the use of commonplace books and zettelkasten as methods of extending the mind and tools for thought.
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Paul likes to quote the philosopher who first came up with the idea of the extended mind, Andy Clark, when he says that humans are “intrinsically loopy creatures”.
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I wondered about something outside the scope of her book, which is neurodivergence. The Embodied Mind looks at a wide range of studies that all seem to search for the qualities, behaviors, and tendencies of a typical mind. The typical mind, like the typical body, is a statistical figment, an abstraction from tens, hundreds, thousands, and millions of individual minds and bodies, each atypical in its own way. What happens, for instance, to the extended mind of someone with significant physical limitations? (Stephen Hawking seems to have extended his mind pretty well.) A fascinating sequel to Paul’s book might be something along the lines of Oliver Sacks’s writings, a study of neurodivergence, atypicality, and what they can tell us about how we live, learn, and work. As fascinating as the similarities between brains are the differences.
Looking at neurodivergence within this framing can be an important extension.
We're definitely not all the same and some of the differences and research on them can potentially help us all.
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- Aug 2021
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- Jul 2021
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- Jun 2021
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- May 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Agarwal, A. (2021). Ripple Effect of a Pandemic: Analysis of the Psychological Stress Landscape during COVID19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dm5x2
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Agarwal, A. (2021). The Accidental Checkmate: Understanding the Intent behind sharing Misinformation on Social Media. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kwu58
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www.coursera.org www.coursera.org
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<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>karlicross</span> hypothesis note on Via: [TEXT] I just finished the online Coursera course "Learning how to learn". I highly recommend it to everyone and I summarized everything I learned from it. : GetMotivated (<time class='dt-published'>05/17/2021 17:11:33</time>)</cite></small>
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elifesciences.org elifesciences.org
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Making (neuro)science accessible world-wide: Online seminars for the globe. (2020, May 26). ELife; eLife Sciences Publications Limited. https://elifesciences.org/labs/d8f1d697/making-neuro-science-accessible-world-wide-online-seminars-for-the-globe
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- Apr 2021
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analyticsindiamag.com analyticsindiamag.com
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Deep Reinforcement Learning and its Neuroscientific Implications In this paper, the authors provided a high-level introduction to deep RL, discussed some of its initial applications to neuroscience, and surveyed its wider implications for research on brain and behaviour and concluded with a list of opportunities for next-stage research. Although DeepRL seems to be promising, the authors wrote that it is still a work in progress and its implications in neuroscience should be looked at as a great opportunity. For instance, deep RL provides an agent-based framework for studying the way that reward shapes representation, and how representation, in turn, shapes learning and decision making — two issues which together span a large swath of what is most central to neuroscience. Check the paper here.
This should be of interest to the @braingel group and others interested in the intersections of AI and neuroscience.
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- Mar 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2020, November 23). RT @lakens: Ongoing, an incredibly awesome talk on computational reproducibility by @AdinaKrik. Slides: Https://t.co/QslHW3gEtm. If you are… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1331265422109396995
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- Feb 2021
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- Jan 2021
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www.inverse.com www.inverse.com
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Music gives the brain a crucial connective advantage
- Music’s benefits for the brain aren’t new, and this study provides further evidence that musical brains have better neural networks.
- In fact, any challenging skill that requires intensive, long-time training can improve how your brain is interconnected - even if you’re an adult.
- These findings come from a study of 150 brain scans with machine learning aid, where they counted the brain connections.
- All musician brains were a lot more structurally and functionally connected than non-musicians.
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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during the backward pass, feedback connectionsare used in concert with forward connections to dynamically invert the forward transformation,thereby enabling errors to flow backward
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www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org
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Four Channel Multivariate Coherence Training: Development and Evidence in Support of a New Form of Neurofeedback
tags:: [[neurofeedback]], [[coherence]], [[neuroscience]] [[EEG]] #[[to read]]
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opentheory.net opentheory.net
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Brains – especially younger ones, since they’re changing so much – really do need to anneal regularly to pay down their ‘technical debt’, and if they don’t, they grow brittle and neurotic. (Technical debt in the brain builds up as we twist our existing brain networks to accommodate new facts; this debt is ‘paid down’ when we enter high-energy states and let new brain networks which fit these constraints self-organize)
psychedelics help brains pay down 'technical debt' during stress states: optimized growth during [[punctuated equilibrium]]
meditation and somatic processes serves as an emphasis on the [[lateral prefrontal cortical circuit]], anti-correlated with ruminative aspects of depression
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- Dec 2020
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To the brain, reading computer code is not the same as reading language Neuroscientists find that interpreting code activates a general-purpose brain network, but not language-processing centers.
Summary of the article:
- Understanding code is neither done by language centers, nor by mathematical centers of the brain — it’s a whole different ball game.
- This comes from a researcher who’s studying how different cognitive functions relate to language processing parts of the brain.
- The study involved young programmers who analysed code while their brains were scanned.
- People either say that great coders are great at language, or great at maths - neither seems to be true, and there is no single specialized area that lights up from coding.
- The test activated the multiple demand network in participants’ brains, a wide network for performing mentally challenging tasks.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Marshall. M., (2020) How COVID-19 can damage the brain. nature. Retrieved from:https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02599-5?utm_source=twt_nnc&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=naturenews&sf237834255=1
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elemental.medium.com elemental.medium.com
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“It was never intended to help you ‘clear your mind’ or even help you feel relaxed. The point of mindfulness practice is to ‘exercise’ your executive functioning centers and strengthen your ability to focus.
The goal of meditation is to exercise executive functioning centers and strengthen your ability to focus!
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- Nov 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Agarwal, A. (2020). Ripple Effect of a Pandemic: Analysis of the Psychological Stress Landscape during COVID19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nat49
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- Oct 2020
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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Found reference to this in a review of Henry Quastler's book Information Theory in Biology.
A more serious thing, in the reviewer's opinion, is the compIete absence of contributions deaJing with information theory and the central nervous system, which may be the field par excellence for the use of such a theory. Although no explicit reference to information theory is made in the well-known paper of W. McCulloch and W. Pitts (1943), the connection is quite obvious. This is made explicit in the systematic elaboration of the McCulloch-Pitts' approach by J. von Neumann (1952). In his interesting book J. T. Culbertson (1950) discussed possible neuraI mechanisms for recognition of visual patterns, and particularly investigated the problems of how greatly a pattern may be deformed without ceasing to be recognizable. The connection between this problem and the problem of distortion in the theory of information is obvious. The work of Anatol Rapoport and his associates on random nets, and especially on their applications to rumor spread (see the series of papers which appeared in this Journal during the past four years), is also closely connected with problems of information theory.
Electronic copy available at: http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~coquand/AUTOMATA/mcp.pdf
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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- Sep 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Medeiros, Priscila de, Ana Carolina Medeiros, Jade Pisssamiglio Cysne Coimbra, Lucas Emmanuel Teixeira, Carlos José Salgado, José Aparecido da Silva, Norberto Cysne Coimbra, and Renato Leonardo de Freitas. ‘PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND SOCIAL PAIN DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC-RELATED SOCIAL ISOLATION’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uvh7s.
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- Aug 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Whiting, Sue, Sam Wass, Simon Green, and Michael Thomas. ‘Stress and Learning in Pupils: Neuroscience Evidence and Its Relevance for Teachers’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 4 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9j24a.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Rezapour, T., Assari, S., Kirlic, N., Vassileva, J., & Ekhtiari, H. (2020). Enhancing Cognitive Resilience in Adolescence and Young Adults: A Neuroscience-informed Approach [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/enrv9
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- Jul 2020
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Dikker, S. (2020, June 15). Out of the lab: Crowdsourcing neuroscience during real-world social interactions. Neurosync-2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE1XcSNWDQc
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Uni Trento. (2020, July 10-11). Think Open Rovereto Workshop 2020. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiX54geLkpPL4brRcYfnekp42PLJi5eEe
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Wool, Lauren E, and The International Brain Laboratory. ‘Knowledge across Networks: How to Build a Global Neuroscience Collaboration’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 14 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f4uaj.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Matamala-Gomez, M., Maselli, A., Malighetti, C., Realdon, O., Mantovani, F., & Riva, G. (2020). Body illusions for mental health: A systematic review [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mk69x
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