- Jul 2024
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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26:30 Brings up progress traps of this new technology
26:48
question How do we shift our (human being's) relationship with the rest of nature
27:00
metaphor - interspecies communications - AI can be compared to a new scientific instrument that extends our ability to see - We may discover that humanity is not the center of the universe
32:54
Question - Dr Doolittle question - Will we be able to talk to the animals? - Wittgenstein said no - Human Umwelt is different from others - but it may very well happen
34:54
species have culture - Marine mammals enact behavior similar to humans
- Unknown unknowns will likely move to known unknowns and to some known knowns
36:29
citizen science bioacoustic projects - audio moth - sound invisible to humans - ultrasonic sound - intrasonic sound - example - Amazonian river turtles have been found to have hundreds of unique vocalizations to call their baby turtles to safety out in the ocean
41:56
ocean habitat for whales - they can communicate across the entire ocean of the earth - They tell of a story of a whale in Bermuda can communicate with a whale in Ireland
43:00
progress trap - AI for interspecies communications - examples - examples - poachers or eco tourism can misuse
44:08
progress trap - AI for interspecies communications - policy
45:16
whale protection technology - Kim Davies - University of New Brunswick - aquatic drones - drones triangulate whales - ships must not get near 1,000 km of whales to avoid collision - Canadian government fines are up to 250,000 dollars for violating
50:35
environmental regulation - overhaul for the next century - instead of - treatment, we now have the data tools for - prevention
56:40 - ecological relationship - pollinators and plants have co-evolved
1:00:26
AI for interspecies communication - example - human cultural evolution controlling evolution of life on earth
Tags
- interspecies communication - umwelt
- - whale communication - span the entire ocean
- citizen science bioacoustics
- question - How do we shift our relationship with the rest of nature? - ESP research objective
- environmental overhaul - treatment to prevention
- progress trap - AI for interspecies communications - policy
- whale protection - bioacoustic and drones
- metaphor - interspecies communication - AI is like a new scientific instrument
- progress trap - AI applied to interspecies communications
- AI for interspecies communication - example - human cultural evolution controlling evolution of life on earth
- progress trap - AI for interspecies communications - examples - poachers - ecotourism
- ecological relationships - pollinators and plants co-evolved
Annotators
URL
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- Dec 2023
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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if we want to see science having a deeper impact on society and politics it's crucial that we have also 00:45:52 scientific storytellers
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for: quote - Yuval Noah Harari, quote - storytelling, quote - scientific storytelling, science communication, climate communication
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key insight
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quote
- If we want to see science having a deeper impact on society and politics, it's crucial that we have also scientific storytelling
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comment
- I would just add that it should be COMPELLING scientific storytelling
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- Jul 2023
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die aktuellen Hitzewellen entsprechen den Voraussagen der Klimawissenschaft.Lediglicb die stabilen Extremwetterlagen aufgrund eines mäandernden Jetstream wurden so nicht prognostiziert. Michael Mann und Joy Hassol rufen zum.Handeln auf, weil nur noch kurze Zeit bleibt, um die Erhitzung aufzuhalten, bevor Tipping Points ausgelöst werden, nach denen es zu einem Runaway climate change kommen kann. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/19/heatwave-climate-omen-change-course-weather-models
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- Nov 2022
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library.oapen.org library.oapen.org
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Modern science is, to a large extent, a model-building activity. In the natural and engineering sciences as well as in the social sciences, models are constructed, tested and revised, they are compared with other models, applied, interpreted and sometimes rejected or replaced by a better model.
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- Apr 2022
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘Now #scibeh2020: Pat Healey from QMU, Univ. Of London speaking about (online) interaction and miscommunication in our session on “Managing Online Research Discourse” https://t.co/Gsr66BRGcJ’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1326155809437446144
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Stefan Simanowitz. (2021, March 18). 1/. The PM claims that the govt “stuck to the science like glue” But this is not true At crucial times they ignored the science or concocted pseudo-scientific justifications for their actions & inaction This thread, & the embedded threads, set them out https://t.co/dhXqkSL1bz [Tweet]. @StefSimanowitz. https://twitter.com/StefSimanowitz/status/1372460227619135493
Tags
- asymptomatic
- COVID-19
- public communication
- pseudo-scientific justifications
- transmission
- public health
- is:twitter
- BBC
- epidemiology
- misinformation
- care homes
- lang:en
- government policy
- Boris Johnson
- behavioural fatigue
- vaccine
- media narrative
- reasoning
- herd immunity
- delaying lockdown
- spread infection
Annotators
URL
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- Feb 2022
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www.scibeh.org www.scibeh.org
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SciBeh Virtual Workshop 2021: Science Communication as Collective Intelligence. (n.d.). SciBeh. Retrieved 14 February 2022, from https://www.scibeh.org/events/workshop2021/
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medicalxpress.com medicalxpress.com
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Michaud, M., & Center, U. of R. M. (n.d.). Trust in science at root of vaccine acceptance. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-01-science-root-vaccine.html
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- Jan 2022
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www.thesciencewriter.org www.thesciencewriter.org
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Trust in Science is Changing. (n.d.). The Science Writer. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.thesciencewriter.org/uncharted/trust-science-changing
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Fischer, O., Jeitziner, L., & Wulff, D. U. (2021). Affect in science communication: A data-driven analysis of TED talks. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/28yc5
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- Dec 2021
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Schmid, P., & Lewandowsky, S. (n.d.). Tackling COVID disinformation with empathy and conversation. The Conversation. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://theconversation.com/tackling-covid-disinformation-with-empathy-and-conversation-173013
Tags
- science
- COVID-19
- conversation
- disinformation
- conspiracy theory
- infodemic
- is:webpage
- social distancing
- social media
- misinformation
- empathy
- far-right
- lang:en
- motivational interviewing
- research
- exposure
- scientific knowledge
- anti-vaccine
- Germany
- COVID denial
- vaccine
- risk
- communication
- critical thinking
- compliance
Annotators
URL
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journals.lww.com journals.lww.com
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Johnston, M. (2021). What Lies Beneath: Tackling Vaccine Hesitancy. Emergency Medicine News, 43(10), 7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EEM.0000795760.41732.33
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- Nov 2021
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Pugel, J., Long, E. C., Fernandes, M. A., Cruz, K., Giray, C., Crowley, D. M., & Scott, J. T. (n.d.). Who is listening? Profiles of policymaker engagement with scientific communication. Policy & Internet, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.273
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2021, November 2). The current JCVI minutes debate clearly illustrates the problems with Twitter and scientific debate: Meaning glossed, hedges and distinctions left behind, claims about arguments conflated with claims about people, paving the way to ramped up, emotive soundbites and claims. 1/7 [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1455458854637117440
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- Oct 2021
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journalistsresource.org journalistsresource.org
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Covering COVID-19 vaccine boosters: 4 tips and a timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://journalistsresource.org/home/covid-19-boosters-tip-sheet/
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- Jul 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Nan, X., Wang, Y., & Thier, K. (2021). Health Misinformation. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jt3ur
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- May 2021
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Remmel, A. (2021). ‘It’s a minefield’: COVID vaccine safety poses unique communication challenge. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01257-8
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- Apr 2021
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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Given the circumstances, Scientific American has agreed with major news outlets worldwide to start using the term “climate emergency” in its coverage of climate change
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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West, J. D., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2021). Misinformation in and about science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912444117
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- Feb 2021
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www.bristol.ac.uk www.bristol.ac.uk
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Bristol, U. of. (n.d.). January: COVID-19 vaccine communication handbook | News and features | University of Bristol. University of Bristol. Retrieved 25 February 2021, from http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2021/january/covid-19-vaccine-communication-handbook.html
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- Oct 2020
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Schmid, P., Schwarzer, M., & Betsch, C. (n.d.). Weight-of-Evidence Strategies to Mitigate the Influence of Messages of Science Denialism in Public Discussions. Journal of Cognition, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.125
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sp.lyellcollection.org sp.lyellcollection.org
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Cerase, A. (2020). From “good” intuitions to principled practices and beyond: Ethical issues in risk communication. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 508. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP508-2020-104
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- Sep 2020
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journals.sagepub.com journals.sagepub.com
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Spellman, B. A. (2015). A Short (Personal) Future History of Revolution 2.0. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 886–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615609918
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www.politico.com www.politico.com
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Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19. (n.d.). POLITICO. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809
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docs.google.com docs.google.com
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Hack-a-thons to improve the research culture. (n.d.). Google Docs. Retrieved September 9, 2020, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAlSb9XTdXznvI2GrOzsXgRn_ibRFHrDL5acodMnaUzubs2A/viewform?edit_requested=true&usp=embed_facebook
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Joshua Salomon on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved September 7, 2020, from https://twitter.com/SalomonJA/status/1302767010367983616
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- Aug 2020
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r/BehSciResearch—New research project on managing disagreement. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciResearch/comments/hwjm0w/new_research_project_on_managing_disagreement/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Moreau, D., & Gamble, B. (2020). Conducting a Meta-Analysis in the Age of Open Science: Tools, Tips, and Practical Recommendations [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t5dwg
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play.acast.com play.acast.com
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Nature. (2020, April 17). Coronapod: Troubling news. https://play.acast.com/s/nature/coronapod-troublingnews
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www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com
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Chang, D. C., & Stapleton, S. M. (2020). Response: The Proliferation and Misinterpretation of “As Safe As” Statements in Surgical Science: A Call for Professional Discourse to Search for a Solution. Journal of Surgical Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.074
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fife, D., Lung, M., Sullivan, N., & Young, C. (2020). When Values Collide: Why Scientists Argue About Open Science and How to Move Forward [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q9d28
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www.edsurge.com www.edsurge.com
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Preprint Servers Have Changed Research Culture in Many Fields. Will a New One for Education Catch On? - EdSurge News. (2020, August 20). EdSurge. https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-08-20-preprint-servers-have-changed-research-culture-in-many-fields-will-a-new-one-for-education-catch-on
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sci-hub.tw sci-hub.tw
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Schalkwyk, M. C. I. van, Hird, T. R., Maani, N., Petticrew, M., & Gilmore, A. B. (2020). The perils of preprints. BMJ, 370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3111. https://t.co/qNPLYCeT99?amp=1
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www.latimes.com www.latimes.com
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C. L., & Print. (2020, August 14). Op-Ed: We rely on science. Why is it letting us down when we need it most? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-08-14/replication-crisis-science-cancer-memory-rewriting
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Gewin, V. (2020). The trials of global research under the coronavirus. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02326-0
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deviparikh.medium.com deviparikh.medium.com
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Parikh, D. (2020, May 27). How we write rebuttals. Medium. https://medium.com/@deviparikh/how-we-write-rebuttals-dc84742fece1
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- Jul 2020
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osf.io osf.io
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Mikolai, J., Keenan, K., & Kulu, H. (2020). Household level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis from the UK [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4wtz8
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Communicating statistics, risk and uncertainty in the age of Covid—Prof. David Spiegelhalter. (2020, June 30). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq7W1l7RptQ&feature=youtu.be
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Dan Quintana on Twitter: “Tomorrow at 1pm CEST I’ll be doing a virtual talk for the Rotterdam R.I.O.T. Science Club (@rdam_riots) on using Twitter for science 🧬 I’ll be covering both the why and the how + I’ll be leaving plenty of time for a Q&A session. Watch here: https://t.co/nXHry9Inyi https://t.co/T6u7lvgAhO” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://twitter.com/dsquintana/status/1264623289814659072
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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COVID-19, preprints, and the information ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWi4Q5rZiO0
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Aksoy, C. G., Eichengreen, B., & Saka, O. (2020). Revenge of the Experts: Will COVID-19 Renew or Diminish Public Trust in Science? [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/5ym9n
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Professor Peter Bull—Meeting the media as a political psychologist. (2020, February 24). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-mt44t-cao&feature=youtu.be
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.comYouTube1
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Dr Daniel Quintana | Using Twitter for Science | R.I.O.T. Science Club—YouTube. (2020, May 26). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pA5Y4cO934I
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gss.civilservice.gov.uk gss.civilservice.gov.uk
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An analyst’s job is never done – GSS. (n.d.). Retrieved July 3, 2020, from https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/blog/an-analysts-job-is-never-done/
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- Jun 2020
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en.unesco.org en.unesco.org
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https://plus.google.com/+UNESCO. (2020, February 17). Open Science. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/open-science
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www.bmj.com www.bmj.com
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Gray, N. A., & Back, A. L. (2020). Covid-19 communication aids. BMJ, m2255. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2255
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Quintana, D. S., & Heathers, J. (2020). How podcasts can benefit science [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ry5x9
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scicomm.plos.org scicomm.plos.org
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Tips on Using Science Twitter During COVID-19. (2020, April 15). PLOS SciComm. https://scicomm.plos.org/2020/04/15/tips-on-using-science-twitter-during-covid-19/
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “@ceptional P.S. this might be a moment to clarify explicitly something about the @SciBeh account: it’s (presently) run by a real person, not a bot and that can’t help but influence content -but it’s an ‘institutional’, not a personal account, and that matters too” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/scibeh/status/1270622633994813442
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Cohen, P. N. (2020, June 8). Talk: How we know: COVID-19, preprints, and the information ecosystem. SocOpen: Home of SocArXiv. https://socopen.org/2020/06/08/talk-how-we-know-covid-19-preprints-and-the-information-ecosystem/
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Smith-Keiling, Beverly L., Archana Sharma, Sheritta M. Fagbodun, Harsimranjit K. Chahal, Keyaira Singleton, Hari Gopalakrishnan, Katrina E. Paleologos, et al. “Starting the Conversation: Initial Listening and Identity Approaches to Community Cultural Wellness,.” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 21, no. 1 (April 10, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v21i1.2073.
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- May 2020
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Ruiu, M. L. (2020). Mismanagement of Covid-19: Lessons learned from Italy. Journal of Risk Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758755
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- Apr 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Ennis, E. G. (2020, April 16). A Novel Solution to Academic Publishing. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gqxmu
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- Apr 2016
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Local file Local filetitle2
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in the latter both the wide differential in manuscript rejection rates and the high correlation between refereerecommendations and editorial decisions suggests that reviewers and editors agree more on acceptance than on rejection.
In "specific and focussed" fields, the agreement tends to be more on acceptance than rejection.
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In the former there is also much more agreement on rejectionthan acceptance
In "general and diffuse" fields, there is more agreement on paper rejection than in "specific and focussed."
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www.helga-nowotny.eu www.helga-nowotny.eu
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excellencetorecognizeexcellence
Excellence to recognise excellence quotation.
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we.vub.ac.be we.vub.ac.be
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. I consider that my job, as a philosopher, is to activate the possible, and not to describe the probable, that is, to think situations with and through their unknowns when I can feel them
The job of a philosopher is to "activate the possible, not describe the probable."
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- Mar 2016
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download.springer.com download.springer.com
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Levine, T., Asada, K. J., & Carpenter, C. (2009). Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated inmeta-analyses: Evidence and implications of a publication bias against non-significant findings.Communication Monographs, 76, 286–302
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Paris, G., De Leo, G., Menozzi, P., & Gatto, M. (1998). Region-based citation bias in science.Nature, 396,6708
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Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.Psychological Bulletin, 86,638–641
p
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Song, F. J., Parekh-Bhurke, S., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J. J., Sutton, A. J., et al. (2009). Extent ofpublication bias in different categories of research cohorts: A meta-analysis of empirical studies.BMCMedical Research Methodology, 9, 79
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Sterling, T. D. (1959). Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests ofsignificance—Or vice versa.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 30–34
publication bias
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download.springer.com download.springer.com
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Osuna, C., Crux-Castro, L., & Sanz-Menedez, L. (2011). Overturning some assumptions about the effects ofevaluation systems on publication performance.Scientometrics, 86, 575–592
evaluation systems and publication performance
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Pautasso, M. (2010). Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social sciencedatabases.Scientometrics, 85(1), 193–202
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Schmidt, S. (2009). Shall we really do it again? The powerful concept of replication is neglected in thesocial sciences.Review of General Psychology, 13(2), 90–100.
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Shelton, R. D., Foland, P., & Gorelskyy, R. (2009). Do new SCI journals have a different national bias?Scientometrics, 79(2), 351–363. doi:
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Silvertown, J., & McConway, K. J. (1997). Does ‘‘publication bias’’ lead to biased science?Oikos, 79(1),167–168.
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Yousefi-Nooraie, R., Shakiba, B., & Mortaz-Hejri, S. (2006). Country development and manuscript selec-tion bias: A review of published studies.BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 37
On developing countries and science
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Evanschitzky, H., Baumgarth, C., Hubbard, R., & Armstrong, J. S. (2007). Replication research’s disturbingtrend.Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 411–415. doi
replication research
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Jeng, M. (2006). A selected history of expectation bias in physics.American Journal of Physics, 74(7),578–583
History of expectation bias in physics
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Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008a). Perfect study, poor evidence: Interpretation of biases preceding study design.Seminars in Hematology, 45(3), 160–166
effect of positive bias
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Feigenbaum, S., & Levy, D. M. (1996). Research bias: Some preliminary findings.Knowledge and Policy:The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer and Utilization, 9(2 & 3), 135–142.
Positive bias
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Song, F., Parekh, S., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J., Sutton, A. J., et al. (2010). Dissemination andpublication of research findings: An updated review of related biases.Health Technology Assessment,14(8), 1–193. doi
positive bias
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De Rond, M., & Miller, A. N. (2005). Publish or perish—Bane or boon of academic life?Journal ofManagement Inquiry, 14(4), 321–329. doi:
On how increased pressure to publish diminishes creativity.
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Several possible problems have been hypothesised, including: undue proliferation ofpublications and atomization of results (Gad-el-Hak2004; Statzner and Resh2010);impoverishment of research creativity, favouring ‘‘normal’’ science and predictable out-comes at the expense of pioneering, high-risk studies (De Rond and Miller2005); growingjournal rejection rates and bias against negative and non-significant results (because theyattract fewer readers and citations) (Statzner and Resh2010; Lortie1999); sensationalism,inflation and over-interpretation of results (Lortie1999; Atkin2002; Ioannidis2008b);increased prevalence of research bias and misconduct (Qiu2010). Indirect empiricalevidence supports at least some of these concerns. The per-capita paper output of scientistshas increased, whilst their career duration has decreased over the last 35 years in thephysical sciences (Fronczak et al.2007). Rejection rates of papers have increased in thehigh-tier journals (Larsen and von Ins2010; Lawrence2003). Negative sentences such as‘‘non-significant difference’’ have decreased in frequency in papers’ abstracts, while catchyexpressions such as ‘‘paradigm shift’’ have increased in the titles (Pautasso2010; Atkin2002). No study, however, has yet verified directly whether the scientific literature isenduring actual changes in conten
Good discussion (and bibliography) of problems involved in hyper competition
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Formann, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publicationbias.Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29(5), 732–739. doi
estimate of positive bias in clinical trials.
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Fronczak, P., Fronczak, A., & Holyst, J. A. (2007). Analysis of scientific productivity using maximumentropy principle and fluctuation-dissipation theorem.Physical Review E, 75(2), 026103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.026103.
On rising scientific productivity over shorter careers.
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Atkin, P. A. (2002). A paradigm shift in the medical literature.British Medical Journal, 325(7378),1450–1451
On the rise of sexy terms like "paradigm shift" in abstracts.
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Bonitz, M., & Scharnhorst, A. (2001). Competition in science and the Matthew core journals.Sciento-metrics, 51(1), 37–54
Matthew effect
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download.springer.com download.springer.com
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To publish. And sometimes publish in the right journals.... In my discipline ...there’s just a few journals, and if you’re not in that journal, then yourpublication doesn’t really count
Importance of "top" journals
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In addition to that, the other thing that they focus on is science as celebrity.... Sothe standards are, ‘‘How much did it cost, and is it in the news?’’ And if it didn’tcost much and if it is not in the news, but it got a lot of behind-the-scenes talkwithin your discipline, they don’t know that, nor do they care
Importance of news-worthiness.
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You’ve got to have a billionpublications in my field. That is the bottom line. That’s the only thing that counts.You can fail to do everything else as long as you have lots and lots of papers
Importance of publications in science--overrules everything else.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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The winner-take-all aspect of the priority rule has its drawbacks, however. It can encourage secrecy, sloppy practices, dishonesty and an excessive emphasis on surrogate measures of scientific quality, such as publication in high-impact journals. The editors of the journal Nature have recently exhorted scientists to take greater care in their work, citing poor reproducibility of published findings, errors in figures, improper controls, incomplete descriptions of methods and unsuitable statistical analyses as evidence of increasing sloppiness. (Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.)As competition over reduced funding has increased markedly, these disadvantages of the priority rule may have begun to outweigh its benefits. Success rates for scientists applying for National Institutes of Health funding have recently reached an all-time low. As a result, we have seen a steep rise in unhealthy competition among scientists, accompanied by a dramatic proliferation in the number of scientific publications retracted because of fraud or error. Recent scandals in science are reminiscent of the doping problems in sports, in which disproportionately rich rewards going to winners has fostered cheating.
How the priority rule is killing science.
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mbio.asm.org mbio.asm.org
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The role of external influences on the scientific enterprise must not be ignored. With funding success rates at historically low levels, scientists are under enormous pressure to produce high-impact publications and obtain research grants. The importance of these influences is reflected in the burgeoning literature on research misconduct, including surveys that suggest that approximately 2% of scientists admit to having fabricated, falsified, or inappropriately modified results at least once (24). A substantial proportion of instances of faculty misconduct involve misrepresentation of data in publications (61%) and grant applications (72%); only 3% of faculty misconduct involved neither publications nor grant applications.
Importance of low funding rates as incitement to fraud
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The predominant economic system in science is “winner-take-all” (17, 18). Such a reward system has the benefit of promoting competition and the open communication of new discoveries but has many perverse effects on the scientific enterprise (19). The scientific misconduct among both male and female scientists observed in this study may well reflect a darker side of competition in science. That said, the preponderance of males committing research misconduct raises a number of interesting questions. The overrepresentation of males among scientists committing misconduct is evident, even against the backdrop of male overrepresentation among scientists, a disparity more pronounced at the highest academic ranks, a parallel with the so-called “leaky pipeline.” There are multiple factors contributing to the latter, and considerable attention has been paid to factors such as the unique challenges facing young female scientists balancing personal and career interests (20), as well as bias in hiring decisions by senior scientists, who are mostly male (21). It is quite possible that, in at least some cases, misconduct at high levels may contribute to attrition of woman from the senior ranks of academic researchers.
Reason for fraud: winner take all
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Editors, Publishers, Impact Factors, and Reprint Income
On the incentives for journal editors to publish papers they think might improve IF... and how citations are gamed.
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- Feb 2014
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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National governments are also weighing in on the issue. The UK government aims this April to make text-mining for non-commercial purposes exempt from copyright, allowing academics to mine any content they have paid for.
UK government intervening to make text-mining for non-commercial purposes exempt from copyright.
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“Our plan is just to wait for the copyright exemption to come into law in the United Kingdom so we can do our own content-mining our own way, on our own platform, with our own tools,” says Mounce. “Our project plans to mine Elsevier’s content, but we neither want nor need the restricted service they are announcing here.”
This seems to be a sensible move rather than be hindered not by copyright, but by the onerous contract that Elsevier wants to put in place.
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some researchers feel that a dangerous precedent is being set. They argue that publishers wrongly characterize text-mining as an activity that requires extra rights to be granted by licence from a copyright holder, and they feel that computational reading should require no more permission than human reading. “The right to read is the right to mine,” says Ross Mounce of the University of Bath, UK, who is using content-mining to construct maps of species’ evolutionary relationships.
"The right to read is the right to mine."
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