- Aug 2024
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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the people who has the power need to act faster
for - climate crisis - who has the power? - poverty mentality - leverage points - social tipping points - climate crisis - feelings of helplessness
climate crisis - who has the power? - There is still this assumption that policy-makers are the ones who have the power - There isn't yet a recognition of whether there is power within individuals sufficient to make a real difference. - Trying and failing, we grow weary of believing that we do have power to collectively effect the scale of change required - Unless we demonstrate leverage points within individuals that can lead to effective scale of collective action, we cannot jumpstart an effective movement - poverty mentality can keep us stuck
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- Apr 2024
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www.vox.com www.vox.com
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“The crux of the issue is we’re thinking about the focus on encampment closure without access to housing,” said Charley Willison, a Cornell professor who has studied the influence of police on cities’ homelessness policies.
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- Nov 2023
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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I'm tempted to say you can look at uh broadscale social organization uh or like Network Dynamics as an even larger portion of that light 00:32:43 cone but it doesn't seem to have the same continuity well I don't you mean uh it doesn't uh like first person continuity like it doesn't like you think it doesn't it isn't like anything to be 00:32:55 that social AG agent right and and we we both are I think sympathetic to pan psychism so saying even if we only have conscious access to what it's like to be 00:33:08 us at this higher level like it's there's it's possible that there's something that it's like to be a cell but I'm not sure it's possible that there's something that there's something it's like to be say a country
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for: social superorganism - vs human multicellular being, social superorganism, Homni, major evolutionary transition, MET, MET in Individuality, Indyweb, Indranet, Indyweb/Indranet, CCE cumulative cultural evolution, symmathesy, Gyuri Lajos, individual/collective gestalt, interwingled sensemaking, Deep Humanity, DH, meta crisis, meaning crisis, polycrisis
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comment
- True, there is no physical cohesion that binds human beings together into a larger organism, but there is another dimension - informational cohesion.
- This informational cohesion expresses itself in cumulative cultural evolution. Even this very discussion they are having is an example of that
- The social superorganism is therefore composed of an informational body and not a physical one and one can think of its major mentations as collective, consensual ideas such as popular memes, movements, governmental or business actions and policies
- I slept on this and this morning, realized how salient Adam's question was to my own work
- The comments here build and expand upon what I thought yesterday (my original annotations)
- The main connections to my own sense-making work are:
- Within our specific human species, the deep entanglement between self and other (the terminology that our Deep Humanity praxis terms the "individual / collective gestalt")
- The Deep Humanity / SRG claim that the concurrent meaning / meta / poly crisis may be an evolutionary test foreshadowing the next possible Major Evolutionary Transition in Individuality.<br />
- https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?max=100&expanded=true&user=stopresetgo&exactTagSearch=true&any=MET+in+Individuality
- As Adam notes, collective consciousness may be more a metaphorical rather than a literal so a social superorganism, (one reference refers to it as Homni
- may be metaphorical only as this higher order individual lacks the physical signaling system to create a biological coherence that, for instance, an animal body possesses.
- Nevertheless, the informational connections do exist that bind individual humans together and it is not trivial.
- Indeed, this is exactly what has catapulted our species into modernity where our cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) has defined the concurrent successes and failures of our species. Modernity's meaning / meta / polycrisis and progress traps are a direct result of CCE.
- Humanity's intentions and its consequences, both intended and unintended are what has come to shape the entire trajectory of the biosphere. So the impacts of human CCE are not trivial at all. Indeed, a paper has been written proposing that human information systems could be the next Major System Transition (MST) that could lead to another future MET that melds biotic and abiotic
- This circles back to Adam's question and what has just emerged for me is this question:
- Is it possible that we could evolve in some kind of hybrid direction where we are biologically still separate individuals BUT deeply intertwingled informationally through CCE and something like the theoretical Indyweb/Indranet which is an explicit articulation of our theoretical informational connectivity?
- In other words, could "collective consciousness be explicitly defined in terms of an explicit, externalized information system reflecting intertwingled individual/collective learning?
- The Indyweb / Indranet informational laminin protein / connective tissue that informationally binds individuals to others in an explicit, externalized means of connecting the individual informational nodes of the social superorganism, giving it "collective consciousness" (whereas prior to Indyweb / Indranet, this informational laminin/connective tissue was not systematically developed so all informational connection, for example of the existing internet, is incomplete and adhoc)
- The major trajectory paths that global or localized cultural populations take can become an indication of the behavior of collective consciousness.
- Voting, both formal and informal is an expression of consensus leading to consensual behavior and the consensual behavior could be a reflection of Homni's collective consciousness
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insight
- While socially annotating this video, a few insights occurred after last night's sleep:
- Hypothes.is lacks timebound sequence granularity. Indyweb / Indranet has this feature built in and we need it for social annotation. Why? All the information within this particular annotation cannot be machine sorted into a time series. As the social annotator, I actually have to point out which information came first, second, etc. This entire comment, for instance was written AFTER the original very short annotation. Extra tags were updated to reflect the large comment.
- I gained a new realization of the relationship and intertwingularity of individual / collective learning while writing and reflecting on this social annotation. I think it's because of Adam's question that really revolves around MET of Individuality and the 3 conversant's questioning of the fluid and fuzzy boundary between "self" and "other"
- Namely, within Indyweb / Indranet there are two learning pillars that make up the entirety of external sensemaking:
- the first is social annotation of the work of others
- the second is our own synthesis of what we learned from others (ie. our social annotations)
- It is the integration of these two pillars that is the sum of our sensemaking parts. Social annotations allow us to sample the edge of the sensemaking work of others. After all, when we ingest one specific information source of others, it is only one of possibly many. Social annotations reflect how our whole interacts with their part. However, we may then integrate that peripheral information of the other more deeply into our own sensemaking work, and that's where we must have our own central synthesizing Indyweb / Indranet space to do that work.
- It is this interplay between different poles that constitute CCE and symmathesy, mutual learning.
- adjacency between
- Indyweb / Indranet name space
- Indranet
- automatic vs manual references / citations
- adjacency statement
- Oh man, it's so painful to have to insert all these references and citations when Indranet is designed to do all this! A valuable new meme just emerged to express this:
- Pain between the existing present situation and the imagined future of the same si the fuel that drives innovation.
- Oh man, it's so painful to have to insert all these references and citations when Indranet is designed to do all this! A valuable new meme just emerged to express this:
- Namely, within Indyweb / Indranet there are two learning pillars that make up the entirety of external sensemaking:
- While socially annotating this video, a few insights occurred after last night's sleep:
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quote: Gien
- Pain between an existing present situation and an imagined, improved future is the fuel that drives innovation.
- date: 2023, Nov 8
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Tags
- intertwingled sensemaking
- Indyweb / Indranet
- Indyweb
- cumulative cultural evolution
- polycrisis
- symmathesy
- DH
- Gyuri Lajos
- major evolutionary transition
- Indranet
- quote - innovation
- comparison - social superorganism - multicellular organism
- meta crisis
- CCE
- individual/collective gestalt
- quote - Gien
- social superorganism
- meaning crisis
- Homni
- Deep Humanity
Annotators
URL
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- Dec 2022
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Drawing from negativity bias theory, CFM, ICM, and arousal theory, this study characterizes the emotional responses of social media users and verifies how emotional factors affect the number of reposts of social media content after two natural disasters (predictable and unpredictable disasters). In addition, results from defining the influential users as those with many followers and high activity users and then characterizing how they affect the number of reposts after natural disasters
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- Aug 2022
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Campbell, D., Sabbagh, D., & Devlin, H. (2022, January 7). Military deployed at London hospitals due to Omicron staff shortages. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/07/military-deployed-at-london-hospitals-due-to-omicron-staff-shortages
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familyinequality.wordpress.com familyinequality.wordpress.com
- Mar 2022
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Akaliyski, P., Taniguchi, N., Park, J., & Gehrig, S. (2022, February 4). The COVID-19 Pandemic Inflicts Lasting Changes in Societal Values in Japan. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gx5mn
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- Jan 2022
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Shoss, M., Hootegem, A. V., Selenko, E., & Witte, H. D. (2022). The Job Insecurity of Others: On the Role of Perceived National Job Insecurity During the COVID-19 Pandemic. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qhpu5
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- Nov 2021
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Leder, J., Schütz, A., & Pastukhov, A. (Sasha). (2021). Keeping the kids home: Increasing concern for others in times of crisis. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6s28u
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- Oct 2021
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www.cbc.ca www.cbc.ca
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Academia: All the Lies: What Went Wrong in the University Model and What Will Come in its Place
“Students are graduating into a brutal job market.”
The entreprecariat is designed for learned helplessness (social: individualism), trained incapacities (economic: specialization), and bureaucratic intransigence (political: authoritarianism).
The Design Problem
Three diagrams will explain the lack of social engagement in design. If (in Figure 1) we equate the triangle with a design problem, we readily see that industry and its designers are concerned only with the tiny top portion, without addressing themselves to real needs.
(Design for the Real World, 2019. Page 57.)
The other two figures merely change the caption for the figure.
- Figure 1: The Design Problem
- Figure 2: A Country
- Figure 3: The World
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- Sep 2021
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Dehghan, S. K. (2021, September 23). More than 100 countries face spending cuts as Covid worsens debt crisis, report warns. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/23/more-than-100-countries-face-spending-cuts-as-covid-worsens-debt-crisis-report-warns
Tags
- developing country
- is:news
- global south
- inequality
- spending cut
- education
- COVID-19
- lang:en
- debt crisis
- social protection
- health
Annotators
URL
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- Jun 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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van Lange, P., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Human Cooperation and the Crises of Climate Change, COVID-19, and Misinformation [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6tpa8
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Doctors for XR on Twitter: “https://t.co/OwN3VQsGqw @richardhorton1 speaking to @DrTedros today on video link at #WHA74 about the similarities of #COVID19 and #climatecrisis and the cost of inaction. This before Tedros addressed Doctors + Nurses protesting at the WHO. #WHO #RedAlertWHO https://t.co/yComw7YNR3” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://twitter.com/DoctorsXr/status/1398656730570145796
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Capraro, V., Boggio, P., Böhm, R., Perc, M., & Sjåstad, H. (2021). Cooperation and acting for the greater good during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/65xmg
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- May 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2020). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/79f5v
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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GruberMay. 20, J., 2020, & Pm, 4:50. (2020, May 20). Professors must support the mental health of trainees during the COVID-19 crisis. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2020/05/professors-must-support-mental-health-trainees-during-covid-19-crisis
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Luppi, F., Arpino, B., & Rosina, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on fertility plans in Italy, Germany, France, Spain and UK [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wr9jb
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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Conley, D., & Johnson, T. (2021). Opinion: Past is future for the era of COVID-19 research in the social sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(13). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104155118
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- Mar 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lopez-Persem, A., Bieth, T., Guiet, S., Ovando-Tellez, M., & Volle, E. (2021). Through thick and thin: Changes in creativity during the first lockdown of the Covid-19 pandemic. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/26qde
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lakens, D., Tunç, D. U., & Tunç, M. N. (2021). There is no generalizability crisis. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tm8jy
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Wolf, Martin. ‘Ten Ways Coronavirus Crisis Will Shape World in Long Term’, 3 November 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/9b0318d3-8e5b-4293-ad50-c5250e894b07.
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www.edelman.com www.edelman.com
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2021 Edelman Trust Barometer. (n.d.). Edelman. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from https://www.edelman.com/trust/2021-trust-barometer
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oii.zoom.us oii.zoom.us
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Welcome! You are invited to join a webinar: ‘Understanding Digital Racism After COVID-19’ with Professor Lisa Nakamura. After registering, you will receive a confirmation email about joining the webinar. (n.d.). Zoom Video. Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://oii.zoom.us/webinar/register/2216016571338/WN_TrfmBBp-Rrm_ASHWL5e6nA
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Dante Licona. (2020, December 8). What can NGOs, government and public institutions do on TikTok? Today @melisfiganmese and I shared some insights at #EuroPCom, the @EU_CoR conference for public communication. We were asked to talk about upcoming social media trends. Here’s a thread with some insights👇 https://t.co/GzOA66vstQ [Tweet]. @Dante_Licona. https://twitter.com/Dante_Licona/status/1336303773334069251
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- Feb 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Johnson, M. S., Skjerdingstad, N., Ebrahimi, O. V., Hoffart, A., & Johnson, S. U. (2020). Mechanisms of Parental Stress During and After the COVID-19 Lockdown: A two-wave longitudinal study. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76pgw
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Reicher, S., & Bentley, S. (2020). Identity leadership in a crisis: A 5R framework for learning from responses to COVID-19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bhj49
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- Oct 2020
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www.deutschlandfunk.de www.deutschlandfunk.de
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Ausführliche Sendung über Desinformationstechniken vor allem im Umkreis der Trump-Kampagne, viele Hinweise auf weitere Ressourcen
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- Sep 2020
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Coronavirus cases are rising again in the UK. Here’s what should happen next | Devi Sridhar. (2020, September 8). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/coronavirus-cases-rising-uk-second-wave
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lee, Hyeon-seung, Derek Dean, Tatiana Baxter, Taylor Griffith, and Sohee Park. ‘Deterioration of Mental Health despite Successful Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 30 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s7qj8.
Tags
- social factors
- is:preprint
- behavioural science
- mental health
- nationwide lockdown
- stress
- psychological outcome
- depression
- South Korea
- general population
- females
- physical health
- COVID-19
- crisis
- lang:en
- loneliness
- social distancing
- social network
- psychosis-risk
- public health
- demographic
- anxiety
Annotators
URL
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www.pmo.gov.sg www.pmo.gov.sg
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katherine_chen. (2020, June 17). PMO | National Broadcast by PM Lee Hsien Loong on 7 June 2020 [Text]. Prime Minister’s Office Singapore; katherine_chen. http://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/National-Broadcast-PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-COVID-19
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- Aug 2020
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
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Yu, X. (n.d.). Opinion | I’m from Wuhan. I got covid-19—After traveling to Florida. Washington Post. Retrieved 17 July 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/15/im-wuhan-i-got-covid-19-after-traveling-florida/
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csbs.research.illinois.edu csbs.research.illinois.edu
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What We Know About College Students to Help Manage COVID-19 – Center for Social & Behavioral Science. (n.d.). Retrieved August 26, 2020, from https://csbs.research.illinois.edu/2020/08/16/what-we-know-about-college-students-to-help-manage-covid-19/
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hendren, N., Stepner, M., & Team, T. O. I. (2020). How Did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data (Working Paper No. 27431; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27431
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Akbarpour, M., Cook, C., Marzuoli, A., Mongey, S., Nagaraj, A., Saccarola, M., Tebaldi, P., Vasserman, S., & Yang, H. (2020). Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response (Working Paper No. 27374; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27374
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- Jul 2020
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osf.io osf.io
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La, V.-P., Pham, T.-H., Ho, T. M., Hoàng, N. M., Linh, N. P. K., Vuong, T.-T., Nguyen, H.-K. T., Tran, T., Van Quy, K., Ho, T. M., & Vuong, Q.-H. (2020). Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid the COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/cfw8x
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Jeff Howe - Crowdsourcing and the Crisis: Collective Intelligence in the Age of Covid-19 (ACM CI’20). (n.d.). Retrieved June 25, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POPMMHyIoS0
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- Jun 2020
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behavioralscientist.org behavioralscientist.org
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Gauri, V. (2020 April 30). Behavioral Public Policy Faces a Crisis. Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/behavioral-public-policy-faces-a-crisis/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Guerrero, R. J. A., Parra, A. B., Cahua, J. C. H., & Banaszak-Holl, J. (2020). Psychological problems associated with coping strategies: A web-based study in Peruvian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uarwz
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Gencoglu, O., & Gruber, M. (2020). Causal Modeling of Twitter Activity During COVID-19. ArXiv:2005.07952 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07952
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- May 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Crockett, M., … Willer, R. (2020, March 24). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y38m9
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www.prospectmagazine.co.uk www.prospectmagazine.co.uk
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Rusbridger, Alan. ‘Sage Coronavirus Expert: We’ve Had an Epidemic That to Some Degree Could Have Been Avoided’. Accessed 29 May 2020. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/alan-rusbridger-sage-jeremy-farrar-covid-19-coronavirus-dominic-cummings-herd-immunity.
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www.pandemicpolitics.net www.pandemicpolitics.net
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PandemicPolitics. Pandemic politics: Political attitudes and crisis communication. https://www.pandemicpolitics.net
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Zocchi, B. (2020-04-30). What coronavirus looks like at the Bosnian-Croatian frontier for Europe’s unwanted migrants. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/what-coronavirus-looks-like-at-the-bosnian-croatian-frontier-for-europes-unwanted-migrants-137226
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www.sciencemediacentre.org www.sciencemediacentre.org
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Expert comments about herd immunity | Science Media Centre. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-comments-about-herd-immunity/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Assessing change in students’ social networks and mental health during the COVID-19 crisis [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ua6tq
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Van den Akker, O., Weston, S. J., Campbell, L., Chopik, W. J., Damian, R. I., Davis-Kean, P., Hall, A. N., Kosie, J. E., Kruse, E. T., Olsen, J., Ritchie, S. J., Valentine, K. D., van ’t Veer, A. E., & Bakker, M. (2019). Preregistration of secondary data analysis: A template and tutorial [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvfmr
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- Apr 2020
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Fetzer, T., Witte, M., Hensel, L., Jachimowicz, J., Haushofer, J., Ivchenko, A., … Yoeli, E. (2020, April 16). Global Behaviors and Perceptions in the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3kfmh
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Colombo, R., Wallace, M., & Taylor, R. S. (2020, April 11). An Essential Service Decision Model for Applied Behavior Analytic Providers During Crisis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/te8ha
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lists.ufl.edu lists.ufl.edu
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LISTSERV 16.0—SOCNET Archives. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://lists.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind2004&L=SOCNET&P=9667
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- Jan 2019
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This distinction enlightens the reading of thegrowing social media and mass emergency lit-erature for three reasons. First, without it, thisnew literature risks undoing decades of work bysocial scientists who have dismantled the mythsof disaster, with a dominant discourse thatincludes panic and unlawful behavior by victims.But in disasters arising from natural hazards, weknow such behaviors are not typical. Massemergencies arising from criminal behavior canhave a much wider range of collective behaviorbecause the source of the hazard is unknown,unpredictable and perhaps more imminentlydangerous
Palen and Hughes raise concern about boundaries and classification in mass emergency research. They define crisis as an overarching term that incorrectly generalizes sociobehavioral phenomena during natural and criminal events.
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Misinforma-tion arising from natural hazards or exogenousevents might be greater in kind, but less inimpact, with fewer in-common readers as it tra-verses a network that can move a little slowerthan it might in criminal mass emergency events.Because the problem-solving tends to be morediffuse in exogenous events, the same messagemight not reach enough people; in other words,the misinformation might also be thinly diffused.Misinformation in such events is more likely toage out, or not be relevant to enough locations topose a big threat—in other words, all informationin thefirst place is less likely to be categoricallycorrect or incorrect, and as such, it is hard tofindas much value in pursuing the threat of misin-formation in such situations.
Not sure I entriely agree with this argument that misinformation in natural disaster/exogenous events.
Mis/Dis-information definitely matters for those affected. (see Neal, 1997 and Phillips work on phases of response for minority groups).
What about misinformation campaigns during mass migration or other politically-tinged humanitarian crises where the exogenous factor (long-standing war, religious conflict/persecution, colonialism, etc.) is far removed from the immediate crisis? (Think 2015 migration crisis in Europe, Rohingya genocide in Myanmar implications for Bangaldesh).
Is there a middle ground between endogenous and exogenous hazards?
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Wefindendogeneityandexogeneityof haz-ards to be a meaningful distinction in socialmedia in mass emergencies research, one thatreadily clarifies for a range of researchers andreaders who are outside the social science disci-pline. Just as events that arise from exogenousand endogenous hazards differently impact legal,political, health, and other societal systems, so dothey differently impact social media behavior.8With exogenous events, the culprit is beyondreach, and unstoppable. With endogenous agents,the suspect lies within. Therefore, organizingfeatures of the communication are distinctlydifferent, because the source(s) of the problem(s),the nature of their solutions,and the ability forthe perception of the collective control of theoutcomeare different. Online participation focu-ses on in-common salient problems when theyare present; when the problems are lessin-common and must be addressed in parallel, thecrowd organizes in many smaller groupings and,often endogeneity and exogeneity of hazardspredicts this (Palen & Anderson,2016).
Describes differences in social media response between 2012 Hurricane Sandy (exogenous) and 2013 Boston Bombing (endogenous) mass emergencies.
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We make this point because we worrythat the very idea of“social media”flattens themany meanings of“crisis”and“emergency”forwhich social sciencefields have worked to pro-vide insight. For example, because Twitter orFacebook are available for use in any kind ofcrises, it is easy to make these applications thesalient concern, and ask“Is Twitter or Facebookbetter in emergency response?,”rather thanquestion how the very nature of emergencyresponse might beg for different forms of infor-mation seeking and reporting. We refer to thisflattening of communication medium and hazardas thesocial media and crisis confound.
Definition of social media and crisis confound
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