- Last 7 days
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[Repo Men (2010) - Death by Typewriter Scene](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnq1Q0JMfS8
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- Dec 2024
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www.resilience.org www.resilience.org
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The Law of Unintended Consequences is the only certainty of complex systems
for - progress traps - law of unintended consequences - A Transcender Manifesto - Dill Green
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- Nov 2024
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forum.zettelkasten.de forum.zettelkasten.de
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Busy week coding -- but there was one delightful article that led me down a small rabbit hole of Richard P Gabriel's writing about "worse is better" from 1989/90. The hub for this idea is here: Richard P. Gabriel: "Worse Is Better", https://www.dreamsongs.com/WorseIsBetter.html And I found it via: Christine Lemmer-Webber: "How decentralized is Bluesky really?", 2024-11-22, https://dustycloud.org/blog/how-decentralized-is-bluesky/ The idea of "worse is better" got connected to Gall's Law, and loosely relates to why idealistic, big software rewrites fail so often. And why things that are imperfect but provide value proliferate.
via Christian Tietze at https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/comment/22075/#Comment_22075
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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as with any social group that is a power law curve meaning for instance eighty percent of Trump supporters will change their view if they're listened to consistently maybe 19% are going to be resistant and need a good few conversations for them to at least have doubts and 1% are frankly psychopathic and they're never gonna change
for - stats - Perato's law - social transformation - fascism, polarization and climate crisis - climate communication - 80% will change if we listen, 19% will require deeper conversations - 1% will not change - Roger Hallam
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They still have some specific use cases where they aren't obsolete. For example I've worked at several law firms and every one of them had at least one office typewriter. They are super useful when you're working with older documents and want the additions to look professional and consistent. For example I once worked on a complex stock reissue where I was working with 100 year old stock certificates. Typing on them was muuuuuch faster, easier, and cleaner with a typewriter than trying to line up the old certificates in a laser printer
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sip.lex.pl sip.lex.pl
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Art. 6719
Article about remote work
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Local file Local file
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Surprisingly, the American author who is quoted most in the OED isnot Mark Twain or Emily Dickinson or Edgar Allan Poe, but rather EdwardH. Knight, a patent lawyer and expert in mechanics who wrote the AmericanMechanical Dictionary and The Practical Dictionary of Mechanics. Knight isthe seventy-fourth-most cited author in the Dictionary, quoted morefrequently than Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Eliot or Ralph Waldo Emerson(who comes in at 116, the next-most quoted American).
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www.pit.pl www.pit.pl
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Jak wynika z założeń planowanych zmian już niedługo korzystanie z 5% podatku dochodowego przez programistów może zostać ograniczone. Programista, który będzie chciał korzystać z IP BOX będzie musiał zatrudniać przynajmniej trzech pracowników na umowę o pracę przez 300 dni w skali roku. Możliwe będzie zatrudnienie 3 osób na umowę zlecenia, ale pod warunkiem, że miesięczne wynagrodzenie będzie wynosiło 3-krotność minimalnego wynagrodzenia (ok. 24 500 zł miesięcznie). Zmiany mogą zacząć obowiązywać już w 2025 roku, oznacza to, że wielu programistów prowadzących jednoosobowe działalności gospodarcze nie będzie mogło już korzystać z obniżonej 5% stawki podatku dochodowego.
It may be over of IP BOX (5%) in 2025.
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Jeśli informatyk świadczy usługi związane z oprogramowaniem, nie ma prawa do 8,5 proc. zryczałtowanego podatku. Musi płacić 12 proc.
This article (which can be viewed using a paywall remover) shows that even if someone does not deal directly with code, the court may think otherwise:
Fiskus i NSA nie pozwalają na niższą stawkę ryczałtu W sprawie, która doszła do NSA, spór ze skarbówką zaczął się od wniosku o interpretację informatyka prowadzącego jednoosobową działalność. Napisał, że zajmuje się projektowaniem i rozwojem technologii informatycznych dla sieci i systemów komputerowych lub ich poszczególnych składowych/komponentów. Świadczy też usługi pomocy technicznej. Szczegółowo opisał wszystkie czynności. Podkreślił też, że do zakresu jego obowiązków nie należy tworzenie oprogramowania. Dlatego uważa, że ma prawo do niższej stawki ryczałtu. Fiskus miał jednak inne zdanie. Uznał, że informatyk powinien płacić 12 proc. ryczałt, ponieważ „okoliczność, że do zakresu obowiązków podatnika nie należy tworzenie oprogramowania komputerowego, nie jest wystarczającą przesłanką do uznania braku związku świadczonych usług z oprogramowaniem”.
Informatyk zaskarżył interpretację, przegrał jednak zarówno w pierwszej, jak i drugiej instancji. Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Gliwicach zauważył, że z wniosku o interpretację wynika, iż świadczone usługi są związane z rozwojem systemu SAP. Ten system jest oprogramowaniem wspomagającym prowadzenie przedsiębiorstwa. Opisane usługi są więc niewątpliwie związane z oprogramowaniem – uznał gliwicki WSA. Za szerokim rozumieniem pojęcia „usługi związane z oprogramowaniem” opowiedział się też NSA. Podkreślił, że nie chodzi tylko o programowanie, ale również inne czynności. Także te, które wykonuje przedsiębiorca.
Sąd wymienił wszystkie obowiązki informatyka i po prostu stwierdził, że są to usługi związane z oprogramowaniem. Po NSA spodziewałbym się głębszej analizy i dokładnego określenia, które z wymienionych czynności spełniają to kryterium. Miejmy nadzieję, że kolejne orzeczenia będą wnikliwsze. I po głębszych rozważaniach może okaże się, że to jednak podatnicy mają rację – podsumowuje Piotr Sekulski
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- Oct 2024
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ruben.verborgh.org ruben.verborgh.org
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Freedom of course always comes at a cost: what constitutes a victory for personal rights and freedom of speech also facilitates the spread of illegal messages, since decentralized networks make it harder to control what information is exchanged. Legality is of course a tricky matter, as some countries instate laws that prevent their citizens from voicing opinions that would be legal elsewhere.
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Adrian Poisson grew up studying science and math by day and art after hours beginning at the age of five
for - Adrian Bejan - constructal law - childhood - art and science - from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16
Summary - Good explainer video about constructal theory and flow
from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16 - https://hyp.is/Qt8IMI74Ee--f4O18QMPFQ/ageoftransformation.org/the-end-of-scarcity-from-polycrisis-to-planetary-phase-shift/
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for - Adrian Bejan - autobiography - constructal law
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ageoftransformation.org ageoftransformation.org
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constructal law
for - definition - constructal law - Adrian Bejan - to - The constructal law of design in evolution and nature
to - The constructal law of design in evolution and nature - https://hyp.is/ZRIXfo76Ee-5yZdY2quRaQ/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871904/ - youtube explainer video - constructal theory - flow - Adrian Bejan - https://hyp.is/R7V4Yo79Ee-52gO6UYAaYQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgEBTPee9ZM
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The constructal law of design and evolution in nature
for - paper - The constructal law of design and evolution in nature - Adrian Bejan - Sylvie Lorente - 2010 - from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16
from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16 - https://hyp.is/Qt8IMI74Ee--f4O18QMPFQ/ageoftransformation.org/the-end-of-scarcity-from-polycrisis-to-planetary-phase-shift/
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Centuries with threading foot footnotes off-page cross references more recently the scientific
Brehon Law is the same
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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34:12 taxes are imposed by a government that is only payable in their currency and they make a law that puts you in jail if you do not pay their tax
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- Sep 2024
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www.researchgate.net www.researchgate.net
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his enhances our ability to consult the ‘Common Record’, improving its growth and quality.
For COMMON RECORD - ties in with the idea of the Commons as part of ancient wisdom traditions such as Brehon Law
and more modern version of Commons such as MIcjhel Bouwens P2P Foundation
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4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com 4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com
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pre-Benedictine communities,
Benedictines Benedictines have been in Ireland since the 12th century PRE-Benedictines These were the Druid classes who lives as a Commons and who set down their civil stature according to BREHON LAW which was written down by 6th and 7th century monks in Ireland
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Der kalifornische.Generalstaatsanwalt hat einen Prozess gegen Exxon Mobil angestrengt, weil der Konzern.den Verkauf von nichtwiederverwenbarem Plastik über Jahrzehnte mit Fehlinformationen über Recycling gefördert habe. Die Firma hätte gewusst und bewusst verschwiegen, dass eines ihrer Hauptprodukte erheblich zur Plastik-Verschmutzung beiträgt. NGOs, die Exxon ebenfalls verklagten, begrüßen, dass damit ein Ölkonzern auch wegen der Plastikverschmutzung juristisch zur Rechenschaft gezogen wird, under erwarten weitere Prozesse dieser Art. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/23/climate/california-exxon-mobil-plastics-pollution-recycling-lawsuit.html
Tags
- The Fraud of Plastic Recycling
- Exxon Mobile
- Surfrider Foundation
- Center for Climate Integrity
- by: Karen Zraick
- Bruce Huber
- Heal the Bay
- Richard Wiles
- California
- by: David Gelles
- Jane Patton
- USA
- Beyond Plastics
- Plastic Recycling
- Center for International Environmental Law
- San Francisco Baykeeper
- legal action
- Sierra Club
Annotators
URL
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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www.amazon.com www.amazon.com
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https://www.amazon.com/First-Knowledges-Law-Way-Ancestors-ebook/dp/B0C1M8B4HQ
Law: The Way of the Ancestors
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dl.acm.org dl.acm.org
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which saves them from a potentiallypainful application review, from dealing with support for obsoleteclients, and so on
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- Aug 2024
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tome.com tome.com
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Jul 2024
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archive.ph archive.ph
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First, the complexity of modern federal criminal law, codified in several thousand sections of the United States Code and the virtually infinite variety of factual circumstances that might trigger an investigation into a possible violation of the law, make it difficult for anyone to know, in advance, just when a particular set of statements might later appear (to a prosecutor) to be relevant to some such investigation.
If the federal government had access to every email you’ve ever written and every phone call you’ve ever made, it’s almost certain that they could find something you’ve done which violates a provision in the 27,000 pages of federal statues or 10,000 administrative regulations. You probably do have something to hide, you just don’t know it yet.
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scholarship.law.wm.edu scholarship.law.wm.edu
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but we arewilling to pay that price of not having successful pro- .secutions here.
Not anymore.
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Entrapment is one such restriction, the exclu-sionary rule being another, Miranda 18 being another,and also cases being dismissed under the right to aspeedy trial, strict double jeopardy, and confrontationrights.
And now, in 2024, almost all of those are gone, or severely limited.
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- Jun 2024
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www.lrb.co.uk www.lrb.co.uk
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In 1880 Britain could with some justification be called the ‘workshop of the world’: it produced more than 20 per cent of global industrial output and about 40 per cent of the world’s manufactured exports. In the nearly half-century since Samuel published his essay of that name, historians have done much to undermine the narrative of an ‘industrial revolution’ bookended by the invention of the spinning jenny in 1764 and the New Poor Law of 1834.
There's an interesting linkage going on here between the industrial revolution (and thus possibly Capitalism) with the creation and even litigation of "the poor" classes in Britain.
Did "the poor" exist in the same way they do today prior to the Industrial Revolution? What are the subtle differences? (Compare with Thompson, E. P. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past & Present, no. 38 (1967): 56–97.)
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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there's a huge disparity between state of law application of tech and what's 00:15:42 actually happening
for - AI - law - too slow
Tags
Annotators
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www.yalelawjournal.org www.yalelawjournal.org
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These arguments are meant to present a cautionary tale of unintended consequences.
For - progress trap - AI - Generative AI - IP - Yale Law Journal
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coevolving.com coevolving.com
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a rule set
Everything law, natural laws, logical calculi and cellular automata and beyond.
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Die taz zum Torpedieren des Green Deal und besonders des EU-Renaturierungsgesetzes durch die EVP und über die Rolle Manfred Webers. https://taz.de/Agrarlobby-gegen-Naturschutz/!6012538/
Tags
- EU
- Deutschland
- Copa-Cogega
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft bäuerliche Landwirtschaft (AbL)
- law: Nature Restoration Law
- Green Deal
- EU-Verordnung für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Pestiziden
- Verabschiedung des Nature Restoration Law durch das Europäische Parlament
- Naturschutzgipfel in Kolumbien Herbst 2024
- EU-Verordnung für ein nachhaltiges Ernährungssystem
- Februar 2024
- institution: EASAC
- NGO: NABU
- Gemeinsame Landwirtschaftspolitik
- EVP
- Tilmann Disselhof
- Henrik Maaß
- Manfred Weber
- Agrarlobby
Annotators
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- May 2024
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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for - Brehon Laws - of early Ireland - etymology - glossary - reading between the lines - adjacency - Brehon Laws - Indyweb - reading between the lines - glossary
adjacency - between - Brehon Laws - Indyweb - reading between the lines - etymology - glossary - adjacency relationship - Brehon Laws of early Ireland emerged from the people themselves over many generations - and were not imposed by some authority - For a long time, these laws were orally transmitted and memorized - When writing emerged, the style of writing used by the early Irish was to write with many gaps in between written verses of text - for the purpose of readers to be able to be writers and contribute to the text with their own perspectives - In other words, they were early annotators! - The etymology of the world glossary comes from "gloss" from the practice of writing meaning between the lines - "Glosses were common in the Middle Ages, usually rendering Hebrew, Greek, or Latin words into vernacular Germanic, Celtic, or Romanic. Originally written between the lines, later in the margins." ( https://www.etymonline.com/word/glossary)
source - Zoom meeting this evening with Paul and Trace, as Paul introduced from his understanding of his Irish roots
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die amerikanische Behörde zur energieregulation Regulierung hat die Bestimmung für Stromnetze radikal reformiert um die Produktion erneuerbarer Energien zu fördern. Unter anderem müssen Netzbetreiber für den voraussichtlichen Bedarf in 20 Jahren planen. Einer neu einen neuen Bericht zufolge werden 50% der positiven Effekte des Inflation reduction Act für die Senkung der Emissionen verloren gehen wenn die amerikanischen Stromnetze nicht grundsätzlich gründlich überholt werden. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/13/climate/electric-grid-overhaul-ferc.html?region=BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT&block=storyline_flex_guide_recirc&name=styln-climate&variant=show&pgtype=Article
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meta.stackexchange.com meta.stackexchange.com
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I wouldn't focus too much on "posted only after human review" - it's worth noting that's that's worth nothing. We literally just saw a case of obviously riduculous AI images in a scientific paper breezing through peer review with noone caring, so quality will necessarily go down because Brandolini's law combined with AI is the death sentence for communities like SE and I doubt they'll employ people to review content from the money they'll make
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die rohölproduktion in den USA wird in diesem Jahr ein Rekord-Hoch erreichen Etwa 25% der US-Emissionen werden durch Öl und Gas verursacht, das auf Bundesterritorien gefördert wird. Die New York Times zeigt ausgehend von einem Beispiel im Golf von Mexiko, warum es angesichts der Mehrheitsverhältnisse in Repräsentantenhaus und Senat und des konservativen obersten Gerichtshofs für die für die Biden-Administration extrem schwierig ist, die Zusage, dort keine weiteren Bohrungen zuzulassen, umzusetzen.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/28/climate/biden-drilling-leases.html
Tags
- country: USA
- region: Gulf of Mexico
- actor: Biden Administration
- 2023-08-28
- project: Willow
- project: Mountain Valley Pipeline
- fossil expansion
- expert: Steve Mashuda
- expert: Valerie Cleland
- actor: Joe Manching
- expert: Michael Gerrard
- project: Lease 261
- NGO: Earthjustice
- NGO: Natural Resources Defense Council
- expert: Rene Santos
- institution: United States Energy Information Administration
- institution: Sabin Center for Climate Change Law
Annotators
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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In den USA führen wachsende Datencenter, die u.a. durch die Industriepolitik steigende Produktion in Fabriken und immer mehr Elektrofahrzeuge zu einem steilen Anstieg des Bedarfs nach Elektrizität. Der zusätzliche Verbrauch wird in fünf Jahren etwa dem jetzigen Kaliforniens entsprechen. Die bestehenden Klimaziele werden dadurch gefährdet. Viele neue Gaskraftwerke werden bereits projektiert, unter anderem, weil die Regulierungen fossile Energien begünstigen. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/13/climate/electric-power-climate-change.html
Tags
- country: USA
- Reports/The Era of Flat Power Demand is Over
- institution: Electric Power Research Institute
- expert: Greg Buppert
- 2024-03-14
- by: Brad Plumer
- institution: R Street Institute
- expert: Tyler H. Norris
- variable: electricity demand
- expert: Devin Hartman
- by: Nadja Popovich
- institution: Southern Environmental Law Center
- industry: digital
- expert: Daniel Brooks
Annotators
URL
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- Apr 2024
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die Behauptung dea zweitgrößten US-Mineralölkonzerns Chevron, CO2-Neutralität anzustreben, ist nicht durch Tatsachen gedeckt. Eine neue Untersuchung belegt, dass der Konzern mit wertlosen Kompensationen und und Hinweisen auf noch nicht existierende Technologien für Carbon Capture and Storage argumentiert. Chevorn hat im vergangenen Jahr 35,5 Milliarden Dollar Gewinn gemeldet. Chevrons angeblicher Net-Zero-Plan betrifft nicht das CO2, dass durch die vom Konzern verkauften Produkte frei wird. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/24/chevron-carbon-offset-climate-crisis
Tags
- region: Caribbean
- expert: Steven Feit
- NGO: Corporate Accountability
- carbon dioxide removal
- actor: Chevron
- NGO: Censat
- country: Colombia
- compensations
- 2023-05-24
- expert: Andrés Gómez Orozco
- actor: Verra
- expert: Katt Ramos
- institution: Center for International Environmental Law.
- expert: Rachel Rose Jackson
- carbon offset schemes
Annotators
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energynewsmagazine.at energynewsmagazine.at
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www.ots.at www.ots.at
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Der Guardian kritisiert in einem Editorial den Verzicht auf Kernelemente des Green Deal in der europäischen Agrarpolitik, darunter die Nicht-Verabschiedung des Nature Restoration Law. Er verweist auf eine Umfrage, die zeigt, dass eine Mehrheit in Europa eine konsequentere Klimapolitik unterstützt.
Tags
- mode: comment
- topic: surveys
- event: renouncement to halve the use of pesticides
- project: European Green Deal
- law: nature restoration law
- event: renouncement to reduce agricultural emissions
- 2024-04-08
- country: Europe
- actor: European Commission
- actor: agribusiness
- event: farmers' protests
- process: lowering climate ambition
- event: scrapping of changes to the agricultural policy
Annotators
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www.handelsblatt.com www.handelsblatt.com
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Die EU hat nicht erreicht, dass Mittel aus dem Inflation Reduction Act auch zur Subventionierung des Kaufs von aus der EU gelieferten privaten E-Autos verwendet werden. Bei der Entscheidung der USA, die in der EU-Wirtschaft vielfach als protektionistisch bewertet wird, spielt die Herkunft von Mineralien eine große Rolle. Die Verhandlungen über das Critical Minerals Agreement (CMA) führten nicht zu einer Einigung. Der Handelsblatt-Artikel stellt den komplexen Hintergrund ausführlich dar und berichtet auch über weitere Verhandlungen.
Tags
- country: USA
- country: EU
- expert: Jack Conness
- treaty: Critical Minerals Agreement (CMA)
- event: TTC meeting April 2024
- actor: Biden Administration
- institution: Trade and Technology Council“ (TTC)
- 2024-04-05
- law: EU Supply Chain Law
- law: Inflation Reduction Act
- law: EU Forced Labor Regulation
- industry: automotive
Annotators
URL
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- Mar 2024
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Das österreichische Klimaschutzministerium stellt in diesem Jahr 150 Millionen Euro Subventionen für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien zur Verfügung. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um gewerblichen Nutzung. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000212023/klimaministerium-stellt-heuer-150-mio-euro-f252r-214kostromausbau-bereit
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History of the United States (1834)
1834 was also interesting with respect to this thesis as Britain was working at the "principles of 1834" which Beatrice Webb focused on and debunked in English Poor Law Policy (1910).
see: https://hypothes.is/a/NLJSJAe7Ee2xvIeHyTL7vQ
Would this 1832 work in Britain have bleed over to a similar set of poverty principles in the United States in the same era? Could this have compounded issues in America leading to greater class divisions in the decades before the Civil War?
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Dass Erneuerbare-Wärme-Gesetz wird gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Gewessler-Entwurf deutlich verwässert: Auf das Stillegungsgebaut für bestehende Öl- und Gasheizungen wird ebenso verzichtet wie auf das Zentralisierungsgebot. Es werden dafür viele Förderungen angeboten. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000191501/regierung-streicht-komplettausstieg-bei-oel-und-gas
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Österreich will die Rahmenbedingungen für Biogasproduzenten verbessern und im Erneuerbares-Gas-Gesetz die Gasversorger verpflichten, Erdgas stufenweise durch Biogas zu ersetzen. Bis 2030 sollen mindestens 7,5 Terawattstungen Biogas ins Netz eingespeist werden. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000208564/regierung-will-oesterreichs-mist-dank-biogas-zu-neuem-wert-verhelfen
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- Feb 2024
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Local file Local file
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centralizing reforms of Pope Gregory VII calledfor a more professionalized clergy. Church officials should now betrained administrators, versed not only in the scriptures but also inthe principles of accounting and law. A papal decree of 1079 orderedthat cathedrals should establish schools for the training of priests,
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www.npr.org www.npr.org
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Jill Hasday, a law professor at the University of Minnesota, and she is kind of like a heart balm expert. She wrote about them in this book called "Intimate Lies And The Law."
relationship of this area of law with respect to debt and David Graeber's Debt theses?
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www.linkedin.com www.linkedin.com
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Dubbed “litigation terrorism” by Joseph Stiglitz, the Nobel prize-winning economist. ISDS is a corporate tribunal system
for - litigation terrorism - ISDS - corporate tribunal system - Michael Levin - multi-scale competency architecture - example - adjacency - evolutionary biology - corporate law - climate crisis
adjacency - between - corporate law - climate crisis - evolutionary biology - cultural evolution - adjacency statement - Biologist Michael Levin's multi-scale competency architecture of evolutionary biology seems to apply here - in the field of corporate law - Corporations can be viewed as one level of a social superorganism in a cultural evolution process - Governments can be viewed similiarly, but at a higher level - The ISDS is being weaponized by the same corporations destroying the global environment to combat the enactment of government laws that pose a threat to their livelihood - Hence, the ISDS has been reconfigured to protect the destroyers of the environment so that they can avoid dealing with their unacceptable externalizations - The individual existing at the lower level of the multi-scale competency architecture(the corporation) is battling to survive against the wishes of the higher level individual (the government) in the same multi-scale competency architecture
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Allegation: U.S. Marshals sneak up on suspect, kick him in the head, and take turns stomping on him while he’s unconscious. Unconstitutional excessive force? Tenth Circuit: You can’t sue federal officers for violating the Constitution. (IJ filed an amicus brief urging a different course.)
follow case, bivens, federal officer immunity
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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In what follows, we refer to text, audio, images, and videos as “content,” and to content that is to be blocked by a CSS system as “targeted content.” This generalization is necessary. While the European Union (EU) and Apple have been talking about child sex-abuse material (CSAM)—specifically images—in their push for CSS [12], the EU has included terrorism and organized crime along with sex abuse [13]. In the EU’s view, targeted content extends from still images through videos to text, as text can be used for both sexual solicitation and terrorist recruitment. We cannot talk merely of “illegal” content, because proposed UK laws would require the blocking online of speech that is legal but that some actors find upsetting [14].
Defining "content"
How you define "content" in client-side scanning is key. The scope of any policies will depend on the national (and local?) laws in place.
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www.repubblica.it www.repubblica.it
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Sizilien leidet gerade unter extremer Trockenheit, die zu großen Einbußen bei der Orangenernte führt. Sie gehört zu einem anhaltenden Prozess der Aridifizierung, durch den sich die Bedingungen in Sizilien immer mehr denen im heutigen Algerien annähern. Ausführlicher Bericht in der Repubblica über die mangelnde Vorbereitung der Region auf zunehmenden Wasserstress, unter anderem die mangelnde Aufgeschlossenheit für die Regeneration von Böden und Gewässern, wie sie das Nature Restoration Law der EU vorsieht. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/dossier/siccita--gestione-acqua/2024/02/08/news/siccita_sicilia_arance-422075670/
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Local file Local file
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outfangthief, a tricky entry that took Murray three people andsix letters before he nailed its definition as ‘the right of a lord of a privatejurisdiction to claim for trial a thief captured outside the jurisdiction, and tokeep any forfeited chattels on conviction’.
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Maitland co-wrote History of English Law with Frederick Pollock.
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a fellowlexicographer and one of the Dictionary People, John Stephen Farmer, hadhis own legal drama. Farmer was writing a slang dictionary with WilliamHenley, and was struggling to publish the second volume (containing theletters C and F) of his work on grounds of obscenity. Farmer took hispublisher to court for breach of contract in 1891, and tried to convince a jurythat writing about obscene words in a dictionary did not make him personallyguilty of obscenity, but he lost the case and was ordered to pay costs.Eventually, he found fresh printers and avoided the Obscene Publications Actby arguing that his dictionary was published privately for subscribers only, notthe public, and the remarkable Slang and Its Analogues by Farmer and Henleywas published in seven volumes (from 1890 to 1904), with cunt and fuck andmany other words regarded as lewd on its pages. Farmer’s legal case and thepublic outcry that ensued was a clear deterrent for Murray.
Tags
- Frederic Maitland
- fuck
- chilling effects
- Obscene Publications Act
- law
- slang
- Slang and Its Analogues
- dictionaries
- words
- lexicographers
- William Henley
- John Stephen Farmer
- jurisdictions
- history
- public outcry
- Frederick Pollock
- History of English Law
- cunt
- case law
- lexicography
- outfangthief
- forfeiture
- obscenity
Annotators
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- Jan 2024
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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our slave owners want to stay in control, because they are control freaks, real fascists.<br /> i guess "the event" will be a blackout, plus civil war vs migrants, so they can declare martial law
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crsreports.congress.gov crsreports.congress.gov
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Some observers say law enforcement’sinvestigative capabilities may be outpaced by the speed oftechnological change, preventing investigators fromaccessing certain information they may otherwise beauthorized to obtain. Specifically, law enforcement officialscite strong, end-to-end encryption, or what they have calledwarrant-proof encryption, as preventing lawful access tocertain data.
"warrant-proof" encryption
Law enforcement's name for "end-to-end encryption"
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Die neue Ausgabe des Bodenatlas dokumentiert unter anderem die anhaltenden Prozesse der Bodenversiegelung, Verschlechterung von Böden und der Aneignung von Böden durch große Investoren. Global 2000 hat eine österreichische Version produziert. https://www.sn.at/panorama/oesterreich/bodenatlas-ressource-schluesselfunktion-151379584
Download Bodenatlas (Österreichische Ausgabe):https://www.global2000.at/sites/global/files/bodenatlas2024_oesterreich_web_20231214.pdf
Deutsche Ausgabe: https://www.boell.de/de/bodenatlas
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decivitate.substack.com decivitate.substack.com
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Last time, I decided to examine the question of Donald Trump’s disqualification by starting with the important stuff and working down to the minutiae (unlike a court of law, which goes the opposite direction). I started with the most important question of all: is it even legitimate to consider declaring a candidate disqualified? Should you ever take that decision away from the voters themselves? I answered yes, if the law includes qualifications, because we live in a republic, not a democracy.
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www.bu.edu www.bu.edu
- Dec 2023
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www.desmog.com www.desmog.com
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Über einen Bericht von Oil Change International über CCS. Die Fossilindustrie hat auch auf der COP28 - zum Teil erfolgreich -versucht, CCS als Weg darzustellen Emissionen Emissionen zu vermeiden, sodass sichfossile Brennstoffe weiter nutzen lassen. Regierungen planen gerade weitere 200 Milliarden in CCS zu investieren, obwohl es sich um unausgereift Technologien handelt, die bisher vor allem eingesetzt wurden, um CO2 für die Ölförderung zu gewinnen. https://www.desmog.com/2023/12/12/oil-industry-battles-push-for-phase-out-deal-at-cop28-with-promises-to-capture-carbon/
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Local file Local file
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Das Bemerkenswerte an dieser Aussage ist, dass sie klar zum Ausdruck bringt, was wir in system-theoretischen Begriffen als Produktion von Komplexität durch Selektion bezeichnen könnten. DerGrundgedanke ist, dass der Zettelkasten, wenn er richtig eingerichtet ist, in der Lage sein muss, vielmehr Komplexität zu erzeugen, als in den Zettelkasten eingeführt worden ist. Das ist eben der Fall,wenn seine Innenstruktur, wie Luhmann (1992a, S. 66) es formuliert hat, „selbständige kombinatori-sche Leistungen“ ermöglicht, so dass das, was der Zettelkasten bei jeder Abfrage mitzuteilen hat, im-mer viel mehr ist, als der Benutzer selbst im Kopf hatte.
machine translation:
The remarkable thing about this statement is that it clearly expresses what we might call, in systems theory terms, the production of complexity by selection. The basic idea is that the Zettelkasten, when set up correctly, must be able to generate much more complexity than was introduced into the Zettelkasten. This is precisely the case if its internal structure, as Luhmann (1992a, p. 66) put it, enables “independent combinatorial performances”, so that what the Zettelkasten has to communicate with each query is always much more than that user himself had in mind.
Perhaps a usable quote to support my own theory, but certainly nothing new to me.
Perhaps some interesting overlap with Ashby's law of requisite variety here? Perhaps an inverse version for creating variety and complexity?
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- Nov 2023
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www.edge.org www.edge.orgEdge.org5
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Naughton, John. “Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety.” Edge.org, 2017. https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27150.
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Ashby's law of requisite variety may also be at play for overloading our system 1 heuristic abilities with respect to misinformation (particularly in high velocity social media settings). Switching context from system 1 to system 2 on a constant basis to fact check everything in our (new digital) immediate environment can be very mentally and emotionally taxing. This can result in both mental exhaustion as well as anxiety.
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It would seem that people who spend too much time online experience more anxiety. Could it be that we've evolved to only be able to manage so many inputs and amounts of variety of those inputs? The experiencing of too much variety in our environments and the resultant anxiety may be a result of the limits of Ross Ashby's law of requisite variety within human systems.
This may also be why chaos machines like Donald Trump are effective at creating anxiety in a populace whose social systems are not designed to handle so many crazy ideas at once.
Implications for measurements of resilience?
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a viable system is one that can handle the variability of its environment. Or, as Ashby put it, only variety can absorb variety.
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Ashby came up with the concept of variety as a measurement of the number of possible states of a system. His "Law" of Requisite Variety stated that for a system to be stable, the number of states that its control mechanism is capable of attaining (its variety) must be greater than or equal to the number of states in the system being controlled.
Tags
- law of requisite variety
- chaos machines
- References
- anxiety
- W. Ross Ashby
- misinformation
- Donald J. Trump
- complexity theory
- chaos boxes
- read
- digital humanism
- resilience
- stability
- System 1 vs. System 2
- open questions
- laws
- exhaustion
- definitions
- viability
- variability
- systems
- systems theory
Annotators
URL
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archives.library.illinois.edu archives.library.illinois.edu
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borretti.me borretti.me
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the higher the activation energy to using a tool, the less likely you are to use it. Even a small amount of friction can cause me to go, oh, who cares, can’t be bothered
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peacemaker.un.org peacemaker.un.org
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The start of proceedings to define a boundary line between Guyana and Venezuela.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Btqc9Kch980
- 1899 arbitral award
- https://icj-cij.org/case/171
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Der Critical Raw Materials Actt wird von Industrie-Lobbies benutzt, um Einschränkungen beim Zugang zu Rohmaterialien abzubauen, und zwar auch dann, wenn es nicht um die Energieversorgung geht. IT-, Rüstungs- und Raumfahrtindustrie versuchen von der Krisensituation bei den neuen Energien zu profitieren. Die Libéation berichtet über einen neuen Report von Lobbying-Warchdogs. Die Liste der kritischen Rohmaterialien wurde bereits von 15 auf 34 Stoffe erweitert. https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/ue-le-critical-raw-materials-act-un-open-bar-pour-lindustrie-miniere-20231112_HZUR6376QJCZVBM5IGIUR6V2QE/
Tags
- 2023-11-12
- country: Australia
- topic: Mining
- country: EU
- law: Critical Raw Materials Act
- country: Ukraine
- country: Kasachstan
- country: Chile
- institution: Center for European Policy Analysis
- expert: Lora Verheecke
- expert: Erik Jönsson
- institution: Observatoire des multinationales
- country: Canada
- process: energy transition
- program: Green Deal
- institution: Iris
- actor: Marie Toussaint
- mode: legislation
- institution: Corporate Europe Observatory
Annotators
URL
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Zum stark verwässerten und wenig verbindlichen Renaturierungsgesetz der EU stellt die taz fest, die EU sei als verlässliche Partnerin für die ökologische Transformation ausgefallen. Es bleibt nur noch die kommunale Ebene. https://taz.de/Schwaches-EU-Renaturierungsgesetz/!5972203/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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In dem sogenannten Trilog-Verfahren haben sich Vertreter:innen des europäischen Parlaments und der europäischen Kommission auf eine endgültige Version des Nature Restoration Laws geeinigt, durch die bis 2030 20% der Land- und Wasserflächen der-unter Schutz gestellt bzw. wiederhergestellt werden sollen. Vor allem aufgrund des Einflusses der europäischen Volkspartei wurde die von der Kommission vorgelegte Version des Gesetzes stark verwässert. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/10/eu-strikes-landmark-deal-nature-restoration-law
Tags
- expert: Sofie Ruysschaert
- expert: Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- process: nature conservation and restoration
- country: EU
- 2023-11-10
- institution: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
- NGO: BirdLife Europe
- expert: Guy Pe’er
- law: nature restoration law
- expert: Josef Settele
- actor: EVP
- program: european green deal
- institution: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre
- mode: legislation
Annotators
URL
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Mehrere NGOs rufen den deutschen Bundespräsidenten Steinmeier in einem offenen Brief auf, das novellierte Klimaschutzgesetz nicht zu unterschreiben. Die Amprlkoalition verzichtet darin auf den Kern des ursprünglichen Gesetzes, die Angabe von genauen Grenzwerten für die Sektoren der Wirtschaft. https://taz.de/Abschwaechung-des-Klimaschutzgesetzes/!5968519/
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abc6onyourside.com abc6onyourside.com
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After a Sheriff’s K-9 attacked an unarmed, surrendering track driver
The idea that people need costly training paid for with extorted money to know not to sick an attack dog on an unarmed surrendering suspect surrounded by law enforcement officers - against the protests of highly trained law enforcement officers - is absurd.
Also, it wasn't a Sheriff's K-9 officer, it was Circleville Police K-9 Officer Ryan Speakman.
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That’s paid for by the state from a $40 million fund approved by the legislature.
Per the #JustPowers clause of The Declaration of Independence, people can't grant powers they don't have to Gov, including legislators.
Since I can't justly extort my neighbors to fund things I want, like training for local police, the legislature cannot justly do this either.
The alternative would be to fund police training voluntarily through donations to a "training fund". Then the police funding would depend on what the local community is willing to support - not the whims of politicians.
"Law enforcers" are mercenaries hired to impose political edicts on the masses, and they are funded with money extorted unjustly from the populace.
They are predators on the people, not protectors as they are portrayed in media propaganda. Their only job is to keep the political racketeers tax slaves in-line.
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- Oct 2023
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Die EU will mit dem Critical Raw Materials Actt den Abbau und das Recycling von Metallen, die für die Energiewende wichtig sind, schnell vorantreiben. Die taz berichtet über Schwierigkeiten vor Ort und eine Studie zu den aktuellen bürokratischen Regelungen und Hemnissen. https://taz.de/Kritische-Rohstoffe/!5967205/
Studie: https://www.ey.com/de_de/government-public-sector/deutsche-versorgungssicherheit
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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He pointed out that these questions penalize the more imaginative and favor those who are content to collect facts. Therefore, multiple-choice test statistics, in all their uses, are misleading.
He = Banesh Hoffman
This is tangentially similar to Malcolm Gladwell's claim that standardized testing for law school privileges certain types of thinkers over others, something which creates thinkers who are good at quick things with respect to time pressures rather than slower and more deliberate thinkers who are needed at higher level functions like the Supreme Court.
See: The Tortoise and the Hare, S4 E2 of Revisionist History https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/revisionist-history/the-tortoise-and-the-hare
testing imagination versus fact memorization/simple recall compared with thinking quickly under pressure or slowly with time and increased ability to reason
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita
During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law).
The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: שמיטה, literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shǝvi'it (שביעית, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism.
Tags
- Friends of the Link 2023-10-18
- Deuteronomy 31:10-13
- debt
- jubilee
- remission year
- Isaiah 37:30
- Nehemiah 10:31
- 2 Chronicles 36:20-21
- Deuteronomy 15:1-6
- Jeremiah 34:13-14
- Leviticus 25:5
- time in relation to work
- sabbaticals
- halakha
- Exodus 23:10-11
- Jewish law
- Leviticus 25
- agriculture
- shmita
- 2 Kings 19:29
Annotators
URL
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Local file Local file
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das Jurastudium, in dem man eine Reihe von Organisations-Trickslernte und zugleich eine Art Augenmaß,
In this interview, Lumnann indicates that he learned a number of organizational tricks while studying law.
What specifically were these? Relation to his ZK?
Any relation to Bruno First's memory work which grew out of his legal studies in the early 1900s?
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- Sep 2023
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Die österreichische Gasbranche startet - offenbar in Kooperation mit der Industriellenvereinigung - eine PR-Initiative gegen das Erneuerbare-Wärme-Gesetz. Dabei wird das Narrativ der der Technologie-Offenheit verwendet und mit Hinweisen auf Biomethan und Wasserstoff für den Erhalt der Gasheizungen argumentiert. Unkritische Widergabe einer APA-Meldung im Standard. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000188226/erneuerbare-waerme-gesetz-laesst-gasbranche-zittern
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Die Abgeordneten des europäischen Parlaments haben dafür gestimmt, die EU-Länder zu verpflichen, den Verbrauch erneuerbarer Energie bis 2030 von 22% auf 42% zu steigern. Die Renewable Energy Directive muss noch vom Europäischen Rat angenommen werden. Biomasse gilt weiterhin als erneuerbar. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/les-eurodeputes-votent-pour-faire-doubler-la-consommation-denergie-renouvelable-dici-a-2030-20230912_WMEQYLIL65G6LC7CVDD6CV5AOQ/
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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international du droit maritime des Nations Unies basé à Hambourg en Allemagne
Eine Koalition kleiner Inselstaaten hat beim internationalen Seegerichtshof eine Aussage zur Belastung der Ozeane durch Treibhausgase beantragt. Wenn diese als Verschmutzung im Sinne des Seerechts anerkannt wird, lassen sich damit Klagen gegen die Industriestaaten auf Einschreiten gegen die globale Erhitzung begründen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/des-etats-insulaires-intentent-une-action-en-justice-pour-proteger-les-oceans-20230911_ATZV3N2EAZCMXEWEKUZ32ACL4Q/
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Der Bundestag hat das Gebäudeenergie-Gesetz verabschiedet, auf Druck vor allem der FDP allerdings in einer deutlich abgeschwächten Form. Die beabsichtigte Klimawirkung wird bei weitem nicht erreicht. https://taz.de/GEG-endlich-verabschiedet/!5956352
Berechnung der Klimawirkung des verabschiedeten Gesetzes von Malte Kreutzfeldt: https://graz.social/@mkreutzfeldt@mastodon.social/111035336689681413
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- Aug 2023
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www.independent.co.uk www.independent.co.uk
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Cuthbertson, Anthony. “Musician Uses Algorithm to Generate Every Possible Melody to Prevent Copyright Lawsuits.” The Independent, February 28, 2020, sec. Tech. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/music-copyright-algorithm-lawsuit-damien-riehl-a9364536.html.
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At what point do we have the computing power to create the machine of "Shakespearean monkeys at typewriters" that generates all available combinations of text to end copyright of text? Compare with Melody/Music: https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/music-cop
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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In computing, the robustness principle is a design guideline for software that states: "be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others". It is often reworded as: "be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you accept". The principle is also known as Postel's law, after Jon Postel, who used the wording in an early specification of TCP.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_principle
Robustness principle: be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others.
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Die Stadt Hamburg hat ein Klimaschutzgestz vorgelegt, um bis 2045 CO2 neutral zu werden. Umweltverbände halten das Ziel für utopisch, weil die angekündigten Maßnahmen nicht ausreichen, kaum Zwischenschritte angegeben werden und nicht klar ist, wie Fortschritte bei der Dekarbonisierung gemessen werden.
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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The fourth step is to Apply the Reflection. Adjust behavior based on reflection. We improve not for validation, we improve for ourselves (stoic philosophy)
Document the journey in for example a journal. Make a comparison between what would be done in the past and what will be done in the future.
Data collection. Measurement.
Marginal Gains. It's sort of a daily continous Kolb's cycle but in a more lightweight form. I can already see the power in this. Absolute gem.
Could also be overwhelming if applied to a lot. therefore, use the power law and focus on what is essential to life change. (thanks Dr. Benjamin Hardy.)
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Standard-Artikel über die Schwierigkeiten, in Österreich Großprojekte zur Energiewende administrativ und gegen den Widerstand lokaler Initiativen durchzusetzen. Die drei ausgewählten Beispiele zeigen, dass die Probleme und die Motive für den Widerstand sehr unterschiedlich sind. Die EU will mit dem Net Zero Industry Act die Zeit bis zur Umsetzung von Projekten auf maximal anderthalb Jahre verkürzen. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000182417/ueberforderte-behoerden-und-protestierende-buerger-bremsen-die-energiewende-aus
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www.public.law www.public.law
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Law is code that belongs to all of us
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- Jul 2023
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Der Standard interviewt den deutschen Ökologen Josef Settele zum Renaturierungsgesetz der EU. Settele gehört zu den 6000 Wissenschaftlerinnen, die sich in einem offenen Brief für die Verabschiedung des Gesetzes ausgesprochen haben. Er bedauert, dass es Abstriche beim Schutz von Ökosystemen gab und weist darauf hin, das mit diesem Gesetz die Verpflichtung zum Schutz von 30% der Gesamtfläche noch bei weitem nicht erfüllt ist. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000179484/das-gesetz-sichert-unsere-ern228hrung
Offener Brief von 6000 Wissenschaftler:innen zur Unterstützung des Nature Restoration Law: https://zenodo.org/record/8128624
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IM Umweltausschuss der EU ist das Renaturierungsgesetz durchgefallen – vor allem wegen des Widerstands vieler Abgeordneter der Europäischen Volkspartei. Ohne dieses Gesetz sind die Klimaziele der EU kaum zu erreichen.
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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WWF und Greenpeace haben in Österreich die EU-Parlamentarier aufgerufen, für den Entwurf der Kommission für das Nature Restauration Laws zu stimmen. Die Europäische Volkspartei hat gegen dieses Gesetz, das ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des green Deal ist, kampagnisiert. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000178340/entscheidung-im-eu-parlament-abstimmung-252ber-renaturierungsgesetz
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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In der EU versuchen Konservative in einem Bündnis mit der extremen Rechten, das neue Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung von Naturräumen im Plenum des Europaparlaments endgültig scheitern zu lassen. Der Guardian stellt diese Politik in den Kontext einer breiter angelegten Anti-Klimapolitik der europäischen Konservativen und Rechten.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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The lawsuit against OpenAI claims the three authors “did not consent to the use of their copyrighted books as training material for ChatGPT. Nonetheless, their copyrighted materials were ingested and used to train ChatGPT.”
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www.forbes.com www.forbes.com
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New York-based startup DoNotPay created an AI-based way for people to contest traffic tickets—a user would wear smart glasses that would feed it information to say in court generated by AI—but before the creator could introduce it in court, he said he got threats from multiple bar associations about “unauthorized practice of law,”
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Hintergrundinformationen zum Renaturierungsgesetz der EU. In der vergangenen Woche wurde der Entwurf der EU-Kommission vom europäischen Parlament mit Modifikationen verabschiedet. Das Gesetz verpflichtet die EU-Staaten zu Wiederherstellungsplänen und zur Orientierung an Indikatoren, wobei die konkreten Vorgaben vom Parlament aus dem Entwurf gestrichen wurden.
Bericht der EU-Kommission zur Situation der Ökosysteme in der EU: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0635&from=DE
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Robert Maynard Hutchins (January 17, 1899 – May 14, 1977) was an American educational philosopher. He was president (1929–1945) and chancellor (1945–1951) of the University of Chicago, and earlier dean of Yale Law School (1927–1929).
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datatracker.ietf.org datatracker.ietf.org
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www.congress.gov www.congress.gov
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(b) Criminal penalties.—Section 4(d)(1) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3373(d)(1)) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (A)— (A) by inserting “(e),” after “(d),”; and (B) by striking “or” after the comma at the end; (2) in subparagraph (B)— (A) by inserting “(e),” after “(d),”; and (B) by adding “or” after the comma at the end; and (3) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following: “(C) knowingly violates section 3(e),”; and (4) in the matter following subparagraph (B)— (A) by striking “knowing that” and all that follows through “treaty or regulation,”; (B) by striking “said”; and (C) by inserting before the period “or prohibited wildlife species concerned”.
(d) Criminal penalties (1) Any person who-
(A) knowingly imports or exports any fish or wildlife or plants in violation of any provision of this chapter (other than subsections (b), (d), (e), and (f) of section 3372 of this title), or
(B) violates any provision of this chapter (other than subsections (b), (d), (e), and (f) of section 3372 of this title) by knowingly engaging in conduct that involves the sale or purchase of, the offer of sale or purchase of, or the intent to sell or purchase, fish or wildlife or plants with a market value in excess of $350,
knowing that the fish or wildlife or plants were taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of, or in a manner unlawful under, any underlying law, treaty or regulation, shall be fined not more than $20,000, or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both. Each violation shall be a separate offense and the offense shall be deemed to have been committed not only in the district where the violation first occurred, but also in any district in which the defendant may have taken or been in possession of the said fish or wildlife or plants.
(2) Any person who knowingly engages in conduct prohibited by any provision of this chapter (other than subsections (b), (d), (e), and (f) of section 3372 of this title) and in the exercise of due care should know that the fish or wildlife or plants were taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of, or in a manner unlawful under, any underlying law, treaty or regulation shall be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. Each violation shall be a separate offense and the offense shall be deemed to have been committed not only in the district where the violation first occurred, but also in any district in which the defendant may have taken or been in possession of the said fish or wildlife or plants.
(3) Any person who knowingly violates subsection (d) or (f) of section 3372 of this title-
(A) shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the offense involves-
(i) the importation or exportation of fish or wildlife or plants; or
(ii) the sale or purchase, offer of sale or purchase, or commission of an act with intent to sell or purchase fish or wildlife or plants with a market value greater than $350; and
(B) shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both, if the offense does not involve conduct described in subparagraph (A).
(4) Any person who knowingly violates section 3372(e) of this title shall be fined not more than $20,000, or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. Each violation shall be a separate offense and the offense is deemed to have been committed in the district where the violation first occurred, and in any district in which the defendant may have taken or been in possession of the prohibited wildlife species.
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(a) Civil penalties.—Section 4(a)(1) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3373(a)(1)) is amended— (1) by inserting “(e),” after “(d),”; and (2) by inserting “, (e),” after “subsection (d)”.
§3373. Penalties and sanctions (a) Civil penalties (1) Any person who engages in conduct prohibited by any provision of this chapter (other than subsections (b), (d), (e), and (f) of section 3372 of this title) and in the exercise of due care should know that the fish or wildlife or plants were taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of, or in a manner unlawful under, any underlying law, treaty, or regulation, and any person who knowingly violates subsection (d), (e), or (f) of section 3372 of this title, may be assessed a civil penalty by the Secretary of not more than $10,000 for each such violation: Provided, That when the violation involves fish or wildlife or plants with a market value of less than $350, and involves only the transportation, acquisition, or receipt of fish or wildlife or plants taken or possessed in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the United States, any Indian tribal law, any foreign law, or any law or regulation of any State, the penalty assessed shall not exceed the maximum provided for violation of said law, treaty, or regulation, or $10,000, whichever is less.
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Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. 2131 et seq.), and—
From Title 7-AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 54-TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS
§2131. Congressional statement of policy The Congress finds that animals and activities which are regulated under this chapter are either in interstate or foreign commerce or substantially affect such commerce or the free flow thereof, and that regulation of animals and activities as provided in this chapter is necessary to prevent and eliminate burdens upon such commerce and to effectively regulate such commerce, in order-
(1) to insure that animals intended for use in research facilities or for exhibition purposes or for use as pets are provided humane care and treatment;
(2) to assure the humane treatment of animals during transportation in commerce; and
(3) to protect the owners of animals from the theft of their animals by preventing the sale or use of animals which have been stolen.
The Congress further finds that it is essential to regulate, as provided in this chapter, the transportation, purchase, sale, housing, care, handling, and treatment of animals by carriers or by persons or organizations engaged in using them for research or experimental purposes or for exhibition purposes or holding them for sale as pets or for any such purpose or use.
( Pub. L. 89–544, §1(b), formerly §1, Aug. 24, 1966, 80 Stat. 350 ; Pub. L. 91–579, §2, Dec. 24, 1970, 84 Stat. 1560 ; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 94–279, §2, Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 417 .)
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“(2) LIMITATION ON APPLICATION.—Paragraph (1) does not apply to any person that— “(A) is an institution accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums; “(B) is a facility that— “(i) has an active written contract with an Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plan or Taxon Advisory Group for breeding of prohibited wildlife species; and “(ii) does not breed, acquire, or sell prohibited wildlife species other than the species covered by such contract; “(C) is a State college, university, or agency, or State-licensed veterinarian; “(D) is a wildlife sanctuary that cares for prohibited wildlife species, and— “(i) is a corporation that is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and described in sections 501(c)(3) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) of such Code; “(ii) does not commercially trade in prohibited wildlife species, including offspring, parts, and byproducts of such animals; “(iii) does not breed the prohibited wildlife species; “(iv) does not allow direct contact between the public and prohibited wildlife species; and “(v) does not allow the transportation and display of prohibited wildlife species off-site; “(E) has custody of the prohibited wildlife species solely for the purpose of expeditiously transporting the prohibited wildlife species to a person described in this paragraph with respect to the species; “(F) is in possession of a prohibited wildlife species that was born before the date of the enactment of the Big Cat Public Safety Act, and— “(i) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the Big Cat Public Safety Act, is registered with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; “(ii) does not breed, acquire, or sell any prohibited wildlife species after the date of the enactment of such Act; and “(iii) does not allow direct contact between the public and prohibited wildlife species; or “(G) holds a valid Class C license under the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. 2131 et seq.), and— “(i) regularly travels across State lines to conduct circus performances featuring live prohibited wildlife species, clowns, and aerial acts; “(ii) engages in such travel and conduct before January 1, 2015; and “(iii) does not allow direct contact between the public and prohibited wildlife species.”.
Now reads:
(2) Limitation on application Paragraph (1) does not apply to-
(A) an entity exhibiting animals to the public under a Class C license from the Department of Agriculture, or a Federal facility registered with the Department of Agriculture that exhibits animals, if such entity or facility holds such license or registration in good standing and if the entity or facility-
(i) does not allow any individual to come into direct physical contact with a prohibited wildlife species, unless that individual is-
(I) a trained professional employee or contractor of the entity or facility (or an accompanying employee receiving professional training);
(II) a licensed veterinarian (or a veterinary student accompanying such a veterinarian); or
(III) directly supporting conservation programs of the entity or facility, the contact is not in the course of commercial activity (which may be evidenced by advertisement or promotion of such activity or other relevant evidence), and the contact is incidental to humane husbandry conducted pursuant to a species-specific, publicly available, peer-edited population management and care plan that has been provided to the Secretary with justifications that the plan-
(aa) reflects established conservation science principles;
(bb) incorporates genetic and demographic analysis of a multi-institution population of animals covered by the plan; and
(cc) promotes animal welfare by ensuring that the frequency of breeding is appropriate for the species; and
(ii) ensures that during public exhibition of a lion (Panthera leo), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), or any hybrid thereof, the animal is at least 15 feet from members of the public unless there is a permanent barrier sufficient to prevent public contact;
(B) a State college, university, or agency, or a State-licensed veterinarian;
(C) a wildlife sanctuary that cares for prohibited wildlife species, and-
(i) is a corporation that is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of title 26 and described in sections 501(c)(3) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) of such title;
(ii) does not commercially trade in any prohibited wildlife species, including offspring, parts, and byproducts of such animals;
(iii) does not breed any prohibited wildlife species;
(iv) does not allow direct contact between the public and any prohibited wildlife species; and
(v) does not allow the transportation and display of any prohibited wildlife species off-site;
(D) has custody of any prohibited wildlife species solely for the purpose of expeditiously transporting the prohibited wildlife species to a person described in this paragraph with respect to the species; or
(E) an entity or individual that is in possession of any prohibited wildlife species that was born before December 20, 2022, and-
(i) not later than 180 days after December 20, 2022, the entity or individual registers each individual animal of each prohibited wildlife species possessed by the entity or individual with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service;
(ii) does not breed, acquire, or sell any prohibited wildlife species after December 20, 2022; and
(iii) does not allow direct contact between the public and prohibited wildlife species.
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(2) by amending subsection (e) to read as follows: “(e) Captive wildlife offense.— “(1) IN GENERAL.—It is unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce, or in a manner substantially affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or to breed or possess, any live animal of any prohibited wildlife species.
(e) Captive wildlife offense (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), it is unlawful for any person to-
(A) import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce, or in a manner substantially affecting interstate or foreign commerce; or
(B) breed or possess;
any prohibited wildlife species.
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(1) in subsection (a)— (A) in paragraph (2)— (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting “; or”; (ii) in subparagraph (B)(iii), by striking “; or” and inserting a semicolon; and (iii) by striking subparagraph (C); and (B) in paragraph (4), by striking “(1) through (3)” and inserting “(1) through (3) or subsection (e)”; and
§3372. Prohibited acts, Subsection a: (a) Offenses other than marking offenses It is unlawful for any person-
(1) to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any fish or wildlife or plant taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the United States or in violation of any Indian tribal law;
(2) to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce-
(A) any fish or wildlife taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law or regulation of any State or in violation of any foreign law; or
(B) any plant-
(i) taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law or regulation of any State, or any foreign law, that protects plants or that regulates-
(I) the theft of plants;
(II) the taking of plants from a park, forest reserve, or other officially protected area;
(III) the taking of plants from an officially designated area; or
(IV) the taking of plants without, or contrary to, required authorization;
(ii) taken, possessed, transported, or sold without the payment of appropriate royalties, taxes, or stumpage fees required for the plant by any law or regulation of any State or any foreign law; or
(iii) taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any limitation under any law or regulation of any State, or under any foreign law, governing the export or transshipment of plants;
(3) within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States (as defined in section 7 of title 18)-
(A) to possess any fish or wildlife taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law or regulation of any State or in violation of any foreign law or Indian tribal law, or
(B) to possess any plant-
(i) taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law or regulation of any State, or any foreign law, that protects plants or that regulates-
(I) the theft of plants;
(II) the taking of plants from a park, forest reserve, or other officially protected area;
(III) the taking of plants from an officially designated area; or
(IV) the taking of plants without, or contrary to, required authorization;
(ii) taken, possessed, transported, or sold without the payment of appropriate royalties, taxes, or stumpage fees required for the plant by any law or regulation of any State or any foreign law; or
(iii) taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any limitation under any law or regulation of any State, or under any foreign law, governing the export or transshipment of plants; or
(4) to attempt to commit any act described in paragraphs (1) through (3) or subsection (e).
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Section 3 of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3372) is amended—
Changes to this section: §3372. Prohibited acts
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SEC. 7. Administration.Section 7(a) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3376(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: “(3) The Secretary shall, in consultation with other relevant Federal and State agencies, promulgate any regulations necessary to implement section 3(e).”.
Added here:
§3376. Administration (a) Regulations (1) The Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, is authorized to issue such regulations, except as provided in paragraph (2), as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of sections 3372(f), 3373, and 3374 of this title.
(2) The Secretaries of the Interior and Commerce shall jointly promulgate specific regulations to implement the provisions of section 3372(b) of this title for the marking and labeling of containers or packages containing fish or wildlife. These regulations shall be in accordance with existing commercial practices.
(3) The Secretary shall, in consultation with other relevant Federal and State agencies, promulgate any regulations necessary to implement section 3372(e) of this title.
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SEC. 6. Forfeiture of prohibited wildlife species.Share ThisSection 5(a)(1) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3374(a)(1)) is amended by inserting “bred, possessed,” before “imported, exported,”.
"bred, possessed" added here:
§3374. Forfeiture (a) In general (1) All fish or wildlife or plants bred, possessed, imported, exported, transported, sold, received, acquired, or purchased contrary to the provisions of section 3372 of this title (other than section 3372(b) of this title), or any regulation issued pursuant thereto, shall be subject to forfeiture to the United States notwithstanding any culpability requirements for civil penalty assessment or criminal prosecution included in section 3373 of this title.
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“(a) Breed.—The term ‘breed’ means to facilitate propagation or reproduction (whether intentionally or negligently), or to fail to prevent propagation or reproduction”.
Definition
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Federal control of the intrastate private possession and breeding of prohibited wildlife species is essential to the effective control of the interstate incidents of traffic in prohibited wildlife species.
Argument: Federal control of intrastate possession of prohibited wildlife species (i.e., big cats) cannot be effective without control of interstate incidents of traffic of these species
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The global illicit trade in wildlife may be worth up to $20,000,000,000 annually and the value of legal wildlife trade in the United States was recently estimated at $2,800,000,000 annually.
What is the source of this figure?
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To amend the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 to clarify provisions enacted by the Captive Wildlife Safety Act, to further the conservation of certain wildlife species, and for other purposes.
Stated purpose
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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For any action, habit, and belief you have, ask yourself: "Does this help toward my goals and future self or not?", if the answer is no, it is a distraction and part of the 80% you need to let go in order to reach 10X
Your future self and 10X (or 100X) vision and goals serve as a massive filter for action and belief.
Note: You should not 10X everything! Just 3 priorities.
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Counterintuitively, the 10X mindset and goal setting is not about goals. It is about identifying the essential PROCESSES that lead to significant progress.
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What is the game you want to play? What is the game you could play? What is a game you could go all in on and succeed at and be really good at?
This defines your pathways and strategies within your 20%
The path can change and adjust over time.
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To achieve goals, raise the floor, FOCUS on removing bottlenecks. Also create constraints by Schwerpunkt (primary objective), contrary to common wisdom, constraint actually gives freedom, it prevents analysis paralysis.
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- Jun 2023
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Something to introduce into your yearly review is to reflect on the period and find out what your 10x cycles were.
A 10x mindset is defined by letting go of the 80% that isn't useful, and focusing on the 20% that is essential while building 80% new skills or standards that benefit your purpose. A lot of true progress requires sacrifice (stripping down that which is not beneficial or essential).
Related to what Mihaly Csikszentmihaliy, author of Flow, calls the Ulterior purpose, where the purpose serves as a big filter to focus on what actually matters. Antonin Sertillanges gives a similar account in The Intellectual Life
The solid maxim: Big change requires great sacrifice.""
Likely, identifying the essential 20% (and the 80% to learn) requires a lot of introspection and reflection. Something that will help significantly is Kolb's.
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Mit der ENI wird zum ersten Mal auch in Italien eine Firma dafür angeklagt, dass sie für mehr Verbrauch von fossilen Brennstoffen warb, obwohl ihr die klimarisiken bereits seit 1970 bekannt waren. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/09/italian-oil-firm-eni-lawsuit-alleging-early-knowledge-climate-crisis
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grist.org grist.org
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But that failed when Congress took another step and passed an amendment to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1986, which held that no owner or operator of an underground storage tank could transfer that liability to someone else.
All contractual liability transfers should be banned.
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deliverypdf.ssrn.com deliverypdf.ssrn.com
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Citation
Duane, James, The Right to Remain Silent: A New Answer to an Old Question (February 2, 2012). Criminal Justice, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2010, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1998119
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www.ecfr.gov www.ecfr.gov
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§ 1003.36 Record of proceeding. The Immigration Court shall create and control the Record of Proceeding.
Regulation providing that the Immigration Court is responsible for creating and controlling the Record of Proceeding.
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www.scopus.com www.scopus.com
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we present a novel evidence extraction architecture called ATT-MRC
A new evidence extraction architecture called ATT-MRC improves the recognition of evidence entities in judgement documents by treating it as a question-answer problem, resulting in better performance than existing methods.
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www.scopus.com www.scopus.com
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We also compare the answer retrieval performance of a RoBERTa Base classifier against a traditional machine learning model in the legal domain
Transformer models like RoBERTa outperform traditional machine learning models in legal question answering tasks, achieving significant improvements in performance metrics such as F1-score and Mean Reciprocal Rank.
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Learning heterogeneous graph embedding for Chinese legal document similarity
The paper proposes L-HetGRL, an unsupervised approach using a legal heterogeneous graph and incorporating legal domain-specific knowledge, to improve Legal Document Similarity Measurement (LDSM) with superior performance compared to other methods.
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www.flexo.nz www.flexo.nz
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Foreign companies selling into the U.S. are subject to sales tax regimes to the extent there is nexus with the state, which can be established, among other ways, through a physical contact with the state (payroll, property, agents, and inventory held under the Fulfillment by Amazon arrangement) or substantial sales exceeding economic thresholds enacted in light of the Wayfair decision.
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www.semanticscholar.org www.semanticscholar.org
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European Law Identifier (ELI) and the European Case Law Identifier (ECLI), which provide technical specifications for Web identifiers and suggestions for vocabularies to be used to describe metadata pertaining to legal documents in a machine readable format. Notably, these ECLI and ELI metadata standards adhere to the RDF data format which forms the basis of Linked Data, and therefore have the potential to form a basis for a pan-European legal Knowledge Graph.
ELI (european law identifier) ECLI (European case law identifier) technical specification for web identifiers suggested vocabularies for metadata goal : legal documents in machine readable format.
But some counties don't have this implemted and that stands in the way of a pan-European legal Knowledge Graph.
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www.semanticscholar.org www.semanticscholar.org
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The common aim of lawmakers is to achieve effective legislative texts, namely tests that with the synergy of the other actors in the legislative pro‐ cess can produce the desired regulatory results. However, the process for achieving this common goal is not identical. Broadly speaking, civil and common law countries differ in their approaches.
Plain Language Movement: Common law and civil law differ in their approaches.
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- Apr 2023
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climatechampions.unfccc.int climatechampions.unfccc.int
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Opinion: This is how law leads non-state actors to decarbonise
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www.wspapsych.org www.wspapsych.org
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Johnston, J. & Sullivan, M. (2020). Parental Alienation: In Search of Common Ground Fora More Differentiated Theory. Family Court Review, 58(2), 270–292.
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Fidler, B. J., Deutsch, R. M., & Polak, S. (2019). “How am I supposed to treat these cases?”Working with families struggling with entrenched parent–child contact problems. InL. Greenberg, B. Fidler, & M. Saini (Eds.), Evidence-informed interventions forcourt-involved families (pp. 227–259). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
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Fidler, B., & Bala, N. (2020). Concepts, controversies and conundrums of alienation:Lessons learned in a decade and reflections on challenges ahead. Family CourtReview, 58(2), 576-603
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www.therapyhelp.com www.therapyhelp.com
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Michael Bone and Brian Ludmer, in particular, have written on this issue. Note especially that lawyers without strong experience in this area will be highly likely to lose your case. Experience in other areas of law is insufficient for lawyers to win alienation cases.
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and passes the DaubertgatekeepingExpert testimony on parental alienation “aided the court by providing a counterintuitiveexplanation as to the dynamics...present in [the] situation.”Expert testimony met the threshold level of reliability ~ DaubertstandardSupreme Judicial Court of Maine(Bergin v Bergin, __ A.3d __ (2019)) (2019 WL 3788326
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The phenomenon of PA is “well known”...-“Thephenomenaofparentalalienationarewellrecognizedinternationallyand,s a d l y,arefrequentlyallegedorencounteredincustodyandvisitationlitigation....Thespecificterm‘parentalalienation’doesnotyetappearasa psychiatricdiagnosisintheofficialclassificationoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation,althoughitsfeaturescommonlymaybesubsumedunderoneormoreotherdiagnosticcategories...”McClainv. McClain, 539S. W.3d 170,182(2017)(CourtofAppealsofTennessee
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familylawyermagazine.com familylawyermagazine.com
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Protecting Your Clients in Parental Alienation Cases When the Courts Don’t
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familylawyermagazine.com familylawyermagazine.com
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Winning Parental Alienation Cases: A Roadmap for Family Lawyers
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docdrop.org docdrop.orgUntitled1
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rentalAlienation:WHATFAMILYLAWYERSNEEDTOKNOW
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pasg.info pasg.info
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Developmental Psychology and the Scientific Status of Parental AlienationJennifer J. Harman 1 , Richard A. Warshak 2 , Demosthenes Lorandos 3 , and Matthew J. Florian 41 Department of Psychology, Colorado State University2 Independent Practice, Richardson, Texas, United States3 Psychlaw.net, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States4 Eris Enterprise, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State
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www.familyaccessfightingforchildrensrights.com www.familyaccessfightingforchildrensrights.com
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Parental Alienation andAmerican Family Courts:Common Fallacies and PitfallsPRESENTED BY: ASHISH JOSHI
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tcms.njsba.com tcms.njsba.com
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criteria proposed by Judge Richard Dollinger are related to scientific and clinical issues that provide the basis for expert testimony in cases where PA is alleged.
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Up until recently, there were no legal criteria for defining parental alienation. Now we have some guidance from New York State. The recently decided NYS AD case of JF v. DF (NY Law Journal, 12/27/18; filed 12/06/18) provides legal criteria for identifying parental alienation (PA) based on tort law. These criteria are intended to differentiate parental alienation from more conventional examples of poor parenting, such as missed phone calls or the occasional vulgarity or snide remark about the other parent.
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certificates.creativecommons.org certificates.creativecommons.org
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Recommended Resource
Since Unit 4 mentions some CC license infringement cases as examples, I recommend adding a court case from the Netherlands of a photographer suing a website for using their photo without permission or compensation. The name of the court case is below.
The court case ended with the judge awarding the photographer (plaintiff) the following damages (excerpt is from the court case records).
"5.4. orders [defendant] to pay to [plaintiff] against proof of discharge:
€ 450.00 in damages, increased by the statutory interest as referred to in Article 6:119 of the Dutch Civil Code, with effect from 11 June 2021 until the day of full payment,
€ 67.50 in extrajudicial collection costs,
5.5. orders [defendant] to pay the costs of the proceedings on the part of [plaintiff], estimated at € 2,036.30 until the judgment of this judgment, of which € 1,702.00 in salary for the authorized representative."
This case demonstrates the enforceability of the CC license in other countries, such as the Netherlands.
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certificates.creativecommons.org certificates.creativecommons.org
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Recommended Source
Under the "More on Philosophies of Copyright" section, I recommended adding the scholarly article by Chinese scholar Peter K. Yu that explains how Chinese philosophy of Yin-Yang can address the contradictions in effecting or eliminating intellectual property laws. One of the contradictions is in intellectual property laws protecting individual rights while challenging sustainability efforts for future generations (as climate change destroys more natural resources.
Yu, Peter K., Intellectual Property, Asian Philosophy and the Yin-Yang School (November 19, 2015). WIPO Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 1-15, 2015, Texas A&M University School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-70, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2693420
Below is a short excerpt from the article that details Chinese philosophical thought on IP and sustainability:
"Another area of intellectual property law and policy that has made intergenerational equity questions salient concerns the debates involving intellectual property and sustainable development. Although this mode of development did not garner major international attention until after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the Yin-Yang school of philosophy—which “offers a normative model with balance, harmony, and sustainability as ideals”—provides important insight into sustainable development."
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theodora.com theodora.com
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Tradesmen, too, were quick to see that the exchange might be worked to their advantage; they brought unsaleable stock from their shops, exchanged it for labour notes, and then picked out the best of the saleable articles. Consequently the labour notes began to depreciate; trouble also arose with the proprietors of the premises, and the experiment came to an untimely end early in 1834.
The labour exchange at Gray's Inn Road which began on September 3, 1832, which was based on Robert Owen's idea in The Crisis (June 1832), eventually collapsed in 1834 as the result of Greshham's Law in which "bad money drives out good." In this case, rather than money the object was the relative value of goods which were exchanged based on Labour notes. Labour notes were used to exchange unsaleable stock in shops for labour notes which were then used to purchase more valuable goods. This caused depreciation of the labor notes ultimately causing the experiment to collapse in 1834.
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- Mar 2023
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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power law in emission inequality
carbon inequality follows a power law
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Rask is especially known for his contributions to comparative linguistics, including an early formulation of what would later be known as Grimm's Law.
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library.oapen.org library.oapen.org
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Justice in the context of consumption corridorsmeans that every person deserves access to a defned minimum level ofecological and social resources necessary to be able to live a good life,solely because they are a human being (what scholars call a natural-law-based perspective on justice).
- Definition - Natural Law
- a natural law based perspective of justice claims that every person deserves access to a defined minimum level of ecological and social resources necessary to live a "good life".
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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The old saying "a bad penny always turns up" is a colloquial recognition of Gresham's Law.
The colloquialism "a bad penny always turns up" is recognition of Gresham's law because the bad (cheap) pennies will be in higher circulation compared with purer or more valuable copper pennies which will have been hoarded or left circulation.
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In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good". For example, if there are two forms of commodity money in circulation, which are accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable commodity will gradually disappear from circulation.[1][2] The law was named in 1860 by economist Henry Dunning Macleod after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519–1579), an English financier during the Tudor dynasty. Gresham had urged Queen Elizabeth to restore confidence in then-debased English currency. The concept was thoroughly defined in medieval Europe by Nicolaus Copernicus and known centuries earlier in classical Antiquity, the Middle East and China.
Gresham's law is an economic monetary principle which states that "bad money drives out good."
It relates to commodity value, particularly in coinage, where cheaper base metals in coins will cause more expensive coinage to disappear from circulation.
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- Feb 2023
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Entsprechend groß war die Neugier seiner Schüler und Kollegen, die den Kasten analysieren wollten. Doch jahrelang stritten Luhmanns Kinder vor Gericht um den wissenschaftlichen Nachlass, an eine Aufarbeitung war lange nicht zu denken. Erst 2011 konnte die Universität Bielefeld Luhmanns geistige Hinterlassenschaften kaufen. Und nun, seit Anfang des Jahres, wird tatsächlich erforscht, was es auf sich hat mit diesem Kasten, der in Soziologenkreisen schon mal als Heiliger Gral bezeichnet wird.
google translate:
The curiosity of his students and colleagues, who wanted to analyze the box, was correspondingly high. For years, however, Luhmann's children fought in court about the scientific legacy, and for a long time there was no question of a reappraisal. It was not until 2011 that the University of Bielefeld was able to buy Luhmann's intellectual legacies. And now, since the beginning of the year, research has actually been going on into what this box, which sociologists have sometimes referred to as the Holy Grail, is all about.
Bielefeld University sued Luhmann's estate (his children) over his intellectual legacy. In 2011 they were finally able to purchase his papers, but research on his papers and zettelkasten didn't begin until early 2015.
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- Jan 2023
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Local file Local file
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contractual relations of individual and collectivity (in the formof written ship’s articles specifying shares of booty and ratesof compensation for on-the-job injury
Pirate ships as forms of political organization and collective action!
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Αντ’ αυτού η Δέσποινα οδηγήθηκε σε έναν απομακρυσμένο θάλαμο νοσηλείας λόγω της αναμονής των αποτελεσμάτων του τεστ για covid, χωρίς κουμπί ειδοποίησης, όπου της χορηγήθηκαν παυσίπονα και υπόθετο.
Ενα αισχρό περιστατικο αυθεντίας των ιατρών που μαθεύτηκε και εφτασε στο δικαστήριο - πόσα άλλα εχουν συμβεί? Μήπως η ανεξέλεγκτη εξουσία των ιατρών (ποια αντίμετρα υπάρχουν?) και ο συνακόλουθος ανθρωπότυπός τους, που ομοιάζει σε αυτό των (ατιμώρητων) αστυνομικών ειναι που οδηγεί σε τετοια συμβαντα & συμπεριφορές?
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www.justice.gov www.justice.gov
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(b) Motion to Advance — A request to advance a hearing date (move the hearing to an earlier date) should be made by written motion. A motion to advance should completely articulate the reasons for the request. The motion should be filed with a cover page labeled “MOTION TO ADVANCE” and comply with the deadlines and requirements for filing. See Chapter 5.2 (Filing a Motion), Appendix E (Cover Pages).
Immigration Court Practice Manual guidance on Motions to Advance hearing date.
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tomcritchlow.com tomcritchlow.com
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too much focus on the ‘indie’ (building complicated self-hosted everything-machines) and not enough on the ‘web’
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zus.pox.pl zus.pox.pl
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W aktualnym stanie prawnym działalność nie podlega obowiązkowi rejestracji w przypadku, gdy miesięczny przychód z takiej działalności nie przekracza kwoty 50% minimalnego wynagrodzenia za pracę. Obecnie pensja minimalna wynosi 3010 zł, w związku z czym w 2022 roku wspomniany miesięczny limit jest równy kwocie 1505 zł
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codes.ohio.gov codes.ohio.gov
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(F) It is an affirmative defense to a charge under division (B) of this section that the impersonation of the peace officer, private police officer, or investigator of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation was for a lawful purpose.
It would seem that this applies to anyone since it is an affirmative defense to "no person" in section (B).
So, as long as one was impersonating a police officer "for a lawful purpose" (note, not any specific lawful purpose, or even one that has been declared in advance) it seems that anyone may impersonate a peace officers, private police, or even federal law enforcement.
You'll have to explain it away in court after the fact if charged though.
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- Dec 2022
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benlog.com benlog.com
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Conway’s Law is sometimes referred to as “shipping your org chart”. If you’ve been in professional software development for a while, you’ve likely come to respect its power and inevitability. How your team is structured is always visible in the product you produce, and that can often be a bad thing for users. It’s the weird cracks of inconsistency and disconnectedness within a user application that makes you wonder if two parts of the app were made by two different companies.
The design of a product can often reflect, and not often in a good way, the nature and structure of the team(s) which made it.
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thereader.mitpress.mit.edu thereader.mitpress.mit.edu
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David Hume, a great philosopher, in his “History of England” — he wrote a huge history of England — there’s a chapter devoted to Isaac Newton, a full chapter. He describes Newton as, you know, the greatest mind that ever existed, and so on and so forth. He said Newton’s great achievement was to draw the veil away from some of the mysteries of nature — namely, his theory of universal gravitation and so on — but to leave other mysteries hidden in ways we will never understand. Referring to: What’s the world like? We’ll never understand it. He left that as a permanent mystery. Well, as far as we know, he was right.
!- example : permanent mystery - David Hume and Newton example
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- Nov 2022
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Local file Local file
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governments create an official version of rules (e.g. laws and regulations) ina machine-consumable form, which allows rules to be understood and actioned by computer systems in aconsistent way.
Discovered by this tweet.
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Amazing how Nixon & Reagan begun the War on Drugs to actually taret hippies (Peace movement) & niggers (Civil rights movements).
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legifrance.reta.re legifrance.reta.re
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Local file Local file()1
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. Η αποχήτων βενιζελικών από τις εκλογές παρέπεμπε σε θεμελιώδη πολιτική ανωμαλία και δενπροδίκαζε ομαλές πολιτικές εξελίξεις. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι τούτο είναι εγγεγραμμέ-νο στη θεσμική μνήμη και του σημερινού πολιτεύματος της χώρας. Το Σύνταγμα του1975 απαγορεύει την πρόωρη διάλυση της Βουλής για τον ίδιο λόγο μέσα σε ένα έτος.Ο συντάκτης του Συντάγματος, Κωνσταντίνος Τσάτσος, παλαιός βενιζελικός, σημείωσερητά ότι τούτο οφειλόταν στην ανάγκη να αποφευχθεί μια επανάληψη των γεγονότωνπου επέφεραν τον Εθνικό Διχασμό.
Αντισυνταγματικότητα και συσχετιση με Συνταγμα 1974
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ΙτΕΕ ΙΕ' σελ.33: * Παρὰ τὶς αὐθαιρεσίες τῶν Συμμάχων, παραμένει γεγονός, όπως θὰ δειχθεῖ ἀργότερα, ὅτι καὶ ὁ βασιλιὰς καὶ τὸ Γενικὸ Επιτελεῖο ἦταν ἀποφασισμένοι νὰ ὑπονομεύσουν τὶς συµµα- χικὲς δυνάµεις τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, καὶ εἶχαν ἀρχίσει να θεωροῦν μιὰ γερμανικἡ εἰσβολὴ στὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπελευθερωτικὴ ἐνέργεια. * Όπως ἦταν ἑπόμενο, οἱ ἑλληνοσυμμαχικὲς σχέσεις [μετά τις Εκογές του Δεκεμβρίου] χει- ροτέρεψαν μὲ γοργό ρυθµό, φτάνοντας, στὶς ἀρχές Φεβρουα- ρίου, σὲ σημεῖο ἀνοικτῆς ρήξεως, κυρίως ἑξαιτίας τῆς αὐθαί- ρετης τακτικῆς τῶν γαλλικῶν ἀρχῶν στὴν Ἑλλάδα. Τὸ κυριό- τερο ὅμως γεγονός, ποὺ τὴν προκάλεσε, ἦταν ἢ κατάληψη τῆς Κέρκυρας ἀπὸ τοὺς Συμμάχους στὶς 28 Δεκεμβρίου/10 Ἰανουαρίου, μὲ σκοπὸ τὴ συγκέντρωση καὶ ἀναδιοργάνωση τῶν καταλοΐπων τοῦ σερβικοῦ στρατοῦ, προκειµένου νά τα χρησιμοποιήσουν ἀργότερα στὴ Μακεδονία. * Στὸ ἑξῆς ἡ χώρα θὰ κυβερνιόταν οὐσιαστικὰ ἀπὸ τὸ βασιλιὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄμεσους συμβούλους του.
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ΙτΕΕ ΙΕ' σελ.28 για τη συνταγματικές προεκτάσεις του ΕΔ: Ὁ βασιλιὰς θεώ- ρῃσε τὶς διαβεβαιώσεις τῆς Γερμανίας ἁσαφεῖς, ἰδιαίτερα στὸ θέµα τῶν ἐγγυήσεων, ἀλλὰ ἧταν πλέον ἱκανοποιημένος καὶ ὑποσχέθηκε τὴν οὐδετερότητα τῆς Ἑλλάδος χωρὶς τὴν ἑνη- µέρωση ἢ τὴν ἔγκριση τῆς κυβερνήσεως, πράξη καθαρὰ ἀντι- συνταγματική.
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ΙτΕΕ ΙΕ' σελ.30 για την αντισυνταγματικότητα του Βασιλια:
Ὁ ἀντισυνταγματικὸς τρόπος ἀποπομπῆς τοῦ Βενιζέλου ἀπὸ τὸν Κωνσταντῖνο καὶ ἡ διάλυση τῆς Βουλῆς, δύο φορὲς µέσα σὲ λίγους μῆνες, ὑπῆρξε ἀντικείμενο διαμάχης. Ἡ ἔπα- νάληψη ἐδῶ τῶν νομικιστικῶν ἐπιχειρημάτων δὲ θὰ συνέβαλε στὴ διαλεύκανση τοῦ θέµατος. Οἱ ὑποστηρικτὲς τοῦ Κωνσταντί- νου ἐπέμεναν ὅτι, σύμφωνα μὲ τὰ ἄρθρα 31 καὶ 37 τοῦ Συντά- γματος, τὸ δικαίωμά του νὰ διορίξει καὶ νὰ παύει ὑπουργοὺς καὶ νἁ διαλύει τὴ Βουλὴ ἦταν ἀπεριόριστο. Παρόλα αὐτά, ὅμως, μιὰ συγκριτικἠ µελέτη ὅλων τῶν ἄρθρων, ποὺ ἀναφέ- ρονται στὰ δικαιώµατα τοῦ θρόνου, ἀνασκευάζουν τὸ ἐπιχεί- ρηµα αὐτό. 'Ἡ ἀλήθεια βέβαια εἶναι ὅτι στὸ παρελθὸν ὁ βασιλιὰς τῆς "Ελλάδος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Βαλκανικῶν χωρῶν, εἶχε σηµαντικἡ καί, συχνά, ἀποφασιστικὴ ἐπίδραση στὸ θέµα τῆς ἐξωτερικῆς πολιτικῆς, ἀλλά ἡ προσπάθεια τοῦ Κωνσταντίνου νὰ ἐπιβάλει τὴν κυριαρχία τοῦ θρόνου καὶ ἡ προκλητική του συμπεριφορὰ ἀπέναντι στὴν καθιερωμένη κοινοβουλευτικἡ διαδικασία ἦταν καθαρῇ παράβαση καὶ τοῦ Συντάγματος καὶ μιᾶς μακροχρόνιας κοινοβουλευτικῆς πρα- κτικῆς. Σὲ τελευταία ἀνάλυση, τὸ ὅλο πρόβλημα ἔγκειται στὸ ἂν δέχεται κανένας τὴν ἀρχὴ τῆς κυριαρχίας τοῦ λαοῦ ἢ τῆς μοναρχικῆς ἀπολυταρχίας. ᾽Ανεξάρτητα, ὅμως, ἀπὸ τὰ προβλή- µατα ἑρμηνείας, ὅπως ἤδη ἀναφέρθηκε, ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος εἶχε σχεδιάσει τὴν ἀποπομπὴ τοῦ Βενιζέλου καὶ τὴ διάλυση τῆς Βουλῆς, πρὶν αὐτὴ ἀκόμη συνέλθει. Οἱ µηχανορραφίες του καὶ στὰ ἐξωτερικὰ καὶ στὰ ἐσωτερικὰ ζητήματα ἦταν καθαρὰ ἀντισυνταγματικές.
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argolikivivliothiki.gr argolikivivliothiki.gr
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Μπορεί η δημοκρατική αρχή και η αρχή της δεδηλωμένης να είχαν κατοχυρωθεί από το 1864 και το 1875 αντίστοιχα και το Σύνταγμα του 1911 να κατοχύρωνε όχι μόνο μια σειρά από ατομικά δικαιώματα αλλά και το κυριότερο μέσο προστασίας τους (την προσωπική και λειτουργική ανεξαρτησία των δικαστικών λειτουργών), ωστόσο η Βουλή διαλυόταν επανειλημμένως προκειμένου να παρακαμφθεί η λαϊκή ετυμηγορία, ο Βασιλιάς υπερέβαινε τις αρμοδιότητές του παραβιάζοντας την αρχή της δεδηλωμένης και διεκδικώντας τον πρώτο λόγο σε θέματα εξωτερικής πολιτικής
Ο βασιλιας παραβιαζε επανειλλημενως και την Δημοκρατική Αρχη & της Δεδηλωμενης.
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Τα γεγονότα του 1915 με τη διπλή διάλυση της Βουλής επηρέασαν τη διαμόρφωση και του ισχύοντος συνταγματικού δικαίου: Σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 41 παρ. 2 του Συντάγματός μας ναι μεν η Βουλή μπορεί να διαλυθεί προώρως «για ανανέωση της λαϊκής εντολής προκειμένου να αντιμετωπιστεί εθνικό θέμα εξαιρετικής σημασίας», πλην όμως αποκλείεται η διάλυση της νέας Βουλής «για το ίδιο θέμα». Εξάλλου, η παράγραφος 4 του ίδιου άρθρου ορίζει ότι, πλην εξαιρετικών περιπτώσεων (μη δυνατότητα σχηματισμού Κυβέρνησης που να απολαμβάνει την εμπιστοσύνη της Βουλής και έλλειψη κυβερνητικής σταθερότητας), η «Βουλή που εκλέχτηκε μετά τη διάλυση της προηγούμενης δεν μπορεί να διαλυθεί πριν περάσει ένα έτος αφότου άρχισε τις εργασίες». Πρόκειται για συνταγματικές ρυθμίσεις, οι ρίζες των οποίων ανάγονται στα γεγονότα του 1915.
Για την σχεση του μοντερνου Συνταγματος 1974 με τη διπλή αποπομπή του Βενιζέλου στον Εθνικο Διχασμό.
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Η απάντηση στο ερώτημα αυτό δεν μπορούσε παρά να είναι αρνητική: Παρά το γεγονός ότι το Σύνταγμα του 1911 δεν περιείχε κάποιο ρητό περιορισμό στην αρμοδιότητα του Βασιλιά για διάλυση της Βουλής, σε ένα δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα η Βουλή διαλύεται προκειμένου να εκφρασθεί ο λαός και όχι προκειμένου να ακυρωθεί η πρόσφατη ετυμηγορία του. Με άλλες λέξεις, ο Ανώτατος Άρχων δεν μπορούσε να διαλύει συνεχώς τη Βουλή, έως ότου πετύχει την επιθυμητή κοινοβουλευτική σύνθεση που θα συμπορευόταν με τις δικές του απόψεις. Οι συνέπειες της διπλής διάλυσης της Βουλής το 1915 δεν περιορίζονται χρονικά μέχρι το 1917, όταν την εξουσία καταλαμβάνουν οι βενιζελικοί και καταργούν τη δεύτερη χρονικά Βουλή (που προήλθε από τις εκλογές του Δεκεμβρίου του 1915) για να επαναφέρουν τη Βουλή που προήλθε από τις εκλογές του Μαΐου του 1915 (την επονομαζόμενη και «Βουλή των Λαζάρων»).
Για το αν η μη ρητη συνταγματική ρυθμιση της Δεδηλωμενης επηρέασε τον ΕΔ.
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- Oct 2022
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www.advocates.org.uk www.advocates.org.uk
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nistration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972. This made provision on the Courtof Session and the Sheriff Court being able to order the recovery of documents whichare relevant to an existing case or a likely forthcoming case. The 1972 Act waswithout prejudice to the existing powers of the Court of Session and the Sheriff Courtin this area.
The Law can be used to get court document from a person - i.e recover documents [[Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972]]
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scholarship.law.georgetown.edu scholarship.law.georgetown.edu
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academic law libraries pool resources, through a consortium, to create a centralizedcollection of legal materials, including copyrighted materials, and to digitize thosematerials for easy, cost-effective access by all consortium members. For the sake ofexpediency, this proposal will be referred to here as TALLO (Taking Academic LawLibraries Online) and the proposed consortium as the TALLO consortium.
Coining "TALLO" (Taking Academic Law
Libraries Online)
The [[Controlled Digital Lending]] theory was first proposed as a way for academic law libraries to form a consortium to share the expense of collection-building.
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gothamist.com gothamist.com
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Earlier this year, Police Commissioner James O'Neill admitted that a "theft of services" arrest (the legal code name for turnstile jumping) could in fact lead to an immigrant getting deported. And earlier this month, a series of bills the City Council passed last year encouraging the use of civil summonses instead of arrests for quality of life crimes like public drinking, public urination and littering went into effect.
Excusing criminality in a matter of deference to foreign nationals who are unlawfully present in the United States is perverse. The immigration laws have many provisions by design to ensure that foreign nationals who violate the laws of the United States in certain ways are not allowed to remain and harm the safety of Americans.
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The change in how turnstile jumping will be prosecuted comes at a time when the city's reliance on Broken Windows policing is under fire because of its impact on New York's low-income non-white community
Crime has a significant effect on the entire New York City community, but especially on the low income community. Many NYC officials prioritize minimizing the effect of the law on criminals over minimizing the effect of criminals on law-abiding citizens.
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Vance announced in a press release this morning that his office "will no longer prosecute the overwhelming majority of individuals charged with Theft of Services for subway-related offenses, unless there is a demonstrated public safety reason to do so," starting in September of this year.
DA Vance ignoring the possibility that people who engage in theft of public services are more likely to present a risk to public safety than those who do not.
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Currently, most theft-of-service cases are handled with summonses and rarely reach prosecution, according to a spokesman for the Brooklyn District Attorney’s Office. Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg does not prosecute fare beaters, according to a spokesman for his office.
DA Alvin Bragg continuing Cyrus Vance's policy of declining to enforce theft of public services law.
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“We have seen over a 55% increase of assaults on officers this year,” NYPD Transit Chief Jason Wilcox said. “The majority of these assaults began as they were engaging persons who have committed fare evasion or other quality of life violations on the trains and stations.”
Violent incidents wherein officers are attacked trying to issue summonses to criminals engaging in turnstile jumping.
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NYPD enforcement is also up. Police have issued 45, 667 summonses for fare beating this year, up from 36,669 in 2021, according to an NYPD spokesperson. Other transit crimes that have been a growing issue are grand larceny, robbery, and felony assault, according to Comp Stat figures.
Increase in summonses for fare evasion in 2022 over 2021.
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www.nydailynews.com www.nydailynews.com
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2020 statistics on cost of turnstile jumping.
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www.gothamgazette.com www.gothamgazette.com
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Fortunately, there are other ways to protect the transit system’s revenue stream and promote orderly conduct without jeopardizing the personal liberty of riders. In Washington, D.C., the city council voted to decriminalize fare evasion, overriding the mayor’s veto.
Unclear why Washington DC, which is one of the highest crime jurisdictions in the United States and has serious financial issues, is a model to follow.
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The crackdown should concern New Yorkers, because fare evasion enforcement is highly disproportionate. According to the most recent NYPD data, 92% of the 481 fare evasion arrests in the fourth quarter of 2019 were of non-white riders; 60% were black. Data like that led New York Attorney General Letitia James to announce a probe of racial disparities in fare evasion stops.
There's an unexplained assumption that people NYC-wide crime statistics should mirror population statistics. This is not the case with many crimes where enforcement disparities would have no effect, homicides being one example.
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Finally, non-citizens can face potential immigration-related issues as a result of this otherwise-minor charge. Though immigration questions relating to criminal arrests and convictions are very complicated, the Immigration and Naturalization Act does plainly make a non-citizen deportable for a conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude. Moreover, theft of services (Penal Law 165.15) is probably a crime involving moral turpitude, meaning that a non-citizen could conceivably be deported or denied entry back into the United States for a conviction of this charge.
Immigration consequences of fare beating. With that being said, there is no precedent decision on whether theft of public services under NYPL 165.15(3) is a categorical CIMT, and both Second and Third Circuit left the matter unresolved in non-precedent decisions. BIA has found in at least two non-precedent decisions that it is a CIMT. Does not appear to come up often in the context of removal charges.
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The charge for jumping a subway turnstile is Theft of Services, a violation of New York Penal Section 165.15, a Class A misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail.
Theft of public services statute - amenable to fare beating.
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law.onecle.com law.onecle.com
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With intent to obtain railroad, subway, bus, air, taxi or any other public transportation service without payment of the lawful charge therefor, or to avoid payment of the lawful charge for such transportation service which has been rendered to him, he obtains or attempts to obtain such service or avoids or attempts to avoid payment therefor by force, intimidation, stealth, deception or mechanical tampering, or by unjustifiable failure or refusal to pay
Theft of services statute which covers fare-beating.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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By the end of the day, Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo weighed in with a statement urging “all parties” to find “balance” — but declining to take a side.
Former Governor Cuomo, who went on to sign the bail reform law, refusing to support Mayor de Blasio on the importance of policing fare evasion in 2018.
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“The New York miracle, if you will, began with fare evasion — fare evasion enforcement on the subway 25 years ago,” Mr. Bratton said in February 2014, when he was newly appointed by Mr. de Blasio as commissioner. “We’re still at it.”
Former NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton on the significance of policing fare evasion to New York City's revival in the 1990s.
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Mr. de Blasio, a champion of improving the lot of poor New Yorkers, has adamantly defended the police practice of using evasion of the $2.75 fare as a means for officers to check the names and warrants of those they stop, most of whom are black or Hispanic.He has been unpersuaded by critics on the left who believe the approach — pioneered in the 1990s by William J. Bratton, Mr. de Blasio’s first police commissioner — is a form of biased and overly aggressive policing akin to stop-and-frisk. And he does not think most are motivated by poverty.“A lot of people who commit fare evasion and the police encounter have a lot of money on them,” Mr. de Blasio said during a news conference at Police Headquarters on Tuesday. “I think I have a lot of validity on the question of income inequality and how we fight it, but you never heard me say, you know, open up the gates of the subway for free. That’s chaos.”
Former Mayor de Blasio making a terrific point about the importance of policing fare evasion, an issue he understood despite not always acting in accordance with his correct statements.
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www.gothamgazette.com www.gothamgazette.com
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nd another population that both our mayor and governor have spoken passionately about protecting would stand to suffer greatly as a result of a new enforcement policy: immigrants. Immigrants who have even minor contact with the criminal justice system face far more drastic consequences. Under the Trump administration, an arrest for jumping a turnstile or even a criminal summons could result in deportation, family separation, and destroyed lives.
If a foreign national who is in the United States without legal authorization does something stupid and is required to appear in Court as a result, he or she may be more likely to come to the attention of immigration authorities. As an initial matter, the solution is to not violate the immigration laws of the United States. However, if one chooses to violate the immigration laws, he or she ought to avoid doing things like jumping turnstyles. Many Americans likely avoid taking certain liberties that they do in the United States when they are traveling in foreign countries.
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Poor black and brown people should not take the fall for the sins of politicians who have allowed the MTA to become a laughing stock. Arrests won’t solve the MTA’s problems, but they could devastate New Yorkers.
It is unclear to me how the MTA's own incompetence exonerates people from stealing public services. I am confident that fare beaters, black, brown, white, or anything else, are stealing public services because the MTA is a train-wreck. Both issues contribute to the current mess in the NYC Subway system, but they are not otherwise related.
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Years of grappling with the ripple effects of Broken Windows policing have shown us that arrests are not the way to deal with minor offenses, like riding your bike on the sidewalk, having an open container of alcohol, smoking marijuana, or jumping a turnstile. An uptick in enforcement would reverse the recent positive trend of fewer fare evasion arrests. Through October, police have made 5,236 arrests for fare evasion. That is still 5,236 arrests too many, but it represents a 66 percent drop compared to the same period last year.
Not prosecuting crimes is a positive trend, apparently. This disregards how NYC transformed itself in the 90s and 00s under the leadership of Mayors Giuliani and Bloomberg, and how that success was maintained at least when former Mayor de Blasio wisely chose William Bratton as NYPD Commissioner.
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An analysis of New York Division of Criminal Justice Services data from the last four years by the Marshall Project shows that nearly 90 percent of people arrested for turnstile jumping were black or Hispanic. Given the NYPD’s history of targeting people of color for arrests and summonses for low-level offenses, let’s call the new proposal to crack down on fare evasion what it is: a plan that would funnel thousands more black and brown New Yorkers into the criminal justice system, and to scapegoat people of color for the decades of underfunding and mismanagement that are responsible for the MTA’s current problems.
This must be it. There are no alternative explanations such as the possibility that certain crimes may be disproportionately committed by people who share one characteristic and not another (see NYC homicide statistics). Moreover, it is unclear to me why the writer is lumping "black and Hispanic" people together since, if this is purely a race-based claim against the NYPD, there may be different statistics for these two very broad groups.
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Police resources must be spent on working with the community and identifying the types of behaviors that cause the most harm—not physically harmless fare evasion.
This disregards the fact that there is a high correlation between "behaviors that cause the most harm" and "fare evasion," lest the author would suggest that of people who commit crimes on transit, a meaningful number of them pay the fare.
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