- May 2020
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www.washingtonpost.com www.washingtonpost.com
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Americans are fighting coronavirus misinformation on social media
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2020-05-06
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Zoder-Martell, K., Markelz, A., Floress, M. T., Skriba, H. A., & Sayyah, L. E. N. (2020, May 6). Technology to Facilitate Telehealth in Applied Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nz5s7
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Traditionally, center-based Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is delivered in a face-to-face format across several sessions; however, given the recent COVID-19 pandemic, many behavior analysts practicing in ABA centers have temporarily been authorized to provide services using a telehealth model. This rapid change in service delivery has posed unique challenges for behavior analysts and families with loved ones who were receiving ABA services in centers or schools. Among one of the most pressing concerns is that behavior analysts commonly rely on direct observation of behavior to make data-based decisions regarding client treatment plans. The shift to a telehealth model in light of the COVID-19 pandemic requires behavior analysts to quickly adapt the manner in which many have been providing services. Although many behavior analysts may be familiar with various technologies, they may struggle to identify the benefits and limitations of each technology in terms of providing telehealth. Selecting an appropriate technology that allows behavior analysts to stay true to the science of behavior analysis is prudent. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of some available technologies to support telehealth that will allow behavior analysts to conduct direct observation from a remote location. The three technologies reviewed are 1) web camera, 2) Swivl, and 3) telepresence robot. Features of these technologies will be described and compared including benefits and drawbacks of each (see Table 1). Sample task analyses for using each technology are also provided.
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Technology to Facilitate Telehealth in Applied Behavior Analysis
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digest.bps.org.uk digest.bps.org.uk
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2017-03-14
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Fradera, A. New study fails to find any psychological benefits of volunteering, but that doesn’t mean you should stop. (2017, March 14). Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/03/14/new-study-fails-to-find-any-psychological-benefits-of-volunteering-but-that-doesnt-mean-you-should-stop/
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Volunteer! Universities, community groups and even the NHS recommend it, citing benefits for society and also yourself. The claimed personal outcomes include boosting your health and subjective wellbeing, but while the former is slowly gathering experimental backing, the wellbeing research is overwhelmingly correlational, making it hard to prove that volunteering is causing the gains (it’s certainly plausible, for instance, that happier people are simply more inclined to give up their time for free). Now the journal Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology has published a more robust test: a randomised study. The researchers looked for evidence to support the mental wellbeing benefits from volunteering … but they looked in vain.
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New study fails to find any psychological benefits of volunteering, but that doesn’t mean you should stop
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-04-30
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Watzek, J., & Brosnan, S. (2020, April 30). Capuchin and rhesus monkeys show sunk cost effects in a psychomotor task. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qtgru
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Human decision-making is often swayed by irrecoverable investments even though it should only be based on future – and not past – costs and benefits. Although this sunk cost effect is widely documented and can lead to devastating losses, the underlying psychological mechanisms are unclear. To tease apart possible explanations through a comparative approach, we assessed capuchin and rhesus monkeys’ susceptibility to sunk costs in a psychomotor task. Monkeys needed to track a moving target with a joystick-controlled cursor for variable durations. They could stop at any time, ending the trial without reward. To minimize the work required for a reward, monkeys should have always persisted for at least 1 second, but should have abandoned the trial if that did not yield a reward. Capuchin monkeys and especially rhesus macaques persisted to trial completion even when it was suboptimal, and were more likely to complete the trial the longer they had already tracked the target. These effects were less pronounced, although still present, when the change in expected tracking duration was signalled visually. These results show that sunk cost effects can arise in the absence of human-unique factors and may emerge, in part, because persisting can resolve uncertainty.
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Capuchin and rhesus monkeys show sunk cost effects in a psychomotor task
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2020-04-30
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Johnson, S. G. B., Zhang, J., & Keil, F. (2020, April 30). Win–Win Denial: The Psychological Underpinnings of Zero-Sum Thinking. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/efs5y
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A core proposition in economics is that voluntary exchanges benefit both parties. We show that people often deny the mutually beneficial nature of exchange, instead espousing the belief that one or both parties fail to benefit from the exchange. Across 4 studies (and 7 further studies in the Supplementary Materials), participants read about simple exchanges of goods and services, judging whether each party to the transaction was better off or worse off afterwards. These studies revealed that win–win denial is pervasive, with buyers consistently seen as less likely to benefit from transactions than sellers. Several potential psychological mechanisms underlying win–win denial are considered, with the most important influences being mercantilist theories of value (confusing wealth for money) and naïve realism (failing to observe that people do not arbitrarily enter exchanges). We argue that these results have widespread implications for politics and society.
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Win–Win Denial: The Psychological Underpinnings of Zero-Sum Thinking
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digest.bps.org.uk digest.bps.org.uk
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2020-04-30
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Reynolds, E. Here’s How The Online Status Indicators In Apps Influence Our Behaviour. (2020, April 30). Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2020/04/30/heres-how-the-online-status-indicators-in-apps-influence-our-behaviour/
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Reynolds, E. Here’s How The Online Status Indicators In Apps Influence Our Behaviour. (2020, April 30). Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2020/04/30/heres-how-the-online-status-indicators-in-apps-influence-our-behaviour/
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In basic terms, online status indicators convey availability: whether someone is on or offline, or when they last logged into a particular app. But if you’ve ever anxiously awaited a response from a prospective partner or suspected your friend might be ignoring you, you’ll be painfully aware of just how much weight that indicator can actually hold. Now a new study has found that many users are not only aware of all that online status indicators can convey, but also change their behaviour accordingly. The research is due to be published in the Proceedings of the 2020 ACM conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
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Here’s How The Online Status Indicators In Apps Influence Our Behaviour
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www.apaservices.org www.apaservices.org
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2020-04-17
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Banks, G.G. & Butcher, C. (2020 April 17). Telehealth testing with children: Important factors to consider. American Psychological Association. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/legal/technology/telehealth-testing-children-covid-19
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Psychologists will need to make some adjustments to testing children during the public health emergency.
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Telehealth testing with children: Important factors to consider
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2020-04-30
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Park, J. W., Vani, P., Saint-Hilaire, S., & Kraus, M. W. (2020, April 30). Beneficiaries' Attitudes toward Allies in Social Movements. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/umzk2
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Allyship is a growing phenomenon in many organizational contexts, and the involvement of allies in identity-based social movements (e.g., men in the feminist movement) is ubiquitous. However, the impression that these allies have on their intended beneficiaries is unclear. Over the course of three studies, we explore how different types of allyship behaviors are perceived by their beneficiaries. We find converging evidence that beneficiaries make critical judgments of their allies when their allies engage in actions that demonstrate lower levels of trustworthiness (e.g., selflessness, loyalty) and higher levels of influence (e.g., centrality, power) in the movement. This evidence was observed in a survey of 117 social movement activists (Study 1), and in two experiments sampling 752 liberal women and nonbinary individuals (Study 2), and 305 feminist social activists (Study 3). Taken together, our research documents the causal effects that different allyship behaviors have on beneficiaries’ attitudes toward allies (Studies 2 & 3) while recruiting samples of currently engaged movement activists to solicit their unique perspectives (Studies 1 & 3). We thereby identify the specific ways of being an ally that elicit the most positive impressions from their intended beneficiaries, which can reinforce intergroup coalitions, prosociality, and ultimately, downstream societal change.
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Beneficiaries' Attitudes toward Allies in Social Movements
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www.who.int www.who.int
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2020-04-29
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WHO - Doing what matters in times of stress: An illustrated guide.
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Doing What Matters in Times of Stress: An Illustrated Guide is a stress management guide for coping with adversity. The guide aims to equip people with practical skills to help cope with stress. A few minutes each day are enough to practice the self-help techniques. The guide can be used alone or with the accompanying audio exercises.Informed by evidence and extensive field testing, the guide is for anyone who experiences stress, wherever they live and whatever their circumstances.
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Doing What Matters in Times of Stress
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Nelson, B. W., Pettitt, A. K., Flannery, J., & Allen, N. B. (2020, April 13). Rapid Assessment of Psychological and Epidemiological Correlates of COVID-19 Concern, Financial Strain, and Health-Related Behavior Change in a Large Online Sample. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jftze
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www.apa.org www.apa.org
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American Psychological Association. Interdivisional call for papers: Developing resilience in response to stress and trauma. Apa.org. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/hea/interdivisional-call-for-papers-resilience-stress-trauma
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Espinosa, F. d., Metko, A., Raimondi, M., Impenna, M., & Scognamiglio, E. (2020, April 10). A Model of Support for Families of Children with Autism Living in the COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons from Italy. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/48cme
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Parker-Pope, T. (2020 April 09). The science of helping out. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/well/mind/coronavirus-resilience-psychology-anxiety-stress-volunteering.html
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. (2020). Pandemic school closures: Risks and opportunities. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, S235246422030105X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30105-X
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Clay, J. M., & Parker, M. O. (2020). Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential public health crisis? The Lancet Public Health, S2468266720300888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30088-8
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Halpert, J. (2020 April 11). How to manage panic attacks. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/smarter-living/coronavirus-managing-panic-attacks.html
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, S2352464220301097. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Cerami, C., Santi, G., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S., Vecchi, T., & Crespi, C. (2020, April 10). COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN ITALY: ARE WE READY FOR THE PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS? BASELINE FINDINGS FROM THE PSYCOVID STUDY. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z7yuv
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jamanetwork.com jamanetwork.com
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Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Dickerson., D. (2020 March 26). Seven tips to manage your mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. Nature. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00933-5
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Sonuga-Barke, E., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Coghill, D., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., Ferrin, M., Hollis, C., Holtmann, M., Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Santosh, P., Rothenberger, A., Soutullo, C., … Simonoff, E. (2020). ADHD management during the COVID-19 pandemic: Guidance from the European ADHD Guidelines Group. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, S2352464220301103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30110-3
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www.apa.org www.apa.org
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Wilson, R., Nicely, S., & Quinlan, K. (2020 April 10). Managing COVID-19 concerns for people with OCD. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/managing-ocd
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020, April 11). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time, and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/284mr
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Bondy, E., Baranger, D. A., Balbona, J. V., Sputo, K., Paul, S. E., Oltmanns, T., & Bogdan, R. (2020, April 30). Neuroticism and reward-related ventral striatum activity: Probing vulnerability to stress-related depression. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/5wd3k
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Runkle, J., Michael, K., Stevens, S., & Sugg, M. (2020, April 15). Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Text-based Crisis Patterns in Youth following Hurricane Florence in the Carolinas, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/auq5x
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Droit-Volet, S., GIL, S., Martinelli, N., Andant, N., Clinchamps, M., Parreira, L., … Dutheil, F. (2020, May 1). PONE-D-20-12336. Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time Free, Dying of Boredom and Sadness. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/efdq5
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covid.minded.org.uk covid.minded.org.uk
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MindEd Resilience Hub
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www.apa.org www.apa.org
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American Psychological Association. *COVID-19: Free articles from APA journals. Apa.org. https://www.apa.org/pubs/highlights/covid-19-articles
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Mullarkey, M. C., Dobias, M., Sung, J., Shumake, J., Beevers, C. G., & Schleider, J. L. (2020, May 6). A scalable, single session intervention for perceived control over anxiety during COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qp7c2
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2020-05-06
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Feelings of anxiety are rising across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, and social distancing mandates preclude access to in-person mental healthcare. Anxiety is not necessarily pathological; however, increased worrying about COVID-19 shows links to more severe anxiety pathology. Greater perceived control over anxiety has predicted decreased anxiety pathology, including adaptive responses to uncontrollable stressors. Evidence suggests that no-therapist, single-session interventions can strengthen perceived control over emotions like anxiety; similar programs, if designed for the COVID-19 context, could hold substantial public health value. We will test whether a no-therapist, single-session online intervention adapted for the COVID-19 context can: 1) increase perceived control over anxiety, versus a placebo intervention 2) without decreasing social-distancing intentions. We will test these questions using a within-subjects design in a weighted-probability U.S. sample (N=300). Findings will inform whether a highly-scalable intervention can increase perceived control over anxiety without yielding unwanted secondary effects.
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A scalable, single session intervention for perceived control over anxiety during COVID-19
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Agberotimi, S. F., Akinsola, O. S., Oguntayo, R., & Olaseni, A. O. (2020, May 6). INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/5b2dq
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2020-05-06
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This study examines the mental health outcomes among the healthcare personnel and the general population and the role of socioeconomic status. Eight hundred and eighty-four (884) residents in Nigeria comprising 382 Healthcare Personnel and 502 general residents aged between 18 and 78 years (M = 28.75, SD = 8.17) responded to an online survey with measures of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9) and Insomnia Severity Index. Collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS v.25. Results revealed significant difference in the prevalence of depressive symptoms (χ2 = 14.26; df = 4; p <0.01); insomnia symptoms (χ2 = 40.21; df = 3; p< 0.01); posttraumatic stress symptoms (χ2 = 08.34; df = 3; p< 0.05) and clinical anxiety symptoms (χ2 = 06.71; df = 1; p <0.05) among healthcare personnel and the general population, with a higher prevalence reported by the healthcare personnel. Further, socioeconomic status significantly influence prevalence of depressive symptoms (χ2 = 04.5; df = 4; p <0.05). The study concluded that the prevalence of poor mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 crisis among Nigerians is worrisome. Also, the socioeconomic status of the citizens has serious implications on depressive symptoms. It was recommended that better attention should be paid to the mental health of residents in Nigeria, most especially healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
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featuredcontent.psychonomic.org featuredcontent.psychonomic.org
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Hill, H. (2020 April 9). COVID-19: Does the British public condone cell phone data being used to monitor social distancing? Psychonomic Society. https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/covid-19-does-the-british-public-condone-cell-phone-data-being-used-to-monitor-social-distancing/
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Webster, P. (2020). Virtual health care in the era of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1180–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30818-7
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twitter.com twitter.com
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David Garcia on Twitter
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leoferres.info leoferres.info
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Ferres, L. (2020 April 10). COVID19 mobility reports. Leo's Blog. https://leoferres.info/blog/2020/04/10/covid19-mobility-reports/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lengersdorff, L., Wagner, I., & Lamm, C. (2020, April 20). When implicit prosociality trumps selfishness: the neural valuation system underpins more optimal choices when learning to avoid harm to others than to oneself. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q6psx
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Higbee, T. (2020, April 18). Mattson, Higbee, Aguilar, Nichols, Campbell, Nix, Reinert, Peck, and Lewis-BAP Criando e compartilhando atividades digitais de instrucao. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9x7mj
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Higbee, T. (2020, April 17). Mattson, Higbee, Aguilar, Nichols, Campbell, Nix, Reinert, Peck, and Lewis-Digital Materials Tutorial BAP. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9gwpj
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fenton, N., Hitman, G. A., Neil, M., Osman, M., & McLachlan, S. (2020). Causal explanations, error rates, and human judgment biases missing from the COVID-19 narrative and statistics [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p39a4
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Barnby, J. M., Bell, V., Mehta, M., & Moutoussis, M. (2020, April 17). Reduction in social learning and policy uncertainty about intentional social threat underlies paranoia: evidence from modelling a modified serial dictator game. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jvx5y
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easystats.github.io easystats.github.io
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Haaf, J. M., Hoogeveen, S., Berkhout, S., Gronau, Q. F., & Wagenmakers, E. (2020, April 14). A Bayesian Multiverse Analysis of Many Labs 4: Quantifying the Evidence against Mortality Salience. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cb9er
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www.imperial.ac.uk www.imperial.ac.uk
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Seth Flaxman, Swapnil Mishra, Axel Gandy et al. Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries. Imperial College London (2020), doi:https://doi.org/10.25561/77731
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Martins, A. C. R. (2020). Extremism definitions in opinion dynamics models. ArXiv:2004.14548 [Nlin, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14548
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2020-04-30
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There are several opinion dynamics models where extremism is defined as part of their characteristics. However, the way extremism is implemented in each model does not correspond to equivalent definitions. While some models focus on one aspect of the problem, others focus on different characteristics. This paper shows how each model only captures part of the problem and how Bayesian inspired opinion models can help put those differences in perspective. That discussion suggests new ways to introduce variables that can represent the problem of extremism better than we do today. Keywords: Extremism, Opinion dynamics, CODA, Sociophysics
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Extremism definitions in opinion dynamics models
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www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
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Friston, K. J., Parr, T., Zeidman, P., Razi, A., Flandin, G., Daunizeau, J., Hulme, O. J., Billig, A. J., Litvak, V., Moran, R. J., Price, C. J., & Lambert, C. (2020). Dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19. ArXiv:2004.04463 [q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04463
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Zinn, S., & Gnambs, T. (2020, April 18). Analyzing nonresponse in longitudinal surveys using Bayesian additive regression trees: A nonparametric event history analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/82c3w
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Zhang, J. et al. (2020, April 2). Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study. The Lancet: Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30230-9.
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github.com github.com
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McElreath, R. Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course Using R and Stan Github.com. https://github.com/rmcelreath/statrethinking_winter2019
Entire course with materials online.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-07
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Prasad, S., Knight, E. L., Sarkar, A., Welker, K. M., Lassetter, B., & Mehta, P. (2020, May 6). Testosterone fluctuations in response to a democratic election predict partisan attitudes toward the elected leader. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w6rz9
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Intergroup competitions such as democratic elections can intensify intergroup polarization and conflict. Partisan attitudes toward the elected leader can also shift following an election, but the biology underlying these attitudinal shifts remains unknown. An important factor could be the hormone testosterone, which is theorized to fluctuate during competition and to influence status-seeking. In a longitudinal study of 113 voters conducted during the 2012 US presidential election, supporters of the losing candidate experienced acute increases in testosterone levels on the evening of the election and flatter diurnal testosterone slopes up to two days after the election, compared to supporters of the winner. Furthermore, these competition-related changes in testosterone concentrations among supporters of the losing candidate were associated with less positive evaluations of the winning candidate. These findings suggest that hormonal responses to an intergroup competition may shape how we perceive elected leaders, shedding light on the biology of intergroup relations.
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Testosterone fluctuations in response to a democratic election predict partisan attitudes toward the elected leader
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2020-03-16
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Im Folgenden finden Sie Einblicke in fortlaufend aktualisierte Ergebnisse Internationale Beiträge zu den Auswirkungen des Coronavirus auf Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik Deutsche Ergebnisse – Die Wahrnehmung aktueller Entwicklungen im Zeitverlauf
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Coronavirus: Alle YouGov-Ergebnisse auf einen Blick
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yougov.de yougov.de
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2020-03-20
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Sonnenberg, Anne-Kathrin. (2020 March 20). Die wahrgenommene Bedrohung durch das Coronavirus wächst besonders aus Sicht der älteren Bevölkerung. YouGov: What the world thinks. yougov.de/news/2020/03/20/die-wahrgenommene-bedrohung-durch-das-coronavirus-/
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Durch die weitere Ausbreitung des Coronavirus weltweit wird die Bedrohung durch das Virus für die öffentliche Gesundheit häufiger als groß wahrgenommen, vor allem durch die älteren Befragten. Das zeigen YouGov-Umfragen von Februar und März im Vergleich
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Die wahrgenommene Bedrohung durch das Coronavirus wächst besonders aus Sicht der älteren Bevölkerung
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docs.google.com docs.google.com
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Welcome to the COVID-19 social science project tracker. This unofficial, community-driven, open initiative is led by Nate Matias
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COVID-19 International Academic Social Science Research Project Tracker
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survey.wzb.eu survey.wzb.eu
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Survey for Coronavirus/Fragebogen zur Coronavirus- WZB
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Angesichts der Corona-Pandemie hat sich der Alltag für viele Menschen in kurzer Zeit gravierend verändert. Wir wollen mit den folgenden Fragen herausfinden, welche Auswirkungen diese Veränderungen auf die Arbeit und das Familienleben haben und welche Sorgen sich die Menschen machen. Hierfür müssen möglichst viele und unterschiedliche Personen an dieser kurzen Befragung teilnehmen. Darum möchten wir Sie bitten, uns ein paar Fragen zu Ihrer aktuellen Situation zu beantworten und den Link zu dieser Befragung an möglichst viele Bekannte weiterzuleiten oder in Ihren sozialen Netzwerken zu teilen. Die Befragung wird etwa 11 Minuten dauern. Vielen Dank, dass Sie sich die Zeit nehmen! Klicken Sie auf Weiter um zur Einverständniserklärung zu gelangen.
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Fragen zu Ihrer aktuellen Situation
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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2020-01
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Hadavand, A., Hamermesh, D.S., & Wilson, W.W. (2020). Is scholarly refereeing productive (at the margin)? The National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26614
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In economics many articles are subjected to multiple rounds of refereeing at the same journal, which generates time costs of referees alone of at least $50 million. This process leads to remarkably longer publication lags than in other social sciences. We examine whether repeated refereeing produces any benefits, using an experiment at one journal that allows authors to submit under an accept/reject (fast-track or not) or the usual regime. We evaluate the scholarly impacts of articles by their subsequent citation histories, holding constant their sub-fields, authors’ demographics and prior citations, and other characteristics. There is no payoff to refereeing beyond the first round and no difference between accept/reject articles and others. This result holds accounting for authors’ selectivity into the two regimes, which we model formally to generate an empirical selection equation. This latter is used to provide instrumental estimates of the effect of each regime on scholarly impact.
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Is Scholarly Refereeing Productive (at the Margin)?
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www.cos.io www.cos.io
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2020-05-05
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The Center for Open Science and the Web of Science Group, a Clarivate Analytics company, are collaborating to incorporate TOP Factor among the information and metrics available through participating journals in its Master Journal List. The Master Journal List allows researchers, publishers and librarians to keep track of the publication landscape. The online list is a go-to place for researchers to explore which journals are included in the Web of Science, and to help them identify suitable publishing destinations for their research. Now, further assisting researchers in identifying the transparent and open practices of journals by incorporating TOP Factor data. Based on the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines, TOP Factor rates journals on the degree to which their policies implement open data, research design transparency, replication studies, and address publication bias. “We are delighted that the Web of Science Group will be including TOP Factor in its journal information pages on the Master Journal List,” says David Mellor, Director of Policy Initiatives at the Center for Open Science. “Diversifying the information that is available about scientific journals benefits authors, readers, publishers, and editors by providing specific practices that are important to the scientific community.” As part of its mission to increase the transparency and reproducibility of scientific research, the Center for Open Science is working to showcase steps being taken by the scientific community to tackle these issues. This includes not only pointing out best practices, but also pointing out specific recommendations for improvement. “There is a lot of room for improvement in the publishing community,” says Mellor, “but the good news is that TOP Factor lets the community see that small steps can be easily taken toward more transparency. And the bigger steps covered by the more ambitious policies covered in the TOP Guidelines are also being taken by journals across several disciplines. This can serve as an inspiration that these practices are not pie in the sky dreams but are, in fact, achievable.” TOP Factor and its data is a publicly available resource, and COS encourages its use by all parties who wish to recognize and promote transparent and open practices. Take a moment to view the TOP Factor integration on the Master Journal List here.
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TOP Factor to appear in Master Journal List
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github.com github.com
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Introduction The performance of modern Question Answering Models (BERT, ALBERT ...) has seen drastic improvements within the last year enabling many new opportunities for accessing information more efficiently. However, those models are designed to find answers within rather small text passages. Haystack lets you scale QA models to large collections of documents! While QA is the focussed use case for haystack, we will soon support additional options to boost search (re-ranking, most-similar search ...). Haystack is designed in a modular way and lets you use any models trained with FARM or Transformers. Core Features Powerful ML models: Utilize all latest transformer based models (BERT, ALBERT, RoBERTa ...) Modular & future-proof: Easily switch to newer models once they get published. Developer friendly: Easy to debug, extend and modify. Scalable: Production-ready deployments via Elasticsearch backend & REST API Customizable: Fine-tune models to your own domain & improve them continuously via user feedback Components DocumentStore: Database storing the documents for our search. We recommend Elasticsearch, but have also more light-weight options for fast prototyping (SQL or In-Memory). Retriever: Fast, simple algorithm that identifies candidate passages from a large collection of documents. Algorithms include TF-IDF or BM25, custom Elasticsearch queries, and embedding-based approaches. The Retriever helps to narrow down the scope for Reader to smaller units of text where a given question could be answered. Reader: Powerful neural model that reads through texts in detail to find an answer. Use diverse models like BERT, RoBERTa or XLNet trained via FARM or Transformers on SQuAD like tasks. The Reader takes multiple passages of text as input and returns top-n answers with corresponding confidence scores. You can just load a pretrained model from Hugging Face's model hub or fine-tune it to your own domain data. Finder: Glues together a Reader and a Retriever as a pipeline to provide an easy-to-use question answering interface. REST API: Exposes a simple API for running QA search, collecting feedback and monitoring requests Labeling Tool: Hosted version (Beta), Docker images (coming soon)
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Haystack — Neural Question Answering At Scale
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behavioralscientist.org behavioralscientist.org
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2020-04-30
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he best responses to COVID-19 involve behavior change, including social distancing, mask use, and, eventually, vaccine uptake. So why has the behavioral public policy community, encompassing governmental behavioral insights units and a variety of not-for-profit and private organizations, played a marginal role?
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Behavioral Public Policy Faces a Crisis
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www.bps.org.uk www.bps.org.uk
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Duffield, S. & O'Hare, D. Teacher resilience during coronavirus school closures. The British Psychological Society. Advice PDF. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/www.bps.org.uk/files/Member%20Networks/Divisions/DECP/Teacher%20resilience%20during%20coronavirus%20school%20closures.pdf
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In light of the COVID-19 pandemic it may be useful to explore how resilience can be promoted for teachers at this time – supporting positive adaptation in the face of significant challenge.Research exploring teacher resilience has looked at ways that resilience can be promoted and eroded over time4. This suggests that resilience is a process as opposed to an internal trait. Resilience can change over time depending on the context or situation – it is not a case of having or not having resilience. Therefore, factors known to promote resilience in teachers can be fostered and drawn upon in the current climate. This short paper is a quick reference guide and a ‘conversation starter’ designed to promote teacher resilience. The aim is not to be prescriptive as we know that teachers demonstrate resilience on a daily basis in their busy lives in the profession. We also know that resilience is often community-focused and therefore support is often best placed within pre-existing relationships. We hope this paper provides a framework, informed by psychology, to support what is likely to be happening in some capacity already within educational organisations in the UK. The suggestions that we make in this paper are based on evidence from research and practice.
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Teacher resilience during coronavirus school closures
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- ann:summary
- challenge
- resilience
- adaptation
- education
- COVID-19
- school closure
- ann:title
- UK
- lang:en
- has:context
- psychology
- advice
- BPS
- teacher
- support
- is:pdf
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2020-04-30
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Interdonato, R., Magnani, M., Perna, D., Tagarelli, A., & Vega, D. (2020). Multilayer network simplification: Approaches, models and methods. ArXiv:2004.14808 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14808
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2004.14808
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Multilayer networks have been widely used to represent and analyze systems of interconnected entities where both the entities and their connections can be of different types. However, real multilayer networks can be difficult to analyze because of irrelevant information, such as layers not related to the objective of the analysis, because of their size, or because traditional methods defined to analyze simple networks do not have a straightforward extension able to handle multiple layers. Therefore, a number of methods have been devised in the literature to simplify multilayer networks with the objective of improving our ability to analyze them. In this article we provide a unified and practical taxonomy of existing simplification approaches, and we identify categories of multilayer network simplification methods that are still underdeveloped, as well as emerging trends.
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Multilayer network simplification: approaches, models and methods
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epjdatascience.springeropen.com epjdatascience.springeropen.com
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2020-04-29
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Vilella, S., Paolotti, D., Ruffo, G. et al. News and the city: understanding online press consumption patterns through mobile data. EPJ Data Sci. 9, 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00228-9
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The always increasing mobile connectivity affects every aspect of our daily lives, including how and when we keep ourselves informed and consult news media. By studying a DPI (deep packet inspection) dataset, provided by one of the major Chilean telecommunication companies, we investigate how different cohorts of the population of Santiago De Chile consume news media content through their smartphones. We find that some socio-demographic attributes are highly associated to specific news media consumption patterns. In particular, education and age play a significant role in shaping the consumers behaviour even in the digital context, in agreement with a large body of literature on off-line media distribution channels.
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News and the city: understanding online press consumption patterns through mobile data
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2020-04-30
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Vasiliauskaite, V., & Rosas, F. E. (2020). Understanding complexity via network theory: A gentle introduction. ArXiv:2004.14845 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14845
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2004.14845
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Network theory provides tools which are particularly appropriate for assessing the complex interdependencies that characterise our modern connected world. This article presents an introduction to network theory, in a way that doesn't require a strong mathematical background. We explore how network theory unveils commonalities in the interdependency profiles of various systems, ranging from biological, to social, and artistic domains. Our aim is to enable an intuitive understanding while conveying the fundamental principles and aims of complexity science. Additionally, various network-theoretic tools are discussed, and numerous references for more advanced materials are provided.
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Understanding complexity via network theory: a gentle introduction
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2020-05-06
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Olaseni, A. O., Akinsola, O. S., Agberotimi, S. F., & Oguntayo, R. (2020, May 6). PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS EXPERIENCES OF NIGERIANS AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/9v78y
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This study examined the psychological distress experience of Nigerians amid COVID-19 pandemic. From March 20, 2020 to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerian with an online semi-structured questionnaire containing Impact of Event Scale-Revised, GAD-7, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. Gender had insignificant difference in the level of insomnia (χ2=04.93; df=3; p>0.05), however, 20.8% of males had sub-threshold of insomnia, 8.2% experienced moderate insomnia and 5.9% had severe insomnia; 32% females reported sub-threshold of insomnia, 12.4% had moderate insomnia while, 3.6% had severe insomnia. Also, gender had insignificant difference in the measures of depression (χ2=01.94; df=4; p>0.05); 55.4% males reported minimal depression, 22.3% had mild depression, 11.9% had moderate depression; 6.7% to 3.7% males had moderately to severe depression while, 49.3% of the females had minimal depression, 26.7% reported mild depression, 14.29% had moderate depression, 4.4% to 5.3% had moderately to severe depressive symptoms. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) has no gender difference among respondents (χ2=02.51; df =3; p>0.05); 23% of males reported partial PTSS, 17.5% presented clinical PTSS, and 21.6% males had severe PTSS; while 29.3% of females had severe PTSS, 24% reported partial PTSS and 18.7% had clinical PTSS. Respondents reported insignificant gender difference on anxiety (χ2=0.08; df=1; p>0.05), while 51% reported moderate anxiety and 49% exhibited severe anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Findings revealed that Nigerians experienced psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic. Government and stakeholders in health sectors should provide psychological health services for the residents in Nigeria.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS EXPERIENCES OF NIGERIANS AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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Pearson, H., & Balas, B. (2020, May 5). Can naive observers detect suicidality in face images? A replication and extension of Kleiman and Rule (2013). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/prfm3
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Naive observers can and do make a wide range of social judgments from static images of faces. These include evaluations of properties like trustworthiness and competence, but can also include estimations of mental health (e.g. depression, schizotypy). This latter class of judgments is particularly important insofar as these evaluations may inform the interactions between care providers and patients, and could potentially provide diagnostic value if they prove to be veridical. In a previous report, Kleiman and Rule (2013) demonstrated that naive observers were capable of classifying static images at above chance levels according to suicidality: The faces of individuals who had died by suicide could be distinguished from the faces of those who had not. Further, the authors also reported that the faces of individuals who died by suicide were perceived as more impulsive than control faces. Our goals in the current study were to carry out a replication of these important experiments with a larger participant sample (more than doubling the sample used in the original report) and to extend the original report by implementing a 2AFC paradigm that minimizes response bias. We found that while naive observers could categorize faces according to suicidality at an above-chance level using the original testing paradigm, performance dropped to chance in a 2AFC discrimination task. We also did not find evidence supporting differences in perceived impulsivity across categories in either paradigm. We discuss these outcomes from theoretical and methodological perspectives, and outline new directions for further research investigating social vision in clinical contexts.
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Can naive observers detect suicidality in face images? A replication and extension of Kleiman and Rule (2013)
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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Martin, J. (2020, May 5). PSA001 (Martin, Wood, & Oh). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sbvkz
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People infer a number of traits about others’ based simply on facial appearance. Even when inaccurate, face-based trait impressions can have important behavioral consequences including voting behavior and criminal sentencing. Thus, understanding how perceivers infer others’ traits is an important social and psychological issue. Recent evidence suggests that face-based trait impressions may vary by culture. In the present work, we attempt to understand cultural differences in face-based trait impressions. As part of the Psychological Science Accelerator’s Secondary Data Analysis Challenge, we report a set of pre-registered analyses testing how cultural differences in present-day diversity relate to a) 13 face-based trait impressions, b) sensitivity to physical features of the face, c) and the mental structure underlying trait impressions.We findthat greater present-day diversity might be related to lower trustworthiness ratings, in particular. We discuss this finding in the context of other recent work and suggest further analysis of the mental structure of face-based trait impressions across cultures.
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Running head: DIVERSITY AND FACIAL TRAIT INFERENCESNOTE: This manuscript is a draft of a project still in progress. The draft is intended primarily to document the results of a set of pre-registered analyses.It has not been peer-reviewed and may not represent the authors’ most up-to-date thoughts about these issues. Population diversity is associated with trustworthiness impressions from faces
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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This study anonymously screened 13,332 individuals worldwide for psychological symptoms related to Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from March 29th to April 14th, 2020. A total of n=12,817 responses were considered valid with responses from 12 featured countries and five WHO regions. Female gender, pre-existing psychiatric condition, and prior exposure to trauma were identified as notable risk factors, whereas optimism, ability to share concerns with family and friends like usual, positive prediction about COVID-19, and daily exercise predicted fewer psychological symptoms. These results could aid in dynamic optimization of mental health services during and following COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mental Health Impact of COVID-19: A global study of risk and resilience factors
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-06
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Gollwitzer, A., Martel, C., Marshall, J., Höhs, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2020, May 5). Connecting Self-Reported Social Distancing to Real-World Behavior at the Individual and U.S. State Level. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kvnwp
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Social distancing is the single most effective method to reduce the spread of COVID-19. As such, researchers across varying fields are currently attempting to identify the variables that predict social distancing and which interventions can heighten social distancing. Yet, much of this research relies on self-report measures (in part because of social distancing guidelines themselves). In two studies we examine whether self-reported social distancing overlaps with real-world behavior. In Study 1, individuals’ self-reported social distancing predicted decreased movement as quantified by participants’ average daily step-counts (assessed via smartphone pedometers). In Study 2, the degree of self-reported social distancing in different U.S. States predicted the degree to which people in those States reduced their overall movement and travel to non-essential retail as assessed by ~17 million smart-phone GPS coordinates. Collectively, our results indicate that self-report measures of social distancing track actual behavior both at the individual and at the group level.
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Connecting Self-Reported Social Distancing to Real-World Behavior at the Individual and U.S. State Level
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2020-05-06
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Laban, G., George, J., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2020, May 6). Tell Me More! Assessing Interactions with Social Robots From Speech. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/jkht2
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As social robots are introduced into increasingly more health interventions, one potential area where they might prove valuable is in supporting people's psychological health through conversation. Given the importance of self-disclosure for psychological health, this study assessed the viability of using social robots for eliciting rich disclosures that identify needs and emotional states in human interaction partners. Three within-subjects experiments were conducted with participants interacting with another person, a humanoid social robot, and a disembodied conversational agent (voice assistant). We performed a number of objective evaluations of disclosures to these three agents via speech content and voice analyses, and also probed participants' subjective evaluations of their disclosure to the three agents. Our findings suggest that participants overall disclose more to humans than artificial agents, that agents' embodiment influences disclosure quantity and quality, and that people are generally aware of differences in their personal disclosures to the three agents studied here. Together, the findings set the stage for further investigation into the psychological underpinnings of self-disclosures to robots and their potential role in eliciting disclosures as part of mental and physical health interventions.
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Tell Me More! Assessing Interactions with Social Robots From Speech
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Britwum, K., Catrone, R., Smith, G. D., & Koch, D. S. (2020, May 5). A University Based Social Services Parent Training Model: A Telehealth Adaptation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gw3cd
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2020-05-05
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With the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in social distancing recommendations many service providers find themselves altering the way they must provide medically necessary therapy. Even with the advent of more advanced telehealth technology, implementation of behavioral programming falls mainly on the caregivers of the clients that are served. This crisis brings to question ethical dilemmas and upends the current ways many programs may have been implemented across the world. As a result, a re-evaluation of how these services are delivered is in order. This paper reviews how a University-Based, State-funded Service Delivery Program (USSDP) provided essential and necessary services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to describe how the USSDP quickly adopted a telehealth care model in a program that previously had not delivered services in this modality. Ethical, contextual, and competency-based factors are reviewed in the context of this organization followed by a dialogue on broader generalization suggestions utilizing an active support model of care within telehealth restrictions.
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A University Based Social Services Parent Training Model: A Telehealth Adaptation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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Segovia-Martín, J., & Tamariz, M. (2020, May 5). Testing early and late connectivity dynamics in the lab: an experiment using 4-agent micro-societies. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nuf78
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How does the order of individuals' interactions affect the emergence of shared conventions at the population level? The answer to this question is relevant for a number of fields, such as cultural evolution, linguistics, cognitive science or behavioral economics. In this study we investigate experimentally how two different network connectivity dynamics affect the evolution of the diversity of cultural variants of the communication system. We report an experiment in the lab in which participants engage in a Pictionary-like graphical communication task as members of a 4-participant micro-society, interacting in pairs with the other three members of the community across 4 rounds. The experiment has two main goals: First, to evaluate the effect of two network connectivity dynamics (early and late) on the evolution of the convergence of micro-societies on shared communicative conventions under controlled conditions. Second, to compare the predictions of the agent-based model described in a previous study (Segovia-Martín, Walker, Fay, & Tamariz, 2019) against experimental data, and calibrate the model to find the best-fitting parameter setting. Our experimental data shows that, as predicted by the model, an early connectivity dynamic increases convergence and a late connectivity dynamic slows down convergence. We found significant differences between conditions in round 3 and round 4. We estimate the best-fit parameter combination for the 96 data structures coded. Medium to high content bias, neutral to egocentric coordination bias and memory size of 3 rounds was associated with a better model fit. In the light of the model evaluation and the experiment outcome, we discuss the impact of our predictions on social influence research and possible factors that might help to improve model precision.
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Testing early and late connectivity dynamics in the lab: an experiment using 4-agent micro-societies
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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Noncompliance with social distancing during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic poses a great challenge to disease containment and adds more demands on public healthcare resources. These noncompliance behaviors may partly reflect people’s concerns for the inherent costs of social distancing while discounting its public health benefits. We propose that this oversight may be associated with the limitation in one’s mental capacity to simultaneously retain multiple pieces of information in working memory (WM) for rational decision making leading to social distancing compliance. We tested this hypothesis in 850 U.S. residents during the first 2 weeks following the presidential declaration of national emergency because of COVID-19. We found that participants’ social distancing compliance at this initial stage could be predicted by individual differences in WM capacity, partly due to increased awareness of benefits over costs of social distancing among higher WM capacity individuals. Critically, the unique role of WM capacity in social distancing compliance could not be explained by other psychological and socioeconomic factors (e.g., moods, personality, education and income levels) underlying the compliance with a set of rules for social interactions (i.e., social norms). Furthermore, the critical role of WM capacity in social distancing compliance can be generalized to the compliance with another social norm, namely the fairness norm, in Western cultures. Collectively, our data reveal novel contributions of a core cognitive process underlying social distancing compliance during the early outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a potential cognitive venue for developing strategies to mitigate a public health crisis.
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Working Memory Capacity Predicts Individual Differences in Social Distancing Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-05
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Amidst an outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, this study, which based on the behavioral immune system, focused on the preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 infection and Japanese people’s exclusionary attitude toward foreigners, examining the time-series changes associated with the spread of the novel coronavirus in Japan, which was one of the first countries to confirm cases outside China. Also, we examined the effects of individual differences in infection-avoidance tendencies and the frequency of people’s daily contact with foreigners. In late January, mid-February, and early March of 2020, this study conducted a panel survey 1,004 Japanese citizens aged 18 years or above living in Japan, and who had registered with the crowdsourcing service. The results indicated that as the spread of COVID-19 increased, tendencies toward infection-preventive behaviors increased, and exclusionary attitudes toward foreigners became stronger. Similarly, the avoidance response against unfamiliar people, including Japanese strangers increased. No relationship between the increased risk of infection and the Japanese respondents’ exclusionary attitudes toward the Chinese but were more negative than that for other groups. However, it is difficult to conclude that all the reported exclusionary behaviors and attitudes were irrational or excessive false-positive errors. People with strong infection-avoidance tendencies engaged in more preventive actions, regardless of whether they were living under normal circumstances or under threat of infection, and they indicated strong exclusionary attitudes toward foreigners in general and the Chinese specifically under threat of infection. We observed a moderating that the higher the frequency of daily contact with foreigners, the weaker the exclusionary attitudes toward them. This study recorded the behavioral and psychological states of people in Japan during the 40 days preceding the WHO’s 11 March 2020 declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collected in Japan, where the infection spread widely early on, will provide valuable insights for countries anticipating significant social changes.
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The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendencies and Exclusionary Attitudes toward Foreigners: A Panel Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan
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2020-05-05
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Jach, H., & Smillie, L. (2020, May 5). Testing the Information-Seeking Theory of Openness/Intellect. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zqcjw
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Why are open people open? A recent theory suggests that openness/intellect reflects sensitivity to the reward value of information, but so far this has undergone few direct tests. To assess preferences for information, we constructed a novel task, adapted from information-seeking paradigms within decision science, in which participants could choose to see information related to a guessing game they had just completed. Across two studies (one exploratory, n = 151; one confirmatory, n = 301), openness/intellect did not predict information-seeking. Our results thus do not support a straightforward version of the theory, whereby open individuals display a general-purpose sensitivity to any sort of new information. However, trait curiosity (arguably a facet of openness/intellect) predicted information-seeking in both studies, and uncertainty intolerance (inversely related to openness/intellect) predicted information-seeking in Study 2. Thus, it is possible that the domain-level null association masks two divergent information-seeking pathways, one approach-motivated (curiosity), and one avoidance-motivated (uncertainty intolerance). It remains to be seen whether these conflicting motivations can be isolated, and if doing so reveals any association between information-seeking and the broader openness/intellect domain.
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Testing the Information-Seeking Theory of Openness/Intellect
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-04
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Background Worldwide, the vast majority of people have been impacted by COVID-19. While millions of individuals have become infected, billions of individuals have been asked or required by local and national governments to change their behavioral patterns. Previous research on epidemics or traumatic events suggest this can lead to profound behavioral and mental health changes, but rarely are researchers able to track these changes with frequent, near real-time sampling or compare these to previous years of data on the same individuals. Objectives We seek to answer two overarching questions by combining mobile phone sensing and self-reported mental health data among college students participating in a longitudinal study for the past two years. First, have behaviors and mental health changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to previous time periods within the same participants? Second, did behavior and mental health changes track the relative news coverage of COVID-19 in the US media? Methods Behaviors were measured using the StudentLife mobile smartphone sensing app. Depression and anxiety were assessed using weekly self-reported Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs). Differences in behaviors and self-reported mental health collected during the Winter 2020 term (the term in which the coronavirus pandemic started), as compared to prevous terms in the same cohort, were modeled using mixed linear models. Results During the initial COVID-19 impacted academic term (Winter 2020), individuals were more sedentary and reported increased anxiety and depression symptoms (P<.001), relative to the previous academic terms and subsequent academic breaks. Interactions between the Winter 2020 term and week of academic term (linear and quadratic) were significant. In a mixed linear model, phone usage, number of locations visited, and week of the term, were strongly associated with increased coronavirus-related news. When mental health metrics (e.g., depression and anxiety) were added to the previous measures (week of term, number of locations visited, and phone usage), both anxiety (P<.001) and depression (P<.05) were significantly associated with coronavirus-related news. Conclusions Compared with prior academic terms, individuals in Winter 2020 were more sedentary, anxious, and depressed. A wide variety of behaviors, including increased phone usage, decreased physical activity, and fewer locations visited, are associated with fluctuations in COVID-19 news reporting. While this large-scale shift in mental health and behavior is unsurprising, its characterization is particularly important to help guide the development of methods that could reduce the impact of future catastrophic events on the mental health of the population.
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Mental Health and Behavior During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Mobile Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in College Students
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-05-04
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The spread of COVID-19 is serious, threatening not only health but also life worldwide. To resolve the crisis, governments need to encourage citizens to voluntarily change their behaviour, such as social distancing and self-restraint. This is especially important in those countries where governments cannot stop people going out, congregating, or attending events, or lock down a city legally, as is the case in Japan. Previous research on social cognition has suggested that emphasising self-identity is key to changing a person's behaviour. This study will examine whether reminders that highlight self-identity are effective in controlling behaviour related to the spread of COVID-19: Will those putting greater emphasis on self-identity (‘Don’t be a spreader’) inhibit high-risk behaviours related to infection control better than those using less (‘Don’t spread’)? A two-wave survey of the same participants will be conducted with a one-week interval, during which one of three reminder conditions will be assigned: ‘Don’t spread’ (spreading condition), ‘Don’t be a spreader’ (spreader condition), and no reminder (control condition). Participants will mark their responses to items related to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare guidelines and the number of times per week they go out on a COVID-19 infection prevention scale. Based on the findings, effective and practical ways of designing reminders that encourage people to change their behaviour to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic will be suggested.
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Warning “Don’t spread” vs. “Don’t be a spreader” to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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2020-05-01
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A hallmark of science is the open exchange of knowledge. At this time of crisis, it is more important than ever for scientists around the world to openly share their knowledge, expertise, tools, and technology. Scientific models are critical tools for anticipating, predicting, and responding to complex biological, social, and environmental crises, including pandemics. They are essential for guiding regional and national governments in designing health, social, and economic policies to manage the spread of disease and lessen its impacts. However, presenting modeling results alone is not enough. Scientists must also openly share their model code so that the results can be replicated and evaluated.Given the necessity for rapid response to the coronavirus pandemic, we need many eyes to review and collectively vet model assumptions, parameterizations, and algorithms to ensure the most accurate modeling possible. Transparency engenders public trust and is the best defense against misunderstanding, misuse, and deliberate misinformation about models and their results. We need to engage as many experts as possible for improving the ability of models to represent epidemiological, social, and economic dynamics so that we can best respond to the crisis and plan effectively to mitigate its wider impacts.We strongly urge all scientists modeling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its consequences for health and society to rapidly and openly publish their code (along with specifying the type of data required, model parameterizations, and any available documentation) so that it is accessible to all scientists around the world. We offer sincere thanks to the many teams that are already sharing their models openly. Proprietary black boxes and code withheld for competitive motivations have no place in the global crisis we face today. As soon as possible, please place your code in a trusted digital repository (1) so that it is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (2).
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Call for transparency of COVID-19 models
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Psychonomic Society (2020 April 29). Keep Your Social Distance Up (Tips from behavioral scientists to help slow the spread of COVID-19). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVL66099O0s
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Keep Your Social Distance Up (Tips from behavioral scientists to help slow the spread of COVID-19)
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misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu
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2020-04-27
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Nsoesie, E. O., & Oladeji, O. (2020). Identifying patterns to prevent the spread of misinformation during epidemics. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, COVID-19 and Misinformation. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-014
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This paper discusses patterns of public health misinformation observed during infectious disease epidemics. Specifically we group epidemic-related misinformation into four categories: transmission, prevention, treatment, and vaccination. By developing tools, algorithms, and other resources around these categories, institutions, companies, and individuals can proactively limit and counter the spread of misinformation and its potential negative health effects.
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Identifying patterns to prevent the spread of misinformation during epidemics
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misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu
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2020-04-28
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Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Funchion, J., Everett, C., Wuchty, S., Premaratne, K., & Murthi, M. (2020). Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(COVID-19 and Misinformation). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-015
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As conspiracy theories about COVID-19 take root in the United States, understanding the psychological foundations of conspiracy beliefs is increasingly critical. Our research shows that beliefs in two popular variants of COVID-19 conspiracy theory are the joint product of the psychological predispositions 1) to reject information coming from experts and other authority figures and 2) to view major events as the product of conspiracies, as well as partisan and ideological motivations. The psychological foundations of conspiracy beliefs have implications for the development of strategies designed to curtail their negative consequences.
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Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories?
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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2020-04-29
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Sung, J., Dobias, M., & Schleider, J. L. (2020, April 29). Single-Session Interventions: Complementing and Extending Evidence-Based Practice. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z7bw2
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In a time of increasing demand and limited resources, diverse approaches to disseminating evidence-based mental health services are imperative to reduce the overall burden of psychopathology. Unmet treatment needs are especially notable for youth; up to 80% of U.S. youth with mental health needs receive no treatment at all, and few who successfully connect with services receive evidence-supported care. Even among those who do receive quality care, the modal number of sessions clients attend is one, raising the concern that clients may discontinue treatment before engaging in the therapeutic mechanisms that make them effective. Thus, the field of psychotherapy is in a dire need of innovative shifts in intervention research to disrupt the continuously increasing prevalence, incidence, and burden of mental illness. This brief column introduces ways in which "single-session interventions" (SSIs) for psychopathology might forward such shifts in evidence-based mental health practice.
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Single-Session Interventions: Complementing and Extending Evidence-Based Practice
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neurochambers.blogspot.com neurochambers.blogspot.com