The technique gets stronger if more safety is added, since it gets more supportive against communities like LGBT (Alignment), which makes it highly novel.
这一论断存在逻辑漏洞，作者声称安全措施越强，技术越有效，但没有解释为什么更多的安全措施会导致更大的漏洞。这可能是混淆相关性与因果性的例子。更严谨的做法是提供具体案例研究或实验数据，展示不同安全级别下该技术的成功率变化，而不是做出未经证实的断言。
The 4 GB Gemini Nano weights file is information stored in the user's terminal equipment. The user did not consent. The user has not requested any service that strictly requires a 4 GB on-device LLM. Chrome is functional without the file.
文章声称Chrome没有4GB模型文件也能正常运行，但没有提供证据支持这一断言。虽然Chrome可能在某些功能上不依赖该模型，但完全移除可能影响性能或某些功能。需要更详细的分析来说明模型与Chrome核心功能之间的关系，而不是简单地假设它是可选的。
Under the California Consumer Privacy Act, the absence of a notice-at-collection covering this specific category of pre-staged software puts Google's CCPA notice posture in question [12].
文章引用CCPA作为法律依据，但没有详细解释为什么预安装软件属于CCPA规定的'收集'范畴。CCPA主要关注个人信息的收集，而非软件安装。这种法律解释需要更精确，可能需要区分软件本身与软件可能收集的数据之间的区别，以及CCPA相关条款的具体适用范围。
The legal analysis is the same one I gave for the Anthropic case. The environmental analysis is new. At Chrome's scale, the climate bill for one model push, paid in atmospheric CO2 by the entire planet, is between six thousand and sixty thousand tonnes of CO2-equivalent emissions, depending on how many devices receive the push.
作者声称法律分析与Anthropic案例相同，但没有明确说明具体哪些法律条款适用于Chrome的情况，特别是考虑到Chrome作为浏览器与桌面应用的区别。过度简化的法律类比可能导致错误的结论。需要更详细地分析Chrome特定情况下的法律适用性，包括用户同意、数据处理和环境影响等方面的差异。
non-expert humans comfortably exceed 60%
【洞察】120 倍的人机差距意味着：当前 AI 推理能力的提升是「在已知模式上的优化」，而非「真正的归纳推理泛化」。这对所有声称「AI 已接近人类」的产品宣传都是正面挑战——AGI 时间线的预期需要重新校准，而非渐进式调整。
Companies from community banks to mid-sized manufacturers and regional health systems stand to gain from AI, but lack the in-house resources to build and run frontier deployments.
中小企业缺乏AI资源
大多数人认为大企业才能从AI中获益，但作者认为中小企业同样受益，只是缺乏内部资源来构建前沿部署。
The biggest driver of uncertainty on the diversion side is that we don't know what fraction of diversion has been observed. The large-scale smuggling schemes detected and reported so far could represent the majority of the volume, or they might be just a small fraction of the total flows.
大多数人认为已曝光的大型走私案件代表了走私活动的主体，但作者指出这些已知的案件可能只是冰山一角，实际走私规模可能是已知的数倍，这挑战了我们对当前走私情况掌握程度的认知。
NEC will establish a Center of Excellence to develop a highly skilled, AI-enabled engineering organization
大多数人认为AI会使专业知识和技能贬值，但作者认为AI实际上需要更高水平的工程专业知识，因为企业正在建立专门的卓越中心来培养AI技能，这表明AI工具正在提升而非降低工程工作的专业门槛。
Reasoning models show both a one-off jump in performance and a roughly 2-3x faster trend compared to non-reasoning models.
大多数人可能认为不同类型的AI模型性能提升速度大致相同，但研究发现推理模型不仅有一次性的性能飞跃，而且提升速度是非推理模型的2-3倍。这一发现颠覆了人们对不同模型类型进步速度的预期。
Reasoning models show both a one-off jump in performance and a roughly 2-3x faster trend compared to non-reasoning models.
2-3倍的速度差异是一个非常显著的数字，表明推理模型与非推理模型之间存在明显的性能差距。这个倍数关系暗示了架构变化可能带来的性能飞跃，而非简单的线性改进。这一数据点支持了推理能力可能是AI进步关键驱动力的假设。
This prompt is periodically updated to improve Claude's responses.
文档透露了一个令人不安的事实：普通用户无法控制或审查这些定期更新的系统提示内容。这挑战了AI透明度的常见假设，用户实际上在使用一个不断变化但不可见的指令集，这种'黑盒更新'模式与开源AI理念背道而驰。
We have not really begun to make this progress with AI. Why, for example, is this dashboard not found on a government website?
大多数人认为AI发展主要由私营部门推动，政府只是事后监管。作者质疑为什么政府没有像应对疫情一样建立AI监测和应对系统，这一观点挑战了当前AI治理模式的主流认知，暗示我们需要更系统化的公共AI管理框架。
73% of experts expect a positive impact on how people do their jobs, compared with just 23% of the public, a 50-point gap.
这一巨大的认知鸿沟揭示了AI领域中的严重沟通危机。专家和公众对AI影响的看法存在显著分歧，可能导致政策制定过程中的脱节和社会对AI技术的抵制，需要更好的公众参与和透明度。
Only 9% of workers trust AI for complex, business-critical decisions, compared to 61% of executives — a 52-point trust chasm.
高管与员工之间52个百分点的信任差距揭示了AI实施中最危险的断层。这种信任鸿沟不仅阻碍了AI工具的有效使用，还可能导致组织内部的严重分裂，最终影响AI投资的回报率。
Only 9% of workers trust AI for complex, business-critical decisions, compared to 61% of executives — a 52-point trust chasm.
令人惊讶的是：员工与高管之间在AI信任度上存在惊人的52个百分点差距。这种巨大的信任鸿沟揭示了决策层与执行层对AI技术价值的认知差异，可能导致技术投资与实际需求严重脱节。
The industry average time to detect a supply chain breach is 267 days. SolarWinds went undetected for 14 months. XZ Utils took two years to surface. Socket, an a16z portfolio company, detected the malicious dependency in the Axios attack within 6 minutes of its publication.
检测时间的巨大差异（267天与6分钟）展示了安全检测领域的革命性变化。传统方法依赖已知漏洞数据库，而新型行为分析系统能够在攻击发生时立即检测到异常行为，这种能力差异决定了安全事件的严重程度。
select known-vulnerable dependency versions 50% more often than humans.
这一统计洞察颠覆了“AI写代码更安全”的迷思。AI代理在优化代码功能性时，往往以牺牲安全性为代价，倾向于选择存在已知漏洞的旧版本依赖。这反映出当前AI模型在训练时对安全维度的忽视，也警示我们在AI辅助开发流程中必须强制引入自动化的安全卡点。
To accept the existential stakes of that prospect while simultaneously treating the next frontier of superweapon proliferation as an ordinary issue of private property betrays a deep confusion about the problem that this moment presents.
这句话尖锐地指出了当前政策制定中的矛盾：一方面承认AI可能带来的生存风险，另一方面却将其视为普通财产问题。这种不一致性反映了我们对新兴技术威胁的理解与应对措施之间的脱节，暗示需要全新的治理框架。
Qwen3.5 397B A17B: 15.3%, DeepSeek V3.2: 14.5%, GLM-5: 14.5%, Kimi K2.5: 11.5%, MiniMax-M2.7: 10.6%
中美专业服务 Agent 的差距在这里变得具体可见：顶级美国模型 33%，中国最强开源模型（Qwen3.5、DeepSeek、GLM-5）约 14-15%，差距超过 2 倍。更值得注意的是智谱 AI 的 GLM-5 与 DeepSeek V3.2 并列，说明在专业服务 Agent 这个维度，国内头部玩家的能力相当接近。对于智谱的战略意义：这个 2 倍差距是否可以通过领域专精（比如专注于中国本土金融场景）来弥补？
we may see a growing divergence between the capabilities we can measure and the capabilities we actually care about.
「可测量的能力」与「真正关心的能力」之间的分歧正在扩大——这是整篇文章最深刻的洞见。所有当前 benchmark 都偏向「干净、自包含、可自动评分」的任务，而真实工作是「混乱、跨系统、需人类判断」的。随着 AI 向长任务延伸，这个测量-现实之间的鸿沟不会缩小，只会加速扩大。这意味着未来关于「AI 能否替代某类工作」的争论，将越来越难以用数据解决——因为数据本身无法捕捉真实工作的本质。
the robustness of these reasoning behaviors remains underexplored
「推理行为的鲁棒性尚未被充分探索」——这句话是整个推理模型研究领域的集体盲点声明。过去两年，测试时计算（test-time compute）、长思维链（CoT）、o1/R1 类推理模型吸引了巨大关注，但几乎所有评测都在「孤立问题」环境下进行。在真实 Agent 部署场景中，「能否保持推理深度」这个最基本的可靠性问题，直到这篇论文才开始被系统研究。
we found that AI agent performance drops substantially when scoring AI performance holistically rather than algorithmically.
「整体评分 vs 算法评分」的性能差距是一个深刻的警示：AI 在「有明确正确答案」的任务上表现远好于「需要人类判断质量」的任务。这意味着所有基于自动化评分的 AI benchmark，都在系统性地高估 AI 在真实工作中的能力。时间地平线数字本身也受制于这个局限——任何「可被算法打分」的任务，都比真实工作「更适合 AI」。
Our human task duration estimates likely overestimate how long a human expert takes to complete these tasks, as the humans (and AI agents!) have much less context for the task than professionals doing equivalent work in their day-to-day job.
METR 主动承认其人类基准时间可能被高估——因为参与实验的人类和 AI 一样，都是低上下文的「新手」状态，而非熟悉项目的专业人员。这意味着「2 小时时间地平线」所对应的人类能力，更接近一个没有背景知识的外包工人，而非一个有经验的全职工程师。AI 与「有上下文的专业人员」之间的真实差距，比时间地平线数字显示的要大得多。
Since the discontinuous Galerkin approximation is discontinuous across element interfaces, it is not regular enough to be used directly in the relative entropy stability estimate.
这个障碍揭示了 DG 方法的核心悖论：DG 方法最受欢迎的特性（允许跨单元界面不连续）恰恰使其无法直接用于相对熵稳定性分析——因为后者需要 Lipschitz 连续的解。SIAC 滤波正是为了「修复」这个不连续性而引入的桥梁，是理论美学与工程现实之间的精巧妥协。
Tang Jie (CEO of Zhipu AI) even recently said: "The truth may be that the gap [between US and Chinese AI] is actually widening."
智谱 CEO 唐杰亲口承认差距可能正在扩大——这句话的分量极重。在中国 AI 公司普遍对外宣称「与美国差距不大」的舆论环境下，一位领军者公开说出这句话，是罕见的清醒与坦诚。这与本文的核心论点完全吻合：算力差距在出口管制和国内芯片滞后的双重压力下，短期内很难缩小。对智谱内部的战略制定而言，这句话的代价和勇气都值得深思。
Just last year, Anthropic spent over ten times more on compute than Minimax and Zhipu AI combined, and the gap is even wider for OpenAI:
这个数字对国内 AI 从业者而言极为刺耳：Anthropic 一家的算力投入就超过智谱 AI 和 MiniMax 合计的十倍以上，而与 OpenAI 相比差距更大。所谓「中美 AI 竞争激烈」的叙事背后，是一场体量悬殊的不对称战争——不是同一量级的竞争，而是大卫与歌利亚的对决。对智谱这样的公司，这既是警醒，也是生存战略的根本约束。
Experimental results show the best model, Gemini3-pro, achieves 56.3% overall accuracy, which falls significantly to 23.0% on Level-3 tasks
大多数人认为当前最先进的多模态大模型已经接近或超越人类在复杂任务上的表现。然而，作者的数据表明，即使是最好的模型在复杂现实任务上的表现也远低于预期，准确率从整体56.3%骤降至23.0%。这一发现挑战了AI领域对当前技术能力的乐观评估，揭示了现实世界多模态代理任务的极端复杂性。
We estimate that as of the end of 2025, Chinese companies collectively own just over 5% of the cumulative computing power of the leading AI chips sold in recent years
考虑到中国AI产业的快速发展和政府对AI的大力投资，大多数人可能认为中国拥有更大比例的全球AI计算能力，但作者认为中国公司仅拥有约5%的全球AI计算能力。这一数字远低于人们的预期，挑战了关于中国AI技术实力的普遍认知。
But this process took over two decades instead of a few hours in the case of AlphaZero because safety considerations put a limit on the extent to which each iteration of this loop could be scaled up compared to the previous one
So the capability reliability gap implies that if you’re willing to accept self driving cars mowing through droves of people until they can reliably not crush people on the street under their wheels, then we’d likely end up with self driving cards pretty quickly, but for the most part we don’t see this as acceptable
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Gap is too small
This is where your brain got all of its cool tricks. It's from from much more ancient developmental roles of channels, gap junctions, and and neurotransmitters. It's a it's it's not just an analogy or a um or a metaphor. It's actually evolutionarily homologous.
for - adjacency - brain - learned from ancient cells (the body) - ion channels - gap junctions - ancient bacterial biofilms - the brain is built upon these and they are ancient and found in all cells, developed billions of years ago in bacterial biofilms
One could say Trump’s MAGA movement is a last gap of such a political revolution, but it has a strong retro-romantic feel to it
for - political movements - last gasp - MAGA movement - typo - gap
Der Artikel diskutiert die Notwendigkeit von Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) zur Erreichung der Klimaneutralität. Aktuell werden weltweit etwa 2,2 Gigatonnen CO₂ pro Jahr entnommen, hauptsächlich durch Aufforstung. Neue Technologien wie Direct Air Capture (DAC) sind noch wenig verbreitet, machen nur ein Promille aus. Um die Pariser Klimaziele zu erreichen, müsste die CO₂-Entnahme bis 2050 auf 7 bis 9 Gigatonnen pro Jahr steigen. Deutschland plant, bis 2045 klimaneutral zu werden, und benötigt dafür eine nationale CDR-Strategie. Derzeit kostet die Entnahme einer Tonne CO₂ mit neuen Methoden 100 Mal mehr als die Vermeidung einer Tonne Emissionen. 27 Staaten und die EU haben Vorschläge zur Ausweitung von CDR bis 2050 gemacht. [Zusammenfassung generiert mit Mistral] https://www.zeit.de/wissen/umwelt/2024-06/carbon-dioxide-removal-co2-entnahme-klimaneutralitaet-entwicklung
there still seems to be a little bit of Gap in data that doesn't account for 0.2 de celsus warming that is present extra scientists have not been able to comfortably explain over the past in fact several years why there is this little bit of extra global warming it is a major major Gap
for - stats - climate crisis - global mean temperature gap in models vs measurement of - 0.2 Deg C - from The Print - YouTube - Low clouds disappearing over earth, rapidly acceleration heating - 2024, Dec
The potential for cuts in 2030 is 31 gigatons of CO2 equivalent – which isaround 52 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2023 – and 41gigatons in 2035.· Increased deployment of solar photovoltaic technologies and wind energy coulddeliver 27 per cent of this total emission reduction potential in 2030 and 38 percent in 2035.· Action on forests could deliver around 20 per cent of the potential in both years.• Other strong options include efficiency measures, electrification and fuelswitching in the buildings, transport and industry sectors.
for - stats - 27% of the gap can be reduced by wind and solar deployment and 20% by action on forests, while efficiency, electrification, fuel switching in buildings, transport and industry sectors can also contribute - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages
f only current NDCs are implemented and no further ambition is shown in the newpledges, the best we could expect to achieve is catastrophic global warming of up to2.6°C over the course of the century
for - stats - Current National Declared Commitments (NDCs) only take us to a disastrous 2.6 Deg. C over the course of the century.- UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages
Since greenhouse gas emissions grew 1.3 per cent year-on-year to 57.1 gigatonsof carbon dioxide equivalent in 2023, the task has become harder; 7.5 per centmust be shaved off emissions every year until 2035 for 1.5°C
for - stats - GHG emissions grew 1.3 % year-on-year to 57.1 Gton CO2 eq in 2023 - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages - stats - 7.5% decarbonization rate is now required every year to stay under 1.5 Deg C - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages
To get on a least-cost pathway for 1.5°C, emissions must fall 42 per cent by2030, compared to 2019 levels.
for - stats - 2030 emissions - 42% lower than 2019 to stay within 1.5 Deg C - UN 2024 Emission's Gap Report
Der neueste Emissions Gap Report der Vereinten Nationen kommt zu dem.Ergebnis, dass die Erde auf eine Temperatur-Erhöhung um 3,1° zusteuert. Würden sich alle Staaten an ihre Selbstverpflichtungen halten, käme es zu einem Anstieg um etwas weniger als 3°. Noch immer sei ein Erreichen des 1,5°-Ziels technisch möglich, verlange aber einen entschlossenen Politikwechsel und Leadership https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/24/crunch-time-for-real-un-says-time-for-climate-delays-has-run-out
Bericht: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2024
Seen in this way the current planetary-scale ecological crisis is nothing more than an extension of what our ancestors have been doing with controlled use of fire, cooperative hunting, accumulation of knowledge about foraging techniques and food processing, and so forth. What has changed is the scale at which these processes now play out in the world. We have ratcheted up our cultural capacities to alter landscapes to the point that we are now crossing planetary boundaries of self-regulation for the Earth Systems that make our complex societies possible.
Exactly, it is not that dissimilar at the big picture level.
The issue is the scale of our impact. It is like the sorcerer's apprentice. We have summoned powers beyond our control that threaten our very lives and our planet.
aka wisdom gap.
2023 Production Gap Report: Die USA, Russland und Saudi-Arabien planen wie die Mehrheit der 20 am meisten fossile Brennstoffe produzierenden Staaten, 2030 mehr Öl zu fördern als je zuvor. Indien will die Kohleproduktion bis 2030 verdoppeln, Kanada die Öl- und Gasförderung in 25 Jahren um 25% steigern. Brasilien will in 10 Jahren die Ölproduktion um 2/3, die Gasproduktion um 100% steigern. China, Deutschland, Großbritannien und Norwegen wollen die Produktion reduzieren. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/climate/coming-soon-more-oil-gas-and-coal.html
Die Pläne der Kohle-, Öl- und gasproduzierenden Staaten zur Ausweitung der Förderung würden 2030 zu 460% mehr Kohle, 83% mehr Gas und 29% mehr Ölproduktion führen, als mit dem Pariser Abkommen vereinbar ist. Der aktuelle Production Gap Report der Vereinten Nationen konzentriert sich auf die 20 stärksten Verschmutzer-Staaten, deren Pläne fast durchgängig in radikalem Widerspruch zum Pariser Abkommen stehen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/08/insanity-petrostates-planning-huge-expansion-of-fossil-fuels-says-un-report
Report: https://productiongap.org/
Mind1, which refers to the neurocognitive activity that allows you to behave in the world.
for: hard problem of consciousness - UTok, question - consciosness - UTok mind 1a, Gregg Henrique
comment
for: polycrisis, Thomas Homer-Dixon, Cascade Institute Royal Roads University - Changemakers Speakers Series, etymology - polylcrisis
Talk: Hope in the Polycrisis
Date: 2023
SUMMARY
In a real sense, the evolution of his thinking on these complex problems are reflected in the series of books he has written over the years, culminating in the 2023 book "Commanding Hope", based on a theory of hope:
Homer-Dixon also talks about practical solutions, His team at Casacade Institute is researching a promising technology called ultra-deep geothermal, which could provide unlimted energy at energy densities comprable to fossil fuels.
etymology - polycrisis
the problem is that most of our 01:04:45 institutions in the Democratic World evolved in the 18th and 19th centuries at a time when uh Transportation the fastest mode of transportation was horseback and almost all the information was communicated verbally 01:04:58 and uh and now we're in a world that's just radically different
for: adjacency - outdated government institutions - delegitimization - authoritarianism
adjacency between
Why do some societies successfully adapt while others do not? I concluded that a central characteristic of societies that successfully adapt is their ability to produce and deliver useful ideas (or what I call “ingenuity”) to meet the demands placed on them by worsening environmental problems.
for: question - adaptation - answer - adaptation, adaptation - ingenuity, endogenous growth, Thomas Homer-Dixon, Cascade Institute
question: adaptation
answer: adaptation
references
softness is not the kind of thing that's generated in my brain okay 00:06:36 softness is a word that describes how I am currently interacting with a sponge it's a mistake to go looking in the brain to understand why I feel it is soft rather than hard because it lies in 00:06:48 what I'm doing and the same for these other accompanying fields thinking this way about softness is a way of escaping from the explanatory Gap 00:07:01 because it it's a way of escaping from the idea that we need to find a brain mechanism that's generating the softness
for: kariotic flow
summary
While I appreciate the general idea, the explanation in terms of the 6 parts of the kariotic flow wheel is not clear. I found a strong salience mismatch
concrete examples would go a long way to bridge the explanatory gap between the salience landscape of the author and that of the reader
the explanatory Gap
for: explanatory gap
comment
UN-Generalsekretär Guterres hat die Untätigkeit der politischen Führungen scharf angegriffen. Er spricht davon, dass man die vergifteten Wurzeln der Klimakrise, die fossilen Energien, endlich ausreißen muss. Der Emission Gap Report 2023 zeigt, dass keiner der G20-Staaten eine Dekarbonisierungspolitik betreibt, die mit den Zielen des Pariser Abkommens vereinbar ist. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/le-monde-va-faire-face-a-un-rechauffement-de-25-c-a-29-c-dici-2100-alerte-lonu-avant-la-cop-28-20231120_QXFYQM3CJNHALBWI4PV5KR4NIY/
Mehr zum Emissions Gap Report 2023: https://hypothes.is/search?q=tag%3A%22Emissions%20Gap%20Report%202023%22
Der Emissions Gap Report 2023 des UN-Umweltprogramms (Titel: Broken Rekord) zeigt, dass sich die Welt nach wie vor auf eine Erhitzung um 2,5-2,9° zubewegt. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass das 1,5°-Ziel noch erreicht wird, liegt bei höchstens 14%. Der Treibhausgasausstoß erreichte einen historischen Rekord; er war 2022 1,2% höher als 2021. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000195965/welt-steuert-auf-drei-grad-erhitzung-zu-methan
Bericht: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023
The gender pay gap data has shown a significant increase in the number of white women in senior roles across sectors.
Die Schere zwischen den nötigen Maßnahmen zur Anpassung an die globale Erhitzung und den dafür zur Verfügung gestellten Mitteln geht weiter auf. Der neue Adaptation Gap Report der Vereinten Nationen stellt fest, dass die Kosten für die Anpassung dramatisch steigen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000193529/anpassung-an-klimakrise-hat-sich-verlangsamt-statt-an-fahrt-aufzunehmen
Report: https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2023
on the traditional empiricist account we do not have direct access to the facts of the external world 00:11:03 that is we do not experience externality directly but only immediately not immediately but immediately because between us and the external world are those what do you call them oh yes 00:11:18 sense organs and so the question is how faithfully they report what is going on out there well to raise the question how faithful is the sensory report 00:11:30 of the external world is to assume that you have some reliable non-sensory way of answering that question that's the box you can't get out of and so there is always this gap 00:11:42 between reality as it might possibly be known by some non-human creature and reality as empirically sampled by the senses whose limitations and distortions are very well 00:11:56 known but not perfectly classified or categorized or or measured
for: good explanation: empiricism, empiricism - knowledge gap, quote, quote - Dan Robinson, quote - philosophy, quote - empiricism - knowledge gap, Critique of Pure Reason - goal 1 - address empiricism and knowledge gap
good explanation : empiricism - knowledge gap
quote
Comment
Defections from large-scale anatomical goals, such as those that occur due to an inappropriate reduction of gap junctional connectivity [74], present as cancer, cause reversions of cell behavior to ancient unicellular concerns which lead to metastasis and over-proliferation as the cells treat the rest of the body as external environment.
fresh perspective
adjacency between
gap junctions
comment
question
adjacency between
It is hard to maintain the I-you distinction, and cooperation is massively favored. This is not because the agents have become less selfish, but because the size of the self (to which they are committed) has grown. For properly coupled cells, it is impossible to hide information from each other (from yourself) and it is impossible to do anything injurious to your neighbor because the same effects (consequences) will affect you within seconds.
for: cellular collaboration, gap junction, bioelectrical networks, bioelectric network
interesting fact: multicellular mechanisms to create coherence in competent constituent subunit cells
date: May 12, 2022
abstract
comment
Sustainable consumption scholars offer several explanations forwhy earth-friendly, justice-supporting consumers falter when itcomes to translating their values into meaningful impact.
This set the conditions for opaqueness that have plagued us ever since. //
time constraints, competing values, and everyday routines together thwart the rational intentions of well-meaning consumers (Røpke 1999)
This can be broken down into three broad categories of reasons:
Attitude-behavior gap
Behavior-impact gap
playfully
Is Emma flirting or is this a younger sister teasing an older brother?
The age gap and the family relationship both can make this a little icky - though people talk about it less than Marianne and Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility
Johnson, T., Moultrie, T., Gonsalves, G., & Hassan, F. (2021, October 12). An inconvenient truth: The real reason why Africa is not getting vaccinated. Bhekisisa. https://bhekisisa.org/opinion/2021-10-12-an-inconvenient-truth-the-real-reason-why-africa-is-not-getting-vaccinated/
Gye, H. (2021, November 29). All adults to be offered booster jabs after 3 months, and over-12s to get second doses. Inews.Co.Uk. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/covid-booster-jabs-to-be-offered-all-adults-after-3-months-and-over-12s-second-doses-1325151
Karan, A. (2022). We cannot afford to repeat these four pandemic mistakes. BMJ, 376, o631. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o631
Michael McCarthy. (2021, August 27). #COVD19 vax rates are still increasing in Australia. The over 70s are approaching 90% with first doses. The red line is the rate for all people >=16. That should reach 60% soon. Https://t.co/NH3Q7jumgT [Tweet]. @mickresearch. https://twitter.com/mickresearch/status/1431185640884826112
Gap analysis in 4 steps
Instead of groping around in the dark, a gap analysis of the gap leads us through a detailed investigation of where our organization is currently and where we want to be. This allows us to act on the basis of facts, not on the basis of assumptions.
Studies show women and people of color tend to be paid less than White men in the same roles.
Refers to pay between workers "in the same roles" but links to an article that uses a gross unadjusted figure. Nothing in the link supports the claim being made, which was hardly surprising considering this claim has been debunked thousands of times over the last few decades.
Scribner, H. (2022, January 29). A new COVID-19 variant surge ‘will happen again,’ experts say. Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/coronavirus/2022/1/29/22904290/new-covid-19-variant-surge-next-major-coronavirus-mutation
This question points to an area for furtherinvestigation.
THe author points to a new research gap
They suggest that issues of compat-ibility and power relationships merit further investigation.
research gap
Racine, N., Madigan, S., Cardinal, S., Hartwick, C., Leslie, M., Motz, M., & Pepler, D. (2021). Community-Based Research: Perspectives of Psychology Researchers and Community Partners. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cxrmt
whose lifelong work integrates the core insights of the great wisdom traditions and mysticism with the discoveries of science.
Nigg, C., Petersen, E., & MacIntyre, T. (2021). Natural Environments, Psychosocial Health, and Health Behaviors during COVID-19 – A Scoping Review. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a9unf
Team, E. (2019, May 20). Vaccine Champions: Young people demand healthier future. VaccinesToday. https://www.vaccinestoday.eu/stories/vaccine-champions-young-people-demand-healthier-future/
It’s commercial, it’s fine art; it’s playful, it’s thoughtful; it’s gestural, and it’s refined.
grey
Ranney, O. by M. (n.d.). Opinion: Biden’s six-point Covid plan leaves some holes. CNN. Retrieved 13 September 2021, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/opinions/holes-in-bidens-six-point-covid-plan-ranney/index.html
At the time of the beginning of the research, very little had been written on middle- aged women; collectively as social scientists we knew next to nothing about the middle years of adult life. We were critical of what little literature existed and were skeptical of widely held assumptions about women of this age.
Social science literature absent the experience of middle-aged women. Interregate empty next syndrome.
This “gap” between what we call “runtime” and “static analysis” can be filled using TypeScript Type Guards.
In contrast, a proactive L&D team will work to identify potential learning needs before they become a significant issue for the company. They’ll source potential needs from employee suggestions and prioritize those needs based on business impact. Sourcing training needs from employees is more accurate and helps you uncover training gaps before they grow.
The L&D team can work with the business, managers, employees, SME's to help with a bottom-up training needs analysis, and this can help with a more democratic learning culture.
Hopes UK trial will allay pregnant women’s Covid vaccine concerns. (2021, August 3). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/03/hopes-uk-trial-will-allay-pregnant-womens-covid-vaccine-concerns
Unvaccinated Is Different From Anti-Vax—The Atlantic. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/07/unvaccinated-different-anti-vax/619523/
20 million children miss out on lifesaving measles, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news/item/15-07-2019-20-million-children-miss-out-on-lifesaving-measles-diphtheria-and-tetanus-vaccines-in-2018
Prof. Gavin Yamey MD MPH on Twitter: “The defining image of our time https://t.co/KynuxjJpTP” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2021, from https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1400810637509500933
Hammerstein, S., König, C., Dreisoerner, T., & Frey, A. (2021). Effects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement—A Systematic Review [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mcnvk
Black in D.C. have 8 in 10 coronavirus infections—The Washington Post. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-coronavirus-blacks-vaccine/2021/05/25/1b6208da-bd6d-11eb-9c90-731aff7d9a0d_story.html
Covid-19: We must put in place a financial plan of action for achieving vaccine equity—The BMJ. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/05/19/covid-19-we-must-put-in-place-a-financial-plan-of-action-for-achieving-vaccine-equity/#disqus_thread
Maxmen, A. (2021). Will COVID force public health to confront America’s epic inequality?. Nature, 592(7856), 674-680.
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). This Time It’s Different: The Role of Women’s Employment in a Pandemic Recession. IZA Discussion Paper, 13562.
correspondent, S. W. E. (2021, January 21). Home schooling is widening attainment gap between rich and poor, finds report. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/21/home-schooling-is-widening-attainment-gap-between-rich-and-poor-finds-report
My surprise that no one is insulted by this is quickly overtaken by surprise that Venmo is condoning alcohol consumption among kindergarteners, the only group in America who is routinely asked, with educational toys like Leapfrog, to match short words with pictures.
I appreciate what Barron is getting at here but I think he's taking an extremely contrarian stance to get at his point. Obviously Venmo is not condoning childhood alcohol consumption - a better and more nuanced take (which he alludes to elsewhere in the article) is that the conditions of modern life have prolonged adolescence for millennials (and generation z) - the traditional signifiers of adulthood are gone and the aesthetics of contemporary corporate app and internet design have adjusted to reflect this shift.
Larson, H. J., Cooper, L. Z., Eskola, J., Katz, S. L., & Ratzan, S. (2011). Addressing the vaccine confidence gap. The Lancet, 378(9790), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60678-8
Placebo-Controlled Trials of Covid-19 Vaccines—Why We Still Need Them. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine, 384(2), e2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2033538
Ledgerwood, Alison, Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson, Jr Neil Lewis, Keith Maddox, Cynthia Pickett, Jessica Remedios, Sapna Cheryan, et al. ‘The Pandemic as a Portal: Reimagining Psychological Science as Truly Open and Inclusive’. PsyArXiv, 11 January 2021. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gdzue.
You use grid-area, so the place for the side nav is allocated at start. If you hide (or even delete) the side nav, that won't change anything about this. You have to do a little trick: Set the width for the first column to 0 and change the grid-gap because otherwise you will have a (not needed) gap at the left.
Since yarn already has retries on metadata operations, my perspective is that this PR is about filling in an (inadvertent I assume) gap.
The variation of bandgap energy (Eg) and Urbach energy(EU) of ZnS thinfilms with deposition times is shown inFigure 13. TheEgvalues of ZnSfilms decrease with increas-ing deposition time which is due to the agglomeration ofthe ZnS-NPs. The minimum value ofEUobtained at 20 minindicates a very weak absorption tail due to minimizeddefects and impurities which improves the transparencyand optical conductivity of thefilm coated at that time.
La variación de la energía del band gap y de Urbach de las películas delgadas de ZnS con tiempos de deposición es mostrado en la figura 13. La valores del energía band gap de las películas ZnS decrecían con el incremento del tiempo de deposición lo cual es debido a la aglomeración de las ZnS-NPS. El valor mínimo de la energía de Urbach obtenido a 20 min indica una muy débil cola de absorción debido los defectos minimizados e impurezas que mejoran la transparencia y la conductividad óptica en el revestimiento de la pelicula en ese momento.
Alfred Korzybski remarked that "the map is not the territory" and that "the word is not the thing", encapsulating his view that an abstraction derived from something, or a reaction to it, is not the thing itself.
The map–territory relation describes the relationship between an object and a representation of that object, as in the relation between a geographical territory and a map of it.
The functionality gap between all of the bundlers has been narrowing over the years, and these days, it’s not so much functionality that matters, but rather the developer experience.
Now of course we know how React handles this conflict: it takes the new nodes in your virtual DOM tree — the waters in your flowing river — and maps them onto existing nodes in the DOM. In other words React is a functional abstraction over a decidedly non-functional substrate.
To me this is a warning sign, because in my experience, the bigger the gap between an abstraction and the thing it abstracts, the more likely you are to suffer what programmers like to call ‘impedance mismatches’, and I think we do experience that in React.
King, M. M., & Frederickson, M. (2020). The Pandemic Penalty: The gendered effects of COVID-19 on scientific productivity [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/8hp7m
What is a "course"? And more importantly: what more can a course be?
I like this framing, as something that I've been thinking for awhile is that when it comes to teaching/education - people are too caught up in an old style of education and are trying to copy-paste the classroom setting into the online world.
While some K-12 education seems to be adapting a bit faster, higher education still feels a little stuck.
Bootcamps are a little different, but gaps still exist --- got thinking about this also when talking with Sam recently
correspondent, J. H. N. of E. (2020, June 2). Decade of progress in tackling pupil disadvantage “wiped out.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/03/decade-of-progress-tackling-uk-pupil-disadvantage-wiped-out-coronavirus-school-closures
COVID-19: Why informal networks will be key to the recovery. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid-19-why-informal-networks-will-be-key/
Niet, A. de, Waanders, B. L., & Walraven, I. (n.d.). The role of children in the transmission of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acta Paediatrica, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15310
Or global warming. I can’t see or touch it. What I can see and touch are these raindrops, this snow, that sunburn patch on the back of my neck. I can touch the weather. But I can’t touch climate. So someone can declare: “See! It snowed in Boise, Idaho, this week. That means there’s no global warming!” We can’t directly see global warming, because it’s not only really widespread and really really long-lasting (100,000 years); it’s also super high-dimensional. It’s not just 3-D. It’s an incredibly complex entity that you have to map in what they call a high-dimensional- phase space: a space that plots all the states of a system. In so doing, we are only following the strictures of modern science, laid down by David Hume and underwritten by Immanuel Kant. Science can’t directly point to causes and effects: That would be metaphysical, equivalent to religious dogma. It can only see correlations in data. This is because, argues Kant, there is a gap between what a thing is and how it appears (its “phenomena”) that can’t be reduced, no matter how hard we try. We can’t locate this gap anywhere on or inside a thing. It’s a transcendental gap. Hyperobjects force us to confront this truth of modern science and philosophy.
A short, and very cogent argument here.
evidence of a racial transfer gap for historically underrepresented minority students
Is this "racial transfer gap" on top of the phenomenon of "transfer shock"?
gap junttion
Our under-standing of the gap is driven by technological exploration through artifact cre-ation and deployment, but HCI and CSCW systems need to have at their corea fundamental understanding of how people really work and live in groups, or-ganizations, communities, and other forms of collective life. Otherwise, wewill produce unusable systems, badly mechanizing and distorting collabora-tion and other social activity.
The risk of CSCW not driving toward a more scientific pursuit of social theory, understanding, and ethnomethodology and instead simply building "cool toys"
The gap is also CSCW’s unique contribution. CSCW exists intellectually atthe boundary and interaction of technology and social settings. Its unique intel-lectual importance is at the confluence of technology and the social, and its
CSCW's potential to become a science of the artificial resides in the study of interactions between society and technology
Nonetheless, it has been argued here that theunique problem of CSCW is the social–technical gap. There is a fundamentalmismatch between what is required socially and what we can do technically.Human activity is highly nuanced and contextualized. However, we lack thetechnical mechanisms to fully support the social world uncovered by the socialfindings of CSCW. This social–technical gap is unlikely to go away, although itcertainly can be better understood and perhaps approached.
Factors involved in the socio-technical gap:
Social needs vs technical capacity
Human activity
Technical mechanisms continue to lag social insights
Nonetheless, several guiding questions are required based on thesocial–technical gap and its role in any CSCW science of the artificial:• When can a computational system successfully ignore the need fornuance and context?• When can a computational system augment human activity withcomputer technologies suitably to make up for the loss in nuance andcontext, as argued in the approximation section earlier?• Can these benefits be systematized so that we know when we are add-ing benefit rather than creating loss?• What types of future research will solve some of the gaps betweentechnical capabilities and what people expect in their full range of so-cial and collaborative activities?
Questions to consider in moving CSCW toward a science of the artificial
The final first-order approximation is the creation of technical architecturesthat do not invoke the social–technical gap; these architectures neither requireaction nor delegate it. Instead, these architectures provide supportive oraugmentative facilities, such as advice, to users.
Support infrastructures provide a different type of approximation to augment the user experience.
Another approximation incorporates new computational mechanisms tosubstitute adequately for social mechanisms or to provide for new social issues(Hollan & Stornetta, 1992).
Approximate a social need with a technical cue. Example in Google Docs of anonymous user icons on page indicates presence but not identity.
First-order approximations, to adopt a metaphor from fluid dynamics, aretractable solutions that partially solve specific problems with knowntrade-offs.
Definition of first-order approximations.
Ackerman argues that CSCW needs a set of approximations that drive the development of initial work-arounds for the socio-technical gaps.
Essentially, how to satisfy some social requirements and then approximate the trade-offs. Doesn't consider the product a solution in full but something to iterate and improve
This may have been new/radical thinking 20 years ago but seems to have been largely adopted by the CSCW community
Similarly, an educational perspective would argue that programmers andusers should understand the fundamental nature of the social requirements.
Ackerman argues that CS education should include understanding how to design/build for social needs but also to appreciate the social impacts of technology.
CSCW’s science, however, must centralize the necessary gap between whatwe would prefer to construct and what we can construct. To do this as a practi-cal program of action requires several steps—palliatives to ameliorate the cur-rent social conditions, first-order approximations to explore the design space,and fundamental lines of inquiry to create the science. These steps should de-velop into a new science of the artificial. In any case, the steps are necessary tomove forward intellectually within CSCW, given the nature of the social–tech-nical gap.
Ackerman sets up the steps necessary for CSCW to become a science of the artificial and to try to resolve the socio-technical gap:
Palliatives to ameliorate social conditions
Approximations to explore the design space
Lines of scientific inquiry
Ideological initiatives include those that prioritize the needs of the peopleusing the systems.
Approaches to address social conditions and "block troublesome impacts":
Stakeholder analysis
Participatory design
Scandinavian approach to info system design requires trade union involvement
Simon’s (1969/1981) book does not address the inevitable gaps betweenthe desired outcome and the means of producing that outcome for anylarge-scale design process, but CSCW researchers see these gaps as unavoid-able. The social–technical gap should not have been ignored by Simon.Yet, CSCW is exactly the type of science Simon envisioned, and CSCW couldserve as a reconstruction and renewal of Simon’s viewpoint, suitably revised. Asmuch as was AI, CSCW is inherently a science of the artificial,
How Ackerman sees CSCW as a science of the artificial:
"CSCW is at once an engineering discipline attempting to construct suitable systems for groups, organizations, and other collectivities, and at the same time, CSCW is a social science attempting to understand the basis for that construction in the social world (or everyday experience)."
At a simple level,CSCW’s intellectual context is framed by social constructionism andethnomethodology (e.g., Berger & Luckmann, 1966; Garfinkel, 1967), systemstheories (e.g., Hutchins, 1995a), and many large-scale system experiences (e.g.,American urban renewal, nuclear power, and Vietnam). All of these pointed tothe complexities underlying any social activity, even those felt to be straightfor-ward.
Succinct description of CSCW as social constructionism, ethnomethodlogy, system theory and large-scale system implementation.
Yet,The Sciences of the Artificialbecame an an-them call for artificial intelligence and computer science. In the book he ar-gued for a path between the idea for a new science (such as economics orartificial intelligence) and the construction of that new science (perhaps withsome backtracking in the creation process). This argument was both charac-teristically logical and psychologically appealing for the time.
Simon defines "Sciences of the Artificial" as new sciences/disciplines that synthesize knowledge that is technically or socially constructed or "created and maintained through human design and agency" as opposed to the natural sciences
The HCI and CSCW research communitiesneed to ask what one might do to ameliorate the effects of the gap and to fur-ther understand the gap. I believe an answer—and a future HCI challenge—is toreconceptualize CSCW as a science of the artificial. This echoes Simon (1981)but properly updates his work for CSCW’s time and intellectual task.2
Ackerman describes "CSCW as a science of the artificial" as a potential approach to reduce the socio-technical gap
As Heilbroner (1994) and other researchers have argued, technological tra-jectories are responsive to social direction. I make the case that they may alsobe responsive to intellectual direction.1Indeed, a central premise of HCI isthat we should not force users to adapt.
Ackerman concludes the discussion about socio-technical gaps that people should not be forced to adapt to technology.
Technology can and should respond to social and intellectual direction.
Cites Heilbroner (1994) who writes about technological determinism that I should take a look at
The coevolutionary form of this argument is that we adapt resources in theenvironment to our needs. If the resources are capable of only partial satisfac-tion, then we slowly create new technical resources to better fit the need.
Another argument that social practices should adapt and evolve alongside technology. Ackerman raises concerns about this viewpoint becoming "invisible" and simply accepted or assumed as a norm without question.
A second argument against the significance of the gap is historically based.There are several variants: that we should adapt ourselves to the technology orthat we will coevolve with the technology.
Alternatively, humans should adapt or coevolve with intractable technologies. Ackerman cites neo-Taylorism (an economic model that describes work produced by redundant processes and splintered socio-technical activities)
A logically similar argument is that the problem is with the entire vonNeumann machine as classically developed, and new architectures will ame-liorate the gap. As Hutchins (1995a) and others (Clark, 1997) noted, the stan-dard model of the computer over the last 30 years was disembodied, separatedfrom the physical world by ill-defined (if defined) input and output devices.
This related argument that neural network designed systems will overcome the socio-technical gap created by highly architected computer systems that are explicit and inflexible. Ackerman argues here, too, that the advances have not yet arrived and the gap has endured.
Quick summary of von Neumann architecture
First, it could be that CSCW researchers merely have not found the properkey to solve this social–technical gap, and that such a solution, using existingtechnologies, will shortly exist.
One argument against the socio-technical gap is that future advances in technology will solve the problem. Ackerman argues this is unlikely since the gap has existed for more than 20 years despite attempts to bridge the gap.
Theproblem, then, was centered by social scientists in the process of design. Cer-tainly, many studies in CSCW, HCI, information technology, and informa-tion science at least indirectly have emphasized a dichotomy betweendesigners, programmers, and implementers on one hand and the social ana-lyst on the other.
Two different camps on how to resolve this problem:
1) Change more flexible social activity/protocols to better align with technical limitations 2) Make systems more adaptable to ambiguity
In particular, concurrency control problems arise when the software, data,and interface are distributed over several computers. Time delays when ex-changing potentially conflicting actions are especially worrisome. ... Ifconcurrency control is not established, people may invoke conflicting ac-tions. As a result, the group may become confused because displays are incon-sistent, and the groupware document corrupted due to events being handledout of order. (p. 207)
This passage helps to explain the emphasis in CSCW papers on time/duration as a system design concern for workflow coordination (milliseconds between MTurk hits) versus time/representation considerations for system design
Moreover,one of the CSCW findings was that such categorization (and especially howcategories are collapsed into meta-categories) is inherently political. The pre-ferred categories and categorization will differ from individual to individual.
Categories have politics.
See: Suchman's 1993 paper
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/764c/999488d4ea4f898b5ac5a4d7cc6953658db9.pdf
Because some of the idealization must be ignored to pro-vide a working solution, this trade-off provides much of the tension in anygiven implementation between “technically working” and “organizationallyworkable” systems. CSCW as a field is notable for its attention and concern tomanaging this tension.
Nice summation of the human and technical tensions in CSCW
Incentives are critical.
Costs, motives, and incentives drive collaboration. Again, refer to peer production literature here from Benkler and Mako, and Kittur, Kraut, et al
People not only adapt to their systems, they adapt their systems to theirneeds
Another reference to matching technology to design heuristics -- user control and system/real world needs.
There appears to be a critical mass problem for CSCW systems
Perpetual problem but is critical mass more of market issue (large vs niche need and who will pay for it) or a technical issue (meets need vs low adoption due to being ahead of its time)?
The norms for using a CSCW system are often actively negotiatedamong users.
Community norms are well-discussed in the crowdsourcing and peer production literature.
See: Benkler, Mako and Kittur, Kraut, et al
Visibility of communication exchanges and of information enableslearning and greater efficiencies
Evokes the distributed cognition literature as well peer production, crowdsourcing, and collective intelligence practices.
eople prefer to know who else is present in a shared space, and they usethis awareness to guide their work
Awareness, disclosure, and privacy concerns are key cognitive/perception needs to integrate into technologies. Social media and CMCs struggle with this knife edge a lot.
It's also seems to be a big factor in SBTF social coordination that leads to over-compensating and pluritemporal loading of interactions between volunteers.
Exceptions are normal in work processes.
More specific reference to workflow as a prime CSCW concern. Exceptions, edge cases, and fluid roles need to be accommodated by technology.
Members of organizations sometimes have differing (and multiple)goals, and conflict may be as important as cooperation in obtaining is-sue resolutions (Kling, 1991). Groups and organizations may not haveshared goals, knowledge, meanings, and histories (Heath & Luff,1996; Star & Ruhleder, 1994).
A lot to unpack here as this bullet gets at the fundamental need for boundary objects (Star's work) to traverse sense-making, meanings, motives, and goals within artifacts.
One finding of CSCW is that it is sometimes easier and better toaugment technical mechanisms with social mechanisms to control,regulate, or encourage behavior (Sproull & Kiesler, 1991)
HCI / interface design heuristics re: user controls, etc.
See: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
because people of-ten lack shared histories and meanings (especially when they are indiffering groups or organizations), information must berecontextualized to reuse experience or knowledge. Systems often as-sume a shared understanding of information.
References Goffman's work on identity and representation.
Touches again on Suchman's work on context in situations.
Yet, systems often have considerable difficulty han-dling this detail and flexibility.
This remains a problem in HCI/CSCW nearly two decades after this paper was published.
Why?
Do the theories and models (symbolic vs non-symbolic) not adequately describe the human-side of the technical interaction? Or the technical-side of the human behavior/motive/need?
Is the gap less nuance in (detail about) behavior and more a function of humans are fickle, contradictory, and illogical.
Social activity is fluid and nuanced, and this makes systems techni-cally difficult to construct properly and often awkward to use.
CSCW assumption.
See also: Suchman's 1987 situated action book and contests in Vera and Simon's 1993 paper
Gist of SA is that HCI (and its breakdowns) must be studied in real-life situations, knowing is inseparable from doing, and cognition can't be separated from context.
Good summary here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated_cognition
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0364021305800084
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1207/s15516709cog1701_5
March and Simon’s (1958; Simon, 1957) limited rational actormodel underlies CSCW
Refers to Simon's argument that "decision makers have limited information processing capabilities" due to cognitive constraints that limit computational thinking, memory and recall.
Instead of searching for the best outcome, people use a "good enough" standard. (see Tapia and Moore 2014 crisis informatics paper).
"Satisficing" describes the process of ending the search for possible decisions once an option achieves a "good enough" alternative. (see Palen, Vieweg and Anderson, 2010 everyday analysts paper)
I also arguelater that the challenge of the social–technical gap creates an opportunity to re-focus CSCW as a Simonian science of the artificial (where a science of the arti-ficial is suitably revised from Simon’s strictly empiricist grounds).
Simonian Science of the Artificial refers to "a physical symbol system that has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action."
From Simon, Herbert, "The Sciences of the Artificial," Third Edition (1996)
In summary, they argue that human activity is highly flexible,nuanced, and contextualized and that computational entities such as informa-tion sharing, roles, and social norms need to be similarly flexible, nuanced, andcontextualized.
CSCW assumptions about social activity
Thesocial–technical gapis the divide between what we know we must support sociallyand what we can support technically. Exploring, understanding, and hopefullyameliorating this social–technical gap is the central challenge for CSCW as afield and one of the central problems for human–computer interaction.
primary challenge for CSCW scholars and practitioners
Oh no I’m sure any delta is brighter than an epsilon like those. That’s one of the wonderful things about being a gamma. We’re not too stupid and we’re not too bright to be a gamma is to be just right
this part of the dialogue creates a great sense of social and class inequality in the world created by this movie. Deltas are considered wise and have greater responsibilities whereas gammas are considered somewhere in between and are in charge of more mundane matters.
identity why do teens seem strange online?292privacy why do youth share so publicly?543addiction what makes teens obsessed with social media?774danger are sexual predators lurking everywhere?1005bullying is social media amplifying meanness and cruelty?1286inequality can social media resolve social divisions?1537literacy are today’s youth digital natives?1768searching for a public of their own199
Just reading this table of contents reminds me that this "analysis of teens" seems a lot like the perennial contemplations of adults who think that the generations of teenagers coming behind them is different, weird, or even deviant.
A typical case in point is that of the greatest generation looking at the long-haired 60's hippy teens who came after them. "Why do they like rock and roll? They do too many drugs. There's no hope for the future." "Damn kids. Get off of my lawn!"
Is the way that current teens and millennials react to social just another incarnation of this general idea?
We could easily buy technology and put computers in every room, but it doesn’t mean the young people are going to feel comfortable using it — know about the programs that are on the computer, know where to get started, be able to find the YouTube video that could help, and teach themselves that technology is obviously more than just the hardware and software.
you’ve got to explain to me why these putative ability differences aren’t handicapping women
You've got to explain to me why this putative racism doesn't handicap women.
Racism
I do not see a causal analysis. No doubt there is racism, but attributing everything to racism is dishonest. Racism contributes by how much exactly?
No such income gap exists between black and white women raised in similar households.
It is obvious from the graph that black women earn more.
But what the data shows is we know if we're looking at test scores, if we're measuring the achievement gap, which is the test score gap between black and white students, that gap was the narrowest at the peak of integration in the school integration, which was 1988. As soon as we start to see the segregation increasing again, that achievement gap increases. And we've actually never gotten back to that low point that we were at when schools were their most integrated.
affect of desgregation
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source: https://s3.amazonaws.com/prod_foundationapp/364221/lessons/35/1384378776-john-carlton-1.pdf
Closing the hardware and Internet divide is critical, but if some students get to create, think and communicate with technologies while others do more passive or low-level learning tasks, opportunity gaps persist.
The emergence of a new equity gap is counterproductive as we collectively design transformed teaching and learning experiences. I believe we need to keep an eye on this closely as use proliferates across APS.